Paint - Knowledge

1285: 1805:. When subjected to an electromagnetic field the paramagnetic particles change spacing, modifying their color and reflective properties. The electromagnetic field would be formed using the conductive metal of the car body. Electrochromic paints can be applied to plastic substrates as well, using a different coating chemistry. The technology involves using special dyes that change conformation when an electric current is applied across the film itself. This new technology has been used to achieve glare protection at the touch of a button in passenger airplane windows. 2052:, similar glycols such as Dowanol (propylene glycol ether) or open time prolongers. This can also facilitate the mixing of different wet paint layers for aesthetic effect. Latex and acrylic emulsions require the use of drying retardants suitable for water-based coatings. Depending on the quality and type of liquid paint used, the open time will vary. Oil paints for instance are renowned for their open time as oil paints allow for artists to blend the colors for extended periods of time without having to add any extending agents. 1057: 2511: 996: 2535: 1184:, which were exposed for years to the elements, still possess their brilliant color, as vivid as when they were painted about 2,000 years ago. The Egyptians mixed their colors with a gummy substance and applied them separately from each other without any blending or mixture. They appear to have used six colors: white, black, blue, red, yellow, and green. They first covered the area entirely with white, then traced the design in black, leaving out the lights of the ground color. They used 60: 2523: 1117: 1831: 6041: 1673:. Paint manufacturers began replacing white lead pigments with titanium white (titanium dioxide), before lead was banned in paint for residential use in 1978 by the US Consumer Product Safety Commission. The titanium dioxide used in most paints today is often coated with silica/alumina/zirconium for various reasons, such as better exterior durability, or better hiding performance (opacity) promoted by more optimal spacing within the paint film. 1008: 1926: 1304:, in the mid-18th century, paint was being ground in steam-powered mills, and an alternative to lead-based pigments had been found in a white derivative of zinc oxide. Interior house painting increasingly became the norm as the 19th century progressed, both for decorative reasons and because the paint was effective in preventing the walls rotting from damp. Linseed oil was also increasingly used as an inexpensive binder. 1972:, liquid paint is aerosolized by the force of compressed air or by the action of high-pressure compression of the paint itself, and the paint is turned into small droplets that travel to the article to be painted. Alternate methods are airless spray, hot spray, hot airless spray, and any of these with an electrostatic spray included. There are numerous electrostatic methods available. The reasons for doing this include: 2091: 6051: 6061: 2266:, that do not bond strongly to paints used for graffiti. Graffiti on such a surface can be removed with a solvent wash, without damaging either the underlying surface or the protective non-bonding coating. These coatings work best on smooth surfaces, and are especially useful on decorative surfaces such as mosaics or painted murals, which might be expected to suffer harm from high pressure sprays. 2634:. However, their cost is a significant deterrent to the widespread adoption of these environmentally-friendly alternatives. As of 2023, a gallon of plastic-based paint may cost around $ 20 to $ 30, however the price for specialized paint, such as graphene and lime, ranges from $ 34 to $ 114 per gallon, underlining the financial challenges associated with transitioning from plastic-based paints. 1068: 2099: 1424:

interpenetration and fusion of formerly discrete particles. Thermoplastic film-forming mechanisms are sometimes described as "thermoplastic cure," but that is a misnomer because no chemical curing reactions are required to knit the film. On the other hand, thermosetting mechanisms are true curing mechanisms involving chemical reaction(s) among the polymers that make up the binder.

1953:(usually used in industrial and automotive applications), the paint is applied as a very fine powder, then baked at high temperature. This melts the powder and causes it to adhere to the surface. The reasons for doing this involve the chemistries of the paint, the surface itself, and perhaps even the chemistry of the substrate (the object being painted). This is called " 1373:

important quantity in coatings formulation is the "vehicle solids", sometimes called the "resin solids" of the formula. This is the proportion of the wet coating weight that is binder, i.e., the polymer backbone of the film that will remain after drying or curing is complete. The volume of paint after it has dried, therefore only leaving the solids, is expressed as the

2115: 1483:. Such paints cure by a process called coalescence where first the water and then the trace, or coalescing, solvent, evaporate and draw together and soften the binder particles and fuse them together into irreversibly bound networked structures, so that the paint cannot redissolve in the solvent/water that originally carried it. The residual 2584:, environmental regulations, consumer demand, and advances in technology led to the development of low-VOC and zero-VOC paints and finishes. These new paints are widely available and meet or exceed the old high-VOC products in performance and cost-effectiveness while having significantly less impact on human and environmental health. 2490:

ASTM Method D661 (Standard Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Cracking of Exterior Paints). Cracking can also occur when the paint is applied to a surface that is incompatible or unstable. For instance, clay that hasn't dried completely when painted will cause the paint to crack due to the residual moisture in the clay.

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in patent, this property of the paint enabled two or more coats to be applied on a wall properly and evenly. The previous coats having dried would be white whereas the new wet coat would be distinctly pink. Ashland Inc. introduced foundry refractory coatings with similar principle in 2005 for use in foundries.

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suggests volatilization of this compound from surfaces, roofs etc. PCB is present in consumer goods including newspapers, magazines, and cardboard boxes, which usually contain color pigments. Therefore, a hypothesis exists that PCB congeners are present as byproduct in some current commercial pigments.

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has some sheen, supposedly like that of the shell on an egg. This finish provides great washability but is not very effective at hiding imperfections on walls and similar surfaces. The eggshell finish is valued for bathrooms because it is washable and water-repellent, so it tends not to peel in a wet

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Pigments are solid particles or flakes incorporated in the paint, usually to contribute color to the paint film. Pigments impart color by selective absorption of certain wavelengths of light and/or by scattering or reflecting light. The particle size of the pigment is critical to the light-scattering

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paints, for example, enable formulation with very low amounts of solvent, or even none at all. This can be achieved because of the monomers and oligomers used in the coating have relatively very low molecular weight, and are therefore low enough in viscosity to enable good fluid flow without the need

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effects with some polymers cause the paint to remain susceptible to softening and, over time, degradation by water. The general term of latex paint is usually used in the United States, while the term emulsion paint is used for the same products in the UK, and the term latex paint is not used at all.

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is very durable in terms of washability and resistance to moisture, even in comparison to an eggshell finish. It protects walls from dirt, moisture, and stains. Accordingly, it is exceptionally valuable for bathrooms, furniture, and kitchens, but it is shinier than eggshell, so it is even more prone

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Pigments can also be used to give the paint special physical or optical properties, as opposed to imparting color, in which case they are called functional pigments. Fillers or extenders are an important class of the functional pigments. These are typically used to build film thickness and/or reduce

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The "drying oils", counter-intuitively, cure by a crosslinking reaction even if they are not put through an oven cycle and seem to dry in air. The film formation mechanism of the simplest examples involves the first evaporation of solvents followed by a reaction with oxygen from the environment over

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are clear coatings that allow the removal of graffiti, usually by washing the surface with high-pressure water that removes the graffiti together with the coating (hence the term "sacrificial"). After removal of the graffiti, the sacrificial coating must be re-applied for continued protection. Such

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application, the coating composition is introduced (if gaseous), vaporized (if liquid) or sublimed (if solid) then deposited on a distant substrate, often under vacuum. These applications are classed broadly into physical vapor deposition methods like sputtering or vacuum deposition, in which solid

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Color-changing paints can also be made by adding halochromic compounds or other organic pigments. One patent cites use of these indicators for wall coating applications for light-colored paints. When the paint is wet it is pink in color but upon drying it regains its original white color. As cited

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The vehicle is composed of binder; if it is necessary to thin it with a diluent like solvent or water, it is a combination of binder and diluent. In this case, once the paint has dried or cured very nearly all of the diluent has evaporated and only the binder is left on the coated surface. Thus, an

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A polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) was reported (published in 2009) in air samples collected in Chicago, Philadelphia, the Arctic, and several sites around the Great Lakes. PCB is a global pollutant and was measured in the wastewater effluent from paint production. The widespread distribution of PCB

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Cracking of paint film is due to the unequal expansion or contraction of paint coats. It usually happens when the coats of the paint are not allowed to cure/dry completely before the next coat is applied. The degree of cracking can be assessed according to International Standard ISO 4628 Part 4 or

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of the paint. It is volatile and does not become part of the paint film. It also controls flow and application properties, and in some cases can affect the stability of the paint while in liquid state. Its main function is as the carrier for the non-volatile components. To spread heavier oils (for

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So-called "catalyzed" lacquers" or "crosslinking latex" coatings are designed to form films by a combination of methods: classic drying plus a curing reaction that benefits from the catalyst. There are paints called plastisols/organosols, which are made by blending PVC granules with a plasticiser.

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Binders can be categorized according to the mechanisms for film formation. Thermoplastic mechanisms include drying and coalescence. Drying refers to simply evaporating the solvent or thinner to leave a coherent film behind. Coalescence refers to a mechanism that involves drying followed by actual

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could be tuned to produce arbitrary colors by adjusting the nanoparticle sizes rather than picking/mixing minerals to do so. These paints weighed a tiny fraction of the weight of conventional paints, a particular advantage in air and road vehicles. They reflect heat from sunlight and do not break

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is a non-drying paint that appears normal but is extremely slippery. It is useful on drainpipes and ledges to deter burglars and vandals from climbing them, and is found in many public places. When a person attempts to climb objects coated with the paint, it rubs off onto the climber, as well as

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Work published in 2001 described 28 bone tools and thousands of pieces of ocher—a mineral used to create paint for body decoration and cave painting—dated at roughly 70,000 years old found in Blombos Cave in South Africa. Two pieces of ocher appear to be marked with abstract lines that could be

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Erosion is very quick chalking. It occurs due to external agents like air, water etc. It can be evaluated using ASTM Method ASTM D662 (Standard Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Erosion of Exterior Paints). The generation of acid by fungal species can be a significant component of erosion of

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Dipping used to be the norm for objects such as filing cabinets, but this has been replaced by high-speed air turbine-driven bells with electrostatic spray. Car bodies are primed using cathodic elephoretic primer, which is applied by charging the body depositing a layer of primer. The unchanged

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to emphasize detail and elegance, and to show off woodwork, such as on doors and furniture. It provides a shiny surface and provides good protection from moisture and stains on walls. Its gloss does however emphasize imperfections on the walls and similar surfaces. It is popular in schools and

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In 1718, Marshall Smith invented a "Machine or Engine for the Grinding of Colours" in England. It is not known precisely how it operated, but it was a device that dramatically increased the efficiency of pigment grinding. Soon, a company called Emerton and Manby was advertising exceptionally

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or liquid starting materials produce a vapor that condenses on the substrate; or chemical vapor deposition methods, in which gaseous starting materials chemically react with the substrate to form a coating. These techniques are especially important in the electronics and optical industries.

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paint that has been used primarily in the creation of student works, or by children. There are varying brands of poster paint and depending on the brand, the quality will differ. More inexpensive brands will often crack or fade over time if they are left on a poster for an extended time.

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Clean-up solvents are also different for water-based paint than oil-based paint. Water-based paints and oil-based paints will cure differently based on the outside ambient temperature of the object being painted (such as a house). Usually, the object being painted must be over 10 °C

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Most commonly due to improper surface treatment before application and inherent moisture/dampness being present in the substrate. The degree of blistering can be assessed according to ISO 4628 Part 2 or ASTM Method D714 (Standard Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Blistering of

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The ongoing scrutiny of the environmental impact of plastics in paint production is reminiscent of previous investigations into the use of lead in paints. This assessment is driven by accumulating evidence that underscores the role of paint as a significant contributor to

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binder. Most pigments used in paint tend to be spherical, but lamellar pigments, such as glass flake and MIO have overlapping plates, which impede the path of water molecules. For optimum performance MIO should have a high content of thin flake-like particles resembling

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Christiansen, Thomas; Cotte, Marine; de Nolf, Wout; Reyes-Herrera, Juan; de Meyer, Steven; Vanmeert, Frederik; Salvadó, Nati; Gonzalez, Victor; Lindelof, Poul Erik; Mortensen, Kell; Ryholt, Kim; Janssens, Koen; Larsen, Sine (October 26, 2020). Faber, Katherine (ed.).

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is formulated to give an especially hard, usually glossy, finish. Some enamel paints contain fine glass powder or metal flake instead of the color pigments in standard oil-based paints. Enamel paint sometimes is mixed with varnish or urethane to improve its shine and

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Besides the three main categories of ingredients (binder, diluent, pigment), paint can have a wide variety of miscellaneous additives, which are usually added in small amounts, yet provide a significant effect on the product. Some examples include additives to modify

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The binder is the film-forming component of paint. It is the only component that is always present among all the various types of formulations. Many binders must be thick enough to be applied and thinned. The type of thinner, if present, varies with the binder.

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Paints that cure by polymerization are generally one- or two-package coatings that polymerize by way of a chemical reaction and cure into a cross-linked film. Depending on composition, they may need to dry first by evaporation of solvent. Classic two-package

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are water-based paints in which the paint material is dispersed in a liquid that consists mainly of water. For suitable purposes this has advantages in fast-drying, low toxicity, low cost, easier application, and easier cleaning of equipment, among other

1680:(MIO) is another alternative to lead for protection of steel, giving more protection against water and light damage than most paints. When MIO pigments are ground into fine particles, most cleave into shiny layers, which reflect light, thus minimising 2377:

paint is generally used on ceilings or walls that are in bad shape. This finish is useful for hiding imperfections in walls and it is economical in effectively covering large areas. However, this finish is not easily washable and is subject to

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were commonly known to early European painters. However, the difficulty in acquiring and working the materials meant that they were rarely used (and indeed, the slow drying was seen as a disadvantage). The paint was made with the yolk of

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Proper disposal of left over paint is a challenge. Sometimes it can be recycled: Old paint may be usable for a primer coat or an intermediate coat, and paints of similar chemistry can be mixed to make a larger amount of a uniform color.

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to show imperfections. It has a soft, velvety appearance that is perfect for creating a luxurious feel in any room. Satin paint is also very durable and easy to clean, making it ideal for high-traffic areas like kitchens and bathrooms.

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After liquid paint is applied, there is an interval during which it can be blended with additional painted regions (at the "wet edge") called "open time". The open time of an oil or alkyd-based emulsion paint can be extended by adding

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To dispose of paint it can be dried and disposed of in the domestic waste stream, provided that it contains no prohibited substances (see container). Disposal of liquid paint usually requires special handling and should be treated as

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form of paint that is light reflecting and has a mirror-like look. It pairs well with other finishes. While it is highly durable and easy to clean, high gloss paint is known for obvious visibility of imperfections like scratches and

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Many paints tend to separate when stored, the heavier components settling to the bottom, and require mixing before use. Some paint outlets have machines for mixing the paint by shaking the can vigorously for a few minutes.

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Rollers generally have a handle that allows for different lengths of poles to be attached, allowing painting at different heights. Generally, roller application requires two coats for an even color. A roller with a thicker

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example, linseed) as in oil-based interior house paint, a thinner oil is required. These volatile substances impart their properties temporarily—once the solvent has evaporated, the remaining paint is fixed to the surface.

1447:. A solid film forms when the solvent evaporates. Because no chemical crosslinking is involved, the film can re-dissolve in solvent; lacquers are unsuitable for applications where chemical resistance is important. Classic 2335:

is specially used to marking and painting road traffic signs and lines, to form a durable coating film on the road surface. It must be fast-drying, provide a thick coating, and resist wear and slipping, especially in wet

3598: 1732:, precipitated calcium carbonate, and synthetic pyrogenic silicas. The pigments and dyes that are used as colorants are classified by chemical type using the Color Index system, which is commercially significant. 2165:

is a type of paint that is formulated to be very "thin", meaning low in viscosity, so that the pigment soaks into a material such as wood rather than remaining in a film on the surface. Stain is mainly dispersed

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and condensation from dew. The degree of chalking varies as epoxies react quickly while acrylics and polyurethanes can remain unchanged for long periods. The degree of chalking can be assessed according to

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of the paint, thereby increasing the durability of the paint and providing improved protection for the painted surface. Suitable primers also may block and seal stains, or hide a color that is to be painted

1166:-based mixture that could have been used like paint. Further excavation in the same cave resulted in the 2011 report of a complete toolkit for grinding pigments and making a primitive paint-like substance. 2443:

This usually occurs when the dilution of the paint is not done as per manufacturers recommendation. There can be a case of over dilution and under dilution, as well as dilution with the incorrect diluent.

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materials are used to make eyeglasses and other products. Similar to thermochromic molecules, photochromic molecules change conformation when light energy is applied or removed, and so they change color.

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in the United States is a water-borne dispersion of sub-micrometer polymer particles. These terms in their respective countries cover all paints that use synthetic polymers such as acrylic, vinyl acrylic

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are similar to paints, except that they are typically made using finely ground pigments or dyes, and are not designed to leave a thick film of binder. They are used largely for writing, printing, or

1238:, and therefore, the substance would harden and adhere to the surface it was applied to. The pigment was made from plants, sand, and different soils. Most paints use either oil or water as a 1623:. Dyes, on the other hand, are dissolve in the paint and impart color only by the selective absorption mechanism. Paints can be formulated with only pigments, only dyes, both, or neither. 1704:

Pigments can be classified as either natural or synthetic. Natural pigments are taken from the earth or plant sources and include colorants such as metal oxides or carbon black, or various

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Making the paint starts with a thin double-sided mirror. The researchers deposited metallic nanoparticles on both sides of the sheet. Large sheets were ground to produce small flakes.

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are in effect paints without pigment; they provide a protective coating without substantially changing the color of the surface, though they can emphasise the colour of the material.

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created a shortage of linseed oil in the supply market that artificial resins, or alkyds, were invented. Cheap and easy to make, they held the color well and lasted for a long time.

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sacrificial protective coatings are most commonly used on natural-looking masonry surfaces, such as statuary and marble walls, and on rougher surfaces that are difficult to clean.

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for additional thinner. If solvent is present in significant amounts, generally it is mostly evaporated first and then crosslinking is initiated by ultraviolet light. Similarly,

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New Insights into the Cleaning of Paintings: Proceedings from the Cleaning 2010 International Conference, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, and Museum Conservation Institute

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is a material or mixture that, when applied to a solid material and allowed to dry, adds a film-like layer. As art, this is used to create an image or images known as a

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Sometimes, a single pigment can serve both decorative and functional purposes. For example some decorative pigments protect the substrate from the harmful effects of

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down outdoors. Preliminary experiments suggest it can reduce temperatures by 20 to 30 degrees Fahrenheit vs conventional paint. Its constituents are also less toxic.

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have been found to incorporate individual stones painted in yellows, reds, and oranges, using ochre pigment made of haematite mixed with animal fat, milk or eggs.

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or luminescent paint is paint that exhibits luminescence. In other words, it gives off visible light through fluorescence, phosphorescence, or radioluminescence.

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is a fluid that sets as an elastic membrane that can stretch without harm. It provides UV protection to polyurethane foam and is widely used in roof restoration.

2553:(VOCs) in paint are considered harmful to the environment and especially for people who work with them on a regular basis. Exposure to VOCs has been related to 2618:

Efforts to mitigate this environmental issue have spurred the development and exploration of alternatives to plastic-based paints, such as those derived from

5934: 2577:, the United States, and South Korea have definitions for VOCs in place, along with regulations to limit the use of VOCs in consumer products such as paint. 2909: 3159: 1108:(50 °F), although some manufacturers of external paints/primers claim they can be applied when temperatures are as low as 2 °C (35 °F). 1992:) can be sprayed along with the paint to dissolve together both the delivered paint and the chemicals on the surface of the object being painted; 1296:

One Pound of Colour ground in a Horse-Mill will paint twelve Yards of Work, whereas Colour ground any other Way, will not do half that Quantity.

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have been used in such paints, such as in the thermometer strips and tapes used in aquaria and novelty/promotional thermal cups and straws.

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contains chemicals or grit to increase the friction of a surface so as to decrease the risk of slipping, particularly in wet conditions.

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from the US which defines different VOC levels acceptable for different types of paint based on use case and performance requirements.

1475:), styrene acrylic, etc. as binders. The term "latex" in the context of paint in the United States simply means an aqueous dispersion; 1097:. Paint can be made in many colors and types. Most paints are either oil-based or water-based, and each has distinct characteristics. 3559: 3794: 2480: 2317:, reduces the rate of thermal transfer through a surface it's applied to. One type of formulation is based on the addition of hollow 1627:

the cost of the paint, or they can impart toughness and texture to the film. Fillers are usually cheap and inert materials, such as

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contain no solvent. Flow and cure are produced by the heating of the substrate after electrostatic application of the dry powder.

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is a solvent-based paint or varnish that produces an especially hard, durable finish. Usually it is a rapidly drying formulation.

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The main reasons for paint failure after application on the surface are the applicator and improper treatment of the surface.

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are formulations suitable for application with the fingers; they are popular for use by children in primary school activities.

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Water-based paints tend to be the easiest to clean up after use; the brushes and rollers can be cleaned with soap and water.

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revealed that approximately 58 percent of the microplastics found in oceans and waterways could be traced back to paint.

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Solvent-borne, also called oil-based, paints can have various combinations of organic solvents as the diluent, including

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Chalking is the progressive powdering of the paint film on the painted surface. The primary reason for the problem is

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as long as 40,000 years ago. Paint may be even older. In 2003 and 2004, South African archeologists reported finds in

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and coatings contain materials that change conformation when heat is applied or removed, and so they change color.

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properties, control foaming, control skinning, create acrylic pouring cells, etc. Other types of additives include

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by making the paint opaque to these wavelengths, i.e. by selectively absorbing them. These hiding pigments include

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A huge collection of different kinds of spray cans, markers, paints, and inks in the underground graffiti shop.

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wrongly credited with the introduction of oil paint to Italy, does seem to have improved the formula by adding

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is a preparatory coating put on materials before applying the paint itself. The primed surface ensures better

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enamels would fall into this category. Oxidative cure coatings are catalyzed by metal complex driers such as

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is generally similar to flat finish, but such paints commonly offer superior washability and coverage. (See

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paints are liquid when warm, and harden upon cooling. In many cases, they re-soften or liquify if reheated.

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Additives normally do not significantly alter the percentages of individual components in a formulation.

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Paints that dry by solvent evaporation and contain the solid binder dissolved in a solvent are known as

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opened as a large paint-maker and invented a paint that could be used from the tin without preparation.

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ethers, and the like. Sometimes volatile low-molecular weight synthetic resins also serve as diluents.

1214:. After the lapse of so many centuries, he expressed great surprise and admiration at their freshness. 1024: 381: 231: 1757:, texturizers, adhesion promoters, UV stabilizers, flatteners (de-glossing agents), biocides to fight 5944: 5863: 5082: 4409: 2550: 1525: 756: 721: 681: 334: 301: 151: 3100: 2245:

artists or vandals. There are two categories of anti-graffiti coatings: sacrificial and non-bonding:

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dissolved in solvent. Performance varies by formulation, but lacquers generally tend to have better

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plus binder material in a solvent. It is designed to add color without providing a surface coating.

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and lower corrosion resistance than comparable systems that cure by polymerization or coalescence.

751: 371: 306: 243: 4034: 2973: 5296: 4444: 4439: 2499: 2331: 2280:(water-repellent) paint. It has been used by cities and other property owners to deter men from 1911:

as the binder and water as a thinner. Gouache is also known as 'designer color' or 'body color'.

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Electrochromic paints change color in response to an applied electric current. Car manufacturer

1528:(VOCs), and alternative means of curing have been developed, generally for industrial purposes. 6021: 5102: 5072: 5067: 4773: 2734: 1655: 1643:, clay, etc. Floor paints that must resist abrasion may contain fine quartz sand as a filler. 919: 406: 31: 17: 3429: 5087: 4936: 4798: 4710: 2779: 2709: 2654: 2385: 2237: 1724:. Synthetics include a host of colorants created in the lab as well as engineered molecules, 1593: 1301: 1170: 889: 731: 597: 509: 206: 3721: 3377:

Gite, V. V., et al. "Polyurethane coatings using trimer of isophorone diisocyanate." (2004).

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The application mechanism is air and thus no solid object touches the object being painted;

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is used to apply paint on uneven surfaces. Edges are often finished with an angled brush.

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Globally, the most widely accepted standard for acceptable levels of VOC in paint is

2557:, although this relation has been somewhat controversial. The controversial solvent 2302: 1918: 1773: 1709: 1647: 1472: 1389:

The binder imparts properties such as gloss, durability, flexibility, and toughness.

1239: 649: 572: 565: 519: 386: 176: 171: 81: 3566:, "Formulations, Fundamentals, Manipulation, Calculation and Data Management" p. 61. 3356: 2200:

is an additive used with paint to slow drying time and increase translucency, as in

1479:

rubber from the rubber tree is not an ingredient. These dispersions are prepared by

5684: 5659: 5634: 5604: 5261: 4843: 4738: 4505: 4232: 4189: 4181: 4124: 4006: 3998: 3628: 3577: 3136:(exhibition catalogue). New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art Yale University Press. 3075: 3067: 2744: 2357: 2309: 2288: 2281: 1651: 1308: 1261:, or lead (II) oxide. A still extant example of 17th-century house oil painting is 1198:. The works are located in cave-like rooms carved from the cliffs of Afghanistan's 909: 806: 746: 632: 585: 534: 494: 469: 454: 436: 411: 351: 236: 186: 3543: 3325: 1513:

a period of days, weeks, and even months to create a crosslinked network. Classic

6085: 6016: 5629: 5565: 5339: 5059: 5029: 4989: 4903: 4605: 3563: 3298: 3227:(3rd ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 5. 3223:

Wicks, Zeno W. Jr.; Jones, Frank N.; Pappas, S. Peter; Wicks, Doublas A. (2004).

3107: 3030: 2739: 2558: 2079: 1863:

is still common today. However, in the 20th century, new water-borne paints such

1742: 1677: 1222: 1203: 1145: 694: 654: 524: 489: 421: 361: 289: 226: 126: 3987:"Watching Paint Dry: Organic Solvent Syndrome in late-Twentieth-Century Britain" 2801:"Unearth the Colorful History of Paint: From Natural Pigments to Synthetic Hues" 5995: 5985: 5893: 5853: 5649: 5644: 5609: 5560: 5535: 5525: 5515: 5329: 5092: 4788: 4610: 4595: 4580: 4480: 4272: 4236: 3525: 2759: 2754: 2749: 2598:

Research is ongoing to remove heavy metals from paint formulations completely.

2570: 2420: 2340: 2284:, as the urine splashes back on their shoes, instead of dripping down the wall. 2124: 1954: 1777: 1681: 1659: 1636: 1534: 1448: 1409: 1274: 1199: 1185: 1133: 1012: 816: 716: 671: 664: 659: 416: 111: 4002: 3457:

Gürses, Ahmet; Açıkyıldız, Metin; Güneş, Kübra; Gürses, M. Sadi (2016-05-04).

2043:

For a semi-gloss or gloss finish, a 3/16" nap roller would most likely be used

1798:

has been reportedly working on an electrochromic paint, based on particles of

1056: 6079: 5965: 5858: 5828: 5530: 5500: 5495: 5485: 5432: 5286: 5271: 5233: 5183: 5173: 4926: 4883: 4640: 4565: 4515: 4475: 4470: 4244: 4218: 4138: 3889: 3773: 3762:"Hamburg fights back against urination on streets with walls that 'pee back'" 3200: 2894: 2689: 2659: 2649: 2608: 2581: 2263: 2201: 2064: 2027: 2019: 2015: 1868: 1864: 1799: 1783: 1569:

Water is the main diluent for water-borne paints, even the co-solvent types.

1451:

lacquers fall into this category, as do non-grain raising stains composed of

1397: 1312: 1101: 995: 831: 321: 316: 311: 69: 3071: 2800: 1859:, have been the most commonly used kind of paints in fine art applications; 1554:

The main purposes of the diluent are to dissolve the polymer and adjust the

59: 5778: 5773: 5709: 5664: 5654: 5619: 5550: 5545: 5505: 5477: 5412: 5397: 5334: 5306: 5250: 5246: 5238: 4908: 4888: 4625: 4600: 4585: 4545: 4510: 4203: 4146: 4020: 3882: 2769: 2699: 2467: 2318: 2209: 2186: 2049: 1914: 1620: 1589: 1506: 1401: 1374: 1352: 1319: 1159: 1154: 1077: 864: 826: 811: 642: 607: 552: 271: 131: 1697:

10601 sets two levels of MIO content. MIO is often derived from a form of

6000: 5990: 5878: 5704: 5689: 5555: 5540: 5490: 5437: 5402: 5344: 5291: 5223: 4964: 4680: 4630: 4425: 2679: 2674: 2619: 2353: 2348: 2230: 2217: 2022:, scrapers, other instruments, or body parts such as fingers and thumbs. 1884: 1856: 1845: 1830: 1813: 1809: 1577: 1226: 1121: 786: 484: 464: 101: 4103:

Chang, John C. S.; Fortmann, Roy; Roache, Nancy; Lao, Huei-Chen (1999).

2040:

For a satin or pearl finish, a 3/8" nap roller would most likely be used

1907:, which is based around varying levels of translucency; both paints use 5888: 5843: 5624: 5570: 5520: 5510: 5462: 5452: 5407: 5349: 5314: 5254: 5009: 4999: 4994: 4858: 4813: 4662: 4575: 4540: 3969: 3080: 2627: 2413:

factories where washability and durability are the main considerations.

2277: 2161: 1908: 1904: 1872: 1852: 1834: 1802: 1754: 1746: 1729: 1670: 1488: 1456: 1417: 1347:

In the 21st century, "paints" that used structural color were created.

1235: 1207: 1116: 836: 592: 96: 4185: 2862:"What's the Ideal Outdoor Temperature Range for Using Exterior Paint?" 2034:

For a flat (matte) finish, a 1/2" nap roller would most likely be used

1995:

Some chemical reactions in paint involve the orientation of the paint

1979:

The distribution of the paint is uniform, so there are no sharp lines;

5823: 5793: 5788: 5679: 5614: 5457: 5442: 5417: 5228: 5208: 5153: 5143: 5077: 5049: 4984: 4620: 4555: 4500: 4495: 4485: 3054: 2774: 1996: 1860: 1849: 1725: 1555: 1529: 1405: 1281:

low-priced paints that had been ground with labor-saving technology:

1262: 1100:

Primitive forms of paint were used tens of thousands of years ago in

904: 859: 821: 771: 706: 612: 76: 49: 4162:"Inadvertent polychlorinated biphenyls in commercial paint pigments" 4080:"Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) and Consumer Products Regulations" 2063:

The opacity and the film thickness of paint may be measured using a

5803: 5783: 5427: 5392: 5128: 5004: 4931: 4873: 4838: 4833: 4730: 4649: 4560: 4525: 4520: 3007: 2694: 2644: 2471: 2352:

is a decorative paint used for home decor to achieve looks such as

2242: 2137: 2129: 2037:

For an eggshell finish, a 3/8" nap roller would most likely be used

1892: 1888: 1825: 1758: 1750: 1698: 1463: 1348: 1336: 1258: 1149: 1141: 1094: 276: 4298:

Introduction to Paint Chemistry and Principles of Paint Technology

4027: 1925: 1132:

Paint was used in some of the earliest known human artworks. Some

5980: 5975: 5868: 5838: 5798: 5742: 5596: 5575: 5467: 5422: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5354: 5324: 5319: 5193: 5097: 5034: 4979: 4868: 4823: 4778: 4700: 4690: 4675: 4570: 4550: 2719: 2669: 2178: 2167: 2153: 2147: 2090: 1989: 1943: 1900: 1879:), where the medium is derived from the natural emulsion that is 1640: 1613: 1563: 1444: 1432:

Some films are formed by simply cooling the binder. For example,

1270: 1243: 1218: 1177: 1125: 1081: 3795:"S.F.'s new urine-resistant walls seem to be keeping things dry" 3160:"Characterization and Stability Issues of Artists' Alkyd Paints" 1772:

Various technologies exist for making paints that change color.

5970: 5699: 5447: 5198: 5148: 5044: 5014: 4954: 4828: 4753: 4715: 4668: 4535: 4453: 4268:"Your Basic House Paints Have an Environmental Plastic Problem" 4056:"South Korea expands VOC controls and tightens limits in paint" 3647:"DailyTech - Nissan Develops Color Changing Paint for Vehicles" 2704: 2623: 2562: 2103: 1876: 1795: 1717: 1601: 1585: 1289: 1266: 1254: 1229:

covered by light layers of oil. The slow-drying properties of

914: 894: 801: 791: 499: 4394: 2010:

application, paint can be applied by direct application using

1942:

Paint can be applied as a solid, a gas, a gaseous suspension (

5757: 5752: 5737: 5158: 4949: 4942: 4913: 4893: 4863: 4848: 4808: 4793: 4783: 4768: 4763: 4743: 4720: 4695: 4615: 2664: 2601: 2574: 2566: 2361: 2011: 1838: 1685: 1619:

mechanism. The size of such particles can be measured with a

1597: 1514: 1502: 1476: 1467: 1413: 1393: 1181: 1163: 1137: 924: 261: 3672:"PVD vs CVD: Differences in Thin Film Deposition Techniques" 3300:

CourseSmart International E-Book for Environmental Chemistry

5747: 5276: 5213: 5138: 5019: 4974: 4969: 4705: 4449: 3456: 3062: 2107: 2098: 1880: 1721: 1713: 1705: 1690: 1666: 1632: 1452: 1211: 1191:

The oldest known oil paintings are Buddhist murals created

899: 146: 141: 106: 3629:"Coatings Go Beyond Appearance to Provide Quality Control" 1067: 5873: 5364: 5133: 4959: 4853: 4685: 4219:"Usage of heavy metal-free compounds in surface coatings" 2225: 2171: 1896: 1895:

mixed with oil) remains in use as well, as are encaustic

1437: 1230: 1206:

mentions some painted ceilings in his day in the town of

27:

Pigment applied over a surface that dries as a solid film

3931:(2nd ed.). London: Spon. pp. 13.6.6 Chalking. 2561:

is also used in paint production. Jurisdictions such as

2262:

are clear, high-performance coatings, usually catalyzed

2114: 1985:

Painting multiple items at once quickly and efficiently;

1808:

Color can also change depending on viewing angle, using

3904:"Designers Are Going Nuts Over This Super Glossy Paint" 4102: 3274:"Vermeer's Palette: The Anatomy of Pigment and Binder" 1982:

It is possible to deliver very small amounts of paint;

1524:

Recent environmental requirements restrict the use of

5935:

International Federation of Building and Wood Workers

3951: 3222: 2974:"Oldest Human Paint-Making Studio Discovered in Cave" 2826:"A Journey to the Oldest Cave Paintings in the World" 3970:

John W. Taylor; Joey Spatafora; Mary Berbee (1996).

3869:"What is a Satin Finish? Stunning Uses in Your Home" 2910:"Is Bead Find Proof Modern Thought Began in Africa?" 2449:

Foreign contaminants can cause various film defects.

1392:

Binders include synthetic or natural resins such as

3926: 3836: 3131: 2082:, and disposed of according to local regulations. 3532:. International Organization for Standardization. 3386:Berendsen, A. M., & Berendsen, A. M. (1989). 3247: 3134:Antonello da Messina, Sicily's Renaissance Master 3110:, Rosella Lorenzi, Discovery News. Feb. 19, 2008. 1592:. Specific examples are organic solvents such as 6077: 1562:This component is optional: some paints have no 1549: 1400:, vinyl-acrylics, vinyl acetate/ethylene (VAE), 3250:Paint and Surface Coatings: Theory and Practice 2971: 1288:Paint used every day: White paint on a wall in 1210:, which had been made before the foundation of 4217:Puthran, Dayanand; Patil, Dilip (2023-01-01). 2907: 2241:are used to defeat the marking of surfaces by 4410: 2436:Defects or degradation can be attributed to: 2056:residue is rinsed off and the primer stoved. 1867:, entered the market with the development of 1032: 4295: 4216: 4159: 1217:In the 13th century, oil was used to detail 4224:Journal of Coatings Technology and Research 3718:""Safe Use, Storage and Disposal of Paint"" 3101:"Oldest Oil Paintings Found in Afghanistan" 1495: 1427: 4417: 4403: 4386:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4361: 4353:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4320:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3984: 3901: 3218: 3216: 2941: 2939: 2874: 2602:Environmental impact of plastics in paints 2094:A collection of cans of paint and variants 1607: 1039: 1025: 58: 4193: 4128: 4010: 3296: 3189:"This Is the Lightest Paint in the World" 3079: 2528:Polyurethane paint progressively chalking 2481:American Society of Testing and Materials 1540: 1225:described a painting technique utilizing 5925:Building and Wood Workers' International 3883:http://www.painter-pros.com/finishes.php 3819:"'Anti-pee' walls will splash offenders" 3225:Organic Coatings: Science and Technology 2823: 2503: is known for damaging wall paints. 2113: 2097: 2089: 1924: 1829: 1546:These are stoved and the mix coalesces. 1380: 1283: 1246:, solvent, or vehicle for the pigment). 1115: 4328: 4265: 3792: 3759: 3743:""Storage and Disposal of Paint Facts"" 3213: 3157: 2947:"Stone Age painting kits found in cave" 2936: 2798: 2466:of the paint matrix due to exposure of 14: 6078: 3635:. Foundry Management & Technology. 3380: 3333:Society of Wood Science and Technology 1521:though cobalt octoate is more common. 1335:Through the 20th century, paints used 1202:, "using walnut and poppy seed oils." 1120:A charcoal and ochre cave painting of 4398: 3585:European Patent Application EP1400574 3323: 3182: 3180: 1665:Some pigments are toxic, such as the 1169:Interior walls at the 5,000-year-old 6060: 4105:"Evaluation of Low-VOC Latex Paints" 4035:"Ethylene Glycol Mono-N-Butyl Ether" 3927:Bayliss, D.A.; Deacon, D.H. (2002). 3444:"Four Important Functional Pigments" 3430:"Definitions of a Dye and a Pigment" 3297:Baird, Colin; Cann, Michael (2005). 3248:Lambourne, R; Strivens, T A (1999). 2972:Stephanie Pappa (October 13, 2011). 1351:flakes dotted with smaller aluminum 1339:, typically suspended in a liquid. 1188:for red, generally of a dark tinge. 6050: 5910:American Association of Woodturners 4296:Bently, J.; Turner, G.P.A. (1997). 4037:. National Library of Medicine HSDB 3695:. Aubuchon Hardware. Archived from 3626: 3575: 2085: 267:Radium and radon in the environment 24: 4289: 3693:"Selecting the Right Paint Roller" 3177: 2715:Interior radiation control coating 2497:painted surfaces. The fungus 1249:The Flemish-trained or influenced 25: 6102: 5940:National Wood Carvers Association 4362:Woodbridge, Paul R., ed. (1991). 3902:Mendelsohn, Hadley (2019-03-13). 2908:Hillary Mayell (March 31, 2004). 2293:making it hard for them to climb. 1767: 1318:It was only when the stimulus of 1162:of a 100,000-year-old human-made 6059: 6049: 6040: 6039: 5915:Architectural Woodwork Institute 4130:10.1111/j.1600-0668.1999.00004.x 3952:Xiaohui Wang; Ling Wang (2006). 3599:"Dramatic color change featured" 3390:. London: Graham & Trotman. 3186: 2533: 2521: 2509: 1221:paintings. In the 14th century, 1066: 1055: 1006: 994: 4424: 4364:Principles of Paint Formulation 4333:. Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA. 4259: 4210: 4153: 4096: 4072: 4048: 3978: 3963: 3945: 3920: 3895: 3875: 3861: 3811: 3786: 3753: 3735: 3710: 3685: 3664: 3639: 3620: 3591: 3569: 3550: 3536: 3518: 3505:"MIO Coatings – What Are They?" 3497: 3477: 3450: 3436: 3422: 3401: 3371: 3345: 3317: 3290: 3266: 3241: 3151: 3125: 3113: 3094: 3048: 3023: 2685:Environmental issues with paint 2368: 1509:would fall into this category. 87:Atmospheric dispersion modeling 5920:British Woodworking Federation 4266:Rudgard, Olivia (2023-07-19). 4160:Hu, D; Hornbuckle, KC (2010). 3793:Johnson, Lizzie (2015-07-31). 3760:Huggler, Justin (2015-03-04). 3035:The Ness of Brodgar Excavation 2991: 2965: 2931:viewed as artistic expression. 2901: 2875:Craughwell, Thomas J. (2012). 2868: 2854: 2836: 2817: 2792: 2321:to any suitable type of paint. 2204:and for some artistic effects. 1937: 1277:due to the white-lead powder. 956:Least polluted cities by PM2.5 13: 1: 5930:Caricature Carvers of America 3576:Bramley, Christopher Sinjin. 3530:Micaceous iron oxide pigments 2844:"Painting 101: Oil or Latex?" 2824:Marchant, Jo (January 2016). 2786: 1550:Diluent or solvent or thinner 1362: 1342: 1192: 427:Electrical resistance heating 3544:"CICN Groups and Sub-Groups" 2799:Taggart, Emma (2022-12-14). 2589:Green Seal’s GS-11 Standards 1735: 1330: 1152:may have been made by early 137:Persistent organic pollutant 7: 3929:Steelwork corrosion control 3603:New Materials International 3132:Barbera, Giocchino (2005). 2916:. p. 2. Archived from 2637: 1753:, thickeners, stabilizers, 1300:By the proper onset of the 10: 6107: 4237:10.1007/s11998-022-00648-4 2877:30,000 years of inventions 2551:Volatile organic compounds 2545: 2428: 1823: 1669:pigments that are used in 1611: 1526:volatile organic compounds 1416:, silanes or siloxanes or 1367: 1111: 29: 6035: 6009: 5958: 5945:Society of Wood Engravers 5902: 5816: 5766: 5723: 5595: 5588: 5476: 5363: 5305: 5124: 5115: 5058: 4729: 4648: 4639: 4463: 4432: 4331:Paint Technology Handbook 4003:10.1017/s002572730000973x 3587:. European Patent Office. 3512:Dulux Protective Coatings 3158:Ploeger, Rebecca (2013). 2999:"Painted walls in Orkney 1176:Ancient colored walls at 1136:drawn with red or yellow 682:War and environmental law 302:Health effects from noise 152:Volatile organic compound 4329:Talbert, Rodger (2007). 3278:www.essentialvermeer.com 2914:National Geographic News 2879:. New York: Tess Press. 2555:organic solvent syndrome 2479:ISO 4628 Part 6 or 7 or 1988:A chemical (typically a 1903:is an opaque variant of 1887:(where the medium is an 1871:and other latex paints. 1496:Thermosetting Mechanisms 1462:The paint type known as 1428:Thermoplastic Mechanisms 1325: 307:Marine mammals and sonar 3578:"Colour changing paint" 3072:10.1073/pnas.2004534117 2500:Aureobasidium pullulans 2282:urinating against walls 2118:Blue color paint smears 1608:Pigment, dye and filler 1481:emulsion polymerization 782:Freshwater salinization 702:Agricultural wastewater 6022:Frameless construction 5103:Wood-plastic composite 3388:Marine painting manual 2735:Paint adhesion testing 2609:microplastic pollution 2477:International Standard 2238:Anti-graffiti coatings 2119: 2111: 2095: 1934: 1844:Since the time of the 1841: 1819: 1541:Combination mechanisms 1298: 1292: 1129: 1001:Environment portal 32:Paint (disambiguation) 4084:www.chemsafetypro.com 3749:on November 18, 2007. 3353:"Water-based Alchemy" 3106:June 3, 2011, at the 2780:Stain-blocking primer 2710:Gloss and matte paint 2655:Anti-graffiti coating 2408:typically is used on 2386:Gloss and matte paint 2274:Urine-repellent paint 2117: 2101: 2093: 1928: 1833: 1761:growth and the like. 1381:Binder or film former 1302:Industrial Revolution 1294: 1287: 1119: 742:Industrial wastewater 510:Municipal solid waste 432:Soil guideline values 6091:Corrosion prevention 5950:Timber Framers Guild 4804:Australian Blackwood 3844:"road marking paint" 3409:"Powder Coating 101" 3120:Theophilus Presbyter 3001:5,000 years old 2830:Smithsonian Magazine 2765:Road surface marking 2613:Environmental Action 2399:Pearl (Satin) Finish 2260:Non-bonding coatings 2253:Sacrificial coatings 1594:petroleum distillate 1485:surfactants in paint 1251:Antonello da Messina 951:Most polluted cities 603:Overhead power lines 30:For other uses, see 5670:Hammer-headed tenon 5189:Janka hardness test 4178:2010EnST...44.2822H 4166:Environ Sci Technol 4121:1999InAir...9..253C 3985:SPURGEON A (2006). 2464:polymer degradation 1684:and protecting the 1662:, and many others. 767:Ocean acidification 677:Unexploded ordnance 598:Advertising clutter 530:Post-consumer waste 475:Foam food container 460:Biodegradable waste 117:Global distillation 4531:Japanese carpentry 3633:Foundry Technology 3562:2010-02-11 at the 3493:. 14 October 2011. 3359:on August 29, 2012 2953:. October 13, 2011 2730:NACE International 2452:Peeling/Blistering 2332:Road marking paint 2298:Anti-fouling paint 2120: 2112: 2096: 1970:gaseous suspension 1935: 1855:paints, primarily 1842: 1837:as applied with a 1812:, for example, in 1629:diatomaceous earth 1519:cobalt naphthenate 1293: 1130: 1013:Ecology portal 638:Herbicidal warfare 182:Introduced species 122:Indoor air quality 92:Chlorofluorocarbon 6073: 6072: 6027:Green woodworking 5884:Wood preservation 5812: 5811: 5715:Tongue and groove 5695:Mortise and tenon 5584: 5583: 5282:Warrington hammer 5111: 5110: 4799:African Blackwood 4591:Segmented turning 4340:978-1-57444-703-3 4186:10.1021/es902413k 4060:chemicalwatch.com 3938:978-0-415-26101-2 3546:. April 26, 2024. 3490:Los Angeles Times 3460:Dyes and Pigments 3446:. April 26, 2024. 3432:. April 26, 2024. 3303:. W. H. Freeman. 3234:978-0-471-69806-7 2920:on March 16, 2006 2725:List of art media 2406:Semi-Gloss Finish 1774:Thermochromic ink 1710:calcium carbonate 1648:ultraviolet light 1049: 1048: 984: 983: 650:Nuclear holocaust 573:Urban heat island 387:Radioactive waste 172:Biological hazard 82:Air quality index 16:(Redirected from 6098: 6063: 6062: 6053: 6052: 6043: 6042: 5593: 5592: 5262:Thickness planer 5122: 5121: 4916:(lime, basswood) 4646: 4645: 4506:Chainsaw carving 4419: 4412: 4405: 4396: 4395: 4391: 4385: 4377: 4358: 4352: 4344: 4325: 4319: 4311: 4284: 4283: 4281: 4280: 4263: 4257: 4256: 4214: 4208: 4207: 4197: 4157: 4151: 4150: 4132: 4100: 4094: 4093: 4091: 4090: 4076: 4070: 4069: 4067: 4066: 4052: 4046: 4045: 4043: 4042: 4031: 4025: 4024: 4014: 3982: 3976: 3975: 3967: 3961: 3960: 3958: 3949: 3943: 3942: 3924: 3918: 3917: 3915: 3914: 3899: 3893: 3879: 3873: 3872: 3865: 3859: 3858: 3856: 3855: 3846:. Archived from 3840: 3834: 3833: 3831: 3830: 3815: 3809: 3808: 3806: 3805: 3790: 3784: 3783: 3781: 3780: 3757: 3751: 3750: 3745:. Archived from 3739: 3733: 3732: 3730: 3729: 3720:. Archived from 3714: 3708: 3707: 3705: 3704: 3689: 3683: 3682: 3680: 3678: 3668: 3662: 3661: 3659: 3658: 3649:. Archived from 3643: 3637: 3636: 3624: 3618: 3617: 3615: 3614: 3605:. Archived from 3595: 3589: 3588: 3582: 3573: 3567: 3554: 3548: 3547: 3540: 3534: 3533: 3526:"ISO 10601:2007" 3522: 3516: 3515: 3509: 3501: 3495: 3494: 3481: 3475: 3474: 3454: 3448: 3447: 3440: 3434: 3433: 3426: 3420: 3419: 3417: 3415: 3405: 3399: 3384: 3378: 3375: 3369: 3368: 3366: 3364: 3355:. Archived from 3349: 3343: 3342: 3340: 3339: 3330: 3321: 3315: 3314: 3294: 3288: 3287: 3285: 3284: 3270: 3264: 3263: 3245: 3239: 3238: 3220: 3211: 3210: 3208: 3207: 3184: 3175: 3174: 3164: 3155: 3149: 3137: 3129: 3123: 3117: 3111: 3098: 3092: 3091: 3089: 3088: 3083: 3052: 3046: 3045: 3043: 3042: 3027: 3021: 3020: 3018: 3016: 2995: 2989: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2969: 2963: 2962: 2960: 2958: 2943: 2934: 2933: 2927: 2925: 2905: 2899: 2898: 2872: 2866: 2865: 2864:. 29 April 2022. 2858: 2852: 2851: 2840: 2834: 2833: 2821: 2815: 2814: 2812: 2811: 2796: 2745:Paint (software) 2537: 2525: 2513: 2417:High-gloss paint 2315:insulating paint 2310:Insulative paint 2289:Anti-climb paint 2086:Product variants 1931:painter's mussel 1652:titanium dioxide 1309:Sherwin-Williams 1227:tempera painting 1197: 1194: 1070: 1059: 1041: 1034: 1027: 1011: 1010: 1009: 999: 998: 930: 929: 633:Chemical warfare 535:Waste management 495:Industrial waste 470:Electronic waste 455:Advertising mail 437:Phytoremediation 412:Land degradation 352:Depleted uranium 237:Overillumination 187:Invasive species 62: 52: 37: 36: 21: 6106: 6105: 6101: 6100: 6099: 6097: 6096: 6095: 6076: 6075: 6074: 6069: 6031: 6017:Frame and panel 6005: 5954: 5898: 5808: 5767:Surface piecing 5762: 5719: 5640:Crown of thorns 5580: 5566:Smoothing plane 5472: 5359: 5301: 5204:Milling machine 5107: 5068:Cross-laminated 5054: 4725: 4635: 4606:Spindle turning 4596:Shingle weaving 4566:Pallet crafting 4459: 4428: 4423: 4379: 4378: 4374: 4346: 4345: 4341: 4313: 4312: 4308: 4292: 4290:Further reading 4287: 4278: 4276: 4264: 4260: 4215: 4211: 4158: 4154: 4101: 4097: 4088: 4086: 4078: 4077: 4073: 4064: 4062: 4054: 4053: 4049: 4040: 4038: 4033: 4032: 4028: 3991:Medical History 3983: 3979: 3968: 3964: 3956: 3950: 3946: 3939: 3925: 3921: 3912: 3910: 3908:House Beautiful 3900: 3896: 3880: 3876: 3867: 3866: 3862: 3853: 3851: 3842: 3841: 3837: 3828: 3826: 3817: 3816: 3812: 3803: 3801: 3791: 3787: 3778: 3776: 3758: 3754: 3741: 3740: 3736: 3727: 3725: 3716: 3715: 3711: 3702: 3700: 3691: 3690: 3686: 3676: 3674: 3670: 3669: 3665: 3656: 3654: 3645: 3644: 3640: 3625: 3621: 3612: 3610: 3597: 3596: 3592: 3580: 3574: 3570: 3564:Wayback Machine 3555: 3551: 3542: 3541: 3537: 3524: 3523: 3519: 3507: 3503: 3502: 3498: 3483: 3482: 3478: 3471: 3455: 3451: 3442: 3441: 3437: 3428: 3427: 3423: 3413: 3411: 3407: 3406: 3402: 3385: 3381: 3376: 3372: 3362: 3360: 3351: 3350: 3346: 3337: 3335: 3328: 3322: 3318: 3311: 3295: 3291: 3282: 3280: 3272: 3271: 3267: 3260: 3246: 3242: 3235: 3221: 3214: 3205: 3203: 3185: 3178: 3162: 3156: 3152: 3130: 3126: 3118: 3114: 3108:Wayback Machine 3099: 3095: 3086: 3084: 3053: 3049: 3040: 3038: 3031:"Painted walls" 3029: 3028: 3024: 3014: 3012: 2997: 2996: 2992: 2982: 2980: 2970: 2966: 2956: 2954: 2945: 2944: 2937: 2923: 2921: 2906: 2902: 2887: 2873: 2869: 2860: 2859: 2855: 2842: 2841: 2837: 2822: 2818: 2809: 2807: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2784: 2740:Paint recycling 2640: 2604: 2559:2-butoxyethanol 2548: 2541: 2538: 2529: 2526: 2517: 2514: 2431: 2392:Eggshell Finish 2371: 2325:Anti-slip paint 2088: 2080:hazardous waste 1940: 1899:-based paints. 1828: 1822: 1778:Liquid crystals 1770: 1743:surface tension 1738: 1616: 1610: 1552: 1543: 1535:powder coatings 1498: 1430: 1410:melamine resins 1383: 1370: 1365: 1345: 1333: 1328: 1223:Cennino Cennini 1195: 1171:Ness of Brodgar 1146:manganese oxide 1114: 1088: 1087: 1086: 1085: 1084:(bottom) paints 1073: 1072: 1071: 1062: 1061: 1060: 1045: 1007: 1005: 993: 986: 985: 885: 877: 876: 850: 842: 841: 777:Pharmaceuticals 757:Nonpoint source 697: 687: 686: 655:Nuclear fallout 628: 618: 617: 588: 578: 577: 568: 558: 557: 548: 540: 539: 525:Packaging waste 490:Hazardous waste 450: 442: 441: 402: 392: 391: 362:Nuclear fallout 357:Nuclear fission 337: 327: 326: 292: 282: 281: 257: 249: 248: 222: 220:Electromagnetic 212: 211: 202: 194: 193: 167: 157: 156: 127:Ozone depletion 72: 50: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6104: 6094: 6093: 6088: 6071: 6070: 6068: 6067: 6057: 6047: 6036: 6033: 6032: 6030: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6013: 6011: 6007: 6006: 6004: 6003: 5998: 5996:Quarter sawing 5993: 5988: 5986:Wood splitting 5983: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5962: 5960: 5956: 5955: 5953: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5906: 5904: 5900: 5899: 5897: 5896: 5894:Wood finishing 5891: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5871: 5866: 5861: 5856: 5854:Paint stripper 5851: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5820: 5818: 5814: 5813: 5810: 5809: 5807: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5770: 5768: 5764: 5763: 5761: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5729: 5727: 5721: 5720: 5718: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5601: 5599: 5590: 5586: 5585: 5582: 5581: 5579: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5561:Shoulder plane 5558: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5536:Moulding plane 5533: 5528: 5526:Japanese plane 5523: 5518: 5516:Grooving plane 5513: 5508: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5482: 5480: 5474: 5473: 5471: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5369: 5367: 5361: 5360: 5358: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5330:Flooring clamp 5327: 5322: 5317: 5311: 5309: 5303: 5302: 5300: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5287:Winding sticks 5284: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5267:Timber-framing 5264: 5259: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5125: 5119: 5113: 5112: 5109: 5108: 5106: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5093:Particle board 5090: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5073:Glue laminated 5070: 5064: 5062: 5056: 5055: 5053: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5022: 5017: 5012: 5007: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4735: 4733: 4727: 4726: 4724: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4654: 4652: 4643: 4637: 4636: 4634: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4611:Timber framing 4608: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4581:Relief carving 4578: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4533: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4513: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4483: 4481:Bush carpentry 4478: 4473: 4467: 4465: 4461: 4460: 4458: 4457: 4447: 4442: 4436: 4434: 4430: 4429: 4422: 4421: 4414: 4407: 4399: 4393: 4392: 4372: 4359: 4339: 4326: 4306: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4285: 4273:Bloomberg News 4258: 4209: 4152: 4115:(4): 253–258. 4095: 4071: 4047: 4026: 3997:(2): 167–188. 3977: 3962: 3944: 3937: 3919: 3894: 3888:2012-09-06 at 3874: 3871:. 27 May 2022. 3860: 3835: 3810: 3785: 3752: 3734: 3709: 3684: 3663: 3638: 3627:Horvath, Lee. 3619: 3590: 3568: 3557:frpdesigns.com 3549: 3535: 3517: 3496: 3476: 3469: 3449: 3435: 3421: 3400: 3379: 3370: 3344: 3324:Baghdachi, J. 3316: 3309: 3289: 3265: 3258: 3240: 3233: 3212: 3176: 3150: 3124: 3112: 3093: 3047: 3022: 3011:. 26 July 2010 2990: 2964: 2935: 2900: 2885: 2867: 2853: 2835: 2816: 2790: 2788: 2785: 2783: 2782: 2777: 2772: 2767: 2762: 2757: 2755:Powder coating 2752: 2750:Paint stripper 2747: 2742: 2737: 2732: 2727: 2722: 2717: 2712: 2707: 2702: 2697: 2692: 2687: 2682: 2677: 2672: 2667: 2662: 2657: 2652: 2647: 2641: 2639: 2636: 2603: 2600: 2547: 2544: 2543: 2542: 2539: 2532: 2530: 2527: 2520: 2518: 2515: 2508: 2505: 2504: 2494: 2491: 2487: 2484: 2460: 2457: 2453: 2450: 2447: 2444: 2441: 2430: 2427: 2426: 2425: 2414: 2403: 2396: 2389: 2379: 2370: 2367: 2366: 2365: 2345: 2341:Luminous paint 2337: 2328: 2322: 2306: 2294: 2285: 2270: 2269: 2268: 2267: 2257: 2247: 2246: 2234: 2222: 2214: 2205: 2192: 2183: 2175: 2158: 2144: 2134: 2087: 2084: 2045: 2044: 2041: 2038: 2035: 2004: 2003: 2000: 1993: 1986: 1983: 1980: 1977: 1955:powder coating 1939: 1936: 1865:acrylic paints 1824:Main article: 1821: 1818: 1769: 1768:Color changing 1766: 1737: 1734: 1682:UV degradation 1660:red iron oxide 1612:Main article: 1609: 1606: 1551: 1548: 1542: 1539: 1497: 1494: 1466:in the UK and 1449:nitrocellulose 1429: 1426: 1382: 1379: 1369: 1366: 1364: 1361: 1344: 1341: 1332: 1329: 1327: 1324: 1290:Suzdal, Russia 1275:lead poisoning 1200:Bamiyan Valley 1134:cave paintings 1113: 1110: 1102:cave paintings 1075: 1074: 1065: 1064: 1063: 1054: 1053: 1052: 1051: 1050: 1047: 1046: 1044: 1043: 1036: 1029: 1021: 1018: 1017: 1016: 1015: 1003: 988: 987: 982: 981: 980: 979: 971: 970: 966: 965: 964: 963: 958: 953: 948: 946:Law by country 943: 935: 934: 928: 927: 922: 917: 912: 907: 902: 897: 892: 886: 883: 882: 879: 878: 875: 874: 873: 872: 867: 857: 851: 848: 847: 844: 843: 840: 839: 834: 829: 824: 819: 817:Surface runoff 814: 809: 804: 799: 794: 789: 784: 779: 774: 769: 764: 759: 754: 749: 744: 739: 734: 729: 724: 719: 717:Eutrophication 714: 709: 704: 698: 693: 692: 689: 688: 685: 684: 679: 674: 672:Scorched earth 669: 668: 667: 665:Nuclear winter 662: 660:Nuclear famine 657: 647: 646: 645: 635: 629: 624: 623: 620: 619: 616: 615: 610: 605: 600: 595: 589: 584: 583: 580: 579: 576: 575: 569: 564: 563: 560: 559: 556: 555: 549: 546: 545: 542: 541: 538: 537: 532: 527: 522: 517: 512: 507: 502: 497: 492: 487: 482: 477: 472: 467: 462: 457: 451: 448: 447: 444: 443: 440: 439: 434: 429: 424: 419: 417:Bioremediation 414: 409: 403: 398: 397: 394: 393: 390: 389: 384: 379: 374: 369: 364: 359: 354: 349: 347:Bioremediation 344: 338: 333: 332: 329: 328: 325: 324: 319: 314: 309: 304: 299: 297:Transportation 293: 288: 287: 284: 283: 280: 279: 274: 269: 264: 258: 255: 254: 251: 250: 247: 246: 244:Radio spectrum 241: 240: 239: 234: 223: 218: 217: 214: 213: 210: 209: 203: 200: 199: 196: 195: 192: 191: 190: 189: 179: 174: 168: 163: 162: 159: 158: 155: 154: 149: 144: 139: 134: 129: 124: 119: 114: 112:Global dimming 109: 104: 99: 94: 89: 84: 79: 73: 68: 67: 64: 63: 55: 54: 46: 45: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6103: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6083: 6081: 6066: 6058: 6056: 6048: 6046: 6038: 6037: 6034: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6014: 6012: 6008: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5966:Chainsaw mill 5964: 5963: 5961: 5957: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5907: 5905: 5903:Organizations 5901: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5859:Steam bending 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5829:French polish 5827: 5825: 5822: 5821: 5819: 5815: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5771: 5769: 5765: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5730: 5728: 5726: 5722: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5700:Rabbet/Rebate 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5685:Mason's mitre 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5602: 5600: 5598: 5594: 5591: 5587: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5531:Jointer plane 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5501:Compass plane 5499: 5497: 5496:Chamfer plane 5494: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5486:Bedrock plane 5484: 5483: 5481: 5479: 5475: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5370: 5368: 5366: 5362: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5312: 5310: 5308: 5304: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5272:Veneer hammer 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5257: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5184:Impact driver 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5126: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5114: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5065: 5063: 5061: 5057: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5001: 5000:Red Quebracho 4998: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4945: 4944: 4939: 4938: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4917: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4736: 4734: 4732: 4728: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4671: 4670: 4665: 4664: 4659: 4656: 4655: 4653: 4651: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4638: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4476:Bow and arrow 4474: 4472: 4471:Boat building 4469: 4468: 4466: 4462: 4455: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4437: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4420: 4415: 4413: 4408: 4406: 4401: 4400: 4397: 4389: 4383: 4375: 4373:0-412-02951-0 4369: 4365: 4360: 4356: 4350: 4342: 4336: 4332: 4327: 4323: 4317: 4309: 4307:0-412-72320-4 4303: 4299: 4294: 4293: 4275: 4274: 4269: 4262: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4231:(1): 87–112. 4230: 4226: 4225: 4220: 4213: 4205: 4201: 4196: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4172:(8): 2822–7. 4171: 4167: 4163: 4156: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4131: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4099: 4085: 4081: 4075: 4061: 4057: 4051: 4036: 4030: 4022: 4018: 4013: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3981: 3973: 3966: 3955: 3948: 3940: 3934: 3930: 3923: 3909: 3905: 3898: 3891: 3890:archive.today 3887: 3884: 3878: 3870: 3864: 3850:on 2015-02-15 3849: 3845: 3839: 3824: 3820: 3814: 3800: 3796: 3789: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3766:The Telegraph 3763: 3756: 3748: 3744: 3738: 3724:on 2007-02-24 3723: 3719: 3713: 3699:on 2012-04-20 3698: 3694: 3688: 3673: 3667: 3653:on 2011-07-08 3652: 3648: 3642: 3634: 3630: 3623: 3609:on 2012-04-25 3608: 3604: 3600: 3594: 3586: 3579: 3572: 3565: 3561: 3558: 3553: 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