417:
the numbers would have been far higher. According to historian George Peffer, "all the evidence suggests that the women who survived this ordeal were most likely the wives of
Chinese laborers" because they would have possessed the determination needed to endure the questioning, while importers of prostitutes "might have been reluctant to risk prosecution." Yet, this is difficult to conclusively prove, especially since Peffer himself noted that the cost of immigration as well as possible bribes paid to American consuls would have created a greater hardship for the "wives of immigrants who possessed limited resources, than for the wealthy tongs" who sent prostitutes to the U.S. Therefore, although the Chinese Exclusion Act was extremely important in transforming the Chinese into a "declining immigrant group, it was the Page Law that exacerbated the problem of life without families in America's Chinatowns."
392:
prior to any other immigrant group because of the "threat of their sexuality to the United States." In addition to all the questioning that took place in regard to a woman's character, there were also detailed questions about
Chinese women's fathers and husbands. Therefore, these women were subject to this because officials "accepted that male intentions and actions were more likely to determine a woman's sexual future than her own actions and intentions." Chinese women had to demonstrate that they grew up in respectable families and that their husbands could afford to support them in the United States. Also, "the appearance of the body and clothing supposedly offered a range of possible clues about inner character, on which some officials drew when trying to differentiate prostitutes from real wives." Bodily clues used to examine Chinese women included
370:, an "association of the most prominent Chinese businessmen in Hong Kong." Before a Chinese woman could immigrate to the United States she had to submit "an official declaration of purpose in emigration and personal morality statement, accompanied by an application for clearance and a fee to the American Consul." The declaration was then sent to the Tung Wah Hospital Committee who would do a careful examination and then report back to Bailey about the character of each woman. Also, a list of the potential emigrants was sent to the government in Hong Kong for investigation. In addition, the day before a ship sailed to America, Chinese women reported to the American consul for a series of questioning, which included the following questions:
388:âs grant of less than 200 women to be sent to the U.S. from 1879-1882. Upon their arrival in San Francisco, Colonel Bee, the American consul for the Chinese would observe the documents with photographs of each woman included and ask her the same questions she had heard in Hong Kong. If women changed their answers to the questions, did not match their pictures, or had incomplete paperwork, they could be detained, and sent back to Hong Kong. As a result, from 1875-1882 at least one hundred and possibly several hundred women were returned to China. The entire process was "shaped by the larger, explicit assumption" that Chinese women, like Chinese men, were dishonest.
27:
409:
exclusion of
Chinese women from the United States." In 1882 alone, during the few months before the enactment of the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 and the beginning of its enforcement, 39,579 Chinese entered the U.S., only 136 of them women. Therefore, Chinese immigrants were unable to create families with each other within the U.S. The Page Act was so successful in preventing Chinese women from immigrating and consequently keeping the ratio of females to males low that the law "paradoxically encouraged the very vice it purported to be fighting: prostitution." Not until after
320:, so one might expect legislators to focus on excluding men from immigration, but instead they concentrated on women in order to protect the American system of monogamy. Therefore, the number of immigrants (majority male) entering the U.S. from China during the Page Act's enforcement "exceeded the total for any other seven year period, before passage of the Exclusion Act in 1882, by at least thirteen thousand," but the female population dropped from 6.4% in 1870 to 4.6% in 1880.
384:
Once on board the ship, the women were questioned again. The first year that Bailey was assigned to differentiate wives from prostitutes he did not yet have the assistance of the Tung Wah
Hospital Committee, and 173 women were allowed to sail to California, he was disappointed with that figure and granted only 77 women passage in 1877. In 1878, under the authority of American consul Sheldon Loring, 354 women arrived in the U.S., a substantial number compared to
4160:
305:, but borrowed money from brokers for their trip and paid the money back plus interest through work at their first job. Without enough money to send for their wives, a prostitution industry developed in the male Chinese immigrant community and became a serious issue to Americans living in San Francisco. Laws specifically directed at Chinese female immigrants were created even though prostitution was fairly common in the
396:, "prettiness, youth, demeanor," and how they walked. However, the task of differentiating "real" wives from prostitutes was virtually impossible. Men, on the other hand, faced more lenient restriction practices and were not required to "carry photographs, nor to match photographs that had been sent in advance to San Francisco Port authorities."
379:, Macao, or China? Have you engaged in prostitution in either of the above places? Are you a virtuous woman? Do you intend to live a virtuous life in the United States? Do you know that you are at liberty now to go to the United States, or remain in your own country, and that you cannot be forced to go away from your home?
341:
and their cultural practices would become a part of
American democracy. As a result, the Page Law responded to "what were believed to be serious threats to white values, lives, and futures." California state laws could not exclude women for being Chinese, so they were crafted as regulations of public
416:
The sojourner mentality of the
Chinese limited the number of wives who chose to immigrate as did the financial cost of the trip; however, documents relating to the enforcement of the Page Act suggest that some women were able to overcome these barriers and join their husbands, but without this law,
404:
By forcing
Chinese women to undergo invasive examinations to prove they were not sex workers, the Page Act effectively prevented immigration to the United States by Chinese women and resulted in a sharply skewed gender ration in the Chinese-American community. This gender imbalance lasted until the
383:
The
Chinese women who "passed" these questions according to the American consul were then sent to be questioned by the harbor master on duty. He would ask the women the same questions in an effort to catch liars, but if the women were approved they were then allowed to board the steamer to America.
327:
believed that
Chinese immigrants "carried distinct germs to which they were immune but from which whites would die if exposed." That fear became concentrated on Chinese women because some white Americans believed that germs and disease could most easily be transmitted to white men through labor of
256:
Only the ban on female East Asian immigrants was effectively and heavily enforced and proved to be a barrier for all East Asian women trying to immigrate, especially
Chinese women. Moreover, the Page Act created the policing of immigrants around sexuality, which "gradually became extended to every
391:
Photographs were used as a means to identify the Chinese women through each stage of the examination process in order to ensure that unqualified women would not be substituted for a woman who was properly questioned at any point in time. Chinese women were subject to this method of identification
408:
Most Chinese women who immigrated to the U.S. in the 1860s and the 1870s were "second wives, concubines in polygamous marriages, or prostitutes," but not all Chinese women worked as prostitutes. Enforcement of the Page Act resulted not only in fewer prostitutes but also the "virtually complete
374:
Have you entered into contract or agreement with any person or persons whomsoever, for a term of service, within the United States for lewd and immoral purposes? Do you wish of your own free and voluntary will to go to the United States? Do you go to the United States for the purposes of
342:
morals, but the laws were still struck down as "impermissible encroachment on federal immigration power." However, the Page Law sailed through Congress without any expressed concerns of having a federal law that racially restricted immigration or violated the
336:
with Chinese men; "first wives enjoyed the highest status, followed by second wives and concubines, followed in turn by several classes of prostitutes." An additional concern was that the children of Chinese couples would become U.S. citizens under the
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While this is being done I invite the attention of Congress to another, though perhaps no less an evil--the importation of Chinese women, but few of whom are brought to our shores to pursue honorable or useful occupations.
366:, was put in charge of regulating which Chinese women were actual wives of laborers, allowed to travel to the United States, as opposed to prostitutes. Bailey set up the process with the Hong Kong authorities and the
2952:
328:
Chinese prostitutes. Additionally, during difficult times in China, women and girls were sold into "domestic service, concubinage, or prostitution." Some Chinese men had a wife as well as a concubine, usually a
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delivered a Seventh Annual Message to the United States Senate and House of Representatives. President Grant reaffirmed the United States bearing regarding the immigration of women originating from the
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prostitution? Are you married or single? What are you going to the United States for? What is to be your occupation there? Have you lived in a house of
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Both Chinese male "coolies" and Chinese female prostitutes were linked to slavery, which added to the American animosity toward them since slavery and
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253:, or any East Asian country to the United States "without their free and voluntary consent, for the purpose of holding them to a term of service."
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representing California who introduced it to "end the danger of cheap Chinese labor and immoral Chinese women." The law technically barred
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immigrant who sought to enter America" and has remained a central feature of immigration restriction, according to some scholars.
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assumed that Chinese men were forced to work under long-term service contracts, when in reality immigrants to America were not
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Peffer, George Anthony (1986). "Forbidden Families: Emigration Experiences of Chinese Women under the Page Law, 1875-1882".
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was an appropriate sex balance established because between 1946 and 1952, almost 90% of all Chinese immigrants were women.
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and emigration of Chinese people, because Americans were focused on protecting the social ideals of marriage and morality.
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An Act Supplementary to the Acts in Relation to Immigration (Page Law) sect. 141, 18 Stat. 477 (1873-March 1875).
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woman obtained through purchase and recognized as a legal member of the family. A woman's status depended on her
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considered "undesirable" and defined that as a person from East Asia who was coming to the United States to be a
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to the United States were mostly males, the majority of whom began arriving in 1848 as a part of the
2001:
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2011:
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1028:"How Trump's 'Shithole Countries' Comment Echoes a Century of American Immigration Policy"
8:
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Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act of 2013
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1996:
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in their own country. The Page Act was supposed to strengthen the ban against "
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125:
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261:
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448:"The 1921 and 1924 Immigration Acts a Century Later: Roots and Long Shadows"
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3000:
2423:
Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA) (1996)
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National Korean American Service & Education Consortium (NAKASEC)
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2433:
American Competitiveness and Workforce Improvement Act (ACWIA) (1998)
2428:
Nicaraguan Adjustment and Central American Relief Act (NACARA) (1997)
2310:
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1951:
1515:
359:
3413:
3271:
2823:
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2545:
2031:
948:"Polygamy, Prostitution, and the Federalization of Immigration Law"
266:
2418:
Immigration and Nationality Technical Corrections Act (INTCA) 1994
184:(Sect. 141, 18 Stat. 477, 3 March 1875) was the first restrictive
1633:
1171:
1166:
302:
234:
249:
of one year upon anyone who tried to bring a person from China,
2621:
2489:
Ending Discriminatory Bans on Entry to The United States (2021)
2058:
1096:
2449:
American Competitiveness in the 21st Century Act (AC21) (2000)
1682:
Monosodium glutamate controversy (Chinese restaurant syndrome)
846:. New Approaches to International History series. London, UK:
4196:
United States federal immigration and nationality legislation
2053:
400:
Effects on Chinese families and future immigrants to the U.S.
250:
37:
An Act supplementary to the acts in relation to immigration.
1015:"Ulysses S. Grant: Seventh Annual Message December 7, 1875"
647:
774:
772:
770:
757:
755:
742:
740:
635:
613:
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was abolished in 1865. Male laborers were central to the
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593:
2454:
Legal Immigration Family Equity Act (LIFE Act) (2000)
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864:
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566:
551:
539:
527:
491:
3158:
Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights of Los Angeles
923:
906:
713:
686:
659:
581:
515:
285:
Factors that influenced the creation of the Page Act
844:
The Fear of Chinese Power: an International History
458:
78:
16:United States law banning Chinese women immigrants
966:Entry Denied: Controlling Sexuality at the Border
427:
4177:
2902:United States Border Patrol interior checkpoints
3163:Coalition for Comprehensive Immigration Reform
2841:List of people deported from the United States
1522:Union Colliery Co of British Columbia v Bryden
1453:Royal Commission on Chinese Immigration (1885)
3287:
2588:Trump administration family separation policy
2121:
1463:Attack on Squak Valley Chinese laborers, 1885
1066:
2638:Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS)
195:, which effectively prohibited the entry of
4191:History of immigration to the United States
3138:California Coalition for Immigration Reform
229:, any East Asian woman who would engage in
207:banned immigration by Chinese men as well.
3294:
3280:
3173:Federation for American Immigration Reform
2128:
2114:
1073:
1059:
2948:Uniting American Families Act (2000â2013)
2943:Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act 2007
2933:Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act 2006
2876:Unaccompanied minors from Central America
2633:U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services
2403:Immigration Reform and Control Act (1986)
1315:Canadian Brotherhood of Railway Employees
1012:
521:
3607:Yellowstone National Park Protection Act
3597:District of Columbia Organic Act of 1871
3153:Center for Migration Studies of New York
2296:Immigration Act 1917 (Asian Barred Zone)
2165:Nationality law in the American Colonies
962:
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835:
826:
814:
802:
790:
778:
761:
746:
731:
680:
617:
602:
533:
509:
497:
445:
3087:"Faithful Patriot" (2018–present)
2643:Executive Office for Immigration Review
4178:
3103:California DREAM Act (2006–2010)
1026:Waxman, Olivia B. (January 12, 2018).
1025:
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945:
929:
917:
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4211:Prostitution law in the United States
3275:
2351:Alien Fiancées and Fiancés Act (1946)
2109:
1568:Soviet deportations of Chinese people
1054:
841:
832:
210:The law was named after its sponsor,
3765:Personal Memoirs of Ulysses S. Grant
3516:Proposed annexation of Santo Domingo
3301:
3072:"Return to Sender" (2006–2007)
2377:Immigration and Nationality Act 1952
2758:Department of State v. Muñoz (2024)
2728:DHS v. Regents of the Univ. of Cal.
2613:Immigration and Customs Enforcement
2215:Act to Encourage Immigration (1864)
1672:Indonesian mass killings of 1965â66
13:
4206:Repealed United States legislation
2846:MexicoâUnited States border crisis
2628:U.S. Customs and Border Protection
1649:Legislation on Chinese Indonesians
1500:Vancouver anti-Chinese riots, 1886
1484:1885 Chinese expulsion from Eureka
1021:. The American Presidency Project.
1013:Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T.
986:Journal of American Ethnic History
245:of up to $ 2,000 and maximum jail
233:, and all people considered to be
155:on February 22, 1875 (Passed)
124:in the House as H.R. 4747 by
83:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
14:
4222:
3948:Grant Cottage State Historic Site
3672:Indian Appropriations Act of 1871
3067:"Streamline" (2005–present)
2789:Central American migrant caravans
2336:Bracero Program (1942–1964)
1039:
353:
4159:
4158:
3332:Grant and the American Civil War
2851:MexicoâUnited States border wall
2326:Filipino Repatriation Act (1935)
2137:Immigration to the United States
1806:Artificial Intelligence Cold War
1766:2014 Vietnam anti-China protests
1677:1967 anti-Chinese riots in Burma
25:
2608:Department of Homeland Security
1458:Chinese Immigration Act of 1885
3316:President of the United States
3148:Center for Immigration Studies
3077:"Jump Start" (2006–2008)
3062:"Front Line" (2004–2005)
2712:Chamber of Commerce v. Whiting
2653:Office of Refugee Resettlement
2408:American Homecoming Act (1989)
2044:Chinese, Japanese, dirty knees
482:
439:
203:. Seven years later, the 1882
161:on March 3, 1875 (Passed)
45:Oriental Exclusion Act of 1875
1:
3562:Specie Payment Resumption Act
3198:Minuteman Civil Defense Corps
3042:"Peter Pan" (1960–1962)
2804:Eugenics in the United States
1833:2024 Papua New Guinean unrest
1796:ChinaâUnited States trade war
1661:Internment of Chinese-Indians
1574:Chinese Immigration Act, 1923
939:
148:Senate Committee of the Whole
3436:State of the Union addresses
2866:Illegal immigrant population
2648:Board of Immigration Appeals
2484:Executive Order 13780 (2017)
2479:Executive Order 13769 (2017)
2372:UN Refugee Convention (1951)
2286:Gentlemen's Agreement (1907)
1838:Boycotts of Chinese products
1761:2013 Tiananmen Square attack
1693:1969 race riots of Singapore
1667:1964 race riots in Singapore
1354:2nd Sangley Rebellion (1639)
946:Abrams, Kerry (April 2005).
446:Marinari, Maddalena (2022).
325:American Medical Association
299:California State Legislature
7:
4005:1922 Grant Memorial coinage
3082:"Phalanx" (2010–2016)
3057:"Endgame" (2003–2012)
2928:McCain–Kennedy (2005)
2918:DREAM Act (2001–2010)
2897:CanadaâUnited States border
2892:MexicoâUnited States border
2459:H-1B Visa Reform Act (2004)
2321:TydingsâMcDuffie Act (1934)
1828:2021 Solomon Islands unrest
1818:COVID-19 pandemic incidents
1715:May 1998 riots of Indonesia
452:Journal of American History
368:Tung Wah Hospital Committee
346:of 1868, which allowed the
309:among many nationalities.
55:43rd United States Congress
10:
4227:
3701:Naturalization Act of 1870
3592:U.S. Department of Justice
3552:General Mining Act of 1872
3218:Negative Population Growth
3208:National Immigration Forum
3193:Migration Policy Institute
2968:US Citizenship Act of 2021
2524:Temporary protected status
2306:Emergency Quota Act (1921)
1823:2021 Atlanta spa shootings
1687:13 May incident (Malaysia)
1655:Chinese Confession Program
1545:Vancouver anti-Asian riots
1489:Chinese head tax in Canada
1436:San Francisco riot of 1877
1046:Full text of 1875 Page Law
241:" laborers, by imposing a
4137:
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4025:
3903:
3885:
3844:
3774:
3756:
3733:
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3612:Yellowstone National Park
3575:
3532:Public Credit Act of 1869
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3309:
3246:
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2551:Security Advisory Opinion
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2268:
2202:
2178:
2157:
2144:
2082:
2024:
1929:
1893:
1857:
1850:
1791:2015 Aksu colliery attack
1741:2008 Kunming bus bombings
1723:
1531:
1388:
1367:
1340:
1333:
1297:
1185:
1139:
1112:The Unparalleled Invasion
1089:
963:Luibhéid, Eithne (2002).
377:prostitution in Hong Kong
117:
112:
92:
73:
68:
60:
49:
41:
33:
24:
4186:Chinese-American history
3814:Ulysses S. Grant Cottage
3716:Civil Rights Act of 1875
3624:Electoral Commission Act
3602:Civil Service Commission
3260:Missing in Brooks County
3188:Mexicans Without Borders
2688:US v. Bhagat Singh Thind
2561:National Origins Formula
2245:Chinese Exclusion (1882)
2220:Civil Rights Act of 1866
1776:April 2014 ĂrĂŒmqi attack
1585:Second Sino-Japanese War
1414:Chinese massacre of 1871
1310:Asiatic Exclusion League
969:. U of Minnesota Press.
420:
3684:Enforcement Act of 1870
2539:Central American Minors
2469:Secure Fence Act (2006)
2331:Nationality Act of 1940
2281:Naturalization Act 1906
2255:Immigration Act of 1891
2240:Immigration Act of 1882
2230:Naturalization Act 1870
2210:Naturalization Law 1802
2186:Naturalization Act 1790
1906:Ita Martadinata Haryono
1786:2015 Plaza Low Yat riot
1736:Abacus Bank prosecution
1359:Sangley Massacre (1662)
1019:www.presidency.ucsb.edu
842:Crean, Jeffrey (2024).
358:The American consul in
144:House Foreign Relations
140:Committee consideration
3975:Ohio Statehouse statue
3689:Second Enforcement Act
3652:Native American policy
3381:Commanding generalship
3254:Borderland (TV series)
3108:Arizona SB 1070 (2010)
2581:Unaccompanied children
2356:LuceâCeller Act (1946)
2146:Relevant colonial era,
1781:May 2014 ĂrĂŒmqi attack
1746:July 2009 ĂrĂŒmqi riots
1539:White Australia policy
1082:Anti-Chinese sentiment
381:
282:
136:) on February 18, 1875
4150:Rutherford B. Hayes â
3587:Judiciary Act of 1869
3537:Copyright Act of 1870
3431:Judicial appointments
2831:Immigration reduction
2742:Niz-Chavez v. Garland
2346:War Brides Act (1945)
2225:14th Amendment (1868)
2095:Hong Kong nationalism
1731:2006 Nukuʻalofa riots
1710:1997 Banjarmasin riot
1505:Hells Canyon Massacre
1478:Rock Springs massacre
1468:Issaquah riot of 1885
1447:Chinese Exclusion Act
1375:1740 Batavia massacre
1177:Plaek Phibunsongkhram
1152:Andrew Jackson Bryant
372:
318:anti-Chinese movement
314:involuntary servitude
271:
205:Chinese Exclusion Act
199:, marking the end of
4201:1875 in American law
4110:Ulysses S. Grant III
4092:Ulysses S. Grant Jr.
4086:Frederick Dent Grant
4068:Hannah Simpson Grant
3918:Presidential library
3743:Bid for a third term
3542:Currency Act of 1870
3496:Treaty of Washington
3133:Arizona Border Recon
3113:Alabama HB 56 (2011)
2977:Immigration stations
2911:Proposed legislation
2809:Guest worker program
2784:Brooks County, Texas
2696:US v. Brignoni-Ponce
2413:Immigration Act 1990
2316:Immigration Act 1924
2301:Immigration Act 1918
2291:Immigration Act 1907
2276:Immigration Act 1903
1751:2011 Kashgar attacks
1495:Seattle riot of 1886
1441:New Zealand head tax
1380:1782 Saigon massacre
1119:Japanese nationalism
656:, pp. 644, 650.
522:Peters & Woolley
339:Fourteenth Amendment
295:California Gold Rush
4122:Ulysses S. Grant IV
4098:Jesse Root Grant II
4027:Cultural depictions
3990:U.S. Postage stamps
3980:Philadelphia statue
3960:U.S. Capitol statue
3547:Funding Act of 1870
3404:Second inauguration
3362:RichmondâPetersburg
3052:"Gatekeeper" (1994)
2979:and points of entry
2871:Reverse immigration
2750:Sanchez v. Mayorkas
2663:Supreme Court cases
2519:Visa Waiver Program
2514:Permanent residence
2341:Magnuson Act (1943)
2170:Plantation Act 1740
2090:Chinese imperialism
1771:2014 Kunming attack
1627:Home Office 213/926
1615:Sook Ching massacre
1603:Japanese war crimes
1579:Wanpaoshan Incident
1473:Tacoma riot of 1885
1430:Trout Creek Outrage
952:Columbia Law Review
848:Bloomsbury Academic
644:, pp. 643â644.
479:, pp. 641â716.
362:from 1875 to 1877,
260:In 1875, President
113:Legislative history
21:
4039:(2002 documentary)
3985:San Francisco bust
3936:General Grant tree
3557:Timber Culture Act
3399:First inauguration
2836:Immigration reform
2672:US v. Wong Kim Ark
2618:U.S. Border Patrol
2534:Green Card Lottery
2502:Visas and policies
2464:Real ID Act (2005)
2398:Refugee Act (1980)
2150:international laws
2139:and related topics
1704:Cambodian genocide
1641:Mergosono massacre
1621:Changkiao massacre
1597:Nanshitou Massacre
1402:Lambing Flat riots
1305:Anti-Chinese Union
1235:Racism in Malaysia
1147:Adriaan Valckenier
1107:Chinese emigration
710:, pp. 32, 38.
512:, pp. 32, 53.
405:mid-20th century.
291:Chinese immigrants
19:
4173:
4172:
4054:
4053:
4047:(2020 miniseries)
4012:Grant High School
3729:
3728:
3511:Korean Expedition
3269:
3268:
3203:Minuteman Project
3178:Improve The Dream
3096:State legislation
3047:"Babylift" (1975)
3021:Washington Avenue
3016:Sullivan's Island
2938:STRIVE Act (2007)
2861:March for America
2814:Human trafficking
2704:Zadvydas v. Davis
2566:Expedited removal
2497:
2496:
2148:United States and
2103:
2102:
2037:Chinaman's chance
2020:
2019:
1987:Mi Gao Huang Chen
1957:Franklin Feng Tao
1846:
1845:
1608:Three Alls Policy
1419:Pigtail Ordinance
1348:Sangley Rebellion
857:978-1-350-23394-2
344:Burlingame Treaty
323:Furthermore, the
277:Ulysses S. Grant
178:
177:
159:Passed the Senate
95:Statutes at Large
4218:
4162:
4161:
4143:â Andrew Johnson
4128:Julia Dent Grant
4074:Jesse Root Grant
4036:Ulysses S. Grant
4017:U.S. Grant Hotel
3901:
3900:
3829:speeding arrests
3802:White Haven home
3721:Page Act of 1875
3694:Ku Klux Klan Act
3679:Enforcement Acts
3484:
3483:
3319:
3303:Ulysses S. Grant
3296:
3289:
3282:
3273:
3272:
3168:Community Change
3143:CASA of Maryland
3123:Non-governmental
3037:"Wetback" (1954)
2963:RAISE Act (2017)
2923:H.R. 4437 (2005)
2311:Cable Act (1922)
2260:Geary Act (1892)
2250:Scott Act (1888)
2155:
2154:
2130:
2123:
2116:
2107:
2106:
2074:Sick man of Asia
2064:Locust/Wongchung
1982:Leung Chi-cheung
1855:
1854:
1813:China Initiative
1591:Nanking Massacre
1557:TorreĂłn massacre
1511:Scott Act (1888)
1425:Page Act of 1875
1338:
1337:
1282:China Initiative
1075:
1068:
1061:
1052:
1051:
1035:
1022:
1009:
980:
959:
933:
927:
921:
915:
904:
898:
889:
883:
874:
868:
862:
861:
839:
830:
824:
818:
812:
806:
800:
794:
788:
782:
776:
765:
759:
750:
744:
735:
729:
723:
717:
711:
705:
699:
693:
684:
678:
672:
666:
657:
651:
645:
639:
633:
627:
621:
615:
606:
600:
591:
585:
579:
573:
564:
558:
549:
543:
537:
531:
525:
519:
513:
507:
501:
495:
489:
486:
480:
474:
468:
462:
456:
455:
443:
437:
431:
280:December 7, 1875
182:Page Act of 1875
171:on March 3, 1875
169:Ulysses S. Grant
153:Passed the House
96:
84:
80:
29:
22:
20:Page Act of 1875
18:
4226:
4225:
4221:
4220:
4219:
4217:
4216:
4215:
4176:
4175:
4174:
4169:
4133:
4130:(granddaughter)
4050:
4021:
3965:Brooklyn relief
3954:The Peacemakers
3899:
3881:
3840:
3770:
3752:
3735:Post-presidency
3725:
3667:Great Sioux War
3628:
3619:Post Office Act
3578:
3571:
3567:Desert Land Act
3525:Economic policy
3520:
3482:
3385:
3325:Military career
3320:
3311:
3305:
3300:
3270:
3265:
3242:
3183:Mexica Movement
3126:
3124:
3117:
3091:
3025:
2978:
2972:
2958:SAFE Act (2015)
2906:
2880:
2819:Human smuggling
2794:Economic impact
2772:
2770:
2763:
2657:
2601:
2599:
2592:
2493:
2437:
2365:1950–1999
2360:
2269:1900–1949
2264:
2235:Page Act (1875)
2198:
2174:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2140:
2134:
2104:
2099:
2078:
2016:
1925:
1889:
1842:
1719:
1698:Malari incident
1563:1918 Kudus riot
1527:
1408:Anti-Coolie Act
1384:
1363:
1329:
1293:
1240:Ketuanan Melayu
1213:Racism in Japan
1181:
1135:
1131:De-Sinicization
1085:
1079:
1042:
977:
942:
937:
936:
928:
924:
916:
907:
899:
892:
884:
877:
869:
865:
858:
840:
833:
825:
821:
813:
809:
801:
797:
789:
785:
777:
768:
760:
753:
745:
738:
730:
726:
718:
714:
706:
702:
694:
687:
679:
675:
667:
660:
652:
648:
640:
636:
628:
624:
616:
609:
601:
594:
586:
582:
574:
567:
559:
552:
544:
540:
532:
528:
520:
516:
508:
504:
496:
492:
487:
483:
475:
471:
463:
459:
444:
440:
432:
428:
423:
402:
364:David H. Bailey
356:
287:
189:immigration law
174:
165:Signed into law
94:
82:
50:Enacted by
17:
12:
11:
5:
4224:
4214:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4171:
4170:
4168:
4167:
4154:
4153:
4146:
4138:
4135:
4134:
4132:
4131:
4125:
4119:
4113:
4107:
4101:
4095:
4089:
4083:
4077:
4071:
4064:
4062:
4056:
4055:
4052:
4051:
4049:
4048:
4040:
4031:
4029:
4023:
4022:
4020:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4008:
4007:
4002:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3970:Chicago statue
3967:
3962:
3957:
3950:
3945:
3944:
3943:
3933:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3913:Grant Memorial
3909:
3907:
3898:
3897:
3891:
3889:
3883:
3882:
3880:
3879:
3878:
3877:
3872:
3864:
3863:
3862:
3857:
3848:
3846:
3842:
3841:
3839:
3838:
3833:
3832:
3831:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3810:
3809:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3778:
3776:
3772:
3771:
3769:
3768:
3760:
3758:
3754:
3753:
3751:
3750:
3745:
3739:
3737:
3731:
3730:
3727:
3726:
3724:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3697:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3676:
3675:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3657:"Peace Policy"
3649:
3648:
3647:
3640:Reconstruction
3636:
3634:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3615:
3614:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3583:
3581:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3528:
3526:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3507:
3506:
3492:
3490:
3488:Foreign policy
3481:
3480:
3479:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3417:
3416:
3406:
3401:
3395:
3393:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3383:
3378:
3377:
3376:
3375:
3374:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3328:
3326:
3322:
3321:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3299:
3298:
3291:
3284:
3276:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3263:
3256:
3250:
3248:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3240:
3235:
3233:Save Our State
3230:
3225:
3223:No More Deaths
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3129:
3127:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3099:
3097:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3033:
3031:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2982:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2914:
2912:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2888:
2886:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2856:Labor shortage
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2827:
2826:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2775:
2773:
2769:Related issues
2768:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2754:
2746:
2738:
2724:
2720:Barton v. Barr
2716:
2708:
2700:
2692:
2684:
2676:
2667:
2665:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2615:
2610:
2604:
2602:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2590:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2578:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2542:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2505:
2503:
2499:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2445:
2443:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2394:
2393:
2391:Section 287(g)
2388:
2386:Section 212(f)
2374:
2368:
2366:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2272:
2270:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2206:
2204:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2196:
2182:
2180:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2172:
2167:
2161:
2159:
2152:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2133:
2132:
2125:
2118:
2110:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2097:
2092:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2040:
2039:
2028:
2026:
2022:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1997:Teoh Beng Hock
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1972:Jiansheng Chen
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1933:
1931:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1923:
1918:
1916:Velma Demerson
1913:
1908:
1903:
1897:
1895:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1865:Chae Chan Ping
1861:
1859:
1852:
1848:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1756:Wolf Amendment
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1727:
1725:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1701:
1695:
1690:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1658:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1644:
1630:
1624:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1594:
1582:
1576:
1571:
1565:
1560:
1554:
1551:Beipu uprising
1548:
1542:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1525:
1519:
1513:
1508:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1486:
1481:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1444:
1438:
1433:
1427:
1422:
1416:
1411:
1405:
1399:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1382:
1377:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1364:
1362:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1344:
1342:
1335:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1301:
1299:
1298:By institution
1295:
1294:
1292:
1291:
1286:
1285:
1284:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1243:
1242:
1237:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1216:
1215:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1182:
1180:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1136:
1134:
1133:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1116:
1115:
1114:
1109:
1099:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1086:
1078:
1077:
1070:
1063:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1041:
1040:External links
1038:
1037:
1036:
1023:
1010:
981:
975:
960:
941:
938:
935:
934:
922:
905:
903:, p. 702.
890:
888:, p. 701.
875:
873:, p. 698.
863:
856:
831:
819:
807:
795:
783:
766:
751:
736:
724:
712:
700:
685:
673:
658:
646:
634:
632:, p. 642.
622:
607:
592:
580:
578:, p. 653.
565:
563:, p. 657.
550:
548:, p. 651.
538:
526:
514:
502:
490:
481:
469:
457:
438:
425:
424:
422:
419:
401:
398:
355:
354:Implementation
352:
348:free migration
286:
283:
227:forced laborer
215:Horace F. Page
212:Representative
176:
175:
173:
172:
162:
156:
150:
137:
126:Horace F. Page
118:
115:
114:
110:
109:
98:
90:
89:
75:
71:
70:
66:
65:
62:
58:
57:
51:
47:
46:
43:
39:
38:
35:
31:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4223:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4183:
4181:
4166:
4165:
4156:
4155:
4152:
4151:
4147:
4145:
4144:
4140:
4139:
4136:
4129:
4126:
4123:
4120:
4117:
4116:Chapman Grant
4114:
4111:
4108:
4105:
4102:
4099:
4096:
4093:
4090:
4087:
4084:
4081:
4078:
4075:
4072:
4069:
4066:
4065:
4063:
4061:
4057:
4046:
4045:
4041:
4038:
4037:
4033:
4032:
4030:
4028:
4024:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3997:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3955:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3942:
3939:
3938:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3930:
3929:General Grant
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3910:
3908:
3906:
3902:
3896:
3893:
3892:
3890:
3888:
3884:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3867:
3865:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3852:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3843:
3837:
3834:
3830:
3827:
3826:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3808:
3805:
3804:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3773:
3767:
3766:
3762:
3761:
3759:
3755:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3740:
3738:
3736:
3732:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3681:
3680:
3677:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3653:
3650:
3646:
3643:
3642:
3641:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3633:Social policy
3631:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3613:
3610:
3609:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3584:
3582:
3580:
3574:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3529:
3527:
3523:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3505:
3503:
3499:
3498:
3497:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3489:
3485:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3438:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3415:
3412:
3411:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3392:
3388:
3382:
3379:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3337:Fort Donelson
3335:
3334:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3323:
3317:
3314:
3308:
3304:
3297:
3292:
3290:
3285:
3283:
3278:
3277:
3274:
3262:
3261:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3247:Documentaries
3245:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3125:organizations
3120:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3094:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3028:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2991:Castle Garden
2989:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2975:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2909:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2883:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2779:2006 protests
2777:
2776:
2774:
2766:
2760:
2759:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2734:Wolf v. Vidal
2730:
2729:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2660:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2623:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2600:organizations
2595:
2589:
2586:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2500:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2440:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2382:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2363:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2267:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2201:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2177:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2153:
2143:
2138:
2131:
2126:
2124:
2119:
2117:
2112:
2111:
2108:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2081:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1928:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1870:Fong Yue Ting
1868:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1856:
1853:
1849:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1800:Trump tariffs
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1722:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1635:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:(1920sâ1930s)
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1530:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1396:Buckland Riot
1394:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1336:
1332:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1290:
1287:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1278:
1277:United States
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1157:Denis Kearney
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1142:
1140:By persecutor
1138:
1132:
1129:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1120:
1117:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1076:
1071:
1069:
1064:
1062:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1033:
1032:Time Magazine
1029:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
982:
978:
976:9780816638031
972:
968:
967:
961:
958:(3): 641â716.
957:
953:
949:
944:
943:
932:, p. 34.
931:
926:
920:, p. 43.
919:
914:
912:
910:
902:
897:
895:
887:
882:
880:
872:
867:
859:
853:
849:
845:
838:
836:
829:, p. 46.
828:
827:Luibhéid 2002
823:
817:, p. 53.
816:
815:Luibhéid 2002
811:
805:, p. 49.
804:
803:Luibhéid 2002
799:
793:, p. 50.
792:
791:Luibhéid 2002
787:
781:, p. 45.
780:
779:Luibhéid 2002
775:
773:
771:
764:, p. 44.
763:
762:Luibhéid 2002
758:
756:
749:, p. 43.
748:
747:Luibhéid 2002
743:
741:
734:, p. 42.
733:
732:Luibhéid 2002
728:
722:, p. 38.
721:
716:
709:
704:
698:, p. 32.
697:
692:
690:
683:, p. 41.
682:
681:Luibhéid 2002
677:
671:, p. 33.
670:
665:
663:
655:
650:
643:
638:
631:
626:
620:, p. 40.
619:
618:Luibhéid 2002
614:
612:
605:, p. 37.
604:
603:Luibhéid 2002
599:
597:
590:, p. 29.
589:
584:
577:
572:
570:
562:
557:
555:
547:
542:
536:, p. 32.
535:
534:Luibhéid 2002
530:
523:
518:
511:
510:Luibhéid 2002
506:
500:, p. 31.
499:
498:Luibhéid 2002
494:
485:
478:
473:
467:, p. 28.
466:
461:
453:
449:
442:
435:
430:
426:
418:
414:
412:
406:
397:
395:
389:
387:
386:John S. Mosby
380:
378:
371:
369:
365:
361:
351:
349:
345:
340:
335:
331:
326:
321:
319:
315:
310:
308:
307:American West
304:
300:
296:
292:
281:
278:
275:
270:
268:
263:
262:Ulysses Grant
258:
254:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
213:
208:
206:
202:
198:
197:Chinese women
194:
193:United States
190:
187:
183:
170:
167:by President
166:
163:
160:
157:
154:
151:
149:
145:
141:
138:
135:
131:
127:
123:
120:
119:
116:
111:
107:
103:
99:
97:
91:
88:
81:
76:
72:
67:
64:March 3, 1875
63:
59:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
28:
23:
4157:
4148:
4141:
4104:Nellie Grant
4042:
4034:
3952:
3928:
3895:Bibliography
3836:Grant's Tomb
3824:Horsemanship
3792:Boyhood home
3763:
3720:
3706:Comstock Act
3501:
3258:
3238:Utah Compact
3001:Ellis Island
2986:Angel Island
2757:
2749:
2741:
2732:
2731: /
2727:
2719:
2711:
2702:
2695:
2687:
2679:
2671:
2442:21st century
2379: /
2234:
2203:19th century
2192: /
2188: /
2179:18th century
2158:Colonial era
1930:21st century
1901:Vincent Chin
1894:20th century
1880:Wong Kim Ark
1858:19th century
1724:21st century
1637:(1945â1947)
1632:
1587:(1937-1945)
1532:20th century
1424:
1389:19th century
1368:18th century
1341:17th century
1325:Uyoku dantai
1320:Tsagaan Khas
1252:Nazi Germany
1102:Yellow Peril
1084:(Sinophobia)
1018:
992:(1): 28â46.
989:
985:
965:
955:
951:
925:
866:
843:
822:
810:
798:
786:
727:
715:
703:
676:
649:
637:
625:
583:
541:
529:
517:
505:
493:
484:
472:
460:
451:
441:
429:
415:
411:World War II
407:
403:
390:
382:
373:
357:
334:relationship
322:
311:
288:
279:
276:
272:
259:
255:
231:prostitution
209:
201:open borders
181:
179:
164:
158:
152:
139:
121:
4080:Julia Grant
3819:Galena home
3797:Schoolhouse
3645:Amnesty Act
3372:Court House
3352:Chattanooga
3318:(1869â1877)
2996:East Boston
2680:Ozawa v. US
2509:Visa policy
2474:DACA (2012)
2069:Shina/Zhina
2049:Ching chong
2012:Michelle Go
2002:Xiaoxing Xi
1992:Sherry Chen
1977:Jiayang Fan
1911:Qian Xuesen
1706:(1975â1979)
1657:(1956â1965)
1629:(1945â1946)
1599:(1942-1945)
1593:(1937â1938)
1541:(1901â1973)
1518:(1892â1943)
1491:(1885â1923)
1449:(1882â1943)
1443:(1881â1944)
1404:(1860â1861)
1334:By incident
1257:Philippines
1162:Hideki Tojo
930:Peffer 1986
918:Peffer 1986
901:Abrams 2005
886:Abrams 2005
871:Abrams 2005
720:Peffer 1986
708:Peffer 1986
696:Peffer 1986
669:Peffer 1986
654:Abrams 2005
642:Abrams 2005
630:Abrams 2005
588:Peffer 1986
576:Abrams 2005
561:Abrams 2005
546:Abrams 2005
477:Abrams 2005
465:Peffer 1986
434:Waxman 2018
330:lower class
108:, Chap. 141
4180:Categories
4124:(grandson)
4118:(grandson)
4112:(grandson)
4106:(daughter)
3923:Grant Park
3870:convention
3855:convention
3787:Birthplace
3782:Early life
3748:World tour
3711:Poland Act
3577:Government
3391:Presidency
3367:Appomattox
3228:NumbersUSA
3030:Operations
3011:San Ysidro
2771:and events
2598:Government
2007:Yao Pan Ma
1967:Haoyang Yu
1942:Danny Chen
1921:Wen Ho Lee
1186:By country
1090:Background
940:References
394:bound feet
289:The first
223:immigrants
219:Republican
122:Introduced
74:Public law
34:Long title
4000:$ 50 bill
3905:Memorials
3845:Elections
3662:Modoc War
3347:Vicksburg
3006:Otay Mesa
2885:Geography
2571:Detention
1962:Gang Chen
1952:Eileen Gu
1937:Anming Hu
1875:Mary Tape
1851:By victim
1516:Geary Act
1262:Singapore
1203:Indonesia
1193:Hong Kong
998:0278-5927
360:Hong Kong
69:Citations
61:Effective
42:Nicknames
4164:Category
4076:(father)
4070:(mother)
3995:Currency
3875:election
3860:election
3414:Grantism
3409:Scandals
3357:Overland
2824:Coyotaje
2556:E-Verify
2546:US-VISIT
2032:Chinaman
1651:(1950s-)
1272:Thailand
1230:Malaysia
1006:27500484
267:Far East
247:sentence
235:convicts
100:18
3579:reforms
3502:Alabama
3426:Cabinet
3421:Pardons
2799:Effects
2083:Related
1885:Yick Wo
1634:Bersiap
1289:Vietnam
1247:Myanmar
1172:Pol Pot
1167:Suharto
1124:Minzoku
303:coolies
191:in the
186:federal
79:Pub. L.
4082:(wife)
4060:Family
3887:Legacy
3504:Claims
3342:Shiloh
2752:(2021)
2744:(2021)
2737:(2020)
2722:(2020)
2714:(2011)
2707:(2001)
2698:(1975)
2690:(1923)
2682:(1922)
2674:(1898)
2622:BORTAC
2576:Family
2529:Asylum
2059:Chinky
1947:Ee Lee
1700:(1974)
1689:(1969)
1663:(1962)
1643:(1947)
1623:(1943)
1617:(1942)
1581:(1931)
1559:(1911)
1553:(1907)
1547:(1907)
1524:(1899)
1507:(1887)
1480:(1885)
1432:(1876)
1421:(1873)
1410:(1862)
1398:(1857)
1350:(1603)
1267:Taiwan
1097:Coolie
1004:
996:
973:
854:
297:. The
239:coolie
104:
87:43â141
85:
4100:(son)
4094:(son)
4088:(son)
4044:Grant
3941:grove
3866:1872
3851:1868
3757:Books
2054:Chink
2025:Slurs
1220:Korea
1208:Japan
1198:India
1002:JSTOR
421:Notes
251:Japan
102:Stat.
3931:ship
3807:farm
3775:Life
3476:1876
3471:1875
3466:1874
3461:1873
3456:1872
3451:1871
3446:1870
3441:1869
3313:18th
2381:1965
2194:1798
2190:1795
1225:Laos
994:ISSN
971:ISBN
852:ISBN
243:fine
217:, a
180:The
53:the
956:105
269:.
142:by
106:477
4182::
1802:)
1030:.
1017:.
1000:.
988:.
954:.
950:.
908:^
893:^
878:^
850:.
834:^
769:^
754:^
739:^
688:^
661:^
610:^
595:^
568:^
553:^
450:.
146:,
134:CA
3295:e
3288:t
3281:v
2624:)
2620:(
2129:e
2122:t
2115:v
1798:(
1074:e
1067:t
1060:v
1034:.
1008:.
990:6
979:.
860:.
524:.
454:.
436:.
132:â
130:R
128:(
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