800:, argues that parental authority is granted because the child requires parents to satisfy their needs. He believes that parental autonomy is more about parents providing good care for their children and treating them with respect than parents having rights. The researcher Kyriakos Martakis, MD, MSc, explains that research shows parental influence negatively affects children's ability to form autonomy. However, involving children in the decision-making process allows children to develop their cognitive skills and create their own opinions and, thus, decisions about their health. Parental authority affects the degree of autonomy the child patient has. As a result, in Argentina, the new National Civil and Commercial Code has enacted various changes to the healthcare system to encourage children and adolescents to develop autonomy. It has become more crucial to let children take accountability for their own health decisions.
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in pediatric healthcare. The same moral standards should apply to children as they do to adults. In support of this idea is the concept of paternalism, which negates autonomy when it is in the patient's interests. This concept aims to keep the child's best interests in mind regarding autonomy. Pediatricians can interact with patients and help them make decisions that will benefit them, thus enhancing their autonomy. However, radical theories that question a child's moral worth continue to be debated today. Authors often question whether the treatment and equality of a child and an adult should be the same. Author Tamar
Schapiro notes that children need nurturing and cannot exercise the same level of authority as adults. Hence, continuing the discussion on whether children are capable of making important health decisions until this day.
760:, privacy, legal responsibility, and informed consent must always be considered in every pediatric procedure. Pediatricians often have to treat the parents and sometimes, the family, rather than just the child. Adolescents are in their own legal class, having rights to their own health care decisions in certain circumstances. The concept of legal consent combined with the non-legal consent (assent) of the child when considering treatment options, especially in the face of conditions with poor prognosis or complicated and painful procedures/surgeries, means the pediatrician must take into account the desires of many people, in addition to those of the patient.
779:
result, mothers, midwives, "wise women", and general practitioners treated the children instead of doctors. Since mothers could not rely on professional medicine to take care of their children, they developed their own methods, such as using alkaline soda ash to remove the vernix at birth and treating teething pain with opium or wine. The absence of proper pediatric care, rights, and laws in health care to prioritize children's health led to many of their deaths. Ancient Greeks and Romans sometimes even killed healthy female babies and infants with deformities since they had no adequate medical treatment and no laws prohibiting infanticide.
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extracurricular activities. After high school, college students simply need to fulfill the basic science course requirements that most medical schools recommend and will need to prepare to take the MCAT (Medical
College Admission Test) in their junior or early senior year in college. Once attending medical school, student courses will focus on basic medical sciences like human anatomy, physiology, chemistry, etc., for the first three years, the second year of which is when medical students start to get hands-on experience with actual patients.
275:
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child and predict to what extent it will affect the child in the future. Genetic and intellectual disorders in children make them incapable of making moral decisions, so people look down upon this kind of testing because the child's future autonomy is at risk. It is still in question whether parents should request these types of testing for their children. Medical experts argue that it could endanger the autonomous rights the child will possess in the future. However, the parents contend that
1017:. Entrants to graduate-entry courses (as in the US), usually lasting four or five years, have previously completed a three- or four-year university degree, commonly but by no means always in sciences. Medical graduates hold a degree specific to the country and university in and from which they graduated. This degree qualifies that medical practitioner to become licensed or registered under the laws of that particular country, and sometimes of several countries, subject to requirements for "
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In most cases, the pediatrician, parent, and child work as a team to make the best possible medical decision. The pediatrician has the right to intervene for the child's welfare and seek advice from an ethics committee. However, in recent studies, authors have denied that complete autonomy is present
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secretion, thereby creating a more basic environment for drugs that are taken by mouth. Acid is essential to degrading certain oral drugs before systemic absorption. Therefore, the absorption of these drugs in children is greater than in adults due to decreased breakdown and increased preservation in
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In the United States, a medical school graduate wishing to specialize in pediatrics must undergo a three-year residency composed of outpatient, inpatient, and critical care rotations. Subspecialties within pediatrics require further training in the form of 3-year fellowships. Subspecialties include
778:
In ancient times, society did not view pediatric medicine as essential or scientific. Experts considered professional medicine unsuitable for treating children. Children also had no rights. Fathers regarded their children as property, so their children's health decisions were entrusted to them. As a
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neonates and infants, their kidneys are slower to mature and thus are unable to clear as much drug as fully developed kidneys. This can cause unwanted drug build-up, which is why it is important to consider lower doses and greater dosing intervals for this population. Diseases that negatively affect
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In most jurisdictions, entry-level degrees are common to all branches of the medical profession, but in some jurisdictions, specialization in pediatrics may begin before completion of this degree. In some jurisdictions, pediatric training is begun immediately following the completion of entry-level
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Technology has made several modern advancements that contribute to the future development of child autonomy, for example, unsolicited findings (U.F.s) of pediatric exome sequencing. They are findings based on pediatric exome sequencing that explain in greater detail the intellectual disability of a
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The majority of the time, parents have the authority to decide what happens to their child. Philosopher John Locke argued that it is the responsibility of parents to raise their children and that God gave them this authority. In modern society, Jeffrey
Blustein, modern philosopher and author of the
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Aspiring medical students will need 4 years of undergraduate courses at a college or university, which will get them a BS, BA or other bachelor's degree. After completing college, future pediatricians will need to attend 4 years of medical school (MD/DO/MBBS) and later do 3 more years of residency
812:
According to the
Subcommittee of Clinical Ethics of the Argentinean Pediatric Society (SAP), children can understand moral feelings at all ages and can make reasonable decisions based on those feelings. Therefore, children and teens are deemed capable of making their own health decisions when they
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In the twentieth century, medical experts began to put more emphasis on children's rights. In 1989, in the United
Nations Rights of the Child Convention, medical experts developed the Best Interest Standard of Child to prioritize children's rights and best interests. This event marked the onset of
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is substantially different physiologically from that of an adult. Congenital defects, genetic variance, and developmental issues are of greater concern to pediatricians than they often are to adult physicians. A common adage is that children are not simply "little adults". The clinician must take
470:
While more information about childhood diseases became available, there was little evidence that children received the same kind of medical care that adults did. It was during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries that medical experts started offering specialized care for children. The
Swedish
701:
Drug metabolism primarily occurs via enzymes in the liver and can vary according to which specific enzymes are affected in a specific stage of development. Phase I and Phase II enzymes have different rates of maturation and development, depending on their specific mechanism of action (i.e.
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of medications differ between developing children and grown adults. Despite completed studies and reviews, continual research is needed to better understand how these factors should affect the decisions of healthcare providers when prescribing and administering medications to the pediatric
893:
In high school, future pediatricians are required to take basic science classes such as biology, chemistry, physics, algebra, geometry, and calculus. It is also advisable to learn a foreign language (preferably
Spanish in the United States) and be involved in high school organizations and
479:(1764) is considered to be "the first modern textbook on the subject". However, it was not until the nineteenth century that medical professionals acknowledged pediatrics as a separate field of medicine. The first pediatric-specific publications appeared between the 1790s and the 1920s.
768:
The term autonomy is traceable to ethical theory and law, where it states that autonomous individuals can make decisions based on their own logic. Hippocrates was the first to use the term in a medical setting. He created a code of ethics for doctors called the
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The training of pediatricians varies considerably across the world. Depending on jurisdiction and university, a medical degree course may be either undergraduate-entry or graduate-entry. The former commonly takes five or six years and has been usual in the
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would benefit the welfare of their children since it would allow them to make better health care decisions. Exome sequencing for children and the decision to grant parents the right to request them is a medically ethical issue that many still debate today.
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training, the first year of which is called "internship." After completing the 3 years of residency, physicians are eligible to become certified in pediatrics by passing a rigorous test that deals with medical conditions related to young children.
518:), which opened in Paris in June 1802 on the site of a previous orphanage. From its beginning, this famous hospital accepted patients up to the age of fifteen years, and it continues to this day as the pediatric division of the
201:
recommends people seek pediatric care through the age of 21, but some pediatric subspecialists continue to care for adults up to 25. Worldwide age limits of pediatrics have been trending upward year after year. A
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that come in contact with the oral drug as it travels through the body. Supply of these enzymes increase as children continue to develop their gastrointestinal tract. Pediatric patients have underdeveloped
726:
are all factors that contribute to metabolism differences between children and adults. Drug metabolism can even differ within the pediatric population, separating neonates and infants from young children.
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Katz, Aviva L.; Webb, Sally A.; COMMITTEE ON BIOETHICS; Macauley, Robert C.; Mercurio, Mark R.; Moon, Margaret R.; Okun, Alexander L.; Opel, Douglas J.; Statter, Mindy B. (1 August 2016).
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critical care, gastroenterology, neurology, infectious disease, hematology/oncology, rheumatology, pulmonology, child abuse, emergency medicine, endocrinology, neonatology, and others.
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like ampicillin. Thus, these drugs are administered at greater weight-based doses or with adjusted dosing intervals in children to account for this key difference in body composition.
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Sawyer, Susan M.; McNeil, Robyn; Francis, Kate L.; Matskarofski, Juliet Z.; Patton, George C.; Bhutta, Zulfiqar A.; Esangbedo, Dorothy O.; Klein, Jonathan D. (1 November 2019).
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Pediatricians must undertake further training in their chosen field. This may take from four to eleven or more years depending on jurisdiction and the degree of specialization.
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training. In other jurisdictions, junior medical doctors must undertake generalist (unstreamed) training for a number of years before commencing pediatric (or any other)
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Infants and neonates also have fewer plasma proteins. Thus, highly protein-bound drugs have fewer opportunities for protein binding, leading to increased distribution.
2234:
Ballbriga, Angel (1991). "One century of pediatrics in Europe (section: development of pediatric hospitals in Europe)". In
Nichols, Burford L.; et al. (eds.).
2910:"'We Should View Him as an Individual': The Role of the Child's Future Autonomy in Shared Decision-Making About Unsolicited Findings in Pediatric Exome Sequencing"
304:. These publications discussed topics such as childhood epilepsy and premature births. From the first to fourth centuries A.D., Greek philosophers and physicians
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Drug elimination is primarily facilitated via the liver and kidneys. In infants and young children, the larger relative size of their kidneys leads to increased
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787:(AAP) finally acknowledged the Best Interest Standard of a Child as an ethical principle for pediatric decision-making, and it is still being used today.
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Many drug absorption differences between pediatric and adult populations revolve around the stomach. Neonates and young infants have increased stomach
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Even though some pediatric works existed during this time, they were scarce and rarely published due to a lack of knowledge in pediatric medicine.
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that highlighted the importance of putting patients' interests first, making autonomy for patients a top priority in health care.
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into account the immature physiology of the infant or child when considering symptoms, prescribing medications, and diagnosing illnesses.
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352:("In general, boys should not be treated in the same way as men"). Some of the oldest traces of pediatrics can be discovered in
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experience the opposite effect because enzymes are necessary for allowing their active form to enter systemic circulation.
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text composed during the sixth century BCE, contains the text about pediatrics. Another ayurvedic text from this period is
93:
Paediatric cardiology, neonatology, critical care, pediatric oncology, hospital medicine, primary care, others (see below)
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324:, also discussed specific illnesses affecting children in their works, such as rashes, epilepsy, and meningitis. Already
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1472 ("Little Book on
Children Diseases and Treatment"), by the Italian pediatrician Paolo Bagellardo. In sequence came
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reach the age of 13. Recently, studies made on the decision-making of children have challenged that age to be 12.
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writers served as a bridge for Greco-Roman and
Byzantine medicine and added ideas of their own, especially
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Pearson, Howard A. (1991). "Pediatrics in the United States". In Nichols, Burford L.; et al. (eds.).
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By writing a monograph on 'Diseases in Children' he may also be looked upon as the father of paediatrics.
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491:. In 1860, he became "the first dedicated professor of pediatrics in the world." Jacobi is known as the
475:(1706–1773) is considered to be the founder of modern pediatrics as a medical specialty, while his work
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understood the differences in growing and maturing organisms that necessitated different treatment:
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U.S. National Library of Medicine, "Islamic Culture and the Medical Arts, Al-Razi, the Clinician"
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A major difference between the practice of pediatric and adult medicine is that children, in most
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Children also have an extended rate of gastric emptying, which slows the rate of drug absorption.
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435:(865–925), sometimes called the father of pediatrics, published a monograph on pediatrics titled
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both decrease as children grow and develop with time. Pediatric patients thus have a larger
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250:"doctor, healer"). Pediatricians work in clinics, research centers, universities, general
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2327:. Nestlé Nutrition Workshop Series. Vol. 22. New York: Raven Press. pp. 55–63.
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2238:. Nestlé Nutrition Workshop Series. Vol. 22. New York: Raven Press. pp. 6–8.
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kidney function can also have the same effect and thus warrant similar considerations.
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The body size differences are paralleled by maturation changes. The smaller body of an
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established a separate Pediatric Pavilion in 1830, followed by similar institutions at
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Dondorp, W.; Bolt, I.; Tibben, A.; De Wert, G.; Van Summeren, M. (1 September 2021).
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official history site (in French) of nineteenth century paediatric hospitals in Paris
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because of his many contributions to the field. He received his medical training in
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2166:"Abraham Jacobi (1830–1919) and his transition from political to medical activist"
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and with certain exceptions, cannot make decisions for themselves. The issues of
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Wagner, Jonathan; Abdel-Rahman, Susan M. (2013). "Pediatric pharmacokinetics".
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1519:"Choosing a Pediatrician for Your New Baby (for Parents) - Nemours KidsHealth"
573:(1869). Subspecialties in pediatrics were created at the Harriet Lane Home at
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2794:"Developing child autonomy in pediatric healthcare: towards an ethical model"
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379:. A second century AD manuscript by the Greek physician and gynecologist
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35:
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1788:"Soranus of Ephesus (Circa AD 98-138) and perinatal care in Roman times"
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467:, four great medical treatises on children's physiology and pathology.
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The earliest mentions of child-specific medical problems appear in the
290:, which was the first pediatric hospital in the English-speaking world.
2598:
2559:
2181:
2056:
History of Medicine, Second Edition: A Scandalously Short Introduction
1672:
History of Medicine, Second Edition: A Scandalously Short Introduction
1040:(see below) rather than universities and depends on the jurisdiction.
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This article is about the branch of medicine. For the journal, see
2708:
Formative Years: Children's Health in the United States, 1880-2000
2072:
Formative Years: Children's Health in the United States, 1880-2000
1906:
Formative Years: Children's Health in the United States, 1880-2000
197:, pediatrics covers many of their youth until the age of 18. The
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clearance of medications that are eliminated through urine. In
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The term pediatrics was first introduced in English in 1859 by
333:
305:
283:
182:
561:. The first Children's hospital in Scotland opened in 1860 in
455:(1450–1525) no title Buchlein, or Latin compendium, 1483, and
258:, including those who practice pediatric subspecialties (e.g.
4306:
1036:. Specialist training is often largely under the control of '
736:
553:), both in 1837. In 1852 Britain's first pediatric hospital,
341:
317:
239:
227:
186:
81:
2542:
Batchelor, Hannah Katharine; Marriott, John Francis (2015).
1949:
1792:
Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition
4092:
3076:
2601:"Informed Consent in Decision-Making in Pediatric Practice"
1755:
1278:
1229:
1112:
2792:
Martakis, K.; Schröder-Bäck, P.; Brand, H. (1 June 2018).
2791:
2031:. Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh. Archived from
3051:
3029:
845:
deal primarily with United States and do not represent a
2907:
2290:"The Mason Brown Lecture: Scots and paediatric surgery"
631:
506:
The first generally accepted pediatric hospital is the
300:, published in the fifth century B.C., and the famous
1839:(1st ed.). London: Cambridge. pp. 202–203.
1837:
A Medical History of Persia and The Eastern Caliphate
565:. In the US, the first similar institutions were the
383:
dealt with neonatal pediatrics. Byzantine physicians
2356:(6). American Academy of Pediatrics: 897–901. 1969.
1760:. Vol. 4. Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 116.
463:
written in 1429 (published 1491), together form the
399:
contributed to the field. The Byzantines also built
2755:
Children, families, and health care decision making
1381:Pediatric rehabilitation medicine, subspecialty of
747:
555:
the Hospital for Sick Children, Great Ormond Street
2964:"What Education Is Required to Be a Pediatrician?"
2487:
2294:Journal of the Royal College of Surgeons Edinburgh
1951:
1950:Lock, Stephen; John M. Last; George Dunea (2001).
682:than adults, which directly affects the dosing of
439:. Also among the first books about pediatrics was
2544:"Paediatric pharmacokinetics: key considerations"
2541:
2271:"Introducing the Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital"
1740:
441:Libellus de aegritudinibus et remediis infantium
4577:
2711:. University of Michigan Press. pp. 23–24.
2075:. University of Michigan Press. pp. 23–24.
1909:. University of Michigan Press. pp. 23–24.
1689:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1681:
763:
585:Differences between adult and pediatric medicine
222:mean "healer of children", derived from the two
131:World Health Organization Child Growth Standards
2705:Stern, Alexandra Minna; Markel, Howard (2002).
2662:Ethical Issues in Pediatric Hematology/Oncology
2069:Stern, Alexandra Minna; Markel, Howard (2002).
1903:Stern, Alexandra Minna; Markel, Howard (2002).
2659:Mazur, Kate A.; Berg, Stacey L., eds. (2020).
1883:Achar S Textbook Of Pediatrics (Third Edition)
1354:Pediatric orthopedic surgery, subspecialty of
4431:(American 'crib' and 'cradle', British 'cot')
3921:
3092:
2139:"Jacobi Medical Center - General Information"
1678:
1459:Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health
843:The examples and perspective in this section
791:Parental authority and current medical issues
605:properties of drugs that enter the body. The
522:, created in 1920 by merging with the nearby
2408:"Paediatric pharmacokinetics and drug doses"
2229:
2227:
1954:The Oxford illustrated companion to medicine
897:
477:The diseases of children, and their remedies
2704:
2068:
1999:. Cambridge University Press. p. 216.
1902:
1697:Nurturing children: a history of pediatrics
1694:Colón, A. R.; Colón, P. A. (January 1999).
348:Ex toto non sic pueri ut viri curari debent
346:
206:who specializes in this area is known as a
3935:
3928:
3914:
3381:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility
3099:
3085:
2405:
2118:Broadribb's Introductory Pediatric Nursing
1693:
1360:Pediatric otolaryngology, subspecialty of
1313:Pediatric anesthesiology, subspecialty of
861:, or create a new section, as appropriate.
798:Parents and Children: The Ethics of Family
601:Pediatric physiology directly impacts the
3722:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
2809:
2658:
2616:
2575:
2439:
2233:
2224:
1811:
984:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
877:Learn how and when to remove this message
825:
649:Drug absorption also depends on specific
2848:
2751:
2548:British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology
2163:
1612:The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health
1418:American Osteopathic Board of Pediatrics
1339:Pediatric neurosurgery, subspecialty of
1230:Other specialties that care for children
431:. The Persian philosopher and physician
273:
2322:
2316:
2252:
1992:
1770:
1743:Children's Surgery: A Worldwide History
1328:Pediatric dermatology, subspecialty of
14:
4578:
2700:
2698:
2654:
2652:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2053:
1958:. Oxford University Press US. p.
1943:
1834:
1828:
1669:
1048:Subspecialties of pediatrics include:
807:
27:Branch of medicine caring for children
3909:
3080:
2889:from the original on 30 November 2021
2787:
2785:
2783:
2733:from the original on 30 November 2021
2537:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2287:
2097:from the original on 30 November 2021
1931:from the original on 30 November 2021
1375:Pediatric radiology, subspecialty of
356:where children's doctors were called
4046:Infant respiratory distress syndrome
3860:
3621:Physical medicine and rehabilitation
3072:Pediatric Health Directory at OpenMD
1996:The Age of Liberty: Sweden 1719–1772
1785:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1383:physical medicine and rehabilitation
829:
3870:
2695:
2649:
2062:
2047:
1896:
1756:David Levinson; Karen Christensen.
1083:Developmental-behavioral pediatrics
567:Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
34:. For the branch of dentistry, see
24:
3757:Medical Scientist Training Program
3015:
2780:
2524:
2456:
2384:
2275:Hôpital des Necker-Enfants Malades
2121:". Nancy T. Hatfield (2007). p.4.
2026:
1886:". A. B. Desai (ed.) (1989). p.1.
1587:from the original on 19 April 2017
262:requires resources available in a
181:that involves the medical care of
25:
4602:
3060:
2164:Kutzsche, Stefan (8 April 2021).
1654:
1529:from the original on 14 July 2020
1499:from the original on 13 July 2020
1043:
1021:" or "conditional registration".
783:pediatric autonomy. In 1995, the
569:, which opened in 1855, and then
529:In other European countries, the
3889:
3879:
3869:
3859:
3850:
3849:
2970:from the original on 7 June 2017
2798:Archivos Argentinos de Pediatria
2348:"Commentaries: Edwards A Park".
2325:History of Paediatrics 1850–1950
2236:History of Paediatrics 1850–1950
1423:Center on Media and Child Health
1125:Pediatric allergy and immunology
908:
834:
748:Pediatric autonomy in healthcare
533:(a hospital founded in 1710) in
49:
3981:Breastfeeding and mental health
3890:
2982:
2956:
2901:
2849:Schapiro, Tamar (1 July 1999).
2842:
2745:
2592:
2341:
2281:
2263:
2212:from the original on 7 May 2023
2157:
2131:
2109:
2054:Duffin, Jacalyn (29 May 2010).
2020:
1986:
1874:
1856:
1779:
1764:
1434:List of pediatric organizations
1310:Neurodevelopmental disabilities
1302:Child and adolescent psychiatry
1147:Pediatric cardiac critical care
1134:Pediatric cardiac critical care
665:
520:Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital
3747:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
3181:Oral and maxillofacial surgery
3067:Pediatrics Directory at Curlie
2752:Friedman, Lainie Ross (2004).
2058:. University of Toronto Press.
1775:. Orient blackswan. p. 1.
1749:
1734:
1721:
1674:. University of Toronto Press.
1599:
1541:
1511:
1475:
1464:Pediatric environmental health
1413:American Academy of Pediatrics
979:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
785:American Academy of Pediatrics
730:
199:American Academy of Pediatrics
13:
1:
3976:Breastfeeding and medications
1624:10.1016/S2352-4642(19)30266-4
1469:
764:History of pediatric autonomy
696:
625:
493:father of American pediatrics
449:Ein Regiment der Jungerkinder
4538:Neonatal withdrawal syndrome
4159:Infant cognitive development
4056:Neonatal intensive care unit
3727:Bachelor of Medical Sciences
3494:Neurosurgical anesthesiology
3106:
2424:10.18773/austprescr.2016.071
1180:Pediatric infectious disease
1153:Pediatric emergency medicine
482:
280:Great Ormond Street Hospital
7:
4462:Supplemental nursing system
2288:Young, D.G. (August 1999).
1758:Encyclopedia of modern Asia
1439:List of pediatrics journals
1406:
857:, discuss the issue on the
508:Hôpital des Enfants Malades
193:, and young adults. In the
10:
4607:
4214:Prenatal development table
4154:Irritant diaper dermatitis
2926:10.1007/s10728-020-00425-7
1549:"Age limits of pediatrics"
1163:Pediatric gastroenterology
718:, etc.). Enzyme capacity,
676:extracellular fluid volume
571:Boston Children's Hospital
516:Hospital for Sick Children
269:
240:
228:
55:A pediatrician examines a
29:
4533:Prenatal cocaine exposure
4490:
4321:Infant care and equipment
4320:
4238:Socialization and Culture
4237:
4149:Infant visual development
4101:
4016:Infant and toddler safety
3944:
3845:
3767:
3705:
3466:
3394:
3349:
3258:
3129:
3114:
3053:The Journal of Pediatrics
2811:10.5546/aap.2018.eng.e401
2671:10.1007/978-3-030-22684-8
1993:Roberts, Michael (2003).
1731:, Book 3, Chapter 7, § 1.
1367:Pediatric plastic surgery
992:
965:
960:
948:
936:
921:
916:
907:
898:Training of pediatricians
473:Nils Rosén von Rosenstein
146:
136:
123:
98:
88:
64:
48:
4543:Parental child abduction
4066:Oral rehydration therapy
3681:Transplantation medicine
3572:Clinical neurophysiology
3489:Obstetric anesthesiology
3409:Interventional radiology
3169:Digestive system surgery
2029:"Classics of Child Care"
1745:. McFarland. p. 21.
1670:Duffin, Jacalyn (2010).
1608:"The age of paediatrics"
1290:Pediatric neuro-oncology
1256:Clinical neurophysiology
1194:Pediatric neuro-oncology
457:Heinrich von Louffenburg
4548:Parental responsibility
4061:Newborn care and safety
3552:Intensive care medicine
3526:Mass gathering medicine
3371:Maternal–fetal medicine
1773:Textbook Of Paediatrics
1741:John G. Raffensperger.
1346:Pediatric ophthalmology
1158:Pediatric endocrinology
1140:Pediatric critical care
1038:pediatric organizations
688:beta-lactam antibiotics
499:and later practiced in
4292:Grandparent visitation
3144:Cardiothoracic surgery
2618:10.1542/peds.2016-1485
1868:5 January 2018 at the
1835:Elgood, Cyril (2010).
1275:Neuromuscular medicine
1236:not an exhaustive list
1210:Pediatric rheumatology
1071:Child abuse pediatrics
1053:not an exhaustive list
826:Education requirements
680:volume of distribution
515:
445:Bartholomäus Metlinger
347:
291:
4051:Infant sleep training
3795:Personalized medicine
3654:Reproductive medicine
3579:Occupational medicine
3533:Evolutionary medicine
3056:- partial open access
3041:- partial open access
2412:Australian Prescriber
2406:O'Hara, Kate (2016).
2362:10.1542/peds.44.6.897
1981:Rosen von Rosenstein.
1565:10.1542/peds.81.5.736
1253:Brain injury medicine
1200:Pediatric pulmonology
1168:Transplant hepatology
277:
4209:Prenatal development
4109:Attachment parenting
4083:Shaken baby syndrome
3815:Traditional medicine
3775:Alternative medicine
3642:Addiction psychiatry
3456:Transfusion medicine
3451:Medical microbiology
3366:Gynecologic oncology
3218:Reproductive surgery
3038:Developmental Review
3000:on 18 September 2013
2914:Health Care Analysis
2502:10.1542/pir.34-6-258
2490:Pediatrics in Review
1786:Dunn, P. M. (1995).
1559:(5): 736. May 1988.
1335:Pediatric gynecology
1185:Pediatric nephrology
1175:Pediatric hematology
1130:Pediatric cardiology
1080:Clinical informatics
855:improve this section
465:Pediatric Incunabula
437:Diseases in Children
393:Alexander Trallianus
256:children's hospitals
177:), is the branch of
151:Glossary of medicine
32:Pediatrics (journal)
4523:Infant ear piercing
3837:History of medicine
3820:Veterinary medicine
3627:Preventive medicine
3479:Adolescent medicine
3321:Infectious diseases
3031:Clinical Pediatrics
2758:. Clarendon Press.
1804:10.1136/fn.73.1.f51
1700:. Greenwood Press.
1429:Children's hospital
1320:Pediatric dentistry
1296:(multidisciplinary)
1287:(multidisciplinary)
1281:(multidisciplinary)
1250:(multidisciplinary)
1217:(multidisciplinary)
1121:(multidisciplinary)
1115:(multidisciplinary)
1066:Adolescent medicine
1062:(multidisciplinary)
904:
808:Modern advancements
526:, founded in 1778.
461:Versehung des Leibs
110:Infectious diseases
106:Congenital diseases
45:
4031:Infant food safety
3785:Molecular oncology
3742:Doctor of Medicine
3732:Master of Medicine
3649:Radiation oncology
3521:Emergency medicine
3474:Addiction medicine
3441:Clinical chemistry
3436:Clinical pathology
3228:Transplant surgery
3186:Orthopedic surgery
3164:Colorectal surgery
2851:"What Is a Child?"
2717:10.3998/mpub.17065
2665:. pp. 13–21.
2081:10.3998/mpub.17065
1915:10.3998/mpub.17065
1399:, subspecialty of
1390:, subspecialty of
1369:, subspecialty of
1356:orthopedic surgery
1348:, subspecialty of
1322:, subspecialty of
1304:, subspecialty of
1269:Neurocritical care
1248:Addiction medicine
1190:Pediatric oncology
1144:Neurocritical care
1102:Metabolic medicine
1097:Medical toxicology
1060:Addiction medicine
974:Doctor of Medicine
967:Education required
902:
409:Islamic Golden Age
381:Soranus of Ephesus
310:Soranus of Ephesus
297:Hippocratic Corpus
292:
43:
4573:
4572:
4433:
4270:Children's rights
4184:Object permanence
4006:Failure to thrive
3903:
3902:
3737:Master of Surgery
3701:
3700:
3686:Tropical medicine
3632:Prison healthcare
3547:Hospital medicine
3511:Disaster medicine
3501:Aviation medicine
3316:Hospital medicine
3223:Surgical oncology
3208:Pediatric surgery
3202:
3149:Endocrine surgery
2726:978-0-472-02503-9
2680:978-3-030-22683-1
2560:10.1111/bcp.12267
2182:10.1111/apa.15887
2090:978-0-472-02503-9
2006:978-0-521-52707-1
1969:978-0-19-262950-0
1924:978-0-472-02503-9
1846:978-1-108-01588-2
1707:978-0-313-31080-5
1444:Medical specialty
1397:Pediatric urology
1388:Pediatric surgery
1265:Headache medicine
1220:Social pediatrics
1092:Hospital medicine
1087:Headache medicine
1076:Clinical genetics
1010:
1009:
887:
886:
879:
634:due to decreased
453:Cornelius Roelans
156:
155:
16:(Redirected from
4598:
4429:
4114:Baby-led weaning
3930:
3923:
3916:
3907:
3906:
3893:
3892:
3883:
3873:
3872:
3863:
3862:
3853:
3852:
3557:Medical genetics
3542:General practice
3419:Nuclear medicine
3294:Gastroenterology
3250:Vascular surgery
3200:
3127:
3126:
3101:
3094:
3087:
3078:
3077:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3005:
2996:. Archived from
2986:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2975:
2960:
2954:
2953:
2905:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2846:
2840:
2839:
2813:
2804:(3): e401–e408.
2789:
2778:
2777:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2702:
2693:
2692:
2656:
2647:
2646:
2620:
2611:(2): e20161485.
2596:
2590:
2589:
2579:
2539:
2522:
2521:
2485:
2454:
2453:
2443:
2403:
2382:
2381:
2345:
2339:
2338:
2320:
2314:
2313:
2312:on 14 July 2014.
2308:. Archived from
2285:
2279:
2278:
2267:
2261:
2256:
2250:
2249:
2231:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2176:(8): 2303–2305.
2170:Acta Paediatrica
2161:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2145:on 18 April 2006
2141:. Archived from
2135:
2129:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2013:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1978:
1976:
1957:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1900:
1894:
1878:
1872:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1815:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1738:
1732:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1691:
1676:
1675:
1667:
1652:
1651:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1545:
1539:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1498:
1487:
1479:
1449:Pediatric Oncall
950:Activity sectors
912:
905:
901:
882:
875:
871:
868:
862:
838:
837:
830:
772:Hippocratic Oath
672:total body water
541:in 1834, and at
539:Saint Petersburg
376:Kashyapa Samhita
366:Sushruta Samhita
350:
245:
244:
233:
232:
163:American English
127:
118:Mental disorders
114:Childhood cancer
102:
53:
46:
42:
21:
4606:
4605:
4601:
4600:
4599:
4597:
4596:
4595:
4576:
4575:
4574:
4569:
4563:Paternity fraud
4513:Closed adoption
4486:
4442:Infant clothing
4417:Haberman Feeder
4387:Car seat safety
4316:
4297:Infant swimming
4275:UN Child rights
4233:
4144:Gestational age
4097:
3940:
3934:
3904:
3899:
3841:
3830:Chief physician
3763:
3708:
3697:
3691:Travel medicine
3676:Sports medicine
3659:Sexual medicine
3599:Palliative care
3594:Pain management
3538:Family medicine
3516:Diving medicine
3462:
3390:
3352:
3345:
3261:
3254:
3213:Plastic surgery
3159:General surgery
3139:Cardiac surgery
3120:
3118:
3110:
3105:
3063:
3046:JAMA Pediatrics
3018:
3016:Further reading
3013:
3003:
3001:
2994:www.pedsubs.org
2988:
2987:
2983:
2973:
2971:
2962:
2961:
2957:
2906:
2902:
2892:
2890:
2847:
2843:
2790:
2781:
2766:
2750:
2746:
2736:
2734:
2727:
2703:
2696:
2681:
2657:
2650:
2597:
2593:
2540:
2525:
2486:
2457:
2404:
2385:
2347:
2346:
2342:
2335:
2321:
2317:
2286:
2282:
2269:
2268:
2264:
2257:
2253:
2246:
2232:
2225:
2215:
2213:
2162:
2158:
2148:
2146:
2137:
2136:
2132:
2114:
2110:
2100:
2098:
2091:
2067:
2063:
2052:
2048:
2038:
2036:
2035:on 27 July 2011
2025:
2021:
2011:
2009:
2007:
1991:
1987:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1948:
1944:
1934:
1932:
1925:
1901:
1897:
1879:
1875:
1870:Wayback Machine
1861:
1857:
1847:
1833:
1829:
1784:
1780:
1769:
1765:
1754:
1750:
1739:
1735:
1726:
1722:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1692:
1679:
1668:
1655:
1618:(11): 822–830.
1604:
1600:
1590:
1588:
1547:
1546:
1542:
1532:
1530:
1517:
1516:
1512:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1485:
1481:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1409:
1392:general surgery
1371:plastic surgery
1285:Palliative care
1272:Neuroimmunology
1243:Child neurology
1232:
1224:Sports medicine
1119:Palliative care
1046:
997:
995:
968:
951:
939:
938:Occupation type
900:
883:
872:
866:
863:
852:
839:
835:
828:
819:genetic testing
810:
793:
766:
750:
733:
699:
668:
628:
603:pharmacokinetic
587:
579:Edwards A. Park
557:was founded by
524:Necker Hospital
485:
397:Paulus Aegineta
389:Aëtius of Amida
272:
175:British English
165:) also spelled
125:
100:
60:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4604:
4594:
4593:
4588:
4571:
4570:
4568:
4567:
4566:
4565:
4555:
4553:Parenting plan
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4494:
4492:
4488:
4487:
4485:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4437:Infant carrier
4434:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4377:Baby transport
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4335:
4330:
4324:
4322:
4318:
4317:
4315:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4278:
4277:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4241:
4239:
4235:
4234:
4232:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4105:
4103:
4099:
4098:
4096:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4074:
4073:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4041:Infant massage
4038:
4036:Infant formula
4033:
4028:
4026:Infant feeding
4023:
4021:Infant bathing
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3986:Bottle feeding
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3952:
3950:
3942:
3941:
3939:and their care
3933:
3932:
3925:
3918:
3910:
3901:
3900:
3898:
3897:
3887:
3877:
3867:
3857:
3846:
3843:
3842:
3840:
3839:
3834:
3833:
3832:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3771:
3769:
3768:Related topics
3765:
3764:
3762:
3761:
3760:
3759:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3717:Medical school
3713:
3711:
3703:
3702:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3695:
3694:
3693:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3671:Sleep medicine
3668:
3667:
3666:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3645:
3644:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3618:
3613:
3612:
3611:
3601:
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3574:
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3498:
3497:
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3491:
3484:Anesthesiology
3481:
3476:
3470:
3468:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3460:
3459:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3423:
3422:
3421:
3416:
3414:Neuroradiology
3411:
3400:
3398:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3357:
3355:
3351:Obstetrics and
3347:
3346:
3344:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3302:
3301:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3266:
3264:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3252:
3247:
3246:
3245:
3235:
3233:Trauma surgery
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3204:
3203:
3196:Otolaryngology
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3172:
3171:
3166:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3135:
3133:
3124:
3122:subspecialties
3112:
3111:
3104:
3103:
3096:
3089:
3081:
3075:
3074:
3069:
3062:
3061:External links
3059:
3058:
3057:
3049:
3042:
3034:
3027:
3023:BMC Pediatrics
3017:
3014:
3012:
3011:
2981:
2955:
2920:(3): 249–261.
2900:
2867:10.1086/233943
2861:(4): 715–738.
2841:
2779:
2764:
2744:
2725:
2694:
2679:
2648:
2591:
2554:(3): 395–404.
2523:
2496:(6): 258–269.
2455:
2418:(6): 208–210.
2383:
2340:
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2315:
2280:
2262:
2251:
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2061:
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2027:Dallas, John.
2019:
2005:
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1968:
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1798:(1): F51–F52.
1778:
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1523:kidshealth.org
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1454:Pain in babies
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1326:
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1315:anesthesiology
1311:
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1042:
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1008:
1007:
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963:
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918:
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867:September 2019
849:of the subject
847:worldwide view
842:
840:
833:
827:
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809:
806:
792:
789:
765:
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749:
746:
732:
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698:
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686:drugs such as
670:Percentage of
667:
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639:a less acidic
627:
624:
586:
583:
489:Abraham Jacobi
484:
481:
417:Yahya Serapion
302:Sacred Disease
288:United Kingdom
271:
268:
204:medical doctor
195:United Kingdom
154:
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148:
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4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4528:Open adoption
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4508:Child neglect
4506:
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4501:
4499:
4496:
4495:
4493:
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4348:
4345:
4343:
4342:Hidden camera
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4325:
4323:
4319:
4313:
4310:
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4305:
4303:
4300:
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4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4276:
4273:
4272:
4271:
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4266:
4265:Child custody
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4242:
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4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
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4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
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4180:
4179:Nursery rhyme
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4169:Kangaroo care
4167:
4165:
4164:Infant crying
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
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4135:
4132:
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4112:
4110:
4107:
4106:
4104:
4100:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4078:Preterm birth
4076:
4072:
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4064:
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4059:
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4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
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4027:
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3989:
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3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3971:Breastfeeding
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3931:
3926:
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3801:
3800:Public health
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3780:Allied health
3778:
3776:
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3766:
3758:
3755:
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3750:
3748:
3745:
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3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3714:
3712:
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3689:
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3679:
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3657:
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3652:
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3647:
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3619:
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3614:
3610:
3607:
3606:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3589:Oral medicine
3587:
3585:
3584:Ophthalmology
3582:
3580:
3577:
3573:
3570:
3569:
3568:
3565:
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3446:Cytopathology
3444:
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3424:
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3407:
3406:
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3402:
3401:
3399:
3397:
3393:
3387:
3386:Urogynecology
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
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3359:
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3307:
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3290:
3289:Endocrinology
3287:
3285:
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3280:
3277:
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3026:- open access
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2241:
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2171:
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2082:
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2073:
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2057:
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2034:
2030:
2023:
2008:
2002:
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1930:
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1916:
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1889:
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1637:
1633:
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1625:
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1558:
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1524:
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1514:
1495:
1491:
1484:
1483:"Paediatrics"
1478:
1474:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
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1359:
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1353:
1351:
1350:ophthalmology
1347:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1300:
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1279:Pain medicine
1277:
1274:
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1263:
1261:
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1246:
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1133:
1132:
1131:
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1126:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1113:Pain medicine
1111:
1109:/Perinatology
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1077:
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930:Paediatrician
929:
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754:jurisdictions
745:
742:
738:
728:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
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691:
689:
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681:
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637:
633:
623:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
599:
596:
592:
582:
580:
576:
575:Johns Hopkins
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
527:
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521:
517:
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501:New York City
498:
494:
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458:
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438:
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418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
401:brephotrophia
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
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372:
368:
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361:
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358:kumara bhrtya
355:
354:Ancient India
351:
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4260:Child care
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4518:Cry room
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4382:Bassinet
4357:Baby toy
4219:Teething
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3331:Oncology
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2887:Archived
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2518:23729775
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2378:43298798
2306:10453141
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1929:Archived
1866:Archived
1727:Celsus,
1640:31542355
1591:18 April
1585:Archived
1527:Archived
1494:Archived
1407:See also
1260:Epilepsy
955:Medicine
853:You may
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656:proteins
429:Averroes
425:Avicenna
314:Aretaeus
278:Part of
220:cognates
218:and its
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101:diseases
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4477:Teether
4452:Playpen
4229:Weaning
4224:Walking
3937:Infants
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3270:Allergy
3238:Urology
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2643:7951515
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2441:5155058
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2149:6 April
1822:7552600
1813:2528358
1573:3357740
1533:13 July
1401:urology
1005:Clinics
741:preterm
651:enzymes
643:space.
641:gastric
595:neonate
551:Wrocław
547:Breslau
531:Charité
497:Germany
433:al-Razi
405:crêches
338:Soranus
270:History
226:words:
183:infants
70:Infants
57:neonate
4402:Diaper
4189:Parent
4174:Mother
3885:Portal
3752:MD–PhD
2990:"CoPS"
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512:French
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427:, and
395:, and
340:, and
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3991:Colic
3467:Other
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2202:S2CID
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4204:Play
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2976:2017
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