Packard - Knowledge

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located transmission push buttons on a stalk on the steering column, proved troublesome, adding to the car's negative reputation, possibly soon to become an orphan. Model series remained the same, but the V8 was now enlarged to 374 cu in (6.1 L) for the Senior series, the largest in the industry. In the top-of-the-line Caribbean, that engine produced 310 hp (230 kW). Clippers continued to use the 352 engine. There were plans for an all−new 1957 line of Senior Packards based on the show car Predictor. Clippers and Studebakers would also share many inner and outer body panels. (A private presentation of this 1957 new-car program was made to Wall Street's investment bankers at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel in New York in January 1956.) These models were in many ways far advanced from what would be produced by any other automaker at the time, save Chrysler, which soon felt public wrath for its poor quality issues after rushing its all−new 1957 lines into production. Nance was dismissed and moved to Ford as the head of the new Mercury-Edsel-Lincoln division. Although Nance tried everything, the company failed to secure funding for retooling, forcing Packard to share Studebaker platforms and body designs. With no funding to retool for the advanced new models envisioned, Studebaker-Packard's fate was sealed. The large Packard was effectively dead in an executive decision to kill "the car we could not afford to lose". The last fully Packard-designed vehicle, a Patrician four-door sedan, rolled off the Conner Avenue assembly line on June 25, 1956.

917:, a wagon-like body that was mostly steel, with a good deal of decorative wood in the back. A total of 3,864 were sold over its three years of production. The Packards of the late 1940s and early 1950s were built with traditional craftsmanship and the best materials, but the combination of the lower-priced Packards leading sales and impacting the prestige of their higher-end models and some questionable marketing decisions, Packard's crown as "king" of the luxury car market was at risk. In 1950, sales dropped to 42,000 cars for the model year. When Packard's president George T. Christopher set the course for an evolutionary styling approach with a facelift for 1951, others wanted a radical new design. Christopher resigned and Packard treasurer Hugh Ferry became president and demanded a new direction. Ferry, who had spent his career at Packard in the accounting department, did not want the job and quickly made it clear that he was serving on a temporary basis until a permanent company president could be found. 684:. Sales more than tripled that year and doubled again in 1936. To produce the 120, Packard built a separate factory. By 1936, Packard's labor force was divided nearly evenly between the high-priced "Senior" lines (Twelve, Super Eight, and Eight) and the medium-priced "Junior" models, although more than 10 times more Juniors were produced than Seniors. This was because the 120 models were built using thoroughly modern mass production techniques, while the senior Packards used a great deal more hand labor and traditional craftsmanship. Although Packard almost certainly could not have survived the Depression without the highly successful Junior models, they did have the effect of diminishing the Senior models' exclusive image among those few who could still afford a luxury car. The 120 models were more modern in basic design than the Senior models. For example, the 1935 Packard 120 featured independent front suspension and hydraulic brakes, features that did not appear on the Senior Packards until 1937. 1182:

for the hardtop coupes, and the Caribbean for the convertible and vinyl-roof two-door hardtop. In the spring of 1956, the Executive was introduced. In a four-door sedan and a two-door hardtop, the Executive was aimed at the buyer who wanted a luxury car but could not justify Packard's pricing. It was an intermediate model using the Packard name and the Senior models' front end, but using the Clipper platform and rear fenders. This was to some confusion and went against what James Nance had been attempting for several years to accomplish, the separation of the Clipper line from Packard. As late as the cars' introduction to the market was, there was reasoning for in 1957 this car was to be continued. It then became a baseline Packard on the all-new 1957 Senior shell. Clippers would share bodies with Studebaker from 1957.

1343:. This hardtop coupe's design followed the lines of the planned 1957 cars. It had many unusual features, among them a roof section that opened either by opening a door or activating a switch, well ahead of later T-tops. The car had seats that rotated out, allowing the passenger easy access, a feature later used on some Chrysler and GM products. The Predictor also had the opera windows, or portholes, found on concurrent Thunderbirds. Other novel ideas were overhead switches—these were in the production Avanti—and a dash design that followed the hood profile, centering dials in the center console area. This feature has only recently been used on production cars. The Predictor survives and is on display at the 1159:. Briggs founder Walter Briggs had died in early 1952 and his family decided to sell the company to pay estate taxes. Chrysler promptly purchased Briggs and notified Packard that they would cease supplying bodies after Packard's contract with Briggs expired at the end of 1953. Packard was forced to move body production to an undersized plant on Connor Avenue in Detroit. The facility proved too small and caused endless tie-ups and quality problems. Bad quality control hurt the company's image and caused sales to plummet for 1956, though the problems had largely been resolved by that point. Additionally, a "brain drain" of talent away from Packard was underway, including 1121:, and replaced the outsourced unit by mid-1956. Although Nash and Hudson merged, the four-way merger Mason had hoped for, which would have joined Nash, Hudson, Studebaker, and Packard, did not materialize. The S-P marriage (really a Packard buyout) proved to be a crippling mistake. Although Packard was in fair financial condition, Studebaker was not, struggling with high overhead and production costs and needing the impossible figure of 250,000 cars annually to break even. Due diligence was placed behind "merger fever", and the deal was rushed. It became clear after the merger that Studebaker's deteriorating financial situation put Packard's survival at risk. 561: 808: 1236:. Had the company been able to invest more money to finish the transformation and position the car under a senior line of "true Packards", it might have been a successful Clipper. Standing alone the cars sold in limited numbers; a number of Packard dealers dropped their franchises while customers stayed away, despite huge price discounts, fearful of buying a car that could soon be an orphan. Additionally, there was internal competition from Studebaker-Packard dealers that also carried the Mercedes-Benz brand, to which SP had the USA rights, with the market flooded by inexpensive cars, minor automakers struggled to sell vehicles at 1006: 832: 705: 652: 748: 921: 1167: 672: 1133: 2119: 1152:, displacing 352 cu in (5.8 L), replacing the straight-eight that had been used for decades. Packard offered a variety of power, comfort, and convenience features, such as power steering and brakes as well as electric window lifts. Air conditioning was available on all car makes by the mid-1950s, but it was installed on only a handful of cars in 1955 and 1956 despite Packard's status as a luxury car. Model year sales only climbed back to 55,000 units in 1955, including Clipper, in what was a strong year across the industry. 1265:

14 in (36 cm) road wheels to lower the profile. The public reaction was predictable and sales were 2,622 vehicles for the 1958 model year, even being outsold by Checker Motors Corp. The Studebaker factory was older than Packard's Detroit plant, with higher production requirements, which added to dipping sales. A new compact car on which the company staked its survival, the Lark, was a year away, and it also failed to sell in sufficient numbers to keep the marque afloat. Several makes were discontinued around this time: Packard,

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Hydramatics until Lincoln developed its own automatic transmission a few years later). Ultramatic did not compare to GM's Hydramatic for smoothness of shifting, acceleration, or reliability. The resources spent on Ultramatic deprived Packard of the opportunity to develop a modern V8 engine. Also, when a new body style was added in addition to standard sedans, coupes, and convertibles, Packard introduced a station wagon instead of a two-door hardtop in response to Cadillac's Coupe DeVille. The

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in 1948, but by 1955, every car line offered a version. The Packard inline eight, despite being an older design that lacked the power of Cadillac's engines, produced no vibration. When combined with an Ultramatic transmission, the drivetrain made for a quiet and smooth experience on the road. Packard could not keep up with the horsepower race, which was increasingly moving to high compression, short-stroke engines capable of sustained driving at speeds above 55 mph (89 km/h).

449: 493:, who served as President of the National Automobile Manufacturers Association. Inducted into the Automobile Hall of Fame, Macauley made Packard the number one designer and producer of luxury automobiles in the United States. The marque was also competitive abroad, with markets in 61 countries. Gross income for the company was $ 21,889,000 in 1928 ($ 388,402,000 in 2023 dollars ). Macauley was also responsible for the iconic Packard slogan, "Ask the Man Who Owns One". 2102: 6991: 4600: 1464: 7001: 2073: 1626: 433: 461: 4612: 1207: 1515: 878: 1491: 664:. The new model series did not debut on a strictly annual basis, with some series lasting nearly two years, and others lasting as brief as seven months. In the long run, Packard averaged approximately one new series per year. By 1930, Packard automobiles were considered part of its Seventh Series. By 1942, Packard was in its Twentieth Series. The "Thirteenth Series" was omitted due to the 1336:

return to a vertical grill. This grill was very narrow with the familiar ox-yoke shape that was characteristic for Packard, and with front fenders with dual headlights resembling Chrysler products from that era. The engineering mule Black Bess was destroyed by the company shortly after the Packard plant was shuttered. Of the 10 Requests built, only four were sold off the showroom floor.

1087:. The front and rear suspensions on each side of the car side are interconnected by a long torsion bar. This design reduced pitching while allowing for low spring rates, which imbued Packards with a ride that was soft yet controlled. Additionally, this suspension featured an electro-mechanical compensator or "levilizer" that kept the car level regardless of passenger or trunk loading. 945:

decided that sales would not be sufficient to justify producing the larger, more expensive engine, and so the de-bored 327 cu in (5.4 L) (previously the middle engine) was used. While the smaller engine offered nearly equal performance in the new Packards to that of the 356, the move was seen by some as further denigrating Packard's image as a luxury car.

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for 1948 and 1949, Packard could not until 1951. The company updated cars by adding new sheet metal to the existing body (which added 200 lb (91 kg) of curb weight). Six-cylinder cars were discontinued for the U.S. market, and a convertible was added. These new designs hid their relationship with the Clipper. Even that name was dropped for a while.

1117:, announced "there are no mergers under way either directly or indirectly". Romney continued with Mason's commitment to buy components from SPC. Although Mason and Nance had previously agreed that SPC would purchase parts from AMC, it did not do so. Packard's engines and transmissions were comparatively expensive, so AMC began development of its own 45: 929:

window, small tailfins on the long-wheelbase models, a full-width grille (replacing the traditional Packard upright design), and blunt "guideline fenders" with the hood and front fenders at the same height. The 122 in (3,099 mm) wheelbase was used on the 200-series standard and Deluxe two- and four-doors, 250-series

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with only a handful of survivors. Of the 1M-356 type engines, approximately 1,525 were produced between 1947 and 1950. Even more rare is the experimental "R" type racing versions (1M-245 "R"), of which only 10 were produced with currently only one known survivor, a 1M-245 R six-cylinder engine powering today a 1936

1446:. The design was physically large and entirely conventional, copying many of the first-generation Cadillac, Buick, Oldsmobile, Pontiac, and Studebaker Kettering features. It was produced in 320 cu in (5.2 L) and 352 cu in (5.8 L) displacements. The Caribbean version had two four-barrel 392:, it included an early use of reinforced concrete for an automotive factory when building #10 opened in 1906. Its craftsmen practised over 80 trades. The dilapidated plant stood until demolition commenced in September 2022, despite repeated fires. The factory is in close proximity to the current General Motors 816:

modestly updating their 1942 models. As only tooling for the Clipper was at hand, the Senior-series cars were not rescheduled. One version of the story is that the Senior dies were left outdoors to rust and were not usable. Another tale is that Roosevelt gave Stalin the dies for the Senior series, but the

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compared to the previous year as this was a record year for the automobile industry. Packard's sales fell for 1956 due to the fit and finish of the 1955 models as well as mechanical issues relating to the new engineering features. These defects cost Packard millions in recalls and tarnished its image.

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The National Packard Museum located in Warren, Ohio is the official museum of both the original Packard Motor Car Company and The Packard Electric Company. Its purpose is to preserve the Packard legacy and recognize Packard's influence in transportation and industrial history through interaction with

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After WWII, Packard produced a new line of flathead design six (model 1M-245) and eight (model 1M-356) cylinder marine engines based on the automobile versions and the experience gained from the war production. Of the 1M-245 type engines, only 1,865 were produced between Spring 1947 and January 1951,

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threatened to pull out of its 1957 marketing and distribution agreement, which would have cost Studebaker-Packard more in revenue than they could have made from the badge-engineered Packard. Daimler-Benz had little of its own dealer network at the time and used this agreement to enter and become more

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was based on the Studebaker Golden Hawk and featured a new nose and a fake spare wheel molded in the trunk lid reminiscent of the concurrent Imperial. The 1958 Packards were among the first in the industry to be "facelifted" with plastic parts. The housing for the new dual headlights and the complete

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As of October 1, 1954, Packard Motor Car Company bought the failing Studebaker Corporation to form America's fourth-largest automobile company, but without full knowledge of their circumstances or consideration of the financial implications. Studebaker-Packard's Nance refused to consider merging with

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became outdated as the new envelope bodies started appearing, led by Studebaker and Kaiser-Frazer. Although Packard was in good financial condition as the war ended, they had not sold enough cars to pay the cost of tooling for the 1941 design. While most automakers were able to introduce new vehicles

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Jr. On October 2, 1902, this group refinanced and renamed the New York and Ohio Automobile Company as the Packard Motor Car Company, with James Packard as president. Alger later served as vice president. Packard moved operations to Detroit soon after, and Joy became general manager (later chairman of

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located in Shelby Township, MI are the remnants of the former proving Grounds owned by The Packard Motor Car Foundation. The mission of the Packard Proving Grounds Historic Site is to preserve the legacy of the Packard Motor Car Company through the restoration and preservation of the Packard Proving

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The new 1955 Packard design did not affect Cadillac's continuing to lead the luxury market segment, followed by Lincoln, Packard, and Imperial. Reliability problems with the automatic transmission and all electrical accessories further eroded the public's opinion of Packard. Sales were good for 1955

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Nance had hoped for a total redesign in 1954, but the necessary time and money were lacking. Packard that year (total production 89,796) comprised the bread-and-butter Clipper line (the 250 series was dropped), Mayfair hardtop coupes and convertibles, and a new entry-level long-wheelbase sedan named

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in 1937, powered by a Packard six-cylinder engine. The decision to introduce the "Packard Six", priced at around $ 1200 ($ 25,433 in 2023 dollars ), was in time for the 1938 recession. This model also tagged Packards as something less exclusive than they had been in the public's mind and in the long

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Packard had one advantage that some other luxury automakers did not: a single production line. By maintaining a single line and interchangeability between models, Packard was able to maintain low costs. Packard did not change models as often as other manufacturers. Rather than introducing new models

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Crushing around 50 vintage Packards occurred in 1977 in southern California and was dubbed by the Special-Interest auto magazine as "Crushathon". The cars were the property of a Packard collector and auctioned after his death. Due to different disagreements in the terms of the auction between SoCal

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The Astral was designed by Edward E. Herrmann, Studebaker-Packard's director of interior design, as a project to give his team experience in working with glass-reinforced plastic. It was shown at Studebaker dealerships before being put into storage. Rediscovered 30 years later, the car was restored

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was based on the 1955 Four Hundred hardtop, but featured a classic upright Packard fluted grille reminiscent of the prewar models. In addition, the 1957 engineering mule "Black Bess" was built to test new features for a future car. This car had a resemblance to the 1958 Edsel. It featured Packard's

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became a separate make, with Clipper Custom and Deluxe models available. Now the Packard-Clipper business model was a mirror to Lincoln-Mercury. "Senior" Packards were built in four body styles, each with a unique model name. Patrician was used for the four-door top-of-the-line sedans, Four Hundred

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Since 1951 offered little new from other manufacturers, Packard's redesigned lineup sold nearly 101,000 cars. The 1951 Packards were a mixture of the modern (automatic transmissions) and old (using flathead inline eights when OHV V8 engines were becoming the norm). No domestic car lines had OHV V8s

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with two speeds. Early Ultramatics normally operated only in "high", with "low" having to be selected manually. Beginning in late 1954, it could be set to operate only in "high" or to start in "low" and automatically shift into "high". "High" was intended for normal driving and "Low" was mainly for

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Packard rivals Cadillac and Lincoln benefited from the huge support structure of GM and Ford. Packard could not match the two new automotive giants for resources. The 1920s had proven extremely profitable for the company and it had assets of approximately $ 20 million in 1932 ($ 447,000,000 in 2023

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managed to include the 1956 Clipper tail lights for one last time which also included the "Packard Cusps" in the front hood. Added to the front of all but the Hawk were jet nacelles for quad headlights, in a desperate attempt to keep up with late-1950s styling cues. All Packards were equipped with

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To meet the challenge of the Depression, Packard started producing more affordable cars in the medium price range. This was a necessary step as the demand for hand-built luxury cars had diminished sharply and people who could afford such vehicles were reluctant to be seen in them when unemployment

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was called upon by Nance to design the 1955 line, and to Teague's credit, the 1955 Packard was well received. Not only was the body completely updated and modernized, but the suspension was new, with torsion bars front and rear, along with an electric control that kept the car level regardless of

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payment, thus blocking younger men from coming to power in the company. One of James Nance's first actions as president was creating a pension plan to induce Packard executives to retire. Nance worked to snag Korean War military contracts and turn around Packard's badly diluted image. He declared

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Entering the 1930s, Packard attempted to beat the stock market crash and subsequent Great Depression by manufacturing ever more opulent and expensive cars than it had prior to October 1929, and began offering different platforms that focused on different price points allowing the company to offer

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supercharger, delivering the same 275 hp (205 kW) as the 1956 Clipper Custom, although at higher revolutions. Borrowing design cues from the 1956 Clipper (visual in the grille and dash), with wheel covers, tail lamps, and dials from 1956 along with the Packard cormorant hood mascot and

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The 250, 300, and 400/Patricians were Packard's flagship models and comprised the majority of the production for that year. The Patrician was now the premium Packard, replacing the Custom Eight line. Original plans were to equip it with a 356 cu in (5.8 L) engine, but the company

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The 1951 Packards were redesigned. Designer John Reinhart introduced a high-waisted, more squared-off profile fitting the contemporary styling trends — very different from the traditional flowing design of the postwar era. New styling features included a one-piece windshield, a wrap-around rear

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For 1956, Teague kept the basic 1955 design and added more styling touches to the body such as then−fashionable three-toning. Headlamps hooded in a more radical style in the front fenders and a slight shuffling of chrome distinguished the 1956 models. "Electronic Push-button Ultramatic", which

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Packard's image was increasingly seen as dowdy and old-fashioned, unappealing to younger customers. Surveys found that nearly 75% of Packard customers had owned previous Packards and few new buyers were attracted to the make. Compounding this problem was the company's geriatric leadership. The

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By the end of World War II, Packard was in excellent financial condition with assets of around $ 33 million, but several management mistakes became more apparent with time. Like other US automobile companies, Packard resumed civilian car production in late 1945, labeling them as 1946 models by

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as well as to build right-hand-drive cars for export. Production started in 1931, with the best year being 1937, with just over 2,500 cars built. Parts manufactured in Canada included tires, upholstery, radiator cores, headlamps, springs, and wheels, while the engines were locally assembled.

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With time and money lacking, 1954 styling was unchanged except for modified headlights and taillights, essentially trim items. A new hardtop named Pacific was added to the flagship Patrician series and all higher-end Packards featured a bored-out 359 cu in (5.9 L) engine. Air

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The Ultramatic made Packard the only American automotive manufacturer other than GM to develop an automatic transmission completely in-house. Ford had chosen to outsource their design to Borg-Warner (Ford had attempted to purchase Ultramatics from Packard to install in Lincolns, but bought

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hat" in the January 1948 issue. Packard sold 2,000 vehicles in 1948 and a total of 116,000 of the 1949 models. In the early post-WWII years, the demand for new cars was extremely high, and nearly any vehicle would sell. Attempting to maintain strong sales beyond this point would prove more

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custom formal sedan brought back some prestige from past Packards, the "high pocket" styling introduced two model years prior was no longer drawing buyers for Packer's volume models. Furthermore, Packard's build quality also began slipping during this period as employee morale decreased.

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Packard's engineering staff designed and built excellent, reliable engines. Packard offered a 12-cylinder engine—the "Twin Six"—as well as a low-compression straight-eight, but never a 16-cylinder engine. After WWII, Packard continued with their successful straight-eight-cylinder

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One unusual prototype, the Studebaker-Packard Astral, was made in 1957 and first unveiled at the South Bend Art Centre on January 12, 1958, and then at the March 1958 Geneva Motor Show. It had a single gyroscopic balanced wheel and the publicity data suggested it could be

270:(AMC) was planned. Disagreements among the firms' executives thwarted these plans, so Studebaker-Packard remained a separate company. The Packard brand was phased out in 1959 after two years of declining sales of the Studebaker-built 1957 and 1958 model year Packards. 472:

From this beginning, through and beyond the 1930s, Packard-built vehicles were perceived as highly competitive among high-priced luxury American automobiles. The company was commonly referred to as being one of the "Three Ps" of American motordom royalty, along with

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Cadillac's new 1948 cars had sleek, aircraft-inspired styling that immediately made Packard's "bathtub" styling seem old-fashioned. Cadillac also debuted a brand-new OHV V8 engine in 1949 whereas Packard's lack of a modern engine became an increasing liability.

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in its automobiles. The first series of connectors was the Packard 56, followed by the Weather Pack, and finally, the Metri Pack, which are still in use. The former Packard Electric division of GM was later spun off as the Delphi Corporation, later renamed to

736:, claimed able to reduce engine speed 27.8%; it could be engaged at any speed over 30 mph (48 km/h). The same year, the company introduced a fifth, transverse shock absorber and made column shift (known as Handishift) available on the 120 and Six. 937:(Packard's first), and convertibles. The higher-end 300 and Patrician 400 models were built on a 127 in (3,226 mm) wheelbase. The 200-series models were low-end models and now included a business coupe. The new appearance had similarities to 1129:

conditioning became available for the first time since 1942 although Packard introduced air conditioning in the 1930s. Clippers (which comprised over 80% of production) became available in a hardtop model, Super Panama, but sales fell to 31,000 cars.

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It did not help that Chrysler and Ford waged a campaign of "stealing" Packard dealerships during the early 1950s. Consequently, Packard's dealer network became smaller and more scattered which made it even more difficult to sell Packard vehicles.

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nameplate appeared on the market, but sales were slow. Available in just two body styles, Town Sedan (four-door sedan) and Country Sedan (four-door station wagon), they were powered by Studebaker's 289 cu in (4.7 L)

855:, and survived for decades in the Saab 92–96 in Europe, the 1948–1950 Packard styling was polarizing. To some, it was sleek and blended classic with modern. Others nicknamed it the "pregnant elephant". Test driver for 1255:". The 1958 models were launched with no series name, simply as "Packard". New body styles were introduced, and a two-door hardtop joined the four-door sedan. A new premier model appeared with a sporting profile: the 221:– the company was known for building high-quality luxury automobiles before World War II. Owning a Packard was considered prestigious, and surviving examples are often found in museums and automobile collections. 295:, where 400 Packard automobiles were built at their factory on 408 Dana Street Northeast, from 1899 until 1903. A mechanical engineer, James Packard believed they could build a better horseless carriage than the 1013:

While American independent manufacturers like Packard did well during the early postwar period, supply had caught up with demand and by the early 1950s they were increasingly challenged as the domestic "Big

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By the end of the war in Europe, Packard Motor Car Company had produced over 55,000 combat engines. Sales in 1944 were $ 455,118,600. By May 6, 1945, Packard had a backlog on war orders of $ 568,000,000.

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were $ 1,500, Packard concentrated on cars with prices starting at $ 2,600. The marque developed a following among wealthy purchasers in the United States and abroad, competing with European marques like

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Packard fan clubs, roughly half of the cars auctioned off did not meet the listed price leading to the cars being ultimately destroyed, despite their purportedly good mechanical and rust-free condition.

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engines. While as fast as the new GM and Chrysler OHV V8s, they were perceived as obsolete by buyers. By waiting until 1955, Packard was almost the last U.S. automaker to introduce a high-compression

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that Packard would cease producing mid-priced cars and build only luxury models to compete with Cadillac. As part of this strategy, Nance unveiled a low-production (only 750 made) model for 1953, the

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During the 1950s, a number of "dream cars" were built by Packard in an attempt to keep the marque alive in the imaginations of the American car-buying public. Included in this category are the 1952

759:. It was available only as a four-door model on the 127 in (3,226 mm) wheelbase of the 160, but powered by 125 hp (93 kW; 127 PS) version of straight-8 engine used the 120. 4092: 3680: 1045:

In 1953–54, Ford and GM waged a brutal sales war, cutting prices and forcing cars on dealers. While this had little effect on either company, it damaged independent automakers. Nash's president

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and produced 275 hp (205 kW). For 1956, a 374 cu in (6.1 L) version was used in the Senior cars and the Caribbean two four-barrels produced 305 hp (227 kW).

1380:. The Packard name had been considered for the Avanti, but a less anachronistic image was being sought for the new model. Thus the Packard name ceased to exist in the American auto industry. 993:), it was equally well-received and outsold its competition. Nevertheless, overall sales declined in 1953. While the limited edition luxury models such as the Caribbean convertible and the 1232:

trunk chrome trim from 1955 senior Packards, front bumpers, and Dagmars from the 1956 model, the 1957 Packard Clipper was much more than a badge-engineered Studebaker—but also far from a

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and offered suggestions for improvement, which were ignored. Winton replied to the suggestions by essentially telling Packard to "go build your own car". Packard's first car was built in

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appliance companies, respectively), but Mason's grand vision of a Big Four American auto industry ended on October 8, 1954, with his sudden death from acute pancreatitis and pneumonia.

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dollars ) while many luxury car manufacturers were almost broke. Peerless ceased production in 1932, converting the Cleveland manufacturing plant automobile production to brewing for

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on a record endurance flight of over 84 hours, a mark that stood for more than 50 years. Other Packard-powered airplanes set several records during the 1920s.

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Studebaker-Packard retired the Packard marque in 1959. In 1962, "Packard" was dropped off the corporation's name at a time when it was introducing the all-new

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Packard outsold Cadillac until circa 1950; most sales were the midrange volume models. During this time, Cadillac was among the earliest US makers to offer an

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that so many makes would be dropped at the same time again. The last Packard by Studebaker Packard Corporation rolled off the assembly line on July 16, 1958.

7102: 6947: 5350: 3187: 3168: 3119: 3099: 1042:(AMC). The strategy for these mergers included cutting costs and strengthening their sales organizations to meet the intense competition from the Big Three. 317:'s oldest and wealthiest families, bought a Packard. Impressed by its reliability, he visited the Packards and soon enlisted a group of investors, including 2987: 2964: 2945: 2894: 2875: 2819: 2800: 2777: 593:, a name it retained for the remainder of its run (through 1939). Also in 1931, Packard pioneered a system it called Ride Control, which made the hydraulic 2028: 1251:

The marque suffered further loss of exclusivity and consumers perceived a reduction in quality. Competitors and media critics described the new models as "

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One reason for the aged leadership of Packard was the company's lack of a pension plan for executives (rank-and-file workers had a pension plan per their

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In the 1920s, Packard exported more cars than any other in its price class, and in 1930, sold almost twice as many abroad as any other marque priced over

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How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda

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fighter, ironically known as the "Cadillac of the Skies" by GIs in WWII. Packard also built 1350-, 1400-, and 1500-hp V-12 marine engines for American

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for the 1999 model year. His goal was an annual production of 2,000 cars, but a lack of investment funds stalled that plan indefinitely. The only

1320:(also known as Daytona), based on a 1954 platform. Shortly after the introduction of the Caribbean, Packard showed a prototype hardtop called the 7187: 4565: 2047: 2548: 6952: 2582: 3615: 2417: 4650: 3766: 3577: 3547: 3501: 3435: 1815: 1395:

four-door hardtop as a Packard for sale in North America, using stock Packard V8s and identifying trim including red hexagonal wheel covers,

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annually, Packard began using its own "Series" formula for differentiating its model changeovers in 1923 borrowing a strategy from GM called

6685: 3833: 3855: 1364:

or have what the designers described as an ionic engine. No working prototype was ever made, nor was it likely that one was ever intended.

3893: 3473: 3204: 2754: 2194:

and its entire collection of Packard cars and memorabilia was purchased by a local businessman. The collection was auctioned off in 2021.

7097: 2666: 2604: 2034: 4016: 3795: 3714: 4616: 2387: 4052: 3136: 6624: 2025:

Finger Tip Shift, similar to the Chris-O-Matic shift, a servo and remote control to shift the marine engine transmissions (1947-1951)

1286: 17: 2365: 1057:, and an agreement was reached for AMC to buy Packard's Ultramatic transmissions and V8 engines. They were used in 1955 Hudsons and 5559: 5305: 4144: 1546:. After the war the Liberty was adapted for marine use, becoming a multiple world record setter under inventor and boating pioneer 897:, offered on top models in 1949 and all models from 1950 onward, but its perceived market reputation now had it as a competitor to 2739:

How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States

7177: 6469: 4757: 3318: 342: 6962: 1324:. It featured a reverse-slanted rear window that could be lowered for ventilation, a feature introduced in a production car by 6659: 6619: 5537: 4269: 3924: 3531: 3408: 3381: 3356: 3286: 3261: 2927: 2345: 1140:

The new model Nance hoped for was delayed until 1955, partially because of Packard's merger with Studebaker. Packard stylist

601:, at a base price of $ 1,750 ($ 39,080 in 2023 dollars ), or $ 735 ($ 16,414 in 2023 dollars ) less than the Standard Eight. 6680: 4114: 7142: 6916: 6817: 2850: 546: 255: 6675: 6634: 6614: 5326: 3398: 2635: 3637:

Bresnahan, Timothy F. (June 1987). "Competition and Collusion in the American Automobile Industry: The 1955 Price War".

1240:

prices to keep up with Ford and GM. There was a general decline in demand for large cars heralded an industry switch to

228:, air-conditioning in a passenger car, and one of the first production 12-cylinder engines, adapted from developing the 6271: 5431: 4750: 4535: 4230: 2687:

Pierce-Arrow, founded in 1901, once ranked with Detroit's Packard and Cleveland's Peerless as the Three P's of Motordom

961:

from appliance manufacturer Hotpoint. At 52, Nance was more than a decade younger than the youngest Packard executive.

538: 1412:

In the late 1990s, Roy Gullickson revived the Packard nameplate by buying the naming rights and logo and developing a

1155:

As the 1955 models went into production, an old problem flared up. Back in 1941, Packard had outsourced its bodies to

7117: 6802: 6780: 6051: 4643: 4530: 4296: 3052: 3013: 2290: 2232: 239:, Packard produced 55,523 units of the two-stage/two-speed supercharger equipped 1,650 cu in (27.0 L) 4236: 3069: 6957: 6790: 6695: 6644: 2306: 2260: 243:

engines under contract with Rolls-Royce. Packard also made the 2,490 cu in (40.8 L) versions of the

3184: 3165: 3116: 3103: 1260:

fins were fiberglass parts grafted on Studebaker bodies. Very little chrome was on the lower front clip. Designer

500:

was initially introduced as a senior-level luxury platform for three years starting in 1913, then upgraded to the

326:

the board). An original Packard, reputedly the first manufactured, was donated by a grateful James Packard to his

6932: 6795: 5843: 5826: 2984: 2961: 2942: 2891: 2872: 2816: 2797: 2774: 1404:

established in the American market through SPC's dealer network, and felt this car was a threat to their models.

969: 953:

Packard board of directors by the early 1950s had an average age of 67. In 1948, Alvin Macauley, born during the

334:, and is preserved there in the Packard Laboratory. Another is on display at the Packard Museum in Warren, Ohio. 7018: 3995: 396:, which was the former site of the Dodge Vehicle factory from 1910 until 1980. Architect Kahn also designed the 6425: 6211: 6041: 4580: 1096: 263: 218: 142: 131: 1076:

began cutting defense contracts from all automotive manufacturers other than GM, where he had been president.

6629: 6410: 6405: 6101: 5490: 4074: 4038: 2439: 1862: 792: 296: 982: 6854: 6728: 6649: 6231: 5814: 5724: 5321: 4636: 4570: 3940: 2746: 2726: 2556: 2207: 2084: 1228: 1156: 1102:

AMC unless he could take the top command position (Mason and Nance were former competitors as heads of the

1049:

thus proposed that the four major independents (Nash, Hudson, Packard, and Studebaker) merge into one firm

1072:

defense contracts brought in badly-needed revenue, the war ended in 1953 and the new Secretary of Defense

968:

contract). As a result, Packard executives were reluctant to retire with no source of income other than a

504:

starting in 1916. The first appearance of the Packard "Goddess of Speed" hood ornament was in 1925 on the

254:

After the Second World War, Packard struggled to survive as an independent automaker against the domestic

7062: 6832: 5952: 5937: 5914: 5809: 5456: 4555: 2512:

Smith, Michael G. (December 2019). "The First Concrete Auto Factory: An Error in the Historical Record".

2177: 1715: 1497: 1050: 1039: 784: 597:

adjustable from within the car. For one year only, 1932, Packard fielded an upper-medium-priced car, the

3970: 1125:

Cavalier. Among the Clippers was a novelty pillared coupe, the Sportster, styled to resemble a hardtop.

6036: 6021: 5904: 5209: 1344: 1302: 1015: 712:

Packard was still the premier luxury automobile, even though the majority of cars being built were the

526:

In addition to luxury cars, Packard built trucks. A Packard truck carrying a three-ton load drove from

393: 851:. While this was considered futuristic during the war and the concept was taken further with the 1949 725:

run hurt Packard's reputation of building some of America's finest luxury cars. The Six, redesignated

721: 7137: 7132: 7122: 6942: 6236: 6031: 5991: 5670: 5604: 5446: 2578: 2217: 2051: 795:. Packard ranked 18th among United States corporations in the value of wartime production contracts. 401: 385: 1580:

fighter. A marine version of the successor to the V12 Liberty was adapted in three versions –

6690: 6609: 6499: 6479: 6380: 6353: 6026: 5957: 5804: 4545: 3607: 1035: 990: 625: 560: 31: 3774: 3740: 3585: 3555: 3443: 957:, had stepped down as chairman. Hugh Ferry decided to hire an outsider as president. He recruited 831: 6654: 6531: 6303: 5771: 4998: 4560: 4424: 3825: 2183: 2118: 2101: 1642: 1261: 1005: 807: 651: 520: 397: 267: 4742: 3863: 747: 585:, designed by Chief engineer Jesse G. Vincent, was introduced for 1932, with prices starting at 534:

between July 8 and August 24, 1912. In the same year, Packard had service depots in 104 cities.

6420: 6358: 6226: 6128: 6076: 5614: 5441: 5144: 4575: 3885: 3466: 3212: 2737: 2717: 1930: 1553:

In the interbellum, Packard built one of the world's first diesel aviation engines, the 225-hp

1219: 886: 696:

Production ended in 1939, although the company maintained an office in Windsor for many years.

482: 389: 357: 353: 349: 214: 63: 2612: 2489: 2044:

Electromatic, Packard's name for its electrically controlled, vacuum-operated automatic clutch

6885: 6812: 6318: 6261: 6141: 5692: 5520: 5478: 5426: 5406: 5126: 4773: 4703: 4454: 4289: 3718: 2855: 1919: 1501: 1392: 914: 733: 704: 621: 441: 318: 240: 3322: 2395: 1361: 1218:

disappeared as a separate brand name. Instead, a Studebaker President–based car bearing the

671: 366: 6900: 6723: 6445: 6348: 6308: 6288: 6246: 6221: 6186: 6168: 5979: 5636: 5483: 5274: 4670: 4540: 4504: 4439: 4399: 4379: 3144: 1958: 1888: 1841: 1325: 1309: 1166: 1080: 1073: 1023: 977:

convertible. Competing directly with the other specialty convertibles marketed that year, (

954: 857: 661: 288: 206:. The first Packard automobiles were produced in 1899, and the last Packards were built in 96: 2392:

Rossin College of Engineering & Applied Science, Packard Laboratory, Lehigh University

1581: 1524: 8: 7172: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7152: 7147: 7127: 7067: 6509: 6504: 6494: 6457: 6375: 6365: 6323: 6266: 6206: 6176: 6081: 5865: 5680: 5631: 5316: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5103: 4339: 4334: 4258: 3006:

Illustrated Packard Buyer's Guide: All Packard Cars and Commercial Vehicles, 1899 to 1958

2361: 1799: 1778: 1348: 1278: 998: 776: 717: 692: 637: 629: 617: 598: 362: 338: 207: 74: 920: 6864: 6839: 6822: 6581: 6484: 6462: 6251: 6136: 6111: 6096: 5962: 5702: 5665: 5473: 5451: 5364: 5117: 5110: 4499: 4354: 4202: 3654: 2529: 2038: 1783: 1631: 1593: 1569: 1505: 1132: 1054: 1019: 772: 713: 578: 284: 92: 1399:

hood ornament, and classic vertical ox-yoke grille. The proposition was rejected when

7000: 6967: 6937: 6827: 6775: 6395: 6385: 6163: 6158: 6116: 6056: 5996: 5947: 5899: 5838: 5759: 5729: 5675: 5564: 5510: 5227: 5223: 5214: 5187: 4449: 4409: 4384: 4068: 4032: 3920: 3527: 3404: 3377: 3352: 3282: 3257: 3048: 3009: 2923: 2533: 2482: 2433: 2341: 2286: 2256: 2191: 2092: 1909: 1883: 1847: 1477: 1384: 1377: 1313: 1233: 994: 986: 974: 665: 478: 331: 314: 2916: 508:

and soon adorned all models, while the Cormorant or Swan appeared in the 1930s. The

7057: 6571: 6541: 6430: 6216: 6153: 6061: 5877: 5786: 5574: 5243: 5183: 4604: 4514: 4484: 4389: 4344: 4282: 3646: 2733: 2713: 2521: 2420:. Remarkable Cars Picture Gallery. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015 1998:

Packard Black Bess (1957; not an official name, it was a driveable design proposal)

1852: 1809: 1535: 1285:. Not since the 1930s had so many makes disappeared, and it would not be until the 1160: 1114: 905: 688: 501: 489:. For most of its history, Packard was guided by its president and General Manager 425: 370: 322: 310: 300: 299:

cars owned by Weiss, an important Winton stockholder, after Packard complained to

6849: 6753: 6713: 6586: 6435: 6298: 6193: 6046: 5697: 5589: 5542: 5416: 5401: 5396: 5381: 5369: 5219: 5140: 5136: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5003: 4693: 4683: 4662: 4459: 4444: 4434: 4429: 4419: 4394: 4349: 3191: 3172: 3123: 2991: 2968: 2949: 2898: 2879: 2823: 2804: 2781: 2227: 2222: 2109: 2072: 1980: 1904: 1899: 1857: 1755: 1749: 1744: 1668: 1562: 1439: 1317: 1245: 1215: 1178: 1171: 1046: 930: 840: 823: 756: 604: 486: 412: 3279:

Building victory: aircraft manufacturing in the Los Angeles area in World War II

767:

In 1942, the Packard Motor Car Company converted to 100% war production. During

739: 420: 266:. This merger was intended to be temporary while an eventual consolidation with 6895: 6859: 6807: 6770: 6561: 6474: 6283: 5986: 5932: 5781: 5714: 5579: 5547: 5495: 5436: 5252: 4708: 4698: 4494: 4489: 4252: 2525: 2162: 1827: 1821: 1612: 1573: 1558: 1554: 1539: 1297: 1146: 958: 780: 633: 594: 590: 582: 490: 437: 225: 195: 6983:

Company still exists but is no longer in the automotive manufacturing business

4469: 3497: 680:

was over 20%. In 1935, the company introduced its first car under $ 1000, the

519: (equivalent to $ 36,478 in 2023). In 1931, 10 Packards were owned by the 44: 7051: 7033: 7020: 6748: 6551: 6536: 6489: 6313: 6256: 6091: 6016: 6001: 5734: 5707: 5584: 5466: 5411: 5159: 5122: 4404: 4329: 2911: 1763: 1282: 1270: 1189: 1118: 1027: 978: 938: 609: 574: 565: 531: 527: 505: 381: 374: 5831: 545:, also designed by Albert Kahn, was built in 1910–1911. It was added to the 448: 6785: 6576: 6343: 6278: 6011: 5609: 5594: 5525: 5391: 5034: 5018: 4731: 4726: 4628: 4414: 4319: 1893: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1577: 1481: 1421: 1400: 1256: 1252: 866: 862: 848: 768: 720:

model ranges. Hoping to catch still more of the market, Packard issued the

645: 542: 474: 304: 292: 244: 236: 229: 169: 6980:

Non-U.S. based parent company that owns subsidiaries headquartered in U.S.

2549:"Once teeming with auto plants, Detroit now home to only a few nameplates" 416:

Gold Bond specimen of the Packard Motor Car Company, issued 15. April 1921

388:

in Detroit was located on over 40 acres (16 ha) of land. Designed by

7004: 6890: 6556: 6106: 6071: 5974: 5942: 5860: 5739: 5599: 5204: 5178: 5131: 5068: 5061: 4678: 4509: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4324: 4215: 1878: 1867: 1794: 1789: 1738: 1732: 1543: 1274: 1241: 1237: 1141: 1058: 865:, referred to the newly designed Packard as "a goat" and "a dowager in a 852: 788: 726: 681: 497: 453: 2161:

The electrical connectors developed by Packard were used extensively by

2031:, Packard's torsion bar suspension with integrated levelizer (1955–1956) 1534:

Packard also made large aeronautical and marine engines. Chief engineer

589: (equivalent to $ 81,511 in 2023); in 1933, it would be renamed the 523:. Between 1924 and 1930, Packard was also the top-selling luxury brand. 6743: 6738: 6566: 6440: 6241: 6086: 6066: 5967: 5892: 5848: 5776: 5766: 5749: 5569: 5461: 5376: 4718: 4585: 3658: 3254:

Freedom's forge: how American business produced victory in World War II

2329: 2008: 1447: 1388: 1383:

In the late 1950s, Studebaker-Packard was approached by enthusiasts to

1103: 1069: 894: 890: 641: 346: 259: 127: 2057:

Touch Button, Packard's electric panel to control 1956 Twin Ultramatic

1463: 6390: 6201: 6123: 5687: 5653: 5515: 4264: 3991: 1443: 1417: 1396: 1224: 1149: 1145:

load or road conditions. Along with the new design was Packard's new

4145:"Fort Lauderdale Antique Car Museum Auction - Part II - Memorabilia" 3650: 3400:

Chronicle of the American automobile: over 100 years of auto history

2255:(2nd ed.). London: Rainbird Reference Books. pp. 153–154. 1625: 6148: 6006: 5872: 5853: 5648: 5619: 5552: 5505: 5386: 1547: 1469: 1107: 248: 203: 156: 432: 6869: 6758: 6328: 6293: 5744: 5421: 4772: 2845: 1585: 1520: 1053:(AMC). Mason held informal discussions with Nance to outline his 941:, which were more moderately priced and sold in greater numbers. 934: 817: 811:

Packard dealer at 1137 Broadway, Hewlett, New York, ca. 1950–1955

465: 199: 152: 904:

Designed and built by Packard, the Ultramatic featured a lockup

460: 6844: 6763: 6450: 6370: 6336: 5754: 5719: 5643: 5624: 5532: 4242: 4220: 2752: 1206: 1031: 509: 436:

A 1916 Packard Twin-Six Model 1-35 Touring Sedan equipped with

2054:

rear axle; the first on a production car worldwide (1956–1958)

2011:, Packard's self-developed automatic transmission (1949–1953; 6733: 6546: 6400: 6181: 5882: 5819: 5660: 5500: 4225: 3966: 3826:"PackardClub.org • View topic - Packard Marine Engine 1M-245" 2213:

List of defunct automobile manufacturers of the United States

2167: 1514: 1266: 898: 877: 755:

A new body shape was introduced for the 1941 model year, the

5304: 4210: 2190:

The Fort Lauderdale Antique Car Museum was closed after the

1599:

Packard also developed two turbine aircraft engines for the

247:

V-12 engine. This updated engine powered United States Navy

224:

Packard vehicles featured innovations, including the modern

5887: 5359: 2285:(Third ed.). Krause Publications. pp. 1105–1141. 1490: 1113:

A week after the death of Mason, the new president of AMC,

7073:

Defunct aircraft engine manufacturers of the United States

4274: 4115:"The Fort Lauderdale Antique Car Museum Auction Catalogue" 4053:"Fort Lauderdale Antique Car Museum - Featured Motor Cars" 2132:

The Packard advertising song on television had the words:

258:(General Motors, Ford, and Chrysler). Packard merged with 1615:

take-over in 1956, Packard wanted to sell their own jet.

1339:

Dick Teague also designed the last Packard show car, the

1193:

Packard's push-button Ultramatic transmission control pod

965: 655:

1932 Ninth Series De Luxe Eight model 904 sedan-limousine

179: 7093:

Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of the United States

3715:"1957 Studebaker-Packard, Astral, Form of Power: Atomic" 3679:. Vol. 100, no. 5. November 1953. p. 97. 2576: 2022:

Thunderbolt, a line of Packard Straight Eights after WW2

1527:

engines, and later models featured the improved 5M-2500.

1214:

In 1957, no more Packards were built in Detroit and the

847:

The design chosen was a "bathtub" type, commonly called

1079:

Packard's last major development was the Torsion-Level

691:

by the Packard Motor Company of Canada to benefit from

675:

1934 Eleventh Series Eight model 1101 convertible sedan

7193:

Vehicle manufacturing companies disestablished in 1962

4211:

A resurrection effort of the Packard Motor Car company

3070:"The beautiful, Canadian-born Packard 120 Sport Coupe" 771:, Packard again built airplane engines, licensing the 552:

By 1931, Packards were also being produced in Canada.

6948:

List of automobiles manufactured in the United States

3673:"Hudson and Packard Present Their Cars of the Future" 3304:

The Weapons Acquisition Process: An Economic Analysis

729:

in 1940–41, continued for three years after the war.

3256:. New York: Random House. pp. 103–5, 110, 203. 7198:

Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1899

3241:. Milwaukee, Wisconsin: Douglas Offset. p. 52. 1542:" that was used widely in Entente air corps during 732:In 1939, Packard introduced Econo-Drive, a kind of 345:' Gale Model A roadster was $ 500, the high-volume 232:engine used during World War I to power warplanes. 3886:"Old Marine Engine: Packard straight-eight 1m-356" 3717:. Petersen Automotive Museum. 2010. Archived from 2915: 2636:"1906 Packard Model S, the gentleman's sports car" 2605:"More fires break out at Packard Plant in Detroit" 2514:Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 2481: 2338:100 Years of the American Auto: Millennium Edition 1576:designation, used with great success in the famed 512:hood ornament was briefly used in the late 1920s. 7083:Defunct manufacturing companies based in Michigan 3796:"1999 Packard Twelve Prototype - Motor City 2014" 2484:Treasury of Early American Automobiles, 1877-1925 1090: 581:had been the company's top-seller for years, the 7078:Defunct manufacturing companies based in Indiana 7049: 3281:. Cypress, CA: D.T. Parker. pp. 77, 90–92. 573:more products and remain competitive. While the 5037:(K,L,M,N,S,18,NA,NB,NC,NE,UA,UB,UBS,UC,UCS,UE) 3374:American Cars, 1946–1959 Every Model Every Year 3349:American Cars, 1946-1959 Every Model Every Year 2707: 2705: 2703: 2701: 2699: 2697: 2695: 2180:holds a collection of Packard cars on display. 1965:after Packard design executive Edward Macauley) 380:The 3,500,000 sq ft (330,000 m) 6953:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 4019:. Archived from the original on April 16, 2016 3302:Peck, Merton J.; Scherer, Frederic M. (1962). 3047:. Baltimore: Bookman Publishing. p. 136. 2141:In a Packard you've got the world on a string. 7108:Motor vehicle manufacturers based in Michigan 7088:Defunct manufacturing companies based in Ohio 5290: 4758: 4644: 4290: 4055:. Archived from the original on April 5, 2016 1368:and put on display by the Studebaker museum. 134:in 1954; 'Packard' brand name dropped in 1959 7103:Motor vehicle manufacturers based in Indiana 5910:Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing 4658: 4239:: Free online library of Packard information 3342: 3340: 2692: 2041:TreadleVac power brakes available after 1952 1618: 1538:developed a V12 airplane engine called the " 291:, and their partner, George Lewis Weiss, in 4091:. Legendary Collector Cars. 24 March 2009. 3403:. Publications International. p. 278. 3301: 2283:Standard catalog of American Cars 1805–1942 2276: 2274: 2272: 2244: 1420:Twelve made was sold at an auto auction in 5297: 5283: 4765: 4751: 4651: 4637: 4297: 4283: 4089:"Packard Museum, Fort Lauderdale, Florida" 3467:"The New Packard Torsion Level Suspension" 2340:. Publications International. p. 19. 7183:American companies disestablished in 1962 7113:Motor vehicle manufacturers based in Ohio 3917:The Fall of the Packard Motor Car Company 3773:. Fort CollinsS, Colorado. Archived from 3636: 3464: 3346: 3337: 3232: 3230: 3067: 3038: 3036: 3034: 3003: 2577:DetroitDerek Photography (May 19, 2010). 1328:in 1957 and still in production in 1966. 820:state limousines were a separate design. 687:During this time, Packards were built in 5306:Automotive industry in the United States 5017: 3570: 3396: 3008:. Motorbooks International. p. 50. 2910: 2732: 2712: 2667:"15 Cars That Couldn't Save Their Brand" 2335: 2269: 2250: 1769:Packard Single Eight & Eight (1924-) 1624: 1453: 1296: 1205: 1188: 1165: 1131: 1004: 919: 876: 830: 822: 806: 746: 738: 703: 670: 650: 603: 559: 464:1922 Packard EX truck on display at the 459: 447: 431: 419: 411: 3992:"Packard Proving Grounds Historic Site" 3941:"Three Plug Options For Wiring Systems" 3306:. Harvard Business School. p. 619. 2755:"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–" 2547:Wright, Richard A. (January 16, 2000). 2368:from the original on September 29, 2013 1550:from the late 1910s through the 1930s. 14: 7188:American companies established in 1899 7050: 6963:North American International Auto Show 4807: 4804: 4801: 4798: 4795: 4792: 4155:from the original on November 30, 2021 4125:from the original on November 30, 2021 4095:from the original on November 30, 2021 3704:. Volume 31, no. 1, 1992, pages 14–29. 3608:"Last Packard produced - Jun 25, 1956" 3521: 3316: 3276: 3251: 3236: 3227: 3042: 3031: 2846:"National Register Information System" 2664: 2585:from the original on February 20, 2014 2546: 2479: 2143:In a Packard car you feel like a king. 5538:Growler Manufacturing and Engineering 5278: 4776:passenger vehicle timeline, 1899–1958 4746: 4632: 4278: 4265:Packard Proving Grounds Historic Site 4181:from the original on December 5, 2017 3896:from the original on January 15, 2019 3806:from the original on December 2, 2017 3618:from the original on January 22, 2018 3371: 2753:Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. 2665:Wilson, Kevin A. (November 5, 2012). 2646:from the original on November 8, 2018 2633: 2511: 2280: 2174:the community and outreach programs. 2002: 1835:Postwar Packards (including Clipper) 1347:section of the Center for History in 1287:automotive industry crisis of 2008–10 893:in 1941). Packard caught up with the 4787: 4611: 4175:"SIA Flashback – Packard Crushathon" 3914: 3836:from the original on August 11, 2018 3068:Stenquist, Paul (November 6, 2017). 2851:National Register of Historic Places 2838: 2364:. Grosse Pointe Historical Society. 2253:Encyclopedia of American Automobiles 1938: 1480:, was powered by four Packard-built 547:National Register of Historic Places 5327:Transportation in the United States 3639:The Journal of Industrial Economics 3319:"Star letter: ZIS is not a Packard" 3100:"Directory Index: Packard Ads/1937" 2677:from the original on March 23, 2014 2418:"1903 Packard 2 Passenger Runabout" 2317:from the original on March 28, 2022 1568:During WWII, Packard license-built 1292: 791:(each boat used three) and some of 454:Packard Fourth Series Six Model 426 24: 7098:Luxury motor vehicle manufacturers 5432:Environmental Performance Vehicles 3947:from the original on July 12, 2015 3741:"Cruising the Misfits of Motordom" 3554:. October 25, 1954. Archived from 3442:. October 12, 1953. Archived from 3321:. Classic American. Archived from 3211:. October 23, 2007. Archived from 3080:from the original on June 30, 2018 2394:. January 12, 2009. Archived from 2307:"The Packard Speedster Experience" 1584:– to power the war's iconic 1561:, among others. It also powered a 1427: 1407: 1034:to become Kaiser-Willys. Nash and 1009:1953 Packard Caribbean convertible 881:1950 Packard Eight four-door sedan 539:Packard Motor Corporation Building 213:One of the "Three Ps" – alongside 25: 7209: 4196: 3683:from the original on June 5, 2022 3143:. August 20, 2007. Archived from 2983:November 14, 1931, reproduced at 2233:Toronto Transportation Commission 2149:And ask the man, just ask the man 2139:in your Packard, in your Packard. 2061: 1504:, a license-built version of the 27:Defunct luxury automobile company 6999: 6990: 6989: 6958:New York International Auto Show 6796:Cooper Tire & Rubber Company 6640:Kia Motors Manufacturing Georgia 4610: 4599: 4598: 4468: 4243:The Packard Motor Car Foundation 3584:. March 24, 1954. Archived from 3548:"Personnel: Changes of the Week" 3524:Studebaker: the complete history 3372:Flory, J. ("Kelly") Jr. (2008). 2918:Early and Vintage Cars 1886-1930 2117: 2100: 2083: 2071: 1968:Packard Pan-American (1952) and 1639:Packard single-cylinder models: 1513: 1489: 1462: 43: 4167: 4137: 4107: 4081: 4045: 4009: 3998:from the original on 2021-10-05 3984: 3973:from the original on 2022-03-31 3959: 3933: 3908: 3878: 3848: 3818: 3788: 3759: 3733: 3707: 3695: 3665: 3630: 3600: 3540: 3515: 3504:from the original on 2022-03-06 3490: 3479:from the original on 2022-03-06 3458: 3428: 3417:from the original on 2016-05-14 3390: 3365: 3317:Hamlin, George (May 17, 2012). 3310: 3295: 3270: 3245: 3197: 3178: 3159: 3129: 3110: 3092: 3061: 3022: 2997: 2994:. Retrieved September 16, 2013. 2974: 2971:. Retrieved September 16, 2013. 2955: 2952:. Retrieved September 16, 2013. 2936: 2904: 2885: 2882:. Retrieved September 16, 2013. 2862: 2829: 2826:. Retrieved September 16, 2013. 2810: 2807:. Retrieved September 16, 2013. 2787: 2784:. Retrieved September 16, 2013. 2768: 2658: 2627: 2611:. June 29, 2009. Archived from 2597: 2570: 2540: 2505: 2496: 2473: 2464: 1710:Packard Model 18 (Series NA-NC) 1301:1956 Predictor concept, at the 468:Trucking Museum, Walcott, Iowa. 341:'s Black went as low as $ 375, 7178:1962 disestablishments in Ohio 6042:Clydesdale Motor Truck Company 4581:Studebaker-Packard Corporation 3856:"Packard Marine Engine 1M-356" 3347:Flory Jr., J. "Kelly" (2008). 3004:Langworth, Richard M. (1992). 2455: 2446: 2410: 2380: 2354: 2299: 2145:Ride ride ride ride ride along 2137:Ride ride ride ride ride along 1676:Packard four-cylinder models: 1611:. This was one reason for the 1424:, in July 2014 for $ 143,000. 1097:Studebaker-Packard Corporation 1091:Studebaker-Packard Corporation 827:1949 Packard convertible coupé 264:Studebaker-Packard Corporation 13: 1: 6406:North American Bus Industries 5491:General Dynamics Land Systems 4206:Full line of postwar Packards 3967:"The National Packard Museum" 3919:. Stanford University Press. 3465:McFarland, Forest R. (1955). 2634:Evans, Steve (June 2, 2018). 2388:"Packard's 100th Anniversary" 2251:Georgano, G. N., ed. (1971). 2238: 1863:Packard Clipper Constellation 1723:Packard six-cylinder models: 1665:Packard twin-cylinder model: 1582:M3-2500, M4-2500, and M5-2500 1432: 835:1950 Packard Eight Club Sedan 751:1941 110 2-Door Touring Sedan 6729:American Expedition Vehicles 5725:Scuderia Cameron Glickenhaus 5322:Economy of the United States 2901:Retrieved September 14, 2013 2747:American Antiquarian Society 2727:American Antiquarian Society 2218:List of Packard aero engines 2208:Afton Station Packard Museum 2151:the lucky man who owns one! 1201: 1157:Briggs Manufacturing Company 802: 762: 699: 555: 407: 278: 7: 7143:1899 establishments in Ohio 6833:Proterra (bus manufacturer) 4304: 3522:Foster, Patrick R. (2015). 3436:"Time Clock, Oct. 12, 1953" 3397:Flammang, James M. (1994). 3239:Leaders of Wartime Michigan 3205:"1941-1947 Packard Clipper" 2336:Flammang, James M. (1999). 2201: 1716:Packard Model 30 (Series U) 1704:Packard Model 24 (Series S) 1657:Packard Model F (1901–1903) 1498:North American P-51 Mustang 1312:that led to the production 1051:American Motors Corporation 1040:American Motors Corporation 110:; 62 years ago 10: 7214: 6896:Rezvani Automotive Designs 6037:Checker Motors Corporation 5262: 5238: 5201: 5199: 5197: 5195: 5158: 5154: 5152: 5098: 5096: 5094: 5087: 5067: 5056: 5049: 5043: 5041: 5033: 5024: 5013: 5011: 5009: 3767:"Edward Herrmann Obituary" 2922:. Mason Crest Publishers. 2526:10.1525/jsah.2019.78.4.442 2147:in your Packard, what fun! 1523:were powered by a trio of 1371: 1345:Studebaker National Museum 1303:Studebaker National Museum 1094: 991:Chrysler New Yorker Deluxe 394:Detroit/Hamtramck Assembly 273: 29: 6976: 6943:Interstate Highway System 6925: 6909: 6878: 6708: 6696:Volkswagen (Westmoreland) 6668: 6602: 6595: 6522: 6032:Carbon Motors Corporation 5923: 5795: 5671:Global Electric Motorcars 5605:Millennium Luxury Coaches 5346: 5335: 5312: 5260: 5258: 5256: 5251: 5249: 5247: 5242: 5240: 5235: 5231: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5191: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5156: 5148: 5135: 5130: 5121: 5116: 5114: 5109: 5107: 5102: 5100: 5091: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5065: 5060: 5058: 5053: 5047: 5045: 5039: 5031: 5028: 5022: 5015: 5007: 5002: 4997: 4994: 4781: 4717: 4669: 4594: 4576:Studebaker-based Packards 4523: 4477: 4466: 4312: 4253:Packard V12 Marine Engine 4073:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 4037:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 3691:– via Google Books. 3194:Retrieved October 5, 2013 3175:Retrieved October 5, 2013 3126:Retrieved October 5, 2013 2579:"Abandoned Packard Plant" 2488:. Bonanza Books. p. 2438:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 2156: 2037:, Packard's name for the 1686:Packard Model K Gray Wolf 1619:Packard automobile models 1354: 708:1939 (17th series) Twelve 402:Shelby Township, Michigan 192:Packard Motor Car Company 175: 163: 148: 138: 122: 104: 88: 80: 70: 59: 55:Packard Motor Car Company 51: 42: 18:Packard Motor Car Company 7118:Packard aircraft engines 6660:Volkswagen (Chattanooga) 6027:Boulder Electric Vehicle 5427:Chenowth Racing Products 4989: 4986: 4983: 4980: 4977: 4974: 4971: 4968: 4965: 4962: 4959: 4956: 4953: 4950: 4947: 4944: 4941: 4938: 4935: 4932: 4929: 4926: 4923: 4920: 4917: 4914: 4911: 4908: 4905: 4902: 4899: 4896: 4893: 4890: 4887: 4884: 4881: 4878: 4875: 4872: 4869: 4866: 4863: 4860: 4857: 4854: 4851: 4848: 4845: 4842: 4839: 4836: 4833: 4830: 4827: 4824: 4821: 4818: 4815: 4812: 4259:All Packard Concept Cars 4231:Packard Aircraft Engines 4216:America's Packard Museum 4149:worldwideauctioneers.com 3277:Parker, Dana T. (2013). 3045:Canadian Cars, 1946-1984 2178:America's Packard Museum 1083:by Bill Allison, dubbed 610:Standard Eight model 833 352:went for $ 650, and the 32:Packard (disambiguation) 6645:Mercedes-Benz (Alabama) 6532:Alpha Motor Corporation 6304:International Harvester 4226:National Packard Museum 3915:Ward, James A. (1995). 3252:Herman, Arthur (2012). 3190:August 4, 2016, at the 3171:August 4, 2016, at the 3137:"1937-1947 Packard Six" 2990:August 8, 2016, at the 2948:August 8, 2016, at the 2897:August 9, 2016, at the 2878:August 9, 2016, at the 2822:August 4, 2016, at the 2803:August 9, 2016, at the 2780:August 4, 2016, at the 2640:journal.classiccars.com 2281:Kimes, Beverly (1996). 2184:Packard Proving Grounds 1557:radial. It powered the 521:Imperial House of Japan 398:Packard Proving Grounds 307:, on November 6, 1899. 283:Packard was founded by 268:American Motors Company 262:in 1953 and formed the 5615:Motor Coach Industries 5205:Custom Super Eight 180 3122:March 5, 2016, at the 3043:Zavitz, Perry (1985). 2967:March 5, 2016, at the 2480:Clymer, Floyd (1971). 2154: 1931:1957 and 1958 Packards 1660:Packard Model M (1904) 1654:Packard Model E (1901) 1651:Packard Model C (1901) 1648:Packard Model B (1900) 1635: 1496:Later variants of the 1305: 1211: 1194: 1174: 1137: 1136:1955 Packard Patrician 1010: 925: 887:automatic transmission 882: 836: 828: 812: 793:Britain's patrol boats 752: 744: 709: 676: 656: 612: 569: 469: 457: 445: 429: 417: 390:Albert Kahn Associates 215:Peerless Motor Company 7034:42.38028°N 83.02833°W 6886:Calty Design Research 6686:General Motors (list) 6625:General Motors (list) 6411:Oliver Farm Equipment 5521:Chevrolet Performance 5382:Amp Electric Vehicles 4261:at OldConceptCars.com 3558:on September 30, 2007 3237:Moranz, John (1945). 3147:on September 30, 2020 2856:National Park Service 2311:classicspeedsters.com 2134: 2050:, Packard's optional 2013:Gear-Start Ultramatic 1920:Packard Station Sedan 1628: 1502:Packard V-1650 Merlin 1476:, winner of the 1921 1454:Other Packard engines 1387:the French car maker 1300: 1209: 1192: 1169: 1135: 1008: 923: 880: 834: 826: 810: 750: 743:1941 180 Formal Sedan 742: 707: 674: 668:about the number 13. 654: 607: 563: 463: 451: 435: 423: 415: 319:Truman Handy Newberry 313:, a member of one of 6901:Wheego Electric Cars 4505:William Doud Packard 3702:Automobile Quarterly 3588:on November 16, 2010 3511:– via YouTube. 3446:on December 22, 2008 3028:Langworth, pp. 70-71 1959:Packard Pan-American 1926:Packard Super Panama 1889:Packard Four Hundred 1842:Packard Four Hundred 1774:Packard Custom Eight 1727:Packard Dominant Six 983:Oldsmobile 98 Fiesta 955:Grant Administration 783:, which powered the 666:western superstition 662:planned obsolescence 564:1930 Seventh Series 491:James Alvan Macauley 97:William Doud Packard 30:For other uses, see 7039:42.38028; -83.02833 7030: / 5317:Automotive industry 4789:Number of Cylinders 3890:oldmarineengine.com 3498:"Out of the Future" 3215:on January 23, 2021 3185:Old Car Advertising 3166:Old Car Advertising 3117:Old Car Advertising 2985:Old Car Advertising 2981:The Literary Digest 2962:Old Car Advertising 2943:Old Car Advertising 2892:Old Car Advertising 2873:Old Car Advertising 2871:December 12, 1931; 2869:The Literary Digest 2817:Old Car Advertising 2798:Old Car Advertising 2796:November 14, 1931; 2794:The Literary Digest 2775:Old Car Advertising 2593:– via Flickr. 2398:on February 7, 2010 1961:(1951; also called 1947:(1944; also called 1800:Packard Super Eight 1779:Packard Light Eight 1349:South Bend, Indiana 997:400 Sedan, and the 693:Imperial Preference 618:Carling Black Label 608:1931 Eighth Series 339:Black Motor Company 208:South Bend, Indiana 198:company located in 39: 7063:Brass Era vehicles 6840:Remy International 5666:Polaris Industries 5365:Challenger Tractor 5210:Custom Super Eight 5160:Single Eight/Eight 4500:James Ward Packard 4204:Automobile-Catalog 4017:"About the Museum" 3866:on August 11, 2018 3578:"Autos: New Entry" 3106:on August 4, 2016. 2362:"The Alger Family" 2029:Torsion Level Ride 2003:Packard tradenames 1963:Macauley Speedster 1784:Packard One-Twenty 1733:Packard Single Six 1636: 1632:The New York Times 1594:Gar Wood Speedster 1572:engines under the 1570:Rolls-Royce Merlin 1506:Rolls-Royce Merlin 1500:were powered by a 1306: 1212: 1195: 1175: 1138: 1085:Torsion Level Ride 1011: 926: 909:navigating hills. 883: 837: 829: 813: 753: 745: 714:Packard One-Twenty 710: 677: 657: 613: 570: 568:model 745 roadster 470: 458: 446: 430: 418: 343:Western Tool Works 285:James Ward Packard 194:) was an American 143:Studebaker-Packard 132:Studebaker-Packard 100:George Lewis Weiss 93:James Ward Packard 37: 7013: 7012: 6968:SAE International 6938:Chicago Auto Show 6828:Phoenix Motorcars 6704: 6703: 6635:Hyundai (Alabama) 6518: 6517: 6470:Twentieth Century 6164:Fisker Coachbuild 6159:Fisker Automotive 5948:American LaFrance 5943:American Electric 5730:SSC North America 5511:Cadillac V series 5457:ElDorado National 5272: 5271: 5266: 5265: 4740: 4739: 4626: 4625: 4405:Continental Eight 4248:Packard Predictor 4233:at Engine History 3926:978-0-8047-2457-9 3802:. July 20, 2017. 3677:Popular Mechanics 3533:978-0-7858-3261-4 3410:978-0-7853-0778-5 3383:978-0-7864-3229-5 3358:978-0-7864-3229-5 3288:978-0-9897906-0-4 3263:978-0-8129-8204-6 2929:978-1-59084-491-5 2671:Popular Mechanics 2347:978-0-7853-3484-2 2192:COVID-19 pandemic 2093:Indianapolis Star 1993:Packard Predictor 1939:Packard show cars 1910:Packard Patrician 1884:Packard Executive 1848:Packard Caribbean 1478:Harmsworth Trophy 1074:Charles E. Wilson 987:Cadillac Eldorado 479:Buffalo, New York 456:Runabout Roadster 442:Emperor of Russia 440:belonging to the 332:Lehigh University 196:luxury automobile 185: 184: 16:(Redirected from 7205: 7138:Vintage vehicles 7133:Veteran vehicles 7123:Pre-war vehicles 7045: 7044: 7042: 7041: 7040: 7035: 7031: 7028: 7027: 7026: 7023: 7003: 6993: 6992: 6650:Subaru (Indiana) 6600: 6599: 6572:Lordstown Motors 6542:Bollinger Motors 6431:Sebring Vanguard 6169:Force Protection 6154:Fitch Four Drive 5787:Zero Motorcycles 5585:Lenco Industries 5575:Karma Automotive 5437:Equus Automotive 5344: 5343: 5299: 5292: 5285: 5276: 5275: 4995:Single and Twin 4785: 4784: 4767: 4760: 4753: 4744: 4743: 4663:aircraft engines 4653: 4646: 4639: 4630: 4629: 4614: 4613: 4602: 4601: 4541:Clipper (marque) 4531:Aircraft engines 4515:Jesse G. Vincent 4485:Henry Bourne Joy 4472: 4299: 4292: 4285: 4276: 4275: 4221:The Packard Club 4191: 4190: 4188: 4186: 4171: 4165: 4164: 4162: 4160: 4141: 4135: 4134: 4132: 4130: 4111: 4105: 4104: 4102: 4100: 4085: 4079: 4078: 4072: 4064: 4062: 4060: 4049: 4043: 4042: 4036: 4028: 4026: 4024: 4013: 4007: 4006: 4004: 4003: 3988: 3982: 3981: 3979: 3978: 3963: 3957: 3956: 3954: 3952: 3943:. 5 March 2014. 3937: 3931: 3930: 3912: 3906: 3905: 3903: 3901: 3882: 3876: 3875: 3873: 3871: 3862:. Archived from 3852: 3846: 3845: 3843: 3841: 3822: 3816: 3815: 3813: 3811: 3792: 3786: 3785: 3783: 3782: 3771:obitsforlife.com 3763: 3757: 3756: 3754: 3752: 3737: 3731: 3730: 3728: 3726: 3721:on June 24, 2009 3711: 3705: 3699: 3693: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3669: 3663: 3662: 3634: 3628: 3627: 3625: 3623: 3604: 3598: 3597: 3595: 3593: 3574: 3568: 3567: 3565: 3563: 3544: 3538: 3537: 3519: 3513: 3512: 3510: 3509: 3494: 3488: 3487: 3485: 3484: 3478: 3471: 3462: 3456: 3455: 3453: 3451: 3432: 3426: 3425: 3423: 3422: 3394: 3388: 3387: 3369: 3363: 3362: 3344: 3335: 3334: 3332: 3330: 3325:on July 29, 2013 3314: 3308: 3307: 3299: 3293: 3292: 3274: 3268: 3267: 3249: 3243: 3242: 3234: 3225: 3224: 3222: 3220: 3201: 3195: 3182: 3176: 3163: 3157: 3156: 3154: 3152: 3133: 3127: 3114: 3108: 3107: 3102:. 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Romney 1055:strategic vision 924:1951 Packard 300 906:torque converter 689:Windsor, Ontario 648:had all closed. 588: 518: 502:Packard Twin Six 426:Packard Twin Six 371:Isotta Fraschini 323:Russell A. Alger 311:Henry Bourne Joy 301:Alexander Winton 118: 116: 111: 47: 40: 36: 21: 7213: 7212: 7208: 7207: 7206: 7204: 7203: 7202: 7048: 7047: 7038: 7036: 7032: 7029: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7017: 7016: 7014: 7009: 6986: 6972: 6921: 6905: 6874: 6850:Shelby American 6716: 6714:performance car 6712: 6710: 6709:Auto component 6700: 6676:Chrysler (list) 6664: 6615:Chrysler (list) 6610:BMW Spartanburg 6591: 6587:Trion Supercars 6524: 6514: 6198:General Motors 5953:American Motors 5938:American Austin 5925: 5919: 5797: 5791: 5698:Holiday Rambler 5590:Lockheed Martin 5543:Harley-Davidson 5397:ATK motorcycles 5370:Massey Ferguson 5348: 5339: 5337: 5331: 5308: 5303: 5273: 5268: 5267: 5169:Super Eight 160 4777: 4771: 4741: 4736: 4719:Turbine engines 4713: 4665: 4657: 4627: 4622: 4590: 4561:Proving Grounds 4519: 4473: 4464: 4460:Packard-Bentley 4395:Clipper (model) 4308: 4303: 4270:Packardinfo.com 4199: 4194: 4184: 4182: 4173: 4172: 4168: 4158: 4156: 4143: 4142: 4138: 4128: 4126: 4113: 4112: 4108: 4098: 4096: 4087: 4086: 4082: 4066: 4065: 4058: 4056: 4051: 4050: 4046: 4030: 4029: 4022: 4020: 4015: 4014: 4010: 4001: 3999: 3990: 3989: 3985: 3976: 3974: 3965: 3964: 3960: 3950: 3948: 3939: 3938: 3934: 3927: 3913: 3909: 3899: 3897: 3884: 3883: 3879: 3869: 3867: 3860:packardclub.org 3854: 3853: 3849: 3839: 3837: 3830:packardclub.org 3824: 3823: 3819: 3809: 3807: 3794: 3793: 3789: 3780: 3778: 3765: 3764: 3760: 3750: 3748: 3747:. 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May 8, 2020. 2305: 2304: 2300: 2293: 2279: 2270: 2263: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2228:Packard 1A-2500 2223:Packard 1A-1500 2204: 2159: 2153: 2150: 2148: 2146: 2144: 2142: 2140: 2138: 2130: 2129: 2128: 2125: 2122: 2113: 2110:Syracuse Herald 2105: 2096: 2088: 2079: 2076: 2064: 2017:Twin Ultramatic 2005: 1987:Packard Request 1981:Packard Panther 1970:Panther-Daytona 1945:Packard Phantom 1941: 1905:Packard Pacific 1900:Packard Mayfair 1874:see Packard 200 1858:Packard Clipper 1745:Packard One-Ten 1698:Packard Model N 1692:Packard Model L 1680:Packard Model K 1669:Packard Model G 1643:Packard Model A 1621: 1563:Bellanca CH-300 1532: 1531: 1530: 1529: 1528: 1525:Packard 4M-2500 1518: 1510: 1509: 1494: 1486: 1485: 1467: 1456: 1435: 1430: 1428:Packard engines 1410: 1408:Aborted revival 1374: 1362:nuclear powered 1357: 1295: 1246:Studebaker Lark 1220:Packard Clipper 1204: 1172:Packard Clipper 1099: 1093: 1047:George W. Mason 970:Social Security 858:Modern Mechanix 805: 765: 757:Packard Clipper 702: 620:Beer. By 1938, 595:shock absorbers 586: 558: 516: 487:Cleveland, Ohio 410: 386:Grand Boulevard 281: 276: 166: 114: 112: 109: 99: 95: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7211: 7201: 7200: 7195: 7190: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7145: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7115: 7110: 7105: 7100: 7095: 7090: 7085: 7080: 7075: 7070: 7065: 7060: 7011: 7010: 7008: 7007: 6997: 6985: 6984: 6981: 6977: 6974: 6973: 6971: 6970: 6965: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6945: 6940: 6935: 6929: 6927: 6926:Related topics 6923: 6922: 6920: 6919: 6913: 6911: 6907: 6906: 6904: 6903: 6898: 6893: 6888: 6882: 6880: 6879:Design studios 6876: 6875: 6873: 6872: 6867: 6862: 6857: 6852: 6847: 6842: 6837: 6836: 6835: 6825: 6820: 6815: 6810: 6808:Ingersoll Rand 6805: 6800: 6799: 6798: 6788: 6783: 6778: 6773: 6771:Detroit Diesel 6768: 6767: 6766: 6756: 6751: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6720: 6718: 6706: 6705: 6702: 6701: 6699: 6698: 6693: 6688: 6683: 6678: 6672: 6670: 6666: 6665: 6663: 6662: 6657: 6652: 6647: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6612: 6606: 6604: 6597: 6593: 6592: 6590: 6589: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6562:Faraday Future 6559: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6528: 6526: 6525:pre-production 6520: 6519: 6516: 6515: 6513: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6477: 6475:United Defense 6472: 6467: 6466: 6465: 6455: 6454: 6453: 6448: 6438: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6362: 6361: 6351: 6346: 6341: 6340: 6339: 6334: 6331: 6326: 6321: 6311: 6306: 6301: 6296: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6276: 6275: 6274: 6269: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6249: 6244: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6196: 6191: 6190: 6189: 6184: 6179: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6145: 6144: 6139: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6120: 6119: 6114: 6109: 6104: 6099: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6074: 6069: 6064: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5983: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5971: 5970: 5965: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5933:Allis-Chalmers 5929: 5927: 5921: 5920: 5918: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5896: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5870: 5869: 5868: 5858: 5857: 5856: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5835: 5834: 5824: 5823: 5822: 5812: 5807: 5801: 5799: 5793: 5792: 5790: 5789: 5784: 5782:VLF Automotive 5779: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5763: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5715:Rezvani Motors 5712: 5711: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5685: 5684: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5663: 5658: 5657: 5656: 5651: 5641: 5640: 5639: 5629: 5628: 5627: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5556: 5555: 5548:Ingersoll Rand 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5529: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5496:General Motors 5493: 5488: 5487: 5486: 5481: 5471: 5470: 5469: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5373: 5372: 5367: 5356: 5354: 5341: 5333: 5332: 5330: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5313: 5310: 5309: 5302: 5301: 5294: 5287: 5279: 5270: 5269: 5264: 5263: 5261: 5259: 5257: 5255: 5250: 5248: 5246: 5241: 5239: 5237: 5233: 5232: 5230: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5200: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5192: 5190: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5157: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5149: 5147: 5134: 5129: 5120: 5115: 5113: 5108: 5106: 5101: 5099: 5097: 5095: 5093: 5089: 5088: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5069:Single Six/Six 5066: 5064: 5059: 5057: 5055: 5051: 5050: 5048: 5046: 5044: 5042: 5040: 5038: 5032: 5030: 5026: 5025: 5023: 5021: 5016: 5014: 5012: 5010: 5008: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4992: 4991: 4988: 4985: 4982: 4979: 4976: 4973: 4970: 4967: 4964: 4961: 4958: 4955: 4952: 4949: 4946: 4943: 4940: 4937: 4934: 4931: 4928: 4925: 4922: 4919: 4916: 4913: 4910: 4907: 4904: 4901: 4898: 4895: 4892: 4889: 4886: 4883: 4880: 4877: 4874: 4871: 4868: 4865: 4862: 4859: 4856: 4853: 4850: 4847: 4844: 4841: 4838: 4835: 4832: 4829: 4826: 4823: 4820: 4817: 4814: 4810: 4809: 4806: 4803: 4800: 4797: 4794: 4791: 4783: 4782: 4779: 4778: 4770: 4769: 4762: 4755: 4747: 4738: 4737: 4735: 4734: 4729: 4723: 4721: 4715: 4714: 4712: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4681: 4675: 4673: 4671:Piston engines 4667: 4666: 4656: 4655: 4648: 4641: 4633: 4624: 4623: 4621: 4620: 4608: 4595: 4592: 4591: 4589: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4533: 4527: 4525: 4524:Related topics 4521: 4520: 4518: 4517: 4512: 4507: 4502: 4497: 4495:James J. Nance 4492: 4490:Alvan Macauley 4487: 4481: 4479: 4475: 4474: 4467: 4465: 4463: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4442: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4407: 4402: 4397: 4392: 4387: 4382: 4377: 4372: 4367: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4342: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4322: 4316: 4314: 4310: 4309: 4302: 4301: 4294: 4287: 4279: 4273: 4272: 4267: 4262: 4256: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4234: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4198: 4197:External links 4195: 4193: 4192: 4166: 4136: 4106: 4080: 4044: 4008: 3983: 3958: 3932: 3925: 3907: 3877: 3847: 3817: 3800:rmsothebys.com 3787: 3758: 3732: 3706: 3694: 3664: 3645:(4): 457–482. 3629: 3599: 3569: 3539: 3532: 3514: 3489: 3457: 3427: 3409: 3389: 3382: 3364: 3357: 3336: 3309: 3294: 3287: 3269: 3262: 3244: 3226: 3196: 3177: 3158: 3128: 3109: 3091: 3060: 3053: 3030: 3021: 3014: 2996: 2973: 2954: 2935: 2928: 2903: 2884: 2861: 2837: 2828: 2809: 2786: 2767: 2751:1800–present: 2691: 2657: 2626: 2596: 2569: 2539: 2520:(4): 444–445. 2504: 2502:Clymer, p. 63. 2495: 2472: 2470:Clymer, p. 32. 2463: 2461:Clymer, p. 51. 2454: 2452:Clymer, p. 61. 2445: 2409: 2379: 2353: 2346: 2328: 2298: 2291: 2268: 2261: 2242: 2240: 2237: 2236: 2235: 2230: 2225: 2220: 2215: 2210: 2203: 2200: 2163:General Motors 2158: 2155: 2135: 2127: 2126: 2123: 2116: 2114: 2106: 2099: 2097: 2089: 2082: 2080: 2077: 2070: 2067: 2066: 2065: 2063: 2062:Advertisements 2060: 2059: 2058: 2055: 2045: 2042: 2032: 2026: 2023: 2020: 2004: 2001: 2000: 1999: 1996: 1990: 1984: 1978: 1975:Packard Balboa 1972: 1966: 1956: 1940: 1937: 1936: 1935: 1934: 1933: 1928: 1923: 1917: 1907: 1902: 1897: 1891: 1886: 1881: 1876: 1870: 1865: 1860: 1855: 1850: 1845: 1833: 1832: 1831: 1828:Packard Twelve 1825: 1819: 1813: 1806:Packard V-12: 1804: 1803: 1802: 1797: 1792: 1787: 1781: 1776: 1771: 1761: 1760: 1759: 1753: 1747: 1742: 1736: 1730: 1721: 1720: 1719: 1713: 1707: 1701: 1695: 1689: 1683: 1674: 1673: 1672: 1663: 1662: 1661: 1658: 1655: 1652: 1649: 1646: 1620: 1617: 1613:Curtiss-Wright 1574:Packard V-1650 1540:Liberty engine 1519: 1512: 1511: 1495: 1488: 1487: 1474:Miss America 2 1468: 1461: 1460: 1459: 1458: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1434: 1431: 1429: 1426: 1414:Packard Twelve 1409: 1406: 1373: 1370: 1356: 1353: 1294: 1291: 1203: 1200: 1177:For 1956, the 1147:overhead-valve 1095:Main article: 1092: 1089: 1016:General Motors 804: 801: 764: 761: 701: 698: 634:Stearns-Knight 591:Packard Twelve 557: 554: 438:Kegresse track 428:Touring (1-35) 409: 406: 287:, his brother 280: 277: 275: 272: 226:steering wheel 190:(formerly the 183: 182: 177: 173: 172: 167: 164: 161: 160: 150: 146: 145: 140: 136: 135: 124: 120: 119: 106: 102: 101: 90: 86: 85: 82: 78: 77: 72: 68: 67: 61: 57: 56: 53: 49: 48: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7210: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7069: 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6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6552:Commuter Cars 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6537:Aptera Motors 6535: 6533: 6530: 6529: 6527: 6521: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6464: 6461: 6460: 6459: 6456: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6443: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6360: 6357: 6356: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6338: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6316: 6315: 6314:Kaiser-Frazer 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6257:Scripps-Booth 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6199: 6197: 6195: 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5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5747: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5735:Superformance 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5709: 5708:Wheeled Coach 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5690: 5689: 5686: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5668: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5646: 5645: 5642: 5638: 5635: 5634: 5633: 5630: 5626: 5623: 5622: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5554: 5551: 5550: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5498: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5476: 5475: 5472: 5468: 5467:Starcraft Bus 5465: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5444: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5412:Callaway Cars 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5362: 5361: 5358: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5345: 5342: 5338:manufacturers 5334: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5314: 5311: 5307: 5300: 5295: 5293: 5288: 5286: 5281: 5280: 5277: 5254: 5245: 5234: 5229: 5225: 5221: 5216: 5215:Patrician 400 5211: 5206: 5194: 5189: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5161: 5151: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5133: 5132:200 & 250 5128: 5127:Station Sedan 5124: 5119: 5112: 5105: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5070: 5063: 5052: 5036: 5027: 5020: 5005: 5000: 4993: 4811: 4790: 4786: 4780: 4775: 4768: 4763: 4761: 4756: 4754: 4749: 4748: 4745: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4724: 4722: 4720: 4716: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4676: 4674: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4661: 4654: 4649: 4647: 4642: 4640: 4635: 4634: 4631: 4619: 4618: 4609: 4607: 4606: 4597: 4596: 4593: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4528: 4526: 4522: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4482: 4480: 4476: 4471: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4455:Station Sedan 4453: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4400:Constellation 4398: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4317: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4300: 4295: 4293: 4288: 4286: 4281: 4280: 4277: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4260: 4257: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4238: 4235: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4205: 4201: 4200: 4180: 4176: 4170: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4140: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4110: 4094: 4090: 4084: 4076: 4070: 4054: 4048: 4040: 4034: 4018: 4012: 3997: 3993: 3987: 3972: 3968: 3962: 3946: 3942: 3936: 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