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200:(738 ft), respectively, electrical power is employed for hauling, pumping and ventilating. In these mines there are the usual main shafts and galleries, the ozokerite being reached by levels driven along the strike of the deposit. The wax, as it reaches the surface, varies in purity, and, in new workings especially, only hand-picking is needed to separate the pure material. In other cases much earthy matter is mixed with the material, and then the rock or shale having been eliminated by hand-picking, the "wax-stone" is boiled with water in large coppers, when the pure wax rises to the surface. This is again melted without water, and the impurities are skimmed off, the material being then run into slightly conical cylindrical
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The mining of ozokerite began in
Galicia in the 1880s, and was formerly carried on by means of hand-labor, but in the ozokerite mines owned by the Boryslaw Actien Gesellschaft and the Galizische Kreditbank, the workings of which extend to a depth of 200 metres (660 ft), and 225 metres
231:-making material resembling the paraffin obtained from petroleum and shale-oil but of higher melting-point, and therefore of greater value if the candles made from it are to be used in hot climates. There are also obtained in the distillation light oils and a product resembling
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or cerasin of commerce is obtained. The refined ozokerite or ceresine, which usually has a melting-point of 61 to 78 °C (142 to 172 °F), is largely used as an
247:. From the residue a form of the material known as heel-ball, used to impart a polished surface to the heels and soles of boots, was also manufactured.
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in the fissures and crevices previously occupied by the liquid. As found native, ozokerite varies from a very soft wax to a black mass as hard as
258:. It has a higher melting point than most petroleum waxes, and is favored for some applications, such as electrical insulators and candles.
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in the United States, deserve mention, though the latter have been largely worked out. The sole sources of commercial supply are in
96:, as well as from about thirty different countries. Of these occurrences the ozokerite of the island (now peninsula) of
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and others. Galician ozokerite varies in color from light yellow to dark brown, and frequently appears green owing to
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ranges from 0.85 to 0.95, and its melting point from 58 to 100 °C (136 to 212 °F). It is soluble in
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found in many localities. Lacking a definite composition and crystalline structure, it is not considered a
187:. It usually melts at 62 °C (144 °F). Chemically, ozokerite consists of a mixture of various
204:, and thus made into blocks for the market. The crude ozokerite is refined by treatment first with
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Ozokerite deposits are believed to have originated in much the same way as
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337:. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 430.
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On distillation in a current of superheated steam, ozokerite yields a
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345:(Harvard Historical Studies). Harvard University Press. p. 98.
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This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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Mining of ozokerite diminished after 1940 due to competition from
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191:, containing 85–87% by weight of carbon and 14.3% of hydrogen.
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52:, is a naturally occurring odoriferous mineral wax or
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Oil Empire: Visions of
Prosperity in Austrian Galicia
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145:deposition of its dissolved paraffin
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84:Specimens have been obtained from
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239:was employed under the name of
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44:, archaically referred to as
341:Frank, Alison Fleig (2005).
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64:. The name was coined from
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334:Encyclopædia Britannica
143:having resulted in the
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245:electrical insulator
112:and the deposits of
32:Wasatch County, Utah
254:manufactured from
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321:Redwood, Boverton
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181:carbon disulfide
161:specific gravity
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372:Hydrocarbons
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189:hydrocarbons
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212:, when the
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60:but only a
30:Ozokerite,
16:Mineral wax
361:Categories
274:References
218:adulterant
177:chloroform
173:turpentine
155:Properties
62:mineraloid
325:Ozokerite
323:(1911). "
256:petroleum
252:paraffins
185:dichroism
141:petroleum
106:Himalayas
50:earth wax
42:ozocerite
38:Ozokerite
262:See also
233:vaseline
214:ceresine
210:charcoal
126:Starunia
122:Boryslav
98:Cheleken
86:Scotland
54:paraffin
46:earthwax
331:(ed.).
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241:okonite
222:beeswax
169:benzene
118:Galicia
100:, near
80:Sources
76:, wax.
58:mineral
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327:". In
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243:as an
229:candle
202:moulds
195:Mining
149:gypsum
367:Waxes
165:ether
120:, at
110:India
94:Wales
74:keros
66:Greek
347:ISBN
159:Its
114:Utah
220:of
108:in
70:ozο
48:or
40:or
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