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had taken a devastating toll on the loyalists' ranks, and
Campbell and Shelby managed to reach the summit. Ferguson was killed by sharpshooters, and the remaining loyalists surrendered. Loyalist casualties included 157 killed, 163 so severely wounded they were left on the field, and 698 captured. Patriot casualties were 28 killed and 62 wounded. Among the Patriot dead was South Carolina militia leader James Williams. John Sevier's brother, Robert, was also mortally wounded. The loyalist prisoners were marched toward the mountains, pausing in northern Rutherford County, where several were put on trial for atrocities allegedly committed on the frontier, and nine were hanged, including Colonel
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229:—annexing the Washington District to that colony —added further impetus to the Cherokee, who were also being encouraged by the British, to push the American frontiersmen out of the Overmountain settlements. The invasion came in July of that year. While settlers were chased out of Carter's Valley and the Nolichucky settlements, the Cherokee were defeated at Eaton's Station on July 20 and at
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402:). On September 29, the force split up at Gillespie Gap (atop the eastern Blue Ridge), with Campbell's contingent descending to Wofford's Fort in Turkey Cove, and Sevier and Shelby's forces descending to North Cove to link up with McDowell. The force reunited the following day and spent the night at the McDowell family plantation at Quaker Meadows (modern
566:, and includes several branch trails in Virginia and North Carolina. The Shelving Rock site, where the Overmountain Men camped on the first night of their march, was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2009. The Overmountain Men are the subject of numerous books, including a historical novel by
478:
With the
Overmountain Men and Patriot forces fast approaching, Ferguson decided to entrench his 1000-strong loyalist force atop Kings Mountain, a 60-foot (18 m) flat-top hill about 50 miles (80 km) west of Charlotte, near the North Carolina–South Carolina line. Patriot forces reached
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for ammunition, Sullivan County merchant John Adair volunteered funds for the expedition, and women prepared clothing and food for the long march. Black powder for the expedition was manufactured by Mary Patton at the Patton mill along nearby Powder Branch. The assembled force consisted of 240 men
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into the mountains to root out the
Patriot irregulars and protect the region's loyalists. Ferguson quickly routed McDowell's badly-outnumbered force, and McDowell retreated across the mountains to the Washington District. Ferguson pardoned a captured frontiersmen named Samuel Phillips (a cousin to
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While Kings
Mountain was difficult to scale, the mountain's slopes were heavily wooded, providing Patriot riflemen ample cover. Both Campbell and Shelby twice attempted to charge up the mountain, but were driven back by loyalist rifle fire. After about an hour, however, the frontier sharpshooters
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on July 21, and eventually retreated from the area. The settlers' struggles gained them the sympathies of North
Carolina's revolutionary leaders, who in 1777, allowed the settlements of the Washington District to join equally with the colony, designating the Overmountain area as (the original)
512:. Most of the Overmountain Men returned to the Washington District, where in subsequent months John Sevier, Joseph Hardin and Arthur Campbell (brother of William) led an expedition against the Cherokee to further secure the frontier. William Campbell returned to South Carolina in 1781 to aid
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on the afternoon of
October 7, and formed a U-shape around the mountain, effectively flanking the loyalists. Around 3 P.M., after several minutes of minor skirmishing, William Campbell told his men to "shout like hell and fight like devils," and two companies simultaneously opened fire on the
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The Crown and the colonial governments (especially
Virginia) considered the land purchases illegal, and ordered the settlers to leave what they considered to be Cherokee lands. Also, some factions of the Cherokee became agitated when these settlements began expanding rapidly, and tribal chiefs
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Isaac Shelby) so that
Phillips could carry a message to the Overmountain settlements. In the message, Ferguson warned the Overmountain Men that if they didn't lay down their arms, he would "march his army over the mountains, hang their leaders, and lay waste the country with fire and sword."
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in 1780. The term "overmountain" arose because their settlements were west of, or "over", the Blue Ridge, which was the primary geographical boundary dividing several of the 13 American states from the Native
American lands to the west. The Overmountain Men hailed from parts of
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Upon receiving the message, Shelby rode 40 miles (64 km) to
Watauga to consult with John Sevier, and the two agreed to raise armies and cross the mountains to engage Ferguson. On September 25, 1780, several hundred frontiersmen gathered at
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on lands owned by Capt. Andrew Colvill, now known as the Abingdon Muster Grounds, on the banks of Wolf Creek on September 23, 1780, and began the first leg of the march to meet up with a group of "Tennesseans" at
288:. With the approach of 1780 harvesting season, however, most of the Overmountain Men returned to their farms on the frontier. McDowell stayed behind with a small contingent to continue harassing loyalists.
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and Major John Hardin. A spy notified the force that Ferguson was camped 30 miles (48 km) to the east, and a large number of frontiersmen marched through the night in hopes of forcing a confrontation.
192:, who had been opposed to the sale of tribal lands, called for the violent removal of all European settlers west of the mountains. He led an estimated one thousand followers (eventually referred to as the
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In later years, Sevier and Shelby played important roles in the establishment of Tennessee and Kentucky, respectively. Other influential Overmountain Men included John Crockett (father of
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In the late 1760s and early 1770s, Euro-American settlers began pouring into what is now northeastern Tennessee and southwestern Virginia, causing considerable agitation among the
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loyalist positions. Shelby, Sevier, Williams, and Cleveland pushed from the north side of the mountain, while Campbell, Winston, and Joseph McDowell pushed from the south side.
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149:). While this brought settlements north of the Holston under British protection, the settlers south of the river were ordered to leave.
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850:. Tennessee Society of the Sons of the American Revolution — General Joseph Martin Chapter, 2004-2006. Retrieved: 15 June 2009.
838:. Tennessee Society of the Sons of the American Revolution — General Joseph Martin Chapter, 2004-2006. Retrieved: 15 June 2009.
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773:(U.S. Government Printing Office, 1955). Maintained on the web by Kings Mountain National Military Park. Retrieved: 15 June 2009.
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Rather than comply with the Crown's order, the illegal settlers —mostly concentrated at the Watauga settlement at
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Abingdon Muster Grounds - The northern trailhead of the 330-mile long Overmountain Victory National Historic Trail.
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on September 24. They arrived at Sycamore Shoals on the 25th. On September 26, after a fiery sermon by Reverend
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2015:
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121:. The foothold they gained on the frontier helped open the door to mass westward migration in ensuing decades.
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against another British incursion into the region, but arrived the day after Morgan's decisive victory at
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The efforts of the Overmountain Men helped to solidify the existence of the fragile settlements in the
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to be closer to the main British army. The following day, while camped at Alexander's Ford along the
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His western flank now exposed, Cornwallis abandoned his invasion of North Carolina and fell back to
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to request he name a permanent commander. McDowell left his unit under the command of his brother,
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At the outbreak of the American Revolution in 1776, the Overmountain settlers (most of whom were
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On October 4, the Overmountain Men reached Ferguson's base at Gilbert Town (near modern
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The Overmountain Men took part (to varying degrees) in numerous operations against
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Map showing camps of the Overmountain Men, September 25–October 7, 1780
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opposed to the monarchy) began preparing for invasion. The signing of the
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304:'s depiction of the gathering of the Overmountain Men at Sycamore Shoals
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all along the Appalachian frontier. Twenty Wataugans helped defend the
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369:. Abingdon and modern Knoxville and Asheville are shown for reference
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Overmountain Victory Trail Association - Overmountain Men Reenactors
798:. The American Revolution.org, 2001-2007. Retrieved: 15 June 2009.
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and a smaller force of North Carolina militiamen under Lt. Colonel
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and the Cherokee, moved the boundary of British territory south to
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In 1980, Congress appropriated funds for the establishment of the
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river valleys, the legitimacy of which had been questioned by the
628:(Knoxville, Tenn.: University of Tennessee Press, 2006), p. 1607.
246:
390:, marching from Sycamore Shoals to Shelving Rock at the base of
61:. While they were present at multiple engagements in the war's
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settlements (in modern Kentucky) from Shawnee attacks in 1778.
649:. Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press. pp. 47–52.
260:
During the summer of 1780, a group of Overmountain Men led by
1613:
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against the Overmountain settlements in the summer of 1776.
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amiable to the settlers fell out of favor. A young Cherokee
16:
American frontiersmen from west of the Appalachian Mountains
689:(Johnson City, Tenn.: Overmountain Press, 1970), pp. 52-53.
437:, a spy told the frontiersmen that Ferguson was headed for
885:
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led by Sevier from Washington County, North Carolina (now
504:. After the victory, Sevier dispatched Joseph Greer to
406:), where they were joined by a 300-man contingent under
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Campbell and his company of 400 Virginians gathered in
346:(1739–1788) and Charles Robertson, respectively.
386:, the Overmountain Men began their long trek over the
276:. The Overmountain Men captured Fort Thickety on the
1878:
North Green Street-Bouchelle Street Historic District
105:
for several years. Many Overmountain Men, including
1873:
North Carolina School for the Deaf Historic District
429:), although Ferguson had evacuated eastward toward
30:The Overmountain Man statue, by Jon-Mark Estep, at
1813:North Carolina School for the Deaf: Main Building
891:Shelby's Volunteers - Overmountain Men Reenactors
2115:United States militia in the American Revolution
2096:
757:. TNgenweb.org, 2000. Retrieved: 15 June 2009.
646:Tennessee Frontiers: Three Regions in Transition
133:and other tribes who controlled the area. The
124:
1893:White Street-Valdese Avenue Historic District
1793:Garrou-Morganton Full-Fashioned Hosiery Mills
1579:
1045:North Carolina State Cavalry-Western District
911:
720:Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture
864:Overmountain Victory National Historic Trail
642:
556:Overmountain Victory National Historic Trail
801:
701:
699:
697:
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457:
349:
1586:
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1015:Independent Companies of Provincial Troops
997:2nd Salisbury District Minuteman Battalion
918:
904:
820:Alexander Chesney, E. Alfred Jones (ed.),
160:), the Nolichucky settlement (near modern
2105:North Carolina in the American Revolution
982:Hillsborough District Minuteman Battalion
826:(Ohio State University, 1921), pp. 72-73.
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638:
636:
634:
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679:
461:
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308:After winning a decisive victory at the
295:
25:
1002:Wilmington District Minuteman Battalion
495:
316:invaded North Carolina, and sent Major
2097:
2072:J. Iverson Riddle Developmental Center
1158:2nd Regiment of North Carolina Militia
1153:1st Regiment of North Carolina Militia
1128:North Carolina Light Dragoons Regiment
1035:North Carolina Light Dragoons Regiment
1010:North Carolina Light Dragoons Regiment
992:Salisbury District Minuteman Battalion
747:
665:
653:
631:
508:to deliver news of the victory to the
398:Valley to Bright's settlement (modern
1783:Dunavant Cotton Manufacturing Company
1593:
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987:New Bern District Minuteman Battalion
899:
886:Kings Mountain National Military Park
789:
771:Historical Handbook Number Twenty-Two
564:Kings Mountain National Military Park
245:and the British-aligned Cherokee and
174:purchased their leased lands outright
2110:Tennessee in the American Revolution
1868:Morganton Downtown Historic District
1858:Broughton Hospital Historic District
1843:Western North Carolina Insane Asylum
1055:North Carolina State Legion Regiment
977:Halifax District Minuteman Battalion
972:Edenton District Minuteman Battalion
784:Battle of Kings Mountain – map
207:
164:), and Carter's Valley (near modern
1888:West Union Street Historic District
1883:South King Street Historic District
1050:North Carolina Light Horse Regiment
560:Sycamore Shoals State Historic Park
32:Sycamore Shoals State Historic Park
13:
2068:North Carolina School for the Deaf
1993:Western Piedmont Community College
1020:North Carolina Artillery Companies
811:(New York: Crowell, 1967), p. 220.
624:Borden Mace, "Overmountain Men."
212:
53:which are the leading edge of the
14:
2136:
1997:Foothills Higher Education Center
857:
722:, 2002. Retrieved: 18 June 2009.
329:. Lead had been mined at nearby
268:to raid Loyalist outposts in the
2035:Mountain Crest Elementary School
1632:
927:North Carolina Provincial troops
823:The Journal of Alexander Chesney
312:in August 1780, British General
2026:Walter R. Johnson Middle School
2016:Robert Logan Patton High School
1823:Dr. Joseph Bennett Riddle House
1438:2nd Mecklenburg County Regiment
1308:Northern Orange County Regiment
841:
829:
814:
776:
760:
291:
2038:Chesterfield Elementary School
1853:Avery Avenue Historic District
1729:Wilderness Gateway State Trail
1203:2nd Pasquotank County Regiment
1198:1st Pasquotank County Regiment
767:The March from Sycamore Shoals
725:
708:
618:
1:
2053:Forest Hill Elementary School
2041:W. A. Young Elementary School
2029:Glen Alpine Elementary School
1907:Hunting Creek Railroad Bridge
1283:Hillsborough District Brigade
1030:North Carolina State Regiment
796:The Battle of King's Mountain
611:
137:, signed in 1770 between the
21:Mountain Man (disambiguation)
1758:Alphonse Calhoun Avery House
1483:Washington District Regiment
1123:10th North Carolina Regiment
1040:Ocracoke Independent Company
755:The Battle of Kings Mountain
336:Washington County, Tennessee
125:The Overmountain settlements
7:
1928:Foothills Regional Airport
1863:Jonesboro Historic District
1798:John Alexander Lackey House
1538:New Hanover County Regiment
1503:Wilmington District Brigade
1433:Mecklenburg County Regiment
1303:Mounted Volunteers Regiment
1268:Northampton County Regiment
1233:2nd Battalion of Volunteers
1228:1st Battalion of Volunteers
1118:9th North Carolina Regiment
1113:8th North Carolina Regiment
1108:7th North Carolina Regiment
1103:6th North Carolina Regiment
1098:5th North Carolina Regiment
1093:4th North Carolina Regiment
1088:3rd North Carolina Regiment
1083:2nd North Carolina Regiment
1078:1st North Carolina Regiment
967:2nd North Carolina Regiment
962:1st North Carolina Regiment
875:Roan Mountain Citizens Club
786:. Retrieved: 15 June 2009.
769:. Originally published as
579:
400:Spruce Pine, North Carolina
176:and formed the independent
10:
2141:
2056:Oak Hill Elementary School
1838:Franklin Pierce Tate House
1714:South Mountains State Park
1528:Cumberland County Regiment
1488:Washington County Regiment
1463:Rutherford County Regiment
1443:Montgomery County Regiment
1408:Salisbury District Brigade
1208:Perquimans County Regiment
940:American Revolutionary War
881:Sycamore Shoals State Park
626:Encyclopedia of Appalachia
471:
143:Long Island of the Holston
59:American Revolutionary War
18:
2079:
1982:
1961:
1920:
1742:
1689:Linville Gorge Wilderness
1641:
1630:
1601:
1523:Brunswick County Regiment
1458:2nd Rowan County Regiment
1333:New Bern District Brigade
1298:Granville County Regiment
1243:Edgecombe County Regiment
1178:Currituck County Regiment
1136:
1063:
946:
735:. Abingdon Muster Grounds
586:Kentucky County, Virginia
502:Winnsboro, South Carolina
451:Lt. Colonel Joseph Hardin
404:Morganton, North Carolina
2044:Burke Alternative School
2020:Table Rock Middle School
1694:Little Chestnut Mountain
1513:2nd Battalion of Militia
1508:1st Battalion of Militia
1468:Sullivan County Regiment
1448:Richmond County Regiment
1423:Guilford County Regiment
1393:Davidson County Regiment
1363:Johnston County Regiment
1343:Carteret County Regiment
1338:Beaufort County Regiment
1318:Randolph County Regiment
1248:Franklin County Regiment
1223:Halifax District Brigade
1188:Hertford County Regiment
1148:Edenton District Brigade
1025:French Refugees Regiment
474:Battle of Kings Mountain
458:Battle of Kings Mountain
350:March over the mountains
270:Piedmont mountain region
266:Colonel Charles McDowell
67:Battle of Kings Mountain
2050:Salem Elementary School
1912:Quaker Meadows Cemetery
1768:Burke County Courthouse
1724:Fonta Flora State Trail
1428:Lincoln County Regiment
1388:Morgan District Brigade
1293:Chatham County Regiment
1288:Caswell County Regiment
1253:Halifax County Regiment
1213:Tyrrell County Regiment
809:A Dictionary of Battles
782:National Park Service,
286:Battle of Musgrove Mill
57:, who took part in the
36:Elizabethton, Tennessee
2125:North Carolina militia
2047:College Street Academy
2032:Mull Elementary School
1778:U. S. B. Dale's Market
1651:Pisgah National Forest
1543:Onslow County Regiment
1533:Duplin County Regiment
1518:Bladen County Regiment
1493:Wilkes County Regiment
1398:Greene County Regiment
1348:Craven County Regiment
1313:Orange County Regiment
1273:Warren County Regiment
1258:Martin County Regiment
1193:Martin County Regiment
1173:Chowan County Regiment
1168:Camden County Regiment
1163:Bertie County Regiment
935:North Carolina militia
570:, and a play entitled
469:
370:
359:
305:
225:and its acceptance by
198:Cherokee–American wars
38:
2023:Liberty Middle School
1974:UNC Health Blue Ridge
1709:Lake James State Park
1478:Tryon County Regiment
1473:Surry County Regiment
1453:Rowan County Regiment
1418:Burke County Regiment
1413:Anson County Regiment
1378:Wayne County Regiment
1368:Jones County Regiment
1353:Dobbs County Regiment
1183:Gates County Regiment
866:— official site
643:Finger, John (2001).
465:
365:
357:
299:
55:Appalachian Mountains
47:American frontiersmen
29:
2059:Burke Middle College
1734:Overmountain Victory
1373:Pitt County Regiment
1358:Hyde County Regiment
1323:Wake County Regiment
1263:Nash County Regiment
1238:Bute County Regiment
716:Mary McKeehan Patton
705:Alderman, pp. 81-96.
510:Continental Congress
496:Aftermath and legacy
147:Kingsport, Tennessee
51:Blue Ridge Mountains
19:For other uses, see
2011:Freedom High School
1753:Avery Avenue School
1070:North Carolina Line
931:North Carolina Line
807:David Eggenberger,
596:Southwest Territory
562:and battle site at
447:Frederick Hambright
200:) after the failed
178:Washington District
170:Watauga Association
1969:Broughton Hospital
1938:Blue Ridge Parkway
662:Finger, pp. 58-71.
470:
408:Benjamin Cleveland
371:
360:
314:Charles Cornwallis
306:
238:, North Carolina.
135:Treaty of Lochaber
131:Overhill Cherokees
78:, and what is now
39:
2092:
2091:
2064:Special education
1595:City of Morganton
1561:
1560:
948:North Carolina's
591:Overhill Cherokee
280:and aided in the
243:British Loyalists
236:Washington County
208:Revolutionary War
63:southern campaign
49:from west of the
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1624:Overmountain Men
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1553:Overmountain Men
1065:Continental Army
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601:Trans-Appalachia
340:William Campbell
318:Patrick Ferguson
310:Battle of Camden
272:of northwestern
223:Watauga Petition
202:Cherokee attacks
156:(in present-day
43:Overmountain Men
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2006:NCSSM Morganton
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420:Joseph McDowell
396:North Toe River
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344:Anthony Bledsoe
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472:Main article:
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412:Joseph Winston
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749:
739:30 September
737:. Retrieved
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571:
568:Cameron Judd
553:
541:Daniel Smith
526:
518:Continentals
506:Philadelphia
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486:
477:
467:Isaac Shelby
449:, including
424:
372:
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331:Bumpass Cove
323:
307:
292:Call to arms
262:Isaac Shelby
259:
240:
231:Fort Watauga
216:
182:
158:Elizabethton
151:
128:
115:Isaac Shelby
88:
42:
40:
435:Green River
384:Samuel Doak
380:Rocky Mount
255:Harrodsburg
194:Chickamauga
162:Greeneville
107:John Sevier
2120:Appalachia
2099:Categories
1962:Healthcare
1833:Tate House
1828:Swan Ponds
1699:Table Rock
1666:Lake James
612:References
439:Ninety-Six
388:Blue Ridge
95:Nolichucky
1983:Education
1849:Districts
1773:Creekside
1749:Buildings
1680:Landforms
549:John Rhea
431:Charlotte
166:Kingsport
111:John Rhea
80:Tennessee
1989:Colleges
1763:Bellevue
1643:Outdoors
580:See also
375:Abingdon
145:(modern
119:Kentucky
84:Kentucky
72:Virginia
1609:History
1140:Militia
938:in the
676:Finger,
522:Cowpens
300:Artist
282:Patriot
247:Shawnee
139:British
99:Holston
91:Watauga
1720:Trails
1602:Topics
933:, and
547:, and
113:, and
97:, and
1934:Roads
1899:Other
1705:Parks
1614:Joara
219:Whigs
186:chief
45:were
34:, in
741:2015
410:and
253:and
82:and
41:The
718:.
531:),
516:'s
2101::
1905:,
1067:,
694:^
667:^
655:^
633:^
576:.
543:,
539:,
535:,
524:.
492:.
422:.
188:,
109:,
93:,
86:.
74:,
1587:e
1580:t
1573:v
919:e
912:t
905:v
743:.
23:.
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