1403:
2915:
59:
3388:
advance on
Christian territories stopped, but in the following war that lasted up to 1698 almost all of Hungary was reconquered by the army of Emperor Leopold I. From 1683 the Ottoman Turks ceased to be a menace to the Christian world. ... The battle of Vienna was a turning point in one further respect: the success was due to the co-operation between the troops of the Emperor, some Imperial princes and the Poles. ... However the co-operation between the two non-maritime neighbours of the Ottoman Empire in Europe, the Emperor and Poland, was something new. ... Walter Leitsch is Professor of East European History and Director of the Institute of East and Southeast European Research at the University of Vienna.
2604:
2298:
1704:
2767:
1905:
2473:
960:
1320:
3153:
2415:
791:
3165:
2884:
2709:
2384:
2079:
1673:
1140:
3243:
7578:
7602:
636:
7566:
458:
6456:
7614:
2225:
1766:
1548:
1431:
1153:
3000:
2618:
2110:
1913:
7590:
2170:
2003:) with a largely bloodless trick: after concluding peace talks with an agreement, troops stormed the open gates of Buda in the night. In retaliation for a failed Austrian counter-attack in 1542, the conquest of the western half of central Hungary was finished in the 1543 campaign that took both the most important royal ex-capital,
2294:. In an orgy of victory on the day that the city fellâSeptember 9, every public building and palace was looted. Word of the superior Ottoman numbers spread, and a few days later Mustafa took Kyrenia without having to fire a shot. Famagusta, however, resisted and put up a defense that lasted from September 1570 until August 1571.
2570:, in which the PolishâLithuanian Commonwealth ceded control of most of its Ukrainian territories to the empire. The war showed the increasing weakness and disorder of the Commonwealth, who by the second half of the 17th century had started its gradual decline that would culminate a century later with the
3387:
The defeat of the
Ottoman Army outside the gates of Vienna 300 years ago is usually regarded as the beginning of the decline of the Ottoman Empire. But Walter Leitsch asks whether it was such a turning point in the history of Europe? ... However, it marks a turning point: not only was further Ottoman
2048:
with more than 2,000 men, without outside help. They faced two
Ottoman armies, which were surprisingly unable to take the castle within five weeks. (The fort was later taken in 1596.) Finally, the 1556 campaign secured Ottoman influence over Transylvania (which had fallen under Habsburg control for a
2142:
After a siege of three months, the
Ottoman army failed to control all of the Maltese forts. Delaying the Ottomans until bad weather conditions and the arrival of Sicilian reinforcements, made Ottoman commander Kızılahmedli Mustafa Pasha quit the siege. Around 22,000 to 48,000 Ottoman troops against
2660:
for two months. The battle marked the first time the PolishâLithuanian
Commonwealth and the Holy Roman Empire had cooperated militarily against the Ottomans, and it is often seen as a turning point in history, after which "the Ottoman Turks ceased to be a menace to the Christian world". In the
920:
preached the
Crusade, the princes of the Holy Roman Empire in the Diets of Ratisbon and Frankfurt promised assistance, and a league was formed between Venice, Florence and Milan, but nothing came of it. Venice was the only polity to continue to pose a significant threat to the Ottomans in the
1515:
shook all of
Croatia. However, it did not dissuade the Croats from making persistent attempts at defending themselves against the attacks of the superior Ottoman forces. After almost two hundred years of Croatian resistance against the Ottoman Empire victory in the
3100:
in 1877, fought in the
Balkans and in the Caucasus, with Russia leading a coalition with Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia and Montenegro. The coalition won the war, pushing the Ottomans all the way back to the gates of Constantinople. Russians and Ottomans signed the
1983:
in western
Hungary, fighting a suicidal battle. The invading troops were held up until winter was close and the Habsburg Empire had assembled a force of 80,000 at Vienna. The Ottoman troops returned home through Styria, laying waste to the country.
2668:
After winning the Battle of Vienna, the Holy League gained the upper hand and reconquered
Hungary (Buda and Pest were retaken in 1686, the former under the command of a Swiss-born convert to Islam). At the same time, the Venetians launched an
3095:
and feeling support in the anti-Ottoman sympathies running throughout Europe, saw the chance to declare war on the Ottoman Empire and fulfill the union of all Orthodox nations in the Balkans under its mantle. That started the eleventh
1850:
from the Ottomans. There he defeated Ottoman forces for the first time. Upon this victory, Ottoman forces entered Wallachia in 1476 under the command of Mehmed II. Vlad was killed and, according to some sources, his head was sent to
1842:. This caused outrage among many influential Hungarian figures and Western admirers of Vlad's success in the battle against the Ottoman Empire (and his early recognition of the threat it posed), including high-ranking members of the
1924:
and carried out several defence battles and sieges against the Ottomans. Hungary bore the brunt of the Ottoman wars in Europe during the 15th century and successfully halted the Ottoman advance. From 1490, after the death of King
816:
The papacy regularly offered crusade privileges from the 1360s generating no significant military response against Muslims in the Mediterranean. The first revival of activity was a 1390 Genoese plan to seize the Tunisian port of
3278:
from the Ottoman Empire, and then fell out over the division of the spoils. Albania declared its independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1912, after several rebellions and uprisings. This reduced Turkey's possessions in Europe
2285:
In the summer of 1570, the Turks struck again, but this time with a full-scale invasion rather than a raid. About 60,000 troops, including cavalry and artillery, under the command of Lala Mustafa Pasha landed unopposed near
2523:
to the East (then the Empire's vassals), and later the Ottoman Empire itself, which had come to the Tatars' defence. The war lasted until 1662, ending in defeat for the Hungarians. The Western part of the Hungarian Kingdom
3083:
on the empire. After six months of inconclusive fighting, international reaction to atrocities committed by Turkish troops forced intervention of the major European powers, which concluded a ceasefire. In December, the
1886:) as a plague started to spread in the Ottoman army. Stephen's search for European assistance against the Turks met with little success, even though he had "cut off the pagan's right-hand", as he put it in a letter.
619:
1078:, which was an unusual ratio at the time. In the great Viennese military parade in 1485, the Black Army consisted 20,000 horsemen and 8,000 infantry in 1485. The Black Army was larger than the army of King
1620:
in 1389, Serbian forces were again annihilated. Throughout the 15th and 16th centuries, constant struggles took place between various Serbian kingdoms and the Ottoman Empire. The turning point was the
2759:, in order to tie down Russia with the Ottoman Empire and gain some breathing space in the increasingly unsuccessful campaign. The Russians were severely beaten but not annihilated, and after the
2147:, and were repulsed. Had Malta fallen, Sicily and mainland Italy could have fallen under the threat of an Ottoman invasion. The victory of Malta during this event, which is nowadays known as the
994:
and carried out several defence battles and sieges against the Ottomans. Hungary bore the brunt of the Ottoman wars in Europe during the 15th century and successfully halted the Ottoman advance.
1846:. Because of this, Matthias granted him the status of distinguished prisoner. Eventually, Dracula was freed in late 1475 and was sent with an army of Hungarian and Serbian soldiers to recover
2019:
1648:
in 1456. After repelling Ottoman attacks for over 70 years, Belgrade finally fell in 1521, along with the greater part of the Kingdom of Hungary. The rebellion of Serbian military commander
2332:
in one of the decisive battles of world history. The victory over the Turks, however, came too late to help Cyprus, and the island remained under Ottoman rule for the next three centuries.
869:, the son of the Duke of Burgundy, who became the Crusade's military leader. Sigismund advised the Crusaders to focus on defence when they reached the Danube, but they besieged the city of
766:
in 1389, in which the leaders of both armies were killed, and which gained a central role in Serbian folklore as an epic battle and as the beginning of the end for medieval Serbia. Much of
1499:
remained unprotected, the defense of which was left to Croatian gentry who kept smaller troops in the fortified border areas at their own expense. The Ottomans meanwhile reached the river
5040:
997:
In the year of 1442, John Hunyadi won four victories against the Ottomans, two of which were decisive. In March 1442, Hunyadi defeated Mezid Bey and the raiding Ottoman army at the
444:
825:, was the leader. There is little evidence of cross taking, and the exercise was more of a chivalric promenade by a small force. After a disease-ridden, nine-week siege, the
1082:, the only other existing permanent professional European army in the era. The Hungarian army destroyed the three times bigger attacker Ottoman and Wallachian troops at the
1074:
Matthias recognized the importance and key role of early firearms in the infantry, which greatly contributed to his victories. Every fourth soldier in the Black Army had an
2143:
6,000 to 8,500 Maltese troops, the Ottomans failed to conquer Malta, sustaining more than 25,000 losses, including one of the greatest Muslim corsair generals of the time,
2049:
time), while failing to gain any ground on the western front, being tied down in the second (after 1555) unsuccessful siege of the southwestern Hungarian border castle of
2528:) was annexed and placed under direct Ottoman control. At the same time, there was another campaign against Austria between 1663 and 1664. Despite being defeated in the
925:, which continued, with interruptions, until 1718. The end of the Crusades, in at least a nominal effort of Catholic Europe against Muslim incursion, came in the 16th
770:
fell to the Ottomans by 1459, the Kingdom of Hungary made a partial reconquest in 1480, but it fell again by 1499. Territories of Serbian Empire were divided between
549:
3067:
The decision to increase taxes to Christian nations in the empire's Balkan provinces resulted in widespread outrage that lead to several revolts. The first was the
5538:
7458:
1020:. This was the first time that a European army defeated such a large Ottoman force, composed not only of raiders, but of the provincial cavalry led by their own
1960:
was actually conquered. The Ottoman campaign continued between 1526 and 1556 with small campaigns and major summer invasions â troops would return south of the
2015:
to mount another attack on Vienna. A temporary truce was signed between the Habsburg and Ottoman Empires in 1547, which was soon disregarded by the Habsburgs.
1292:
against Skanderbeg took place. Its goal was to crush the Albanian Resistance, but it was not successful and it ended in an Albanian victory. With the death of
505:. The Ottoman Empire made further inroads into Central Europe in the 15th and 16th centuries, culminating in the peak of Ottoman territorial claims in Europe.
2515:, the Eastern part of the former Hungarian Kingdom, gained semi-independence in 1526, while paying tribute to the Ottoman Empire. In 1657, Transylvania under
3088:
was organized to deal with the situation and resolve the crisis. However, the Ottoman Empire refused the proposed reforms and withdrew from the Conference.
2944:
independent in domestic matters, the principality had to pay a yearly tax to the Porte and accept the permanent presence of the Ottoman army on its soil).
1895:
437:
4171:
4052:
2863:
Napoleon's capture of Malta on his way to Egypt resulted in the unusual alliance of Russia and the Ottomans resulting in a joint naval expedition to the
273:
7695:
5219:
666:
as a basis for operations in Europe, the Ottoman Empire started its westward expansion into the European continent in the middle of the 14th century.
7700:
3113:
provided independence or autonomy for the Christian nations in the empire's Balkan territories, and drastically restructured the map of the region.
1304:
from 1468 until 1479, but it didn't have the same success as before. Merely two years after the collapse of the Albanian resistance in 1479, Sultan
570:
of 1683â99. Nevertheless, Ottoman armies were able to hold their own against their European rivals until the second half of the eighteenth century.
58:
3296:
1417:
against a Turkish invasion and siege that lasted for more than two and a half decades. During this defense, an elite Croatian military faction of
6584:
5926:
3369:
The Ottomans were able largely to maintain military parity until taken by surprise both on land and at sea in the Russian war from 1768 to 1774.
2557:
430:
3116:
Shortly after the war, Austria-Hungary was allowed to militarily occupy Bosnia, which formally continued to be part of the Ottoman territories.
2356:
2030:âhence, afterwards, borders on this front changed little. For Hungarians, the 1552 campaign was a series of tragic losses and some heroic (but
1324:
2685:
into an ammunitions storehouse. A Venetian mortar hit the Parthenon, detonating the Ottoman gunpowder stored inside, partially destroying it.
809:
7121:
1899:
7284:
6663:
5907:
4515:
3147:
2512:
1937:
considered as the key and southern gate of the Kingdom of Hungary, after two previous sieges, the Ottomans captured this stronghold by the
1755:
1402:
6391:
5105:
4240:
3049:
3028:
68:
2022:, two armies took the eastern part of central Hungary, pushing the borders of the Ottoman Empire to the second (inner) line of northern
7680:
7257:
6658:
1521:
263:
4506:
3334:
2056:
The Ottoman Empire conducted another major war against the Habsburgs and their Hungarian territories between 1566 and 1568. The 1566
498:
4081:
7055:
5602:
4215:
3918:
2782:
2214:
2178:
1728:
1369:
tried to repel the Turks. The Ottoman army conquered Jajce after a few months in 1463 and executed the last King of Bosnia, ending
1134:
405:
4423:
4082:"Od zauzeÄa Bosne do podjele Provincije (1463â1514) â From the book "Suputnici bosanske povijesti", Svjetlo rijeÄi, Sarajevo 1990"
6444:
5021:
2246:
1787:
1738:, temporarily stopping the Ottoman offensive on eastern Venetian territories. The offensive resumed after the Ottoman victory of
1569:
1452:
1174:
933:
sought allies from all quarters, including from German Protestant princes and Muslims. Amongst these, he entered into one of the
7547:
6689:
6636:
6400:
4433:
2563:
2553:
2467:
2463:
37:
17:
5159:
4707:
4463:
4388:
4369:
4160:
4022:
3908:
3578:
1537:
331:
1051:(Belgrade) held up Ottoman expansion into Catholic Europe for 70 years, though for one year (1480â1481) the Italian port of
6567:
6422:
5185:
3068:
1511:) in 1482, they encroached upon Croatia, skillfully avoiding the fortified border towns. A decisive Ottoman victory at the
1357:. The Bosnians defended themselves but without much success. The Bosnians resisted strongly in the Bosnian Royal castle of
1123:
5401:
1979:). In 1532, another attack on Vienna with 60,000 troops in the main army was held up by the small fort (800 defenders) of
7685:
7014:
6729:
6555:
4820:
3134:
to help the Second Cretan Uprising in 1897, Greece was defeated in Thessaly. Crete would gain autonomy in 1898 after the
1119:
934:
400:
5396:
4611:
4332:
2060:, the third siege in which the fort was finally taken, but the aged Sultan died, deterring that year's push for Vienna.
7505:
7045:
7035:
5507:
4721:
4321:
4189:
3879:
3231:
2914:
2849:
2834:
2786:
2775:
2485:
2450:
1087:
598:
553:
418:
3568:
2621:
533:
7050:
6997:
6935:
6623:
6606:
4223:
3963:
3305:
3097:
2974:
2830:
2812:
2797:
2272:
1813:
1595:
1478:
1200:
586:
376:
3127:
2982:
2254:
1795:
1577:
1460:
1182:
7483:
7168:
6967:
6891:
6679:
6335:
5653:
5647:
5642:
5636:
2952:
1245:
366:
2816:
1874:
in 1475, one of the greatest defeats of the Ottoman Empire until that time. Stephen was defeated the next year at
659:
7675:
7670:
7665:
7660:
7655:
7650:
7645:
7640:
7163:
6611:
5680:
5420:
5245:
4864:
4569:
2948:
2529:
2367:
and several other Italian states, with no real result. In 1573 the Venetians left, removing the influence of the
1835:
529:
4056:
1048:
842:
7305:
7002:
6957:
6871:
6849:
6762:
6251:
4604:
4286:
3349:
2250:
1791:
1573:
1456:
1289:
1178:
779:
210:
46:
5432:
7394:
7111:
6832:
6345:
6313:
5902:
5758:
5734:
5669:
5664:
5659:
4499:
4211:
The Muslims of Bosnia-Herzegovina, the Historic Development from Middle Ages to the Dissolution of Yugoslavia
3176:
3135:
3080:
3055:
2994:
2895:
2720:
2662:
2395:
2090:
1941:. The Sultan launched an attack against the weakened kingdom, whose smaller army was defeated in 1526 at the
1684:
1652:
between 1526 and 1528 led to the proclamation of the Second Serbian Empire in modern-day Serbian province of
1496:
1056:
1032:
and were prime motivators for him to undertake along with King WĆadysĆaw the famous expedition known as the "
3696:
2973:
started in 1821. The Great Powers intervened from 1827 in support of the revolutionaries, including Russia (
2763:
was signed, the Ottoman Empire disengaged, allowing Russia to refocus its energies on the defeat of Sweden.
782:, with remaining territories being in some sort of a vassal status towards Hungary, until its own conquest.
7690:
7606:
7478:
7173:
6804:
6784:
6329:
6180:
5989:
5580:
2611:
2497:
1508:
921:
Mediterranean, but it pursued the "Crusade" mostly for its commercial interests, leading to the protracted
582:
238:
228:
2603:
1629:
562:
In the late seventeenth century, European powers began to consolidate against the Ottomans and formed the
7433:
7060:
7040:
6962:
6886:
6631:
6437:
6155:
5999:
5692:
4869:
3984:
2978:
2297:
1309:
1052:
6076:
5294:
5212:
7156:
7131:
7009:
6859:
6696:
6684:
6550:
5514:
5238:
5205:
5164:
4806:
4528:
3043:
2959:
2544:
with Austria, marking the greatest territorial extent of Ottoman rule in the former Hungarian Kingdom.
2444:
1921:
1703:
1336:
991:
954:
708:
630:
615:
513:
490:
482:
341:
336:
326:
321:
286:
5501:
5385:
7334:
6972:
6952:
6599:
6225:
5674:
5407:
5391:
5326:
5061:
5047:
4967:
3085:
2970:
2963:
2918:
2766:
2117:
1707:
Ottoman advances resulted in some of the captive Christians being carried deep into Turkish territory
1397:
1297:
922:
850:
822:
578:
509:
371:
356:
346:
4884:
4199:
Mommsen, Theodor E. (1941). "The Venetians in Athens and the Destruction of the Parthenon in 1687".
3308:, which formally ended in 1922. However, during wartime operations the Empire prevented the British
2155:
and their relevant presence in Malta to aid Christendom in its defence against the Muslim conquest.
1883:
7532:
7198:
6896:
6825:
6594:
6350:
6055:
5845:
5765:
5752:
5625:
5614:
5130:
4930:
4854:
4492:
3131:
2696:
first distinguished himself in 1683 and remained the most important Austrian commander until 1718.
2347:
became the first Ottoman governor of Cyprus, challenging the claims of Venice. Simultaneously, the
2235:
2202:
2012:
1938:
1930:
1776:
1645:
1558:
1441:
1388:
in 1527. BihaÄ and the westernmost areas of Bosnia were finally conquered by the Ottomans in 1592.
1288:
in 1457 where the Albanian Army under Skanderbeg won a decisive victory over the Ottomans. In 1465
1163:
976:
938:
909:
753:
494:
388:
188:
88:
6185:
5452:
5308:
5280:
2789:, in which Austria conquered the remaining areas of the former Hungarian Kingdom, ending with the
1341:
The Ottoman Empire first reached Bosnia in 1388 where they were defeated by Bosnian forces in the
1265:
1225:
briefly restored one part of Albania, until Ottomans captured complete territory of Albania after
1028:. These victories made Hunyadi a prominent enemy of the Ottomans and a renowned figure throughout
7594:
6881:
6854:
6799:
6794:
6646:
6323:
6307:
6267:
6218:
6030:
5994:
5897:
5881:
5850:
5805:
5800:
5771:
5686:
5447:
5372:
5366:
4849:
4777:
4771:
3255:
3110:
2929:
2607:
2501:
2477:
2427:
2239:
1780:
1562:
1445:
1281:
1167:
972:
734:
677:
361:
6641:
5863:
5525:
5479:
4902:
4101:
2805:
2320:
marked the beginning of the Ottoman period in Cyprus. Two months later, the naval forces of the
1879:
7389:
7329:
7317:
7210:
7067:
6560:
6483:
6430:
6261:
6207:
6004:
5977:
5747:
5467:
5426:
5336:
5301:
5153:
5098:
5007:
5000:
4941:
4789:
4761:
4727:
4448:
The Holy Wars of King Wladislas and Sultan Murad: The Ottoman-Christian Conflict from 1438â1444
4123:
3339:
3211:
3072:
3036:
2937:
2925:
2693:
2516:
2301:
2128:
1976:
1720:
1621:
1512:
1366:
1277:
998:
964:
905:
862:
804:
688:
639:
395:
268:
7384:
5776:
4667:
4484:
4248:
2004:
1384:
until 1482. It took another four decades for the Ottomans to defeat the Hungarian garrison at
7537:
7322:
7312:
7279:
7019:
6842:
6231:
6165:
6145:
5972:
5815:
5781:
5266:
5226:
5027:
4986:
4732:
4682:
4548:
4361:
4209:
3102:
2857:
2790:
2752:
2533:
2368:
2152:
2151:, turned the tide and gave Europe hopes and motivation. It also marked the importance of the
2132:
1875:
1071:
1037:
1013:
165:
6452:
6196:
5520:
5437:
5259:
3251:
2057:
1904:
1855:
to discourage the other rebellions. (Bosnia was completely added to Ottoman lands in 1482.)
1732:
1660:
fell in 1459, thus marking the two-century-long Ottoman conquest of Serbian principalities.
1252:. Skanderbeg managed to fend off Ottoman attacks for more than 25 years, culminating at the
298:
7473:
7468:
7453:
7399:
7344:
7228:
7087:
7072:
6920:
6837:
6651:
6256:
6160:
6135:
6101:
6050:
5983:
5892:
5810:
5787:
5741:
5620:
5495:
5473:
5414:
5360:
5349:
5124:
5111:
4979:
4915:
4672:
4638:
4632:
3602:
3344:
3207:
3062:
3032:
2868:
2740:
2571:
2148:
2041:
1965:
1743:
1083:
980:
942:
643:
512:
spanned four centuries, starting in 1423 and lasting until 1718. This period witnessed the
383:
200:
5945:
5147:
4766:
4700:
4650:
3942:
2567:
2496:
Wars fought over Moldavia. The Polish army advanced into Moldavia and was defeated in the
1261:
589:, which further destabilized the empire. The final retreat of Ottoman rule began with the
8:
7349:
7300:
7233:
7183:
7082:
6992:
6940:
6753:
6734:
6520:
6283:
6278:
6202:
6190:
6150:
6106:
5840:
5544:
5457:
5342:
5273:
5073:
4953:
4890:
4688:
4576:
2760:
2689:
2481:
2472:
2325:
2198:
2069:
2026:
s (border castles), which Hungary originally built as defence against an expected second
1946:
1882:), but the Ottomans had to retreat after they failed to take any significant castle (see
930:
874:
795:
741:
692:
205:
195:
5014:
4655:
3926:
3726:
2981:
ended the war in 1829, and forced the Ottomans to accept Greek independence (as the new
1953:
1942:
1342:
984:
594:
7520:
7463:
7443:
7356:
7245:
7188:
6984:
6906:
6572:
6493:
6488:
6365:
6360:
6124:
6117:
6111:
6089:
6060:
6024:
6019:
6009:
5912:
5825:
5820:
5707:
5630:
5560:
5554:
5142:
4993:
4960:
4859:
4844:
4839:
4749:
4744:
4738:
4583:
3750:
3321:
3317:
3106:
2985:), more autonomy for Serbia and the Russian occupation of the Romanian principalities.
2933:
2801:
2748:
2645:
2583:
2364:
2344:
2321:
2317:
2309:
2186:
1957:
1735:
1712:
1285:
1257:
1002:
917:
775:
722:
574:
563:
517:
293:
6037:
5967:
5549:
3270:, in 1912 and 1913, entailed further action against the Ottoman Empire in Europe. The
2541:
2201:
was formed against the Ottoman Empire during this period. The League's victory in the
1377:
1222:
351:
7618:
7565:
7527:
7490:
7376:
7361:
7178:
7116:
7103:
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6507:
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6289:
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5887:
5856:
5608:
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5442:
5355:
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5287:
5136:
5091:
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4625:
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4590:
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4384:
4365:
4317:
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4185:
4156:
4018:
4009:
3904:
3875:
3574:
3201:
3004:
2838:
2756:
2633:
2598:
2440:
2433:
2329:
2159:
1968:
1926:
1859:
1839:
1739:
1724:
1657:
1609:
1492:
1410:
1354:
1067:
1041:
870:
866:
726:
651:
567:
537:
525:
5574:
3710:(1â2). Hungarian Studies Association of Canada, National SzĂ©chĂ©nyi Library: 109â132.
2036:
1350:
1301:
821:. Both the Roman and Avignon popes awarded indulgences and the French king's uncle,
573:
In the nineteenth century the Ottomans were confronted with insurrection from their
7448:
7416:
7238:
7193:
7136:
6789:
6712:
6527:
6318:
5956:
5950:
5794:
5727:
5462:
5170:
4947:
4935:
4909:
4896:
4879:
4714:
4694:
4677:
4661:
4562:
4455:
4177:
3259:
2661:
ensuing war that lasted until 1699, the Ottomans lost almost all of Hungary to the
2649:
2163:
1961:
1920:
Since 1360s Hungary confronted with the Ottoman Empire. The Kingdom of Hungary led
1871:
1847:
1831:
1716:
1617:
1346:
1253:
1226:
1107:
990:
Since 1360s Hungary confronted with the Ottoman Empire. The Kingdom of Hungary led
889:
865:, King of Hungary, led this Crusade which involved several French nobles including
854:
830:
763:
684:
655:
590:
478:
462:
258:
27:
Series of military conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and various European states
3122:
was granted some autonomy in 1878, but then rebelled and joined Bulgaria in 1885.
2644:
Hungarian noblemen rebelling against Habsburg rule. To stop the invasion, another
913:
658:
in 1356 (or in 1358 â disputable due to a change in the Byzantine calendar), (see
7582:
7515:
7495:
7426:
7421:
7366:
7339:
7250:
7223:
6901:
6866:
6370:
6355:
6340:
6236:
6175:
6170:
6130:
6070:
6014:
5962:
5835:
5830:
5585:
5567:
5489:
5378:
5314:
5232:
5117:
4874:
4783:
4755:
4644:
4355:
3119:
2842:
2820:
2771:
2625:
2537:
2489:
2031:
2027:
1517:
1370:
1300:
began to fall. After the death of Skanderbeg, the Albanian Resistance was led by
1273:
1269:
1249:
1218:
1060:
968:
893:
826:
673:
489:
in the late 13th century before entering Europe in the mid-14th century with the
150:
1319:
1139:
7438:
7218:
7141:
6774:
6542:
6503:
6246:
6140:
6095:
5252:
4925:
4519:
4051:
3608:
3313:
3284:
3219:
3076:
2864:
2657:
2653:
2592:
2360:
2336:
2194:
1852:
1719:(1478â79). In 1480, now no longer hampered by the Venetian fleet, the Ottomans
1613:
1385:
1362:
1256:
in 1478â79. During this period, many Albanian victories were achieved like the
1241:
1095:
1091:
858:
838:
771:
759:
737:
714:
696:
669:
474:
50:
4032:
7634:
7570:
7510:
7411:
7151:
7146:
6779:
6724:
6515:
6212:
5054:
4920:
4338:
4004:
3271:
3152:
2641:
2324:, composed mainly of Venetian, Spanish, and Papal ships under the command of
1715:
began in 1463. A favorable peace treaty was signed in 1479 after the lengthy
1624:
to the Turks. In 1459, following the siege, the temporary Serbian capital of
1414:
1086:
in Transylvania in 1479. The battle was the most significant victory for the
1033:
959:
717:
proceeded to advance north and west in the Balkans, completely subordinating
467:
3962:
3732:
2414:
7542:
7500:
7126:
6577:
4284:
4014:
3839:
3756:
2824:
2587:
2352:
2190:
1656:, which was among the last Serbian territories to resist the Ottomans. The
1103:
1040:
being the first major clash of this expedition. Hunyadi was accompanied by
1006:
901:
799:
481:
up through the early 20th century. The earliest conflicts began during the
251:
160:
4181:
3967:
2050:
155:
7406:
6717:
3301:
3267:
3092:
3024:
2867:. Their successful capture of these islands led to the setting up of the
2674:
1996:
1843:
1649:
1504:
1381:
1029:
545:
83:
4265:
3242:
3164:
3156:
Public demonstration in the Sultanahmet district of Constantinople, 1908
2883:
2708:
2383:
2078:
1672:
929:
century, when the Franco-Imperial wars assumed continental proportions.
837:
and had reduced Byzantine influence to the area immediately surrounding
78:
4398:
Woodhead, Christine (2008). "New Views on Ottoman History, 1453â1839".
4379:
Urban, William L. (2006). "Baltic Crusades". In Murray, Alan V. (ed.).
3309:
2670:
1637:
1293:
1237:
1021:
818:
541:
110:
3714:
2181:, which lasted from 1570 to 1573, resulted in the Ottoman conquest of
635:
4152:
2682:
2419:
2305:
2008:
1964:
before winter. In 1529, they mounted their first major attack on the
1867:
1827:
1653:
1625:
1305:
1233:
1025:
1010:
897:
663:
457:
145:
4294:
3011:
The decline of the Ottoman Empire included the following conflicts.
2224:
1765:
1547:
1430:
1152:
900:
in 1444 and four years later crushed the last Hungarian expedition.
790:
7262:
6589:
3247:
3123:
2999:
2853:
2637:
2617:
2287:
2109:
2000:
1988:
1934:
1929:, the royal power declined. In 1521, Hungary was invaded by Sultan
1916:
The Ottoman campaign in Hungary in 1566, Crimean Tatars as vanguard
1863:
1641:
1633:
1525:
1079:
1075:
885:
846:
486:
215:
170:
7272:
4420:
The Eastern Question 1774â1923: A Study in International Relations
3585:
John Hunyadi accompanied by the cardinal-legate Giuliano Cesarini.
1495:
into Ottoman hands in 1463, the southern and central parts of the
1345:
and then were forced to retreat. After the fall of Serbia in 1389
3280:
3222:. The war ended with the Italian annexation of the Tripolitania.
3035:
joined the war on the side of the Ottoman Empire. Ended with the
2291:
1912:
1500:
1313:
1214:
1099:
1017:
834:
502:
125:
100:
2500:. The next year, the Poles repelled the Turkish invasion in the
2040:(a small fort defended to the last man by just 146 men, and the
1889:
1749:
1636:
was the last major Balkan city to endure Ottoman forces. Serbs,
7267:
6460:
6455:
4514:
4451:
4100:
3851:
3845:
3670:... As Only True Men Can: Nikola Zrinski's Last Stand at Sziget
3275:
2678:
2520:
2340:
2182:
2144:
2124:
2063:
1972:
1418:
1406:
767:
718:
521:
175:
140:
130:
120:
115:
105:
95:
3109:, which was attended by all the Great Powers of the time, the
2860:
took place in 1798â99, but ended due to British intervention.
2507:
1009:. In September 1442, Hunyadi defeated a large Ottoman army of
559:
remained the only Greek island not conquered by the Ottomans.
3215:
2681:(conquered by the Ottomans), the Ottomans turned the ancient
2169:
2136:
2034:) victories, which entered folkloreâmost notably the fall of
1746:
and that of a Christian alliance assembled by Pope Paul III.
1608:
As a result of heavy losses inflicted by the Ottomans in the
1358:
730:
556:
4479:
3786:
3548:
3536:
3378:...in Bosnia Jajce under Hungarian garrison held until 1527.
3023:
The Tenth Russo-Turkish War of 1853â56, better known as the
2593:
1683â1699: Great Turkish War â Loss of Hungary and the Morea
3956:
The 1565 Great Siege of Malta and HipĂłlito Sans's La Maltea
3774:
3688:
2744:
2648:
was formed, composed of Austria and Poland (notably in the
2430:(15-year war with Austria, 1593â1606) ends with status quo.
2374:
2348:
1992:
740:
in 1393, and the northwest remnants of the state after the
135:
3941:
3827:
3720:
3631:
3629:
1070:, the standing professional mercenary army was called the
4088:(in Serbo-Croatian). Franciscan Province "Bosna Srebrena"
3738:
2951:
began in 1806 and ended in May 1812, just 13 days before
2940:, and its acknowledgment by the Ottoman Empire (although
2504:. Another conflict started in 1633 but was soon settled.
857:
proclaimed a new Crusade against the Turks, although the
762:, was worn down by a series of campaigns, notably in the
3590:
3524:
2536:, the Ottomans secured recognition of their conquest of
2011:. However, the army of 35â40,000 men was not enough for
1908:
Ottoman soldiers in the territory of present-day Hungary
3648:
3646:
3644:
3626:
3437:
3320:(1915â1916). Nevertheless, under the provisions of the
2837:
followed in 1788; the Austrian war ended with the 1791
2158:
The Ottoman naval victories of this period were in the
1838:. However, the latter was imprisoned by Hungarian king
3805:
3803:
3801:
3449:
3425:
2640:
force of 140,000 men marching on Vienna, supported by
2453:: failed Ottoman attempt to defeat and invade Austria.
1524:. The Viceroy's army, chasing the fleeing remnants at
785:
566:, reversing a number of Ottoman land gains during the
4113:
Kakissis, Joanna (2011). "Athens & the Islands".
3949:. Korean Minjok Leadership Academy. 17 November 2004.
3874:. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 169.
3461:
3413:
1987:
In the meantime, in 1538, the Ottoman Empire invaded
1742:(1538), fought between an Ottoman fleet commanded by
585:(1877â78) subjects. This occurred in tandem with the
3641:
3614:
945:
and a number of the Sultan's North African vassals.
4263:
3857:
3798:
3762:
3733:
Castles and History in Northern Transdanubia (2007)
2197:, the Knights of Saint John in Malta and initially
1055:, and in 1493 the Ottoman army successfully raided
609:
3923:All About All Crusades, A Chronological Time-table
3757:Smitha, 16th Century Timeline: 1501 to 1600 (2005)
2123:Ottoman forces invaded and captured the island of
1616:had dissolved into several principalities. In the
758:A significant opponent of the Ottomans, the young
593:(1912â1913), and culminated in the signing of the
524:) in 1571, the defeat of the Ottoman fleet at the
4108:. Korean Minjok Leadership Academy. 13 July 2005.
4053:"The End of Europe's Middle Ages â Ottoman Turks"
3815:
3676:
3478:
3476:
3401:
3225:
2677:. During the 1687 Venetian attack on the city of
2127:in 1522, after two previous failed attempts (see
2114:The siege of Malta â Arrival of the Turkish Fleet
1999:(which today together form the Hungarian capital
1858:The Turkish advance was temporarily halted after
1353:, the Turks began various offensives against the
7632:
4383:. Vol. I: AâC. ABC-CLIO. pp. 184â192.
4239:
3985:"Expansion of the Ottoman Empire From 1300â1600"
3792:
3297:History of the Ottoman Empire during World War I
3075:in April 1876 that was brutally suppressed (see
3014:Albanian rebellions 1820â1822, 1830â1835, 1847.
2208:
1731:. In 1500, a SpanishâVenetian army commanded by
1312:, which failed thanks to Christian recapture of
1143:Albanian assault on a Turkish encampment in 1457
833:in 1389, the Ottomans had conquered most of the
477:and various European states took place from the
4334:Venetian Athens: Venetian Interlude (1684â1689)
3917:
3780:
3609:The End of Europe's Middle Ages â Ottoman Turks
3230:Bulgaro-Macedonian insurrection from 1903. See
3071:in 1875, followed by Bulgarian revolutionaries
3017:Bosnian rebellions 1831â1836, 1836â1837, 1841.
2436:campaign against the Ottoman Empire (1593â1601)
1528:in 1595, sealed the decisive Croatian victory.
829:agreed to withdraw. After their victory at the
501:. Much of this period was characterized by the
3964:"Castles and History in Northern Transdanubia"
3473:
2988:
2547:
2457:
2439:War with Venice 1645â1669 and the conquest of
1663:
1024:(governors) and accompanied by the formidable
6438:
4500:
4430:The Question of Greek Independence, 1821â1833
4031:
3744:
3304:(1914â1918) became the ultimate cause of the
1900:List of campaigns of Suleiman the Magnificent
1890:1526â1566: Conquest of the Kingdom of Hungary
1750:1462â1483: Wallachian and Moldavian campaigns
733:fell in 1382, followed by the capital of the
620:Socioeconomics of the Ottoman enlargement era
438:
3148:Defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire
2936:was the establishment of a semi-independent
2743:took place in 1710â1711 in the basin of the
2064:1522â1573: Rhodes, Malta and the Holy League
1991:. In 1541, another campaign in Hungary took
1896:HabsburgâOttoman wars in Hungary (1526â1568)
1244:who also fought against the Ottomans in the
1128:
713:In the latter half of the 14th century, the
6392:List of Ottoman battles in the 20th century
3901:Ottoman Wars, 1700â1860: An Empire Besieged
3869:
3697:"The Impact of the Ottoman Rule on Hungary"
2815:started in 1768 and ended in 1774 with the
2558:CrimeanâNogai slave raids in Eastern Europe
2508:1657â1683 Conclusion of wars with Habsburgs
2253:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2205:briefly ended Ottoman predominance at sea.
1956:in 1526, only the southwestern part of the
1794:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1576:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1459:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1325:territorial expansion of the Ottoman Empire
1284:and many other battles, culminating in the
1181:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
473:A series of military conflicts between the
6445:
6431:
4507:
4493:
4309:
3663:
3661:
3573:, Princeton University Press, p. 25,
3419:
3105:in early 1878. After deliberations at the
2841:, and the Russian war ended with the 1792
1866:defeated the armies of the Ottoman Sultan
1349:, where the Bosnians participated through
1110:in Italy from the Ottoman Empire in 1481.
1106:for many years thereafter. The Black Army
445:
431:
7696:Invasions by the Ottoman Empire in Europe
4445:
3596:
3554:
3542:
3530:
3335:List of wars involving the Ottoman Empire
2577:
2308:flayed alive by the Turks after a year's
2273:Learn how and when to remove this message
1814:Learn how and when to remove this message
1596:Learn how and when to remove this message
1479:Learn how and when to remove this message
1201:Learn how and when to remove this message
884:As the Ottomans pressed westward, Sultan
853:lost Nicopolis to the Ottomans. In 1394,
516:in 1470, the siege of Malta in 1565, the
7701:Lists of wars by former country involved
4397:
4216:President and Fellows of Harvard College
4112:
3566:
3455:
3431:
3241:
3151:
3141:
3079:). Later in June, Serbia and Montenegro
2998:
2960:MoldavianâWallachian (Romanian) Uprising
2913:
2798:with Russia in 1735 and Austria in 1737.
2785:started in 1714. It overlapped with the
2765:
2616:
2602:
2471:
2413:
2375:1593â1669: Austria, Venice and Wallachia
2296:
2168:
2108:
1911:
1903:
1756:OttomanâWallachian wars (disambiguation)
1702:
1401:
1318:
1138:
958:
789:
634:
456:
4353:
4198:
4121:
4080:Gavran, Fra Ignacije (5 October 2017).
3953:
3833:
3809:
3768:
3667:
3658:
3467:
3237:
2932:in 1815. The result of this successful
2770:Austrian conquest of Belgrade: 1717 by
2488:forces defeated the Ottomans and their
2018:In the major but moderately successful
1520:marked the end of Ottoman rule and the
14:
7633:
7375:
6401:List of Ottoman battles in World War I
4207:
4169:
4079:
4070:
4003:
3846:Habsburg-Ottoman War, 1683â1699 (2005)
3694:
3652:
3635:
3620:
3518:
3482:
3407:
3316:, stopping an Entente invasion in the
3274:first conquered Macedonia and most of
2139:, which was in turn besieged in 1565.
1826:In 1462, Mehmed II was driven back by
881:September, capturing 3,000 prisoners.
6426:
6387:For 20th-century battles before 1914
4488:
4480:Ottoman Empire in the First World War
4378:
4330:
4287:"16th Century Timeline: 1501 to 1600"
3982:
3958:. Malta: Publishers Enterprise Group.
3898:
3821:
3682:
3443:
1531:
1330:
1240:, son of a feudal Albanian Nobleman,
1113:
948:
908:organised a 1456 Crusade to lift the
7601:
7589:
4203:. 45, No. 4 (OctoberâDecember 1941).
4146:
3506:
3494:
3195:
3159:
2928:took place in 1804, followed by the
2878:
2703:
2378:
2328:, defeated the Ottoman fleet at the
2251:adding citations to reliable sources
2218:
2073:
1971:, attempting to conquer the city of
1792:adding citations to reliable sources
1759:
1667:
1574:adding citations to reliable sources
1541:
1457:adding citations to reliable sources
1424:
1179:adding citations to reliable sources
1146:
1135:History of the AlbanianâTurkish wars
1124:Transformation of the Ottoman Empire
873:. The Ottomans defeated them in the
6396:For the battles during World War I
4149:Routledge Companion to the Crusades
3324:(1923) the Empire ultimately fell.
2290:on July 2, 1570, and laid siege to
2173:Battle of Lepanto on 7 October 1571
2007:, and the ex-seat of the cardinal,
1522:Hundred Years' CroatianâOttoman War
1232:The Ottomans faced resistance from
1120:Classical Age of the Ottoman Empire
935:capitulations of the Ottoman Empire
786:Crusades against the Ottoman Empire
702:
624:
24:
4412:
3132:Greece attacked the Ottoman Empire
2962:(starting simultaneously with the
2819:. As a result of this treaty, the
2656:, Vienna had been besieged by the
1236:who gathered around their leader,
599:partitioning of the Ottoman Empire
597:after World War I, leading to the
503:Ottoman expansion into the Balkans
25:
7712:
7681:Wars involving the Ottoman Empire
4473:
4337:. Anagnosis Books. Archived from
4293:. Frank E. Smitha. Archived from
4102:"Habsburg-Ottoman War, 1683â1699"
3721:The Battle of Mohacs, 1526 (2004)
3570:Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time
2519:felt strong enough to attack the
1952:After the Ottoman victory in the
1644:defeated the Turkish army in the
1538:List of SerbianâOttoman conflicts
747:
7612:
7600:
7588:
7577:
7576:
7564:
6968:Court of Jurisdictional Disputes
6454:
4247:. RateItAll, Inc. Archived from
3163:
2882:
2804:was signed with Austria and the
2707:
2382:
2223:
2215:OttomanâVenetian War (1570â1573)
2077:
1764:
1671:
1546:
1429:
1151:
610:Rise of the Ottomans (1299â1453)
57:
7613:
4214:(2nd ed.). United States:
4201:American Journal of Archaeology
4170:Macfie, Alexander Lyon (1996).
3863:
3560:
3512:
3500:
3381:
3372:
3218:), which was controlled by the
3020:War with Montenegro 1852â1853.
2874:
2699:
2351:formed a coalition between the
1365:), where the last Bosnian king
941:while making common cause with
530:largest naval battle in history
493:. The mid-15th century saw the
4173:The Eastern Question 1774â1923
3983:Cline, Austin (25 June 2019).
3668:ZidariÄ, Ćœeljko (2019-09-10).
3488:
3363:
3350:Military of the Ottoman Empire
3306:collapse of the Ottoman Empire
3290:
3283:) to their present borders in
3232:IlindenâPreobrazhenie Uprising
3226:IlindenâPreobrazhenie Uprising
2800:It lasted until 1739 when the
2787:Austro-Turkish War (1716â1718)
2776:Austro-Turkish War (1716â1718)
2636:started in 1683, with a grand
2564:PolishâOttoman War (1672â1676)
2554:PolishâOttoman War (1672â1676)
2480:in 1621, during which a joint
2468:PolishâOttoman War (1633â1634)
2464:PolishâOttoman War (1620â1621)
2451:Austro-Turkish War (1663â1664)
963:Clockwise, from top left: The
823:Louis II, Duke of Bourbon
13:
1:
4400:The English Historical Review
4381:The Crusades: An Encyclopedia
4354:Tyerman, Christopher (2019).
4291:MacroHistory and World Report
4270:MacroHistory and World Report
4122:Leitsch, Walter (July 1983).
3891:
3052:, Bosnia and Serbia in 1862.
2995:Decline of the Ottoman Empire
2953:Napoleon's invasion of Russia
2835:a concurrent war with Austria
2209:1570â1571: Conquest of Cyprus
1016:, the Provincial Governor of
7459:Intangible cultural heritage
6805:Southeastern Anatolia Region
6637:Proclamation of the republic
3943:"The Battle of Mohacs, 1526"
3395:
2663:Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I
2612:Gonzales Franciscus Casteels
1316:and Sultan's death in 1481.
1246:Albanian revolt of 1432â1436
1229:in 1479 and Durrës in 1501.
7:
6730:Ancient peoples of Anatolia
4124:"1683: The Siege of Vienna"
4115:National Geographic Society
3872:A concise history of Russia
3327:
2989:Ottoman decline (1828â1908)
2850:invasion of Egypt and Syria
2548:1672â1676: Poland-Lithuania
2458:1620â1621: Poland-Lithuania
1922:several crusades, campaigns
1664:1463â1503: Wars with Venice
1238:Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg
992:several crusades, campaigns
10:
7717:
7686:Wars involving the Balkans
6561:Conquest of Constantinople
4406:. Oxford University Press.
3870:Bushkovitch, Paul (2012).
3294:
3254:to the Greek Crown Prince
3199:
3145:
3060:
2992:
2596:
2581:
2551:
2461:
2212:
2067:
1893:
1836:Night Attack at TĂąrgoviĆte
1753:
1535:
1395:
1391:
1337:Ottoman conquest of Bosnia
1334:
1213:The Ottomans took much of
1132:
1117:
1047:The defeat in 1456 at the
952:
751:
706:
640:Conquest of Constantinople
628:
616:Rise of the Ottoman Empire
613:
604:
528:in 1571 (at that time the
7560:
7293:
7209:
7102:
7068:The constitutional system
7028:
6983:
6928:
6919:
6813:
6761:
6752:
6705:
6672:
6622:
6600:Second Constitutional Era
6585:Decline and modernization
6541:
6502:
6476:
6467:
6411:Ottoman victories are in
6409:
6383:
6299:
5938:
5925:
5873:
5719:
5706:
5594:
5197:
5184:
5083:
4832:
4819:
4799:
4540:
4527:
4357:The World of the Crusades
4310:Stavrianos, L.S. (1958).
4285:Smitha, Frank E. (2005).
4071:Finkel, Caroline (2004).
3903:. Pearson Education Ltd.
3136:Cretan Revolt (1897â1898)
3086:Constantinople Conference
2971:Greek War of Independence
2919:Greek War of Independence
2044:. The latter was a major
1729:resumed from 1499 to 1503
1129:Wars in Albania and Italy
1066:During the reign of King
1001:in the south part of the
662:) which provided it with
7051:Ministry of the Interior
7036:Administrative divisions
6595:First Constitutional Era
4446:Jefferson, John (2012).
3954:Cassola, Arnold (1999).
3899:Aksan, Virginia (2007).
3704:Hungarian Studies Review
3567:Babinger, Franz (1992),
3356:
3003:Ottoman capitulation at
2949:Eighth Russo-Turkish War
2817:Treaty of KĂŒĂ§ĂŒk Kaynarca
2755:after the defeat at the
2741:Fourth Russo-Turkish War
2610:on 12 September 1683 by
2530:Battle of Saint Gotthard
2304:, Venetian commander of
2203:Battle of Lepanto (1571)
2020:Ottoman campaign of 1552
1931:Suleiman the Magnificent
1296:on 17 January 1468, the
1098:did not attack southern
939:Suleiman the Magnificent
931:Francis I of France
540:) in 1669, the Venetian
89:Six Divisions of Cavalry
6998:Parliamentary elections
6800:Eastern Anatolia Region
6795:Central Anatolia Region
6477:Ancient and Middle Ages
3858:Smitha, Ottoman Decline
3206:In 1911, Italy invaded
3111:Treaty of Berlin (1878)
2975:Ninth Russo-Turkish War
2930:Second Serbian Uprising
2831:Another war with Russia
2813:Sixth Russo-Turkish War
2751:. It was instigated by
2688:The war ended with the
1939:Third Siege of Belgrade
1413:led the defense of the
1094:, and as a result, the
1049:siege of Nåndorfehérvår
805:Les Passages d'Outremer
735:Second Bulgarian Empire
678:Second Battle of Kosovo
672:fell in 1453 after the
552:in 1715. The island of
7676:20th-century conflicts
7671:19th-century conflicts
7666:18th-century conflicts
7661:17th-century conflicts
7656:16th-century conflicts
7651:15th-century conflicts
7646:14th-century conflicts
7641:13th-century conflicts
7169:Science and technology
7003:Presidential elections
6484:Prehistory of Anatolia
4313:The Balkans since 1453
4241:"1683 Siege of Vienna"
4208:Pinson, Mark (1996) .
3340:Ottoman wars in Africa
3263:
3214:, Tripolitania became
3212:colonisation of Africa
3157:
3069:Herzegovinian Uprising
3008:
2938:Principality of Serbia
2926:First Serbian Uprising
2921:
2778:
2694:Prince Eugene of Savoy
2673:, which conquered the
2671:expedition into Greece
2629:
2614:
2578:Stagnation (1683â1828)
2493:
2445:Cretan War (1645â1669)
2423:
2313:
2302:Marco Antonio Bragadin
2179:Mediterranean campaign
2174:
2129:Siege of Rhodes (1522)
2120:
2118:Matteo Perez d'Aleccio
1933:, the border fortress
1917:
1909:
1884:siege of NeamÈ Citadel
1708:
1622:fall of Constantinople
1513:Battle of Krbava Field
1503:and, having conquered
1491:After the fall of the
1422:
1327:
1144:
987:
965:Battle of Hermannstadt
955:HungarianâOttoman Wars
906:Giovanni da Capistrano
863:Sigismund of Luxemburg
861:had split the papacy.
813:
794:1475 miniature of the
709:BulgarianâOttoman wars
689:Despotate of the Morea
647:
631:ByzantineâOttoman wars
491:BulgarianâOttoman wars
483:ByzantineâOttoman wars
470:
18:Ottoman Wars in Europe
7164:Free trade agreements
7046:Intelligence Services
6843:North Anatolian Fault
4362:Yale University Press
4182:10.4324/9781315841946
4106:World History at KMLA
3947:World History at KMLA
3919:"The Crusader Period"
3695:PĂĄlffy, GĂ©za (2001).
3245:
3155:
3142:Dissolution (1908â22)
3103:Treaty of San Stefano
3002:
2917:
2791:Treaty of Passarowitz
2769:
2753:Charles XII of Sweden
2652:), Venetians and the
2620:
2606:
2534:Raimondo Montecuccoli
2475:
2417:
2369:Roman Catholic Church
2300:
2172:
2153:Knights of Saint John
2133:Knights of Saint John
2112:
1915:
1907:
1706:
1632:was overrun by 1499.
1405:
1398:CroatianâOttoman wars
1322:
1282:Battle of Oranik 1456
1142:
1072:Black Army of Hungary
1044:during the campaign.
962:
923:OttomanâVenetian Wars
855:Pope Boniface IX
793:
687:states fell in 1461 (
638:
510:OttomanâVenetian wars
499:Albanian-Ottoman wars
460:
7548:World heritage sites
7073:Turkish Armed Forces
6958:Constitutional Court
6872:Flora and vegetation
6850:Environmental issues
6838:East Anatolian Fault
6785:Mediterranean Region
4438:Gerolymatos, André.
4147:Lock, Peter (2006).
3793:1683 Siege of Vienna
3745:Drégelypalånk (2021)
3345:Ottoman wars in Asia
3238:1912â13: Balkan Wars
3208:Ottoman Tripolitania
3091:Russia, inspired by
3081:jointly declared war
3073:starting an uprising
3063:Great Eastern Crisis
2979:Treaty of Adrianople
2869:Septinsular Republic
2833:started in 1787 and
2796:A war erupted again
2783:OttomanâVenetian War
2572:partitions of Poland
2532:on 1 August 1664 by
2247:improve this section
2149:Great Siege of Malta
1880:Battle of Valea AlbÄ
1788:improve this section
1744:Hayreddin Barbarossa
1570:improve this section
1453:improve this section
1175:improve this section
1090:against the raiding
1084:Battle of Breadfield
1036:" in 1443, with the
981:Battle of Breadfield
943:Hayreddin Barbarossa
890:Papal-funded Crusade
754:SerbianâOttoman wars
644:Mehmed the Conqueror
495:SerbianâOttoman wars
463:The relief of Vienna
7691:Invasions of Europe
7117:Banking and Finance
6735:History of Anatolia
6632:War of Independence
6624:Republic of TĂŒrkiye
6521:Battle of Manzikert
4331:Tomkinson, John L.
3836:, pp. 544â556.
3781:The Crusader Period
3446:, pp. 130â135.
3318:Battle of Gallipoli
3130:in 1881, but after
3050:War with Montenegro
2761:Treaty of the Pruth
2690:Treaty of Karlowitz
2622:Siege of ĂrsekĂșjvĂĄr
2326:Don John of Austria
2310:defense of the city
2070:Barbary slave trade
1947:Louis II of Hungary
1927:Matthias of Hungary
1298:Albanian Resistance
1290:Ballaban's Campaign
1068:Matthias of Hungary
888:destroyed the last
875:Battle of Nicopolis
843:they later besieged
796:Battle of Nicopolis
742:Battle of Nicopolis
693:Empire of Trebizond
548:) in the 1680s and
542:reconquest of Morea
401:Sieges and landings
206:Auspicious Incident
7174:Telecommunications
6963:Court of Cassation
6664:Multi-party period
6573:Ottoman Old Regime
6494:Byzantine Anatolia
6489:Classical Anatolia
4251:on 22 October 2007
4037:IranyMagyarorszag!
3970:on 16 October 2007
3929:on 21 October 2007
3557:, p. 286â292.
3545:, p. 278â286.
3521:, pp. 544â545
3509:, pp. 202â203
3322:Treaty of Lausanne
3264:
3175:. You can help by
3158:
3107:Congress of Berlin
3009:
2934:Serbian Revolution
2922:
2894:. You can help by
2802:Treaty of Belgrade
2779:
2749:Great Northern War
2719:. You can help by
2630:
2615:
2584:Ottoman Old Regime
2494:
2424:
2394:. You can help by
2345:Lala Mustafa Pasha
2314:
2175:
2121:
2089:. You can help by
2058:siege of SzigetvĂĄr
1958:Kingdom of Hungary
1918:
1910:
1733:Gonzalo de CĂłrdoba
1727:. War with Venice
1713:Republic of Venice
1711:The wars with the
1709:
1683:. You can help by
1532:Conquest of Serbia
1497:Kingdom of Croatia
1423:
1331:Conquest of Bosnia
1328:
1286:Battle of Albulena
1258:Battle of Torvioll
1227:capture of Shkodër
1145:
1114:Growth (1453â1683)
1108:recaptured Otranto
1080:Louis XI of France
1003:Kingdom of Hungary
988:
949:Kingdom of Hungary
918:John of Capistrano
814:
780:Kingdom of Hungary
776:Republic of Venice
648:
587:Russo-Turkish wars
514:fall of Negroponte
471:
299:Ahmet Ali Ăelikten
7628:
7627:
7556:
7555:
7098:
7097:
7041:Foreign relations
7015:Political parties
6915:
6914:
6748:
6747:
6740:History of Thrace
6642:AtatĂŒrk's reforms
6533:Anatolian beyliks
6420:
6419:
6379:
6378:
5930:(1789–1908)
5921:
5920:
5711:(1700–1789)
5702:
5701:
5189:(1550–1700)
5180:
5179:
4824:(1453–1550)
4815:
4814:
4532:(1299–1453)
4465:978-90-04-21904-5
4390:978-1-57607-862-4
4371:978-0-300-21739-1
4272:. Frank E. Smitha
4266:"Ottoman Decline"
4264:Smitha, Frank E.
4162:978-0-415-39312-6
4024:978-0-7126-6633-6
4010:Europe: A History
3910:978-0-582-30807-7
3672:. Ćœeljko ZidariÄ.
3638:, pp. 39â44.
3580:978-0-691-01078-6
3420:Stavrianos (1958)
3202:Italo-Turkish War
3196:Italo-Turkish War
3193:
3192:
3098:Russo-Turkish War
2983:Kingdom of Greece
2912:
2911:
2839:Treaty of Sistova
2823:became a Russian
2757:Battle of Poltava
2747:, as part of the
2737:
2736:
2634:Great Turkish War
2624:in what is today
2599:Great Turkish War
2568:Treaty of ƻurawno
2517:George II RĂĄkĂłczi
2482:Ukrainian Cossack
2434:Michael the Brave
2412:
2411:
2330:Battle of Lepanto
2318:fall of Famagusta
2283:
2282:
2275:
2160:Battle of Preveza
2135:were banished to
2107:
2106:
1969:Habsburg monarchy
1860:Stephen the Great
1840:Matthias Corvinus
1824:
1823:
1816:
1701:
1700:
1658:Serbian Despotate
1646:siege of Belgrade
1610:Battle of Maritsa
1606:
1605:
1598:
1493:Kingdom of Bosnia
1489:
1488:
1481:
1367:Stjepan TomaĆĄeviÄ
1355:Kingdom of Bosnia
1262:Battle of Otonetë
1211:
1210:
1203:
1053:Otranto was taken
1042:Giuliano Cesarini
977:Siege of Belgrade
910:Siege of Belgrade
867:John the Fearless
727:Battle of Maritsa
568:Great Turkish War
526:Battle of Lepanto
518:fall of Famagusta
455:
454:
16:(Redirected from
7708:
7616:
7615:
7604:
7603:
7592:
7591:
7580:
7579:
7568:
7373:
7372:
7258:Cities and towns
7239:Turkish language
7194:Turkish Airlines
7010:Electoral system
6973:Council of State
6926:
6925:
6860:Waste management
6790:Black Sea Region
6768:
6759:
6758:
6713:Turkic migration
6659:One-party period
6528:Sultanate of Rum
6474:
6473:
6459:
6458:
6447:
6440:
6433:
6424:
6423:
6314:2nd Kerch Strait
5936:
5935:
5931:
5903:1st Kerch Strait
5717:
5716:
5712:
5195:
5194:
5190:
5160:Strait of Hormuz
5022:Peñón of Algiers
4830:
4829:
4825:
4538:
4537:
4533:
4509:
4502:
4495:
4486:
4485:
4469:
4456:Brill Publishers
4407:
4394:
4375:
4350:
4348:
4346:
4327:
4306:
4304:
4302:
4281:
4279:
4277:
4260:
4258:
4256:
4236:
4234:
4232:
4204:
4195:
4176:(2nd ed.).
4166:
4143:
4141:
4139:
4118:
4109:
4097:
4095:
4093:
4076:
4067:
4065:
4064:
4055:. Archived from
4048:
4046:
4044:
4028:
4000:
3998:
3996:
3979:
3977:
3975:
3966:. Archived from
3959:
3950:
3938:
3936:
3934:
3925:. Archived from
3914:
3886:
3885:
3867:
3861:
3855:
3849:
3843:
3837:
3831:
3825:
3819:
3813:
3807:
3796:
3790:
3784:
3778:
3772:
3766:
3760:
3754:
3748:
3742:
3736:
3730:
3724:
3718:
3712:
3711:
3706:(in Hungarian).
3701:
3692:
3686:
3680:
3674:
3673:
3665:
3656:
3650:
3639:
3633:
3624:
3618:
3612:
3606:
3600:
3594:
3588:
3587:
3564:
3558:
3552:
3546:
3540:
3534:
3528:
3522:
3516:
3510:
3504:
3498:
3492:
3486:
3480:
3471:
3465:
3459:
3453:
3447:
3441:
3435:
3429:
3423:
3417:
3411:
3405:
3389:
3385:
3379:
3376:
3370:
3367:
3260:First Balkan War
3188:
3185:
3167:
3160:
3042:Second war with
2964:Greek Revolution
2907:
2904:
2886:
2879:
2732:
2729:
2711:
2704:
2650:Battle of Vienna
2628:, Slovakia, 1685
2608:Battle of Vienna
2502:Battle of Khotyn
2498:Battle of ĆąuĆŁora
2478:Battle of Khotyn
2407:
2404:
2386:
2379:
2339:first conquered
2278:
2271:
2267:
2264:
2258:
2227:
2219:
2164:Battle of Djerba
2102:
2099:
2081:
2074:
1962:Balkan Mountains
1954:Battle of MohĂĄcs
1943:Battle of MohĂĄcs
1872:Battle of Vaslui
1832:Vlad III Dracula
1819:
1812:
1808:
1805:
1799:
1768:
1760:
1725:captured Otranto
1717:siege of Shkodra
1696:
1693:
1675:
1668:
1618:Battle of Kosovo
1601:
1594:
1590:
1587:
1581:
1550:
1542:
1484:
1477:
1473:
1470:
1464:
1433:
1425:
1347:Battle of Kosovo
1343:Battle of BileÄa
1310:Italian campaign
1254:siege of Shkodra
1206:
1199:
1195:
1192:
1186:
1155:
1147:
999:Battle of Szeben
985:Battle of MohĂĄcs
973:Battle of Kosovo
928:
880:
831:Battle of Kosovo
764:Battle of Kosovo
703:Bulgarian Empire
656:Byzantine Empire
654:to the weakened
625:Byzantine Empire
595:Treaty of SĂšvres
591:First Balkan War
581:(1821â1832) and
479:Late Middle Ages
447:
440:
433:
259:Imperial Arsenal
233:
73:
61:
32:
31:
21:
7716:
7715:
7711:
7710:
7709:
7707:
7706:
7705:
7631:
7630:
7629:
7624:
7552:
7371:
7367:Women in Turkey
7335:Law enforcement
7289:
7285:Life expectancy
7251:Islam in Turkey
7205:
7094:
7056:National Police
7024:
6979:
6911:
6902:Turkish Riviera
6809:
6766:
6765:
6744:
6701:
6668:
6647:Language reform
6618:
6537:
6498:
6463:
6453:
6451:
6421:
6416:
6405:
6375:
6336:6th Dardanelles
6330:5th Dardanelles
6295:
5929:
5928:
5917:
5869:
5710:
5709:
5698:
5654:4th Dardanelles
5648:3rd Dardanelles
5643:2nd Dardanelles
5637:1st Dardanelles
5590:
5402:2nd ZrĂnyiĂșjvĂĄr
5397:1st ZrĂnyiĂșjvĂĄr
5392:Jurjeve Stijene
5188:
5187:
5176:
5079:
4823:
4822:
4811:
4795:
4531:
4530:
4523:
4513:
4476:
4466:
4440:The Balkan Wars
4415:
4413:Further reading
4410:
4391:
4372:
4344:
4342:
4341:on 30 June 2017
4324:
4300:
4298:
4275:
4273:
4254:
4252:
4230:
4228:
4226:
4192:
4163:
4137:
4135:
4091:
4089:
4062:
4060:
4042:
4040:
4033:"Drégelypalånk"
4025:
3994:
3992:
3989:Learn Religions
3973:
3971:
3932:
3930:
3911:
3894:
3889:
3882:
3868:
3864:
3856:
3852:
3844:
3840:
3832:
3828:
3820:
3816:
3808:
3799:
3791:
3787:
3779:
3775:
3767:
3763:
3755:
3751:
3743:
3739:
3731:
3727:
3719:
3715:
3699:
3693:
3689:
3681:
3677:
3666:
3659:
3651:
3642:
3634:
3627:
3619:
3615:
3607:
3603:
3595:
3591:
3581:
3565:
3561:
3553:
3549:
3541:
3537:
3529:
3525:
3517:
3513:
3505:
3501:
3493:
3489:
3481:
3474:
3466:
3462:
3456:Woodhead (2008)
3454:
3450:
3442:
3438:
3432:Kakissis (2011)
3430:
3426:
3418:
3414:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3393:
3392:
3386:
3382:
3377:
3373:
3368:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3330:
3299:
3293:
3240:
3228:
3204:
3198:
3189:
3183:
3180:
3173:needs expansion
3150:
3144:
3120:Eastern Rumelia
3065:
3056:Cretan Uprising
3037:Treaty of Paris
3027:, in which the
2997:
2991:
2908:
2902:
2899:
2892:needs expansion
2877:
2843:Treaty of Jassy
2821:Crimean Khanate
2772:Eugene of Savoy
2733:
2727:
2724:
2717:needs expansion
2702:
2601:
2595:
2590:
2580:
2566:ended with the
2560:
2552:Main articles:
2550:
2542:Peace of VasvĂĄr
2510:
2470:
2462:Main articles:
2460:
2408:
2402:
2399:
2392:needs expansion
2377:
2279:
2268:
2262:
2259:
2244:
2228:
2217:
2211:
2189:of Venice, the
2162:(1538) and the
2103:
2097:
2094:
2087:needs expansion
2072:
2066:
2028:Mongol invasion
1977:siege of Vienna
1902:
1892:
1820:
1809:
1803:
1800:
1785:
1769:
1758:
1752:
1721:besieged Rhodes
1697:
1691:
1688:
1681:needs expansion
1666:
1640:, and European
1602:
1591:
1585:
1582:
1567:
1551:
1540:
1534:
1518:Battle of Sisak
1485:
1474:
1468:
1465:
1450:
1434:
1400:
1394:
1378:House of KosaÄa
1371:Medieval Bosnia
1339:
1333:
1278:Battle of Mokra
1274:Battle of Ohrid
1270:Battle of Polog
1250:Gjergj Arianiti
1223:League of Lezhë
1219:Battle of Savra
1207:
1196:
1190:
1187:
1172:
1156:
1137:
1131:
1126:
1116:
969:Battle of Varna
957:
951:
926:
878:
845:. In 1393, the
788:
756:
750:
711:
705:
676:(1444) and the
674:Battle of Varna
652:striking a blow
633:
627:
622:
612:
607:
451:
411:
410:
312:
304:
303:
289:
279:
278:
254:
244:
243:
234:
231:
221:
220:
201:Sekban-i Djedid
191:
181:
180:
74:
71:
49:
47:Military of the
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7714:
7704:
7703:
7698:
7693:
7688:
7683:
7678:
7673:
7668:
7663:
7658:
7653:
7648:
7643:
7626:
7625:
7623:
7622:
7610:
7598:
7586:
7574:
7561:
7558:
7557:
7554:
7553:
7551:
7550:
7545:
7540:
7535:
7530:
7525:
7524:
7523:
7513:
7508:
7503:
7498:
7493:
7488:
7487:
7486:
7484:Radio stations
7481:
7476:
7466:
7461:
7456:
7451:
7446:
7441:
7436:
7431:
7430:
7429:
7419:
7414:
7409:
7404:
7403:
7402:
7397:
7387:
7381:
7379:
7370:
7369:
7364:
7359:
7354:
7353:
7352:
7347:
7342:
7332:
7327:
7326:
7325:
7315:
7310:
7309:
7308:
7297:
7295:
7291:
7290:
7288:
7287:
7282:
7277:
7276:
7275:
7270:
7265:
7255:
7254:
7253:
7243:
7242:
7241:
7231:
7226:
7221:
7219:Turkish people
7215:
7213:
7207:
7206:
7204:
7203:
7202:
7201:
7196:
7191:
7184:Transportation
7181:
7176:
7171:
7166:
7161:
7160:
7159:
7154:
7149:
7144:
7134:
7129:
7124:
7119:
7114:
7108:
7106:
7100:
7099:
7096:
7095:
7093:
7092:
7091:
7090:
7085:
7080:
7070:
7065:
7064:
7063:
7058:
7048:
7043:
7038:
7032:
7030:
7026:
7025:
7023:
7022:
7017:
7012:
7007:
7006:
7005:
7000:
6989:
6987:
6981:
6980:
6978:
6977:
6976:
6975:
6970:
6965:
6960:
6950:
6949:
6948:
6938:
6932:
6930:
6923:
6917:
6916:
6913:
6912:
6910:
6909:
6904:
6899:
6894:
6892:National parks
6889:
6884:
6879:
6874:
6869:
6864:
6863:
6862:
6857:
6847:
6846:
6845:
6840:
6830:
6829:
6828:
6826:Climate change
6817:
6815:
6811:
6810:
6808:
6807:
6802:
6797:
6792:
6787:
6782:
6777:
6775:Marmara Region
6771:
6769:
6767:(west to east)
6756:
6750:
6749:
6746:
6745:
6743:
6742:
6737:
6732:
6727:
6722:
6721:
6720:
6709:
6707:
6703:
6702:
6700:
6699:
6694:
6693:
6692:
6682:
6680:Constitutional
6676:
6674:
6670:
6669:
6667:
6666:
6661:
6656:
6655:
6654:
6649:
6639:
6634:
6628:
6626:
6620:
6619:
6617:
6616:
6615:
6614:
6604:
6603:
6602:
6597:
6592:
6582:
6581:
6580:
6570:
6568:Transformation
6565:
6564:
6563:
6553:
6547:
6545:
6543:Ottoman Empire
6539:
6538:
6536:
6535:
6530:
6525:
6524:
6523:
6512:
6510:
6500:
6499:
6497:
6496:
6491:
6486:
6480:
6478:
6471:
6465:
6464:
6450:
6449:
6442:
6435:
6427:
6418:
6417:
6410:
6407:
6406:
6404:
6403:
6394:
6384:
6381:
6380:
6377:
6376:
6374:
6373:
6368:
6363:
6358:
6353:
6348:
6343:
6338:
6333:
6326:
6321:
6316:
6311:
6303:
6301:
6297:
6296:
6294:
6293:
6286:
6281:
6276:
6271:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6244:
6239:
6234:
6229:
6222:
6215:
6210:
6205:
6200:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6121:
6114:
6109:
6104:
6099:
6092:
6087:
6080:
6073:
6068:
6063:
6058:
6053:
6048:
6041:
6034:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5953:
5948:
5942:
5940:
5933:
5923:
5922:
5919:
5918:
5916:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5877:
5875:
5871:
5870:
5868:
5867:
5860:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5791:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5762:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5738:
5731:
5723:
5721:
5714:
5704:
5703:
5700:
5699:
5697:
5696:
5689:
5684:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5633:
5628:
5626:Cape Celidonia
5623:
5618:
5611:
5606:
5598:
5596:
5592:
5591:
5589:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5571:
5564:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5535:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5511:
5504:
5499:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5423:
5421:Saint Gotthard
5418:
5411:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5382:
5375:
5370:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5346:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5317:
5312:
5305:
5298:
5295:AlcĂĄcer Quibir
5291:
5284:
5277:
5270:
5263:
5256:
5249:
5242:
5235:
5230:
5223:
5216:
5209:
5201:
5199:
5192:
5186:Transformation
5182:
5181:
5178:
5177:
5175:
5174:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5133:
5128:
5121:
5114:
5109:
5102:
5095:
5087:
5085:
5081:
5080:
5078:
5077:
5070:
5065:
5058:
5051:
5044:
5037:
5030:
5025:
5018:
5011:
5004:
4997:
4990:
4983:
4976:
4971:
4964:
4957:
4950:
4945:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4906:
4899:
4894:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4836:
4834:
4827:
4817:
4816:
4813:
4812:
4810:
4809:
4803:
4801:
4797:
4796:
4794:
4793:
4790:Constantinople
4786:
4781:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4718:
4711:
4704:
4697:
4692:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4641:
4636:
4629:
4622:
4615:
4608:
4601:
4594:
4587:
4580:
4573:
4566:
4559:
4552:
4544:
4542:
4535:
4525:
4524:
4520:Ottoman Empire
4518:involving the
4512:
4511:
4504:
4497:
4489:
4483:
4482:
4475:
4474:External links
4472:
4471:
4470:
4464:
4443:
4436:
4428:Crawley, C.W.
4426:
4418:Anderson M.S.
4414:
4411:
4409:
4408:
4395:
4389:
4376:
4370:
4351:
4328:
4323:978-0814797662
4322:
4307:
4297:on 26 May 2008
4282:
4261:
4237:
4224:
4205:
4196:
4191:978-1315841946
4190:
4167:
4161:
4144:
4119:
4110:
4098:
4086:Bosna Srebrena
4077:
4075:. Basic Books.
4068:
4049:
4029:
4023:
4005:Davies, Norman
4001:
3980:
3960:
3951:
3939:
3915:
3909:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3887:
3881:978-0521543231
3880:
3862:
3850:
3838:
3834:Mommsen (1941)
3826:
3814:
3810:Leitsch (1983)
3797:
3785:
3773:
3769:Cassola (1999)
3761:
3749:
3737:
3725:
3713:
3687:
3675:
3657:
3640:
3625:
3613:
3601:
3599:, p. 292.
3597:Jefferson 2012
3589:
3579:
3559:
3555:Jefferson 2012
3547:
3543:Jefferson 2012
3535:
3533:, p. 278.
3531:Jefferson 2012
3523:
3511:
3499:
3487:
3472:
3470:, p. 402.
3460:
3458:, p. 983.
3448:
3436:
3434:, p. 224.
3424:
3412:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3391:
3390:
3380:
3371:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3314:Constantinople
3312:from reaching
3295:Main article:
3292:
3289:
3285:Eastern Thrace
3239:
3236:
3227:
3224:
3220:Ottoman Empire
3200:Main article:
3197:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3170:
3168:
3143:
3140:
3077:Batak massacre
3046:in 1858â1859.
3029:United Kingdom
2990:
2987:
2910:
2909:
2889:
2887:
2876:
2873:
2865:Ionian Islands
2735:
2734:
2714:
2712:
2701:
2698:
2658:Ottoman Empire
2654:Russian Empire
2597:Main article:
2594:
2591:
2579:
2576:
2549:
2546:
2509:
2506:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2454:
2448:
2437:
2431:
2410:
2409:
2389:
2387:
2376:
2373:
2337:Ottoman Empire
2281:
2280:
2231:
2229:
2222:
2213:Main article:
2210:
2207:
2105:
2104:
2084:
2082:
2065:
2062:
2005:Székesfehérvår
1891:
1888:
1853:Constantinople
1822:
1821:
1772:
1770:
1763:
1751:
1748:
1736:took Kefalonia
1699:
1698:
1678:
1676:
1665:
1662:
1614:Serbian Empire
1604:
1603:
1554:
1552:
1545:
1536:Main article:
1533:
1530:
1487:
1486:
1437:
1435:
1428:
1396:Main article:
1393:
1390:
1386:Jajce Fortress
1363:siege of Jajce
1351:Vlatko VukoviÄ
1335:Main article:
1332:
1329:
1302:Lekë Dukagjini
1266:siege of Krujë
1242:Gjon Kastrioti
1209:
1208:
1159:
1157:
1150:
1133:Main article:
1130:
1127:
1115:
1112:
953:Main article:
950:
947:
859:Western Schism
839:Constantinople
787:
784:
772:Ottoman Empire
760:Serbian Empire
752:Main article:
749:
748:Serbian Empire
746:
715:Ottoman Empire
707:Main article:
704:
701:
697:Ottoman Greece
683:The remaining
670:Constantinople
660:SĂŒleyman Pasha
629:Main article:
626:
623:
611:
608:
606:
603:
554:Venetian-ruled
550:its loss again
534:fall of Candia
475:Ottoman Empire
453:
452:
450:
449:
442:
435:
427:
424:
423:
422:
421:
413:
412:
409:
408:
403:
398:
393:
392:
391:
381:
380:
379:
374:
369:
364:
359:
354:
349:
344:
339:
334:
329:
324:
313:
310:
309:
306:
305:
302:
301:
296:
290:
285:
284:
281:
280:
277:
276:
271:
269:Kapudan Pashas
266:
261:
255:
250:
249:
246:
245:
242:
241:
235:
227:
226:
223:
222:
219:
218:
213:
208:
203:
198:
196:Nizam-i Djedid
192:
187:
186:
183:
182:
179:
178:
173:
168:
163:
158:
153:
148:
143:
138:
133:
128:
123:
118:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
92:
91:
86:
75:
69:Classical army
67:
66:
63:
62:
54:
53:
51:Ottoman Empire
43:
42:
35:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7713:
7702:
7699:
7697:
7694:
7692:
7689:
7687:
7684:
7682:
7679:
7677:
7674:
7672:
7669:
7667:
7664:
7662:
7659:
7657:
7654:
7652:
7649:
7647:
7644:
7642:
7639:
7638:
7636:
7621:
7620:
7611:
7609:
7608:
7599:
7597:
7596:
7587:
7585:
7584:
7575:
7573:
7572:
7567:
7563:
7562:
7559:
7549:
7546:
7544:
7541:
7539:
7536:
7534:
7531:
7529:
7526:
7522:
7519:
7518:
7517:
7514:
7512:
7509:
7507:
7504:
7502:
7499:
7497:
7494:
7492:
7489:
7485:
7482:
7480:
7477:
7475:
7472:
7471:
7470:
7467:
7465:
7462:
7460:
7457:
7455:
7452:
7450:
7447:
7445:
7442:
7440:
7437:
7435:
7432:
7428:
7425:
7424:
7423:
7420:
7418:
7415:
7413:
7410:
7408:
7405:
7401:
7398:
7396:
7393:
7392:
7391:
7388:
7386:
7383:
7382:
7380:
7378:
7374:
7368:
7365:
7363:
7360:
7358:
7355:
7351:
7348:
7346:
7343:
7341:
7338:
7337:
7336:
7333:
7331:
7328:
7324:
7321:
7320:
7319:
7316:
7314:
7311:
7307:
7304:
7303:
7302:
7299:
7298:
7296:
7292:
7286:
7283:
7281:
7278:
7274:
7271:
7269:
7266:
7264:
7261:
7260:
7259:
7256:
7252:
7249:
7248:
7247:
7244:
7240:
7237:
7236:
7235:
7232:
7230:
7227:
7225:
7222:
7220:
7217:
7216:
7214:
7212:
7208:
7200:
7197:
7195:
7192:
7190:
7187:
7186:
7185:
7182:
7180:
7177:
7175:
7172:
7170:
7167:
7165:
7162:
7158:
7155:
7153:
7150:
7148:
7145:
7143:
7140:
7139:
7138:
7135:
7133:
7130:
7128:
7125:
7123:
7120:
7118:
7115:
7113:
7110:
7109:
7107:
7105:
7101:
7089:
7086:
7084:
7081:
7079:
7076:
7075:
7074:
7071:
7069:
7066:
7062:
7059:
7057:
7054:
7053:
7052:
7049:
7047:
7044:
7042:
7039:
7037:
7034:
7033:
7031:
7027:
7021:
7018:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7008:
7004:
7001:
6999:
6996:
6995:
6994:
6991:
6990:
6988:
6986:
6982:
6974:
6971:
6969:
6966:
6964:
6961:
6959:
6956:
6955:
6954:
6951:
6947:
6944:
6943:
6942:
6939:
6937:
6934:
6933:
6931:
6927:
6924:
6922:
6918:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6880:
6878:
6875:
6873:
6870:
6868:
6865:
6861:
6858:
6856:
6855:Air pollution
6853:
6852:
6851:
6848:
6844:
6841:
6839:
6836:
6835:
6834:
6831:
6827:
6824:
6823:
6822:
6819:
6818:
6816:
6812:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6788:
6786:
6783:
6781:
6780:Aegean Region
6778:
6776:
6773:
6772:
6770:
6764:
6760:
6757:
6755:
6751:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6733:
6731:
6728:
6726:
6725:Turkification
6723:
6719:
6716:
6715:
6714:
6711:
6710:
6708:
6704:
6698:
6695:
6691:
6688:
6687:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6677:
6675:
6671:
6665:
6662:
6660:
6657:
6653:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6644:
6643:
6640:
6638:
6635:
6633:
6630:
6629:
6627:
6625:
6621:
6613:
6610:
6609:
6608:
6605:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6587:
6586:
6583:
6579:
6576:
6575:
6574:
6571:
6569:
6566:
6562:
6559:
6558:
6557:
6556:Classical Age
6554:
6552:
6549:
6548:
6546:
6544:
6540:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6526:
6522:
6519:
6518:
6517:
6516:Seljuk Empire
6514:
6513:
6511:
6509:
6505:
6501:
6495:
6492:
6490:
6487:
6485:
6482:
6481:
6479:
6475:
6472:
6470:
6466:
6462:
6457:
6448:
6443:
6441:
6436:
6434:
6429:
6428:
6425:
6414:
6408:
6402:
6399:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6386:
6385:
6382:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6331:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6315:
6312:
6310:
6309:
6305:
6304:
6302:
6300:Naval battles
6298:
6292:
6291:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6269:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6252:Philippopolis
6250:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6230:
6228:
6227:
6223:
6221:
6220:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6199:
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6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6126:
6122:
6120:
6119:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6097:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6085:
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6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5985:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5958:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5943:
5941:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5927:Modernization
5924:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5883:
5879:
5878:
5876:
5874:Naval battles
5872:
5866:
5865:
5861:
5859:
5858:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5796:
5792:
5790:
5789:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5767:
5763:
5761:
5760:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5743:
5739:
5737:
5736:
5732:
5730:
5729:
5725:
5724:
5722:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5705:
5695:
5694:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5682:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5655:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5638:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5616:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5604:
5600:
5599:
5597:
5595:Naval battles
5593:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5576:
5572:
5570:
5569:
5565:
5563:
5562:
5558:
5556:
5553:
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5546:
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5536:
5534:
5533:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5516:
5512:
5510:
5509:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5497:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5475:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5428:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5416:
5412:
5410:
5409:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5387:
5383:
5381:
5380:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5368:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5351:
5347:
5345:
5344:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5322:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5310:
5306:
5304:
5303:
5299:
5297:
5296:
5292:
5290:
5289:
5285:
5283:
5282:
5278:
5276:
5275:
5271:
5269:
5268:
5264:
5262:
5261:
5257:
5255:
5254:
5250:
5248:
5247:
5243:
5241:
5240:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5228:
5224:
5222:
5221:
5217:
5215:
5214:
5210:
5208:
5207:
5203:
5202:
5200:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5183:
5173:
5172:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5155:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5138:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5126:
5122:
5120:
5119:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5107:
5103:
5101:
5100:
5096:
5094:
5093:
5089:
5088:
5086:
5084:Naval battles
5082:
5076:
5075:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5063:
5059:
5057:
5056:
5052:
5050:
5049:
5045:
5043:
5042:
5038:
5036:
5035:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5023:
5019:
5017:
5016:
5012:
5010:
5009:
5005:
5003:
5002:
4998:
4996:
4995:
4991:
4989:
4988:
4984:
4982:
4981:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4969:
4965:
4963:
4962:
4958:
4956:
4955:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4943:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4911:
4907:
4905:
4904:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4892:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4837:
4835:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4821:Classical Age
4818:
4808:
4805:
4804:
4802:
4800:Naval battles
4798:
4792:
4791:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4779:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4757:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4740:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4723:
4719:
4717:
4716:
4712:
4710:
4709:
4705:
4703:
4702:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4690:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4663:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4646:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4634:
4630:
4628:
4627:
4623:
4621:
4620:
4616:
4614:
4613:
4609:
4607:
4606:
4602:
4600:
4599:
4595:
4593:
4592:
4588:
4586:
4585:
4581:
4579:
4578:
4574:
4572:
4571:
4567:
4565:
4564:
4560:
4558:
4557:
4553:
4551:
4550:
4546:
4545:
4543:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4526:
4521:
4517:
4510:
4505:
4503:
4498:
4496:
4491:
4490:
4487:
4481:
4478:
4477:
4467:
4461:
4457:
4453:
4449:
4444:
4441:
4437:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4425:
4421:
4417:
4416:
4405:
4401:
4396:
4392:
4386:
4382:
4377:
4373:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4358:
4352:
4340:
4336:
4335:
4329:
4325:
4319:
4316:. NYU Press.
4315:
4314:
4308:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4283:
4271:
4267:
4262:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4227:
4225:0-932885-12-8
4221:
4217:
4213:
4212:
4206:
4202:
4197:
4193:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4174:
4168:
4164:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4145:
4133:
4129:
4128:History Today
4125:
4120:
4116:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4087:
4083:
4078:
4074:
4073:Osman's Dream
4069:
4059:on 2013-09-03
4058:
4054:
4050:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4011:
4006:
4002:
3990:
3986:
3981:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3906:
3902:
3897:
3896:
3883:
3877:
3873:
3866:
3859:
3854:
3847:
3842:
3835:
3830:
3823:
3818:
3811:
3806:
3804:
3802:
3794:
3789:
3782:
3777:
3770:
3765:
3758:
3753:
3746:
3741:
3734:
3729:
3722:
3717:
3709:
3705:
3698:
3691:
3684:
3679:
3671:
3664:
3662:
3655:, p. 11.
3654:
3653:Pinson (1996)
3649:
3647:
3645:
3637:
3636:Gavran (1990)
3632:
3630:
3623:, p. 20.
3622:
3621:Finkel (2004)
3617:
3610:
3605:
3598:
3593:
3586:
3582:
3576:
3572:
3571:
3563:
3556:
3551:
3544:
3539:
3532:
3527:
3520:
3515:
3508:
3503:
3497:, p. 200
3496:
3491:
3485:, p. 448
3484:
3479:
3477:
3469:
3464:
3457:
3452:
3445:
3440:
3433:
3428:
3421:
3416:
3409:
3408:Macfie (1996)
3404:
3400:
3384:
3375:
3366:
3362:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3325:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3298:
3288:
3286:
3282:
3277:
3273:
3272:Balkan League
3269:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3246:Surrender of
3244:
3235:
3233:
3223:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3203:
3187:
3178:
3174:
3171:This section
3169:
3166:
3162:
3161:
3154:
3149:
3139:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3126:was ceded to
3125:
3121:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3087:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3064:
3059:
3057:
3053:
3051:
3047:
3045:
3040:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3021:
3018:
3015:
3012:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2986:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2967:
2965:
2961:
2956:
2954:
2950:
2945:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2920:
2916:
2906:
2897:
2893:
2890:This section
2888:
2885:
2881:
2880:
2872:
2870:
2866:
2861:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2846:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2809:
2808:with Russia.
2807:
2806:Treaty of NiĆĄ
2803:
2799:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2777:
2774:, during the
2773:
2768:
2764:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2731:
2722:
2718:
2715:This section
2713:
2710:
2706:
2705:
2697:
2695:
2691:
2686:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2666:
2664:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2600:
2589:
2585:
2575:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2559:
2555:
2545:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2505:
2503:
2499:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2465:
2452:
2449:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2421:
2416:
2406:
2397:
2393:
2390:This section
2388:
2385:
2381:
2380:
2372:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2335:In 1570, the
2333:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2293:
2289:
2277:
2274:
2266:
2263:November 2016
2256:
2252:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2237:
2232:This section
2230:
2226:
2221:
2220:
2216:
2206:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2171:
2167:
2165:
2161:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2140:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2101:
2092:
2088:
2085:This section
2083:
2080:
2076:
2075:
2071:
2061:
2059:
2054:
2052:
2047:
2043:
2042:siege of Eger
2039:
2038:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2016:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1985:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1923:
1914:
1906:
1901:
1897:
1887:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1856:
1854:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1818:
1815:
1807:
1804:November 2016
1797:
1793:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1778:
1773:This section
1771:
1767:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1705:
1695:
1686:
1682:
1679:This section
1677:
1674:
1670:
1669:
1661:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1612:in 1371, the
1611:
1600:
1597:
1589:
1586:November 2016
1579:
1575:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1560:
1555:This section
1553:
1549:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1483:
1480:
1472:
1469:November 2016
1462:
1458:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1443:
1438:This section
1436:
1432:
1427:
1426:
1420:
1416:
1415:Klis Fortress
1412:
1408:
1404:
1399:
1389:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1338:
1326:
1323:A map of the
1321:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1205:
1202:
1194:
1191:November 2016
1184:
1180:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1160:This section
1158:
1154:
1149:
1148:
1141:
1136:
1125:
1121:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1038:Battle of NiĆĄ
1035:
1034:Long Campaign
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
995:
993:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
961:
956:
946:
944:
940:
936:
932:
924:
919:
915:
914:Ăneas Sylvius
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
886:Murad II
882:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
851:Ivan Shishman
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
827:Tunis crusade
824:
820:
811:
807:
806:
801:
797:
792:
783:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
755:
745:
743:
739:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
710:
700:
698:
694:
690:
686:
681:
679:
675:
671:
667:
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661:
657:
653:
645:
641:
637:
632:
621:
617:
602:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
577:(1804â1817),
576:
571:
569:
565:
560:
558:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
506:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
469:
468:Frans Geffels
465:
464:
459:
448:
443:
441:
436:
434:
429:
428:
426:
425:
420:
417:
416:
415:
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407:
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399:
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387:
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382:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
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350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
319:
318:
315:
314:
308:
307:
300:
297:
295:
294:Vecihi HĂŒrkuĆ
292:
291:
288:
283:
282:
275:
274:Naval battles
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
256:
253:
248:
247:
240:
237:
236:
230:
225:
224:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
193:
190:
189:Reform period
185:
184:
177:
174:
172:
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167:
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162:
159:
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65:
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60:
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52:
48:
45:
44:
39:
34:
33:
30:
19:
7617:
7605:
7593:
7581:
7569:
7454:Illumination
7390:Architecture
7318:Human rights
7306:Universities
7224:Ethnic Kurds
7211:Demographics
7122:Construction
6412:
6397:
6388:
6328:
6306:
6288:
6266:
6224:
6217:
6195:
6123:
6116:
6094:
6082:
6075:
6043:
6036:
6029:
5982:
5955:
5939:Land battles
5880:
5862:
5855:
5793:
5786:
5764:
5757:
5753:2nd Belgrade
5748:Petrovaradin
5740:
5733:
5726:
5720:Land battles
5691:
5679:
5652:
5635:
5613:
5601:
5573:
5566:
5559:
5539:Egri Palanka
5537:
5530:
5513:
5506:
5494:
5472:
5425:
5413:
5406:
5384:
5377:
5365:
5348:
5341:
5319:
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5300:
5293:
5286:
5279:
5272:
5265:
5258:
5251:
5244:
5237:
5225:
5218:
5211:
5204:
5198:Land battles
5169:
5165:Gulf of Oman
5152:
5135:
5123:
5116:
5104:
5097:
5090:
5072:
5060:
5053:
5046:
5039:
5032:
5020:
5013:
5006:
4999:
4992:
4985:
4978:
4973:
4966:
4959:
4952:
4940:
4908:
4901:
4889:
4855:1st Belgrade
4833:Land battles
4788:
4776:
4754:
4737:
4728:Hermannstadt
4720:
4713:
4708:Thessalonica
4706:
4699:
4687:
4660:
4643:
4633:Philadelphia
4631:
4624:
4617:
4612:Sırp SındıÄı
4610:
4603:
4596:
4589:
4582:
4575:
4568:
4561:
4554:
4549:Kulaca Hisar
4547:
4541:Land battles
4447:
4439:
4429:
4419:
4403:
4399:
4380:
4356:
4343:. Retrieved
4339:the original
4333:
4312:
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4295:the original
4290:
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4269:
4253:. Retrieved
4249:the original
4244:
4229:. Retrieved
4210:
4200:
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4148:
4136:. Retrieved
4131:
4127:
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4090:. Retrieved
4085:
4072:
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4041:. Retrieved
4036:
4008:
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3988:
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3968:the original
3955:
3946:
3931:. Retrieved
3927:the original
3922:
3900:
3871:
3865:
3853:
3841:
3829:
3817:
3788:
3776:
3764:
3752:
3740:
3728:
3716:
3707:
3703:
3690:
3683:Cline (2019)
3678:
3669:
3616:
3604:
3592:
3584:
3569:
3562:
3550:
3538:
3526:
3514:
3502:
3490:
3468:Tyerman 2019
3463:
3451:
3444:Aksan (2007)
3439:
3427:
3415:
3403:
3383:
3374:
3365:
3300:
3265:
3229:
3210:(During the
3205:
3181:
3177:adding to it
3172:
3118:
3115:
3090:
3066:
3054:
3048:
3041:
3022:
3019:
3016:
3013:
3010:
2968:
2957:
2946:
2941:
2923:
2900:
2896:adding to it
2891:
2875:19th century
2862:
2847:
2829:
2825:client state
2810:
2795:
2780:
2738:
2725:
2721:adding to it
2716:
2700:18th century
2687:
2667:
2631:
2588:Tulip period
2561:
2525:
2513:Transylvania
2511:
2495:
2400:
2396:adding to it
2391:
2353:Papal States
2334:
2315:
2284:
2269:
2260:
2245:Please help
2233:
2191:Papal States
2176:
2157:
2141:
2122:
2113:
2095:
2091:adding to it
2086:
2055:
2045:
2035:
2023:
2017:
1986:
1980:
1951:
1919:
1857:
1825:
1810:
1801:
1786:Please help
1774:
1710:
1689:
1685:adding to it
1680:
1607:
1592:
1583:
1568:Please help
1556:
1490:
1475:
1466:
1451:Please help
1439:
1411:Petar KruĆŸiÄ
1375:
1340:
1308:launched an
1231:
1217:in the 1385
1212:
1197:
1188:
1173:Please help
1161:
1104:Transylvania
1065:
1046:
1007:Transylvania
996:
989:
902:John Hunyadi
883:
815:
803:
800:Jean Colombe
757:
721:and much of
712:
682:
668:
649:
572:
561:
507:
472:
461:
419:Conscription
316:
211:Mansure Army
161:Bashi-bazouk
29:
7607:WikiProject
7538:Video games
7330:Individuals
7323:LGBT rights
7313:Health care
7280:Immigration
7061:Gendarmerie
7020:Referendums
6936:Legislative
6833:Earthquakes
6718:Oghuz Turks
6607:Dissolution
6232:Shipka Pass
6186:BaĆgedikler
6181:Akhaltsikhe
6146:Akhaltsikhe
5990:Mount Tabor
5973:Shubra Khit
5908:2nd Ochakov
5851:2nd Ochakov
5811:Stavunchany
5806:1st Ochakov
5350:Nagykanizsa
5028:Leobersdorf
4138:19 December
3519:Davies 1997
3483:Davies 1997
3302:World War I
3291:World War I
3268:Balkan Wars
3258:during the
3256:Constantine
3093:Pan-Slavism
3025:Crimean War
2745:Pruth river
2675:Peloponnese
2646:Holy League
2322:Holy League
2187:Holy League
1650:Jovan Nenad
1505:Herzegovina
1421:was formed.
1382:Herzegovina
1221:. The 1444
1030:Christendom
1026:janissaries
1022:sanjak beys
564:Holy League
546:Peloponnese
485:, waged in
239:Modern Army
232:(1861â1922)
229:Modern army
84:Janissaries
72:(1451â1826)
7635:Categories
7479:Newspapers
7464:Literature
7444:Folk dance
7345:Corruption
7229:Minorities
7157:Renewables
7112:Automotive
6921:Government
6652:Secularism
6226:Kızıl Tepe
6102:Dervenakia
6000:Heliopolis
5864:KarĂĄnsebes
5788:Banja Luka
5708:Old Regime
5693:Samothrace
5621:Cape Corvo
5515:Negroponte
5502:2nd MohĂĄcs
5496:Vrtijeljka
5463:2nd Vienna
5448:2nd Khotyn
5433:KrasnobrĂłd
5373:1st Khotyn
5361:Tashiskari
5327:CÄlugÄreni
5274:Gvozdansko
5246:Mostaganem
5125:Formentera
5118:1st Jeddah
5015:1st MohĂĄcs
4980:Mercidabık
4916:Breadfield
4903:Valea AlbÄ
4865:TĂąrgoviÈte
4850:2nd Oranik
4778:2nd Kosovo
4772:1st Oranik
4673:Karanovasa
4639:Dubravnica
4605:Adrianople
4092:2 February
4063:2017-09-07
3892:References
3310:Royal Navy
3252:Esat Pasha
3146:See also:
3061:See also:
3044:Montenegro
2993:See also:
2854:Napoleon I
2642:Protestant
2626:Nové Zåmky
2582:See also:
2538:Nové Zåmky
2068:See also:
1894:See also:
1828:Wallachian
1754:See also:
1638:Hungarians
1294:Skanderbeg
1118:See also:
1088:Hungarians
1014:Ćehabeddin
819:Al-Mahdiya
738:Tarnovgrad
725:after the
642:by Sultan
614:See also:
406:Rebellions
367:Portuguese
111:Dervendjis
7533:TV series
7491:Miniature
7434:Festivals
7350:Terrorism
7301:Education
7234:Languages
7078:Air Force
6993:Elections
6941:Executive
6887:Mountains
6754:Geography
6673:Overviews
6612:Partition
6578:Tulip era
6284:Velestino
6279:Al Wajbah
6203:Eupatoria
6191:Kurekdere
6151:Kulevicha
6107:Karpenisi
6077:DrÄgÄÈani
5841:Kozludzha
5777:YeghevÄrd
5681:Oinousses
5545:Slankamen
5458:Trembowla
5408:Novi Zrin
5343:Keresztes
5337:2nd Brest
5302:1st Brest
5074:Sokhoista
5062:Esztergom
4987:Han Yunus
4931:CÄtlÄbuga
4891:Otlukbeli
4870:2nd Mokra
4807:Gallipoli
4762:1st Mokra
4722:Novo Brdo
4689:Nicopolis
4668:Kırkdilim
4591:Gallipoli
4577:Pelekanon
4345:14 August
4245:RateItAll
4153:Routledge
3991:. Dotdash
3822:Tomkinson
3507:Lock 2006
3495:Lock 2006
3396:Citations
2793:in 1718.
2692:in 1699.
2683:Parthenon
2420:Esztergom
2418:Siege of
2306:Famagusta
2234:does not
2051:SzigetvĂĄr
2009:Esztergom
1945:and King
1876:RÄzboieni
1868:Mehmed II
1775:does not
1654:Vojvodina
1642:crusaders
1626:Smederevo
1557:does not
1440:does not
1306:Mehmet II
1234:Albanians
1162:does not
1011:Beylerbey
898:Black Sea
871:Nicopolis
847:Bulgarian
744:in 1396.
729:in 1371.
723:Macedonia
664:Gallipoli
342:Hungarian
337:Moldavian
327:Bulgarian
322:Byzantine
311:Conflicts
156:Humbaracı
146:Timariots
7583:Category
7521:Football
7506:Painting
7449:Folklore
7357:Marriage
7263:Istanbul
7246:Religion
7199:Railways
7189:Aviation
7127:Currency
6985:Politics
6953:Judicial
6929:Branches
6907:Wildlife
6697:Military
6685:Economic
6590:Tanzimat
6366:Navarino
6361:Gerontas
6324:Kaliakra
6257:TaĆkesen
6247:4th Kars
6213:3rd Kars
6208:Chernaya
6197:OlteniÈa
6161:2nd Acre
6136:2nd Kars
6125:Phaleron
6118:Kamatero
6112:Arachova
6090:Vasilika
6061:Valtetsi
6025:Al-Safra
6020:Slobozia
6010:Arpachai
5984:1st Acre
5978:Pyramids
5913:Fidonisi
5826:Aspindza
5821:Khresili
5816:1st Kars
5675:Mytilene
5631:Focchies
5561:Moulouya
5555:Ustechko
5521:BatoÄina
5438:NiemirĂłw
5386:KöbölkĂșt
5213:TemesvĂĄr
5143:Girolata
5106:Balearic
4994:Ridanieh
4974:Koçhisar
4961:Turnadag
4954:Ăaldıran
4860:Albulena
4845:Krusevac
4840:Leskovac
4750:Torvioll
4745:Kunovica
4739:Zlatitsa
4584:Demotika
4432:(1930).
4301:22 April
4276:22 April
4255:22 April
4043:22 April
4007:(1997).
3995:22 April
3974:22 April
3933:22 April
3328:See also
3248:Ioannina
3184:May 2008
3124:Thessaly
3058:in 1866.
2903:May 2008
2728:May 2008
2638:invasion
2428:Long War
2403:May 2008
2288:Limassol
2199:Portugal
2166:(1560).
2098:May 2008
2013:Suleiman
2001:Budapest
1989:Moldavia
1966:Austrian
1935:Belgrade
1864:Moldavia
1692:May 2008
1634:Belgrade
1526:Petrinja
1409:captain
1407:Croatian
1096:Ottomans
1092:Ottomans
1076:arquebus
841:, which
778:and the
695:) (see:
680:(1448).
583:Romanian
497:and the
487:Anatolia
372:Habsburg
357:Croatian
352:Albanian
347:Venetian
317:European
287:Aviation
216:Hamidieh
171:Martolos
79:Kapıkulu
38:a series
36:Part of
7619:Outline
7595:Commons
7528:Theater
7511:Pottery
7427:Ottoman
7422:Cuisine
7400:Ottoman
7377:Culture
7362:Poverty
7294:Society
7179:Tourism
7132:Defense
7104:Economy
6946:Cabinet
6877:Geology
6821:Climate
6763:Regions
6690:Ottoman
6508:Beyliks
6504:Seljuks
6469:History
6413:italics
6351:Nauplia
6346:Algiers
6290:Domokos
6274:Mouzaki
6262:NovĆĄiÄe
6242:Aladzha
6219:Al-Hasa
6156:Algiers
6084:Sculeni
6066:Doliana
6056:Erzurum
6045:Alamana
5957:Giurgiu
5946:FocÈani
5888:Matapan
5857:Mehadia
5846:Kinburn
5801:Perekop
5766:Samarra
5759:Kurijan
5670:Algiers
5665:Algiers
5660:Algiers
5609:Lepanto
5532:Zernest
5526:2nd NiĆĄ
5485:Eperjes
5468:PĂĄrkĂĄny
5443:Komarno
5427:ĆadyĆŒyn
5356:Sufiyan
5332:Giurgiu
5288:Torches
5260:Szigeth
5239:Tlemcen
5206:Tlemcen
5148:AlborĂĄn
5137:Preveza
5092:Zonchio
5068:Karagak
5048:Algiers
5041:Baghdad
5034:Gorjani
5008:Tlemcen
4968:Algiers
4910:Shkodra
4767:Otonetë
4733:1st NiĆĄ
4715:Golubac
4701:Ăamurlu
4651:PloÄnik
4626:Maritsa
4619:Samokov
4598:Ihtiman
4556:Bapheus
4516:Battles
4442:(2008).
4422:(1966)
4015:Pimlico
3281:Rumelia
3005:Nikopol
2977:). The
2942:de jure
2540:in the
2526:Partium
2422:in 1595
2312:in 1571
2292:Nicosia
2255:removed
2240:sources
2131:). The
2037:Drégely
2032:pyrrhic
1870:at the
1844:Vatican
1834:in the
1830:prince
1796:removed
1781:sources
1740:Preveza
1578:removed
1563:sources
1501:Neretva
1461:removed
1446:sources
1392:Croatia
1314:Otranto
1248:led by
1215:Albania
1183:removed
1168:sources
1100:Hungary
1057:Croatia
1018:Rumelia
896:on the
835:Balkans
812:Fr 5594
802:called
646:in 1453
605:History
575:Serbian
532:), the
389:Persian
377:Russian
332:Serbian
126:Seimeni
101:Voynuks
7571:Portal
7516:Sports
7417:Cinema
7412:Carpet
7395:Seljuk
7385:Anthem
7268:Ankara
7137:Energy
7029:Topics
6897:Rivers
6814:Topics
6706:Topics
6461:Turkey
6319:Tendra
6308:Andros
6268:Ulcinj
6237:Plevna
6051:Gravia
6031:Jeddah
5995:Abukir
5963:Izmail
5951:Rymnik
5898:Patras
5882:Imbros
5795:Grocka
5772:Kirkuk
5728:Chelif
5687:Andros
5603:Cyprus
5508:Crimea
5379:Candia
5367:Cecora
5281:Ăıldır
5220:Palast
5171:Djerba
4948:Dubica
4942:Krbava
4936:Vrpile
4897:Vaslui
4880:Vaikal
4695:Ankara
4678:Rovine
4662:Kosovo
4656:BileÄa
4570:Nicaea
4563:Dimbos
4522:by era
4462:
4452:Leiden
4434:online
4424:online
4387:
4368:
4320:
4222:
4188:
4159:
4039:. 2021
4021:
3907:
3878:
3577:
3276:Thrace
3128:Greece
3033:France
3007:, 1877
2858:France
2679:Athens
2521:Tatars
2492:allies
2486:Polish
2365:Venice
2343:, and
2341:Cyprus
2183:Cyprus
2145:Dragut
2125:Rhodes
2046:végvår
2024:végvår
1981:KĆszeg
1973:Vienna
1949:died.
1848:Bosnia
1628:fell.
1419:Uskoci
1061:Styria
983:, The
979:, The
975:, The
971:, The
967:, The
927:
879:
774:, the
768:Serbia
719:Thrace
650:After
522:Cyprus
396:Africa
362:Polish
176:Arnaut
141:Levend
131:Akinji
121:Seymen
116:Sekban
106:Yamaks
96:Sipahi
40:on the
7501:Names
7496:Music
7469:Media
7340:Crime
7273:Ä°zmir
6882:Lakes
6867:Fauna
6371:Sinop
6356:Samos
6341:Athos
6176:Nezib
6171:Konya
6141:Varna
6131:Petra
6071:Lalas
6038:Äegar
6015:Batin
6005:Derna
5968:MÄcin
5893:ĂeĆme
5836:Kagul
5831:Larga
5782:Ganja
5742:Pruth
5615:Tunis
5586:Zenta
5568:Lugos
5550:HodĂłw
5490:Kassa
5415:Jijel
5321:Banat
5315:Sisak
5309:BihaÄ
5253:Krupa
5233:Tadla
5154:Ponza
5131:Tunis
5099:Modon
5001:Jajce
4926:Adana
4885:Meçad
4875:Ohrid
4784:Polog
4756:Varna
4683:Ohrid
4645:Savra
4231:6 May
3700:(PDF)
3357:Notes
3216:Libya
2490:Tatar
2443:(see
2441:Crete
2361:Spain
2357:Malta
2195:Spain
2137:Malta
1380:held
1361:(the
1359:Jajce
937:with
894:Varna
877:on 25
849:Tsar
731:Sofia
685:Greek
579:Greek
557:Corfu
538:Crete
264:Ships
7543:Wine
7439:Flag
7142:Coal
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