Ottoman–Habsburg wars

380: 2358: 525: 2832: 6003:("The infantry does not amount to two hundred men, in three companies. If these men were that number, and Spaniards, it would not be so bad; but, although I have not seen them, because they have not yet arrived here, I am told that they are, as at other times, for the most part boys, mestizos, and mulattoes, with some Indians (Native Americans). There is no little cause for regret in the great sums that reënforcements of such men waste for, and cost, your Majesty. I cannot see what betterment there will be until your Majesty shall provide it, since I do not think, that more can be done in Nueva Spaña, although the viceroy must be endeavoring to do so, as he is ordered.") 605: 430: 417: 401: 3907: 970: 248: 722: 595: 958: 4398: 805: 328: 290: 585: 390: 672: 889: 920: 982: 2597: 279: 2527: 474: 933: 734: 1030: 1018: 1006: 152: 2748: 498: 4275: 3812: 762: 316: 4236: 4387: 268: 572: 853: 364: 4256: 865: 3729: 302: 3305: 2512:

were all abandoned on the way to Vienna, after they got stuck in mud due to heavy rainfall. Ferdinand defended Vienna with great vigour. By 12 October, after much mining and counter-mining an Ottoman war council was called and on 14 October the Ottomans abandoned the siege. The retreat of the Ottoman army was hampered by the resistance of Pozsony, which attempted to attack Ottoman forces. Early snowfall made matters worse, and it would be another three years before Suleiman could campaign in Hungary.

513: 817: 660: 648: 636: 619: 352: 710: 698: 994: 786: 462: 877: 2489: 450: 3673: 829: 340: 774: 2883:'s fleet was defeated by a Genoese one, Charles' army put 30,000 of the city's residents to the sword. Afterwards, the Spanish placed a friendlier Muslim leader in power. The campaign was not an unmitigated success; many Holy League soldiers succumbed to dysentery, only natural for such a large overseas army. Furthermore, much of Barbarossa's fleet was not present in North Africa and the Ottomans won a victory against the Holy League in 1538 at the 550: 538: 946: 3115: 901: 3982: 3661: 4656: 4303: 4097: 3054: 2938: 36: 2791:. The siege was meant to be only a temporary stop before taking on Vienna. However, the fortress withstood against the Sultan's armies. Eventually the Sultan, already an old man at 72 years (ironically campaigning to restore his health), died. The Royal Physician was strangled to prevent news from reaching the troops and the unaware Ottomans took the fort, ending the campaign shortly afterward without making a move against Vienna. 746: 2999: 841: 2393: 4612: 4158: 561: 4545: 4670: 486: 2760:

threat. Even so, the Austrians would go on the offensive again, their generals building a bloody reputation for so much loss of life. Costly battles like those fought at Buda and Osijek were avoided but not absent in the upcoming conflicts. In any case Habsburg interests were split between fighting for devastated European land under Islamic control, trying to stop the gradual

3139:); having collected so much of Europe's available military strength, the Holy League was better supplied with ammunition and armor and inflicted a blow on the Ottomans. The chance to retake Cyprus was wasted in the typical squabbling that followed the victory, so that when the Venetians signed a peace treaty with the Ottomans in 1573, they did so according to Ottoman terms. 3870:). Enraged by these defeats, the Turks replied with a more energetic response so that by 1605, after much wasted Austrian relief efforts and failed sieges on both sides, only Raab remained in the hands of the Austrians. In that year a pro-Turkish vassal prince was elected leader of Transylvania by the Hungarian nobles and the war came to a conclusion with the 3014:, the Ottomans found that their victory at Rhodes only displaced the problem; Ottoman ships came under frequent attacks by the Knights, as they attempted to stop Ottoman expansion to the West. Not to be outdone, Ottoman ships struck many parts of southern Europe and around Italy, as part of their wider war, allied with France against the Habsburgs (See 3924:. In response, the Ottomans in 1645 amassed a sizable fleet with no stated target, although many believed it would sail on Malta. Taking advantage of surprise, the Ottomans began their campaign on Crete in June 1645. Between 1645 and 1648, the Ottomans captured nearly the entire island, and in May 1648 began a siege on the capital, 3233:, the Ottoman commander, Heredim Mafamede sent out from Suez by his uncle, Suleiman, Viceroy of Cairo, when his fleet later took Aru on the Strait of Malacca, which contained 4,000 Muslims from Turkey, Abyssinia, Malabar, Gujarat and Luzon, and following his victory, Heredim left a hand-picked garrison there under the command of a 4079: 3540:, and "Indians" (From Peru and Mexico), led by Spanish officers who had worked together with native Filipinos in military campaigns across Southeast Asia. The Muslim side though was also equally racially diverse. In addition to the native Malay warriors, the Ottomans had repeatedly sent military expeditions to nearby 3022:, decided in 1565 to destroy the Knights' base at Malta. The presence of the Ottoman fleet so close to the Papacy alarmed the Spanish, who began assembling first a small expeditionary force (that arrived in time for the siege) and then a larger fleet to relieve the island. The ultra-modern star-shaped fort of 5816:

To pursue their mission of conquest, the Spaniards dealt individually with each settlement or village and with each province or island until the entire Philippine archipelago was brought under imperial control. They saw to it that the people remained divided or compartmentalized and with the minimum

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in countering the threat of the Tsar. The Ottomans had hoped the Germans would industrialize their nation to defend itself against the Russians, who had taken the "anti-Turk crusade" to a more committed level, driving the Turks out of the Crimea and Caucasus. Meanwhile, the German Empire appealed to

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were thoroughly defeated by tough Imperial troops fresh from savage fighting in the Low Countries. In response to this defeat, the Grand Vizier launched a large army of 13,000 Janissaries plus numerous European levies against the Christians. When the Janissaries rebelled against the Vizier's demands

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and a thousand native warriors to restore back the Sultan's power over the Empire. The Spanish return to Manila on 26 June 1578, after just 72 days. Before doing so, they burned the mosque, a high structure with a five-tier roof. Afterwards, peaceful relations were restored between the Spaniards and

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The Sultan arrived at Vienna on 27 September 1529. Ferdinand's army was some 16,000 strong – he was outnumbered roughly 7 to 1 and the walls of Vienna were an invitation to Ottoman cannon (6 ft thick along some parts). However, the heavy cannons on which the Ottomans relied to breach the walls

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Persians and Arabs and Egyptians and Turks brought veneration and evil sect here, and even Moors from Tunis and Granada came here, sometimes in the armadas of Campson , former Sultan of Cairo and King of Egypt... Thus it seems to me that these Moros of the Philippine Islands mainly those who, as

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During the 1500s, The Luzones were a people coming from Luzon, Philippines that had trade and military networks across South, Southeast, and East Asia, and had found employment both for the Ottoman and Portuguese sides back when the Ottomans concentrated assistance to Southeast Asian Sultanates on

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There were wasted opportunities on both sides in the Little War; Austrian attempts to increase their influence in Hungary were just as unsuccessful as the Ottoman drives to Vienna. Nonetheless, there were no illusions as to the status quo: the Ottoman Empire was still a very powerful and dangerous

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For the next 100 years, the Austrians and the Ottomans both began to slowly lose their power to the French, British, Prussians and Russians. Both the Ottomans and the Austrians lacked the heavy industry of their other European counterparts, but the Ottomans were further behind than the Austrians.

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In 1683, after 15 months of mobilizing forces, the Grand Vizier reached Vienna to find the city well defended and prepared. Worst for the Vizier were the numerous alliances established by the Austrians, including with Sobieski. When the siege of Vienna began in 1683, Sobieski and his coalition of

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and several other key settlements along the Danube. Despite this, the Ottoman sultan was slow to react and only came to the aid of his vassal when he launched an army of about 120,000 men on 10 May 1529. The Austrian branch of Habsburg monarchs needed the economic power of Hungary for the Ottoman

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Filipino by the name of Sapetu Diraja. Sapetu Diraja, was then assigned by the Sultan of Aceh the task of holding Aru (northeast Sumatra) in 1540. The Luzones even joined the attempt for a Muslim reconquest of Malacca against the Portuguese. Luzon mercenaries also participated in an unsuccessful

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to power. Known by some as "Selim the Sot", he assembled a massive expedition to take Cyprus from Venice. An option that Selim opted out of was to assist the Moorish rebellion that had been instigated by the Spanish crown to root out disloyal Moors. Had Selim succeeded in landing in the Iberian

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Meanwhile, the Ottoman Empire rapidly began displacing its Christian opponents at sea. In the 14th century, the Ottomans had only a small navy. By the 15th century, hundreds of ships were in the Ottoman arsenal taking on Constantinople and challenging the naval powers of the Italian republics of

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were in miserable economic and financial conditions, thus Ferdinand desperately introduced the so-called Turkish Tax (Türken Steuer). Despite this, he was not able to collect enough money to pay the expenses of the defense costs of the Austrian lands. His annual revenues only allowed him to hire

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as a puppet-state, the prince of Manila and grandson of Sultan Bolkiah, named Rajah Ache, served as the admiral of the Bruneian navy and had suppressed a Buddhist revolt in Southwest Borneo at the city of Loue as well as served as the enforcer of Bruneian interests in Luzon. Likewise, after the

2558:, the defenders accepted an "honorable" surrender of the fortress in return for their safety. The Sultan then withdrew, content with his success, and recognizing the limited Austrian gains in Hungary, while forcing Ferdinand to recognize John Zápolya as King of Hungary. Tatar raiders plundered 3324:

arrived from Mexico in 1565 and formed the first European settlements in Cebu. Beginning with just five ships and five hundred men accompanied by Augustinian monks, and further strengthened in 1567 by two hundred soldiers, he was able to repel the Portuguese and create the foundations for the

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title, meaning leader of all Muslims worldwide, and Iberians, as leaders of the Christian crusaders, were locked in a worldwide conflict, with zones of operations in the Mediterranean sea and Indian Ocean where Iberians circumnavigated Africa to reach India, and in the way, wage wars upon the

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and avenged the loss inflicted over 160 years ago by Suleiman the Magnificent. The Ottomans continued to resist the southward-pressing Austrians, denying them an opportunity to negotiate from a position of strength. Only when the Ottomans suffered yet another disastrous battle at the

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While the peace between the Austrians and the Ottomans would last for nine years, John Zápolya and Ferdinand found it convenient to continue skirmishes along their respective borders. In 1537 Ferdinand broke the peace treaty by sending his ablest generals to a disastrous siege of

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had been said, come from Egypt and Arabia and Mecca, and are their relatives, disciples and members, and every year they say that Turks come to Sumatra and Borneo, and to Ternate, where there are now some of those defeated in the famous battle which Señor Don Juan de Austria won.

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on the Rhine; in such circumstances the Protestant allies of the Catholic Habsburgs would have proven unreliable, wanting instead to have the Austrians and themselves fight the French in a German coalition. The Ottomans therefore turned their attention north again against the

3693:, a hedonist who spent more time at his Harem than at the war front. Under such deteriorating circumstances, the Empire found itself at war with the Austrians yet again. In the early stages of the war, the military situation for the Ottomans worsened as the Principalities of 4179:'s army was twice as large, containing over 74,000 men, including German, Croat, Dutch, Hungarian, English, Spanish, Czech, Italian, French, Burgundian, Danish and Swedish soldiers, along with other Europeans as volunteers, artillerymen, and officers, the Christian forces 2507:

resisted. Considering the size of Suleiman's army and the devastation wrought upon Hungary in the previous few years it is not surprising that the will to resist one of the world's most powerful states was lacking in many of the recently garrisoned Habsburg settlements.

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attempt to retake Malacca in 1525 with the help of Portuguese renegade Martin Avelar. The "captain of the Luces" sailed in the flagship with warriors Joao de Barros considered "the most warlike and valiant of these parts." However, the Luzones also found employment in

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After the death of Suleiman in 1566, Selim II posed less of a threat to Europe. Though Cyprus was captured at long last, the Ottomans failed against the Habsburgs at sea (see above, Battle of Lepanto). Selim died not too long after, leaving in power his son

3847:, a slow Austrian response was wiped out by the Ottomans. Mehmet III's inexperience in ruling showed when he failed to reward the Janissaries for their efforts in battle; rather he punished them for not fighting well enough and thereby incited a rebellion. 4628:. The Austrians were in no hurry to see Russia advance at the cost of the Ottomans towards their borders. Thus, in the years before World War I, the two former enemies found themselves allies against the French, the Russians and the British. In 1918, the 3147:

By the end of Suleiman's reign, the Empire spanned approximately 877,888 sq mi (2,273,720 km), extending over three continents: mainly Europe, Africa and Asia. In addition, the Empire became a dominant naval force, controlling much of the

3216:, where the Luzones were from were divided among Islamized and Pagan peoples (Buddhist, Hindu, and Animist) who fought each other. Nevertheless, Luzones found employment as officials across the region such as the following cases. Due to the invasion of 2740:. The vast majority of the seventeen and nineteen thousands Ottoman soldiers in service in the Ottoman fortresses in the territory of Hungary were Orthodox and Muslim Balkan Slavs instead of ethnic Turkish people. Southern Slavs were also acting as 2457:"in a field or during a siege we are in distressed position, because the greater part of the enemy forces are infantry armed with muskets, while the majority of our forces are horsemen, and we have very few specialists skilled in the musket" 3266:. The dual allegiance to the Ottomans and Portuguese, of Filipinos (Lucoes) who had trade networks across East, Southeast and East Asia had effects on Turkish interests in the Indian Ocean because Luzon eventually gave their allegiance to 3763:

Despite the success of the previous year, the situation for the Ottomans worsened yet again in 1595. A Christian coalition of the former vassal states along with Austrian troops recaptured Esztergom and marched southward down the Danube.

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Ferdinand I attacked Hungary, a state severely weakened by civil conflict, in 1527, in an attempt to drive out John Zápolya and enforce his authority there. John was unable to prevent Ferdinand's campaigning, which led to the capture of

1950:, which Austria fought allied with Russia. Intermittent tension between Austria and the Ottoman Empire continued throughout the nineteenth century, but they never fought each other in a war and ultimately found themselves allied in 3966:

to break the Ottoman siege, the city surrendered on 5 September 1669. With this victory, the Ottomans secured their first major territorial gain in almost a century, and simultaneously ended 500 years of Venetian rule over Crete.

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of Spain for help to recover the throne usurped by his brother, Saiful Rijal. Spain agreed that if they succeeded in conquering Brunei, Pengiran Seri Lela would indeed become the Sultan, while Pengiran Seri Ratna would be the new

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As in the previous Austrian offensive, the return of the Ottomans forced the Habsburgs in Austria to go on the defensive. In 1532, Suleiman sent a massive Ottoman army to take Vienna. However, the army took a different route to

3458:, obliging followers of other faiths such as Jews and Muslims to convert to this religion. Spain had recently finished a 700-year-old war to reconquer and re-Christianise Spain, which had been invaded by the Muslims under the 4222:) and Protestants from as far as Scotland fought in the Prince's army. For the Ottomans, the years between 1683 and 1702 were a sad time; 12 Grand Viziers were deposed in 19 years – the legacy of what was at one time under 3962:. Over the final two years of the siege, the Venetians, bolstered by Ottoman infighting and expecting reinforcements from France, refused several offers of peace treaties. After a failed attempt by French soldiers under 4785:

Engaged in wars against the Ottomans and the Crimean Khanate throughout the whole period, some of which coincided with the Habsburgs' own wars. Petro Doroshenko's faction of Hetmanate, however, supported Ottoman

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against each other to rapidly conquer a divided people. After the initial conquest, control of the archipelago was cemented by a steady flow of Spanish, Mexican and Peruvian settlers and soldiers from Europe and

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Germans and Poles arrived just as Vienna's defense was becoming untenable. In one of history's truly decisive battles, and simultaneously the Ottomans' high watermark; they were defeated and the siege lifted.

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doctrine involving the cooperation of infantry, artillery and cavalry. Nevertheless, the Ottomans were able to maintain military parity with the Habsburgs until the middle of the eighteenth century. Historian

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in 1543, despite the fact they had been used for decades by Christian armies in Kingdom of Hungary and in Western Europe. According to a report from 1594, the Ottoman soldiers had not adopted the pistol yet.

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was the last major island in the Eastern Mediterranean to be brought under the control of the Ottoman Empire. Before Ottoman capture, Crete was one of the largest and most prominent overseas holdings of the

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Prolonged military conflict contributed to decline of both Ottomans and Habsburgs which caused significant shift in the balance of power from both of these empires to the emerging France, Britain and Russia

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has emphasized the non-combat dimension of the conflict, in which the Habsburgs built up military communities that protected their borders and produced a steady flow of well-trained, motivated soldiers.

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Henry Elliot Maiden, Salus Vienna Tua: The great siege of 1683, Chapter 2 "and the absence of his heavy artillery, stuck deep in the soil of Hungarian roads, saved the capital of Austrian dominions..."

2772:. Nevertheless, the Ottomans, while hanging on to their supreme power, could not expand as they had in the days of Mehmet and Bayezid. To the east lay further wars against their Shi'ite opponents, the 2534:

After the defeat at Vienna, the Ottoman Sultan had to turn his attention to other parts of his domain. Taking advantage of this absence, Archduke Ferdinand launched an offensive in 1530, recapturing

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and marked the decline of the Ottoman Empire. Recent historians have taken a broader perspective, noting that the Habsburgs at the same time resisted internal separatist movements and were fighting

6717: 5838:(Zamboanga City History) "He (Governor Don Sebastían Hurtado de Corcuera) brought a great reënforcements of soldiers, many of them from Perú, as he made his voyage to Acapulco from that kingdom." 4060:

Restless, the Ottomans were to have another chance in 1682, when the Grand Vizier marched a massive army into Hungary and to Vienna in response to Habsburg raids into Ottoman controlled Hungary.

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Pires, Tome, A suma oriental de Tome Pires e o livro de FranciscoRodriguez: Leitura e notas de Armando Cortesao , translated and edited by Armando Cortesao, Cambridge: Hakluyt Society, 1944.

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would go on for 21 years. The situation was complicated by naval engagements against Christian fleets in the Aegean, as well as internal political turmoil including the deposition of Sultan

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Melchor Davalos to the King, Manila 20 June 1585, in Lewis Hanke, Cuerpo de Documentos del Siglo XVI sobre los derechos de España en las Indias y las Filipinas (Mexico 1977), pp. 72, 75.

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Moldavia, Transylvania and Wallachia engaged in numerous wars with the Ottomans, some of which coincided with the Habsburgs' own wars. At times, however, they were on the opposite side.

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Efforts to catch up with European technology led officers and intellectuals to study abroad—a plan that backfired for the Ottomans when these individuals brought back European ideas of

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in Wallachia and two small towns on the Croatian frontier. This conflict was the last time the two powers came into direct conflict, although political and military tensions remained.

3903:. The island was significant to the Ottomans not only for its strategic position along shipping routes between Istanbul and Egypt, but also for its role as a safe harbor for pirates. 3454:

The time the Castilian War broke out was a time of religious fervor in Europe and many parts of the world, when a single state religion was followed. In Spain, the state religion was

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warned of the constant migration of even the Turks/Ottomans to Borneo as well as other Muslims from the Middle East. Melchor Davalos was so warry he complained to the Spanish king.

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colonialization of the Archipelago. In 1571, the Spanish, their Latin-American recruits and their Filipino (Visayan) allies, commanded by able conquistadors such as Mexico-born

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when the Bruneian aristocracy of Manila attempted an uprising against Spain with Japan and Brunei as allies. The conspiracy was suppressed and the conspirators were exiled to

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in Southeast Asia. During the 17th century, the bloody worldwide conflict between the Ottoman Caliphate and Iberian Union was nevertheless a stalemate, since both powers were

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wars. During the Ottoman wars the territory of former Kingdom of Hungary shrunk by around 70%; despite these territorial and demographic losses, the smaller, heavily war-torn

2024:. However, the defeat of these and other rebellious vassal states opened up central Europe to Ottoman invasion. The Kingdom of Hungary now bordered the Ottoman Empire and its 5803: 2437:

adopted firearms in battles since the beginning of the 16th century, the Ottoman usage of the handheld firearms spread much more slowly than in the Western Christian armies.

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Martin Fumée, Historia von den Empörungen, so sich im Königreich Vngarn, auch in Siebenbürgen, Moldaw, in der Bergische Walachey vnd andern örthern zugetragen haben, 1596.

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Antony, Robert J. Elusive Pirates, Pervasive Smugglers: Violence and Clandestine Trade in the Greater China Seas. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2010. Print, 76.

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of the Ottomans. Therefore, Ottoman power collapsed more rapidly than Austrian power, and they were powerless to stop Bosnia from being occupied in 1878 (officially

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crusading against most of the Sultanates of Southeast Asia. The Bruneians raised several fleets to retake Manila but they were frustrated. However, the Spanish in

2001:(almost always of the Holy Roman Empire after the 15th century), the wars between the Hungarians and the Ottomans included other dynasties as well. Naturally, the 5040: 9354: 9264: 4753: 2121: 4485:(1739), conquests in Serbia and Wallachia were undone. The Habsburgs ceded Serbia (including Belgrade), the southern part of the Banat of Temeswar and northern 3632:

resulted in the takeover by the Spanish Habsburgs of the territories held by Portugal across the world, and in this period, the Habsburgs conducted the ongoing

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cries for independence became a bigger problem for the more militarily incompetent Ottomans. After 1867, the Austrians compromised with the Hungarians to form

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outbreak. They were so weakened by the illness. However, this war entering the national conscience as a heroic episode, with the Spaniards being driven out by

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and use it as a base to further attack the Muslims in the far east. In which case, the Ottomans sent armies to aid its easternmost vassal and territory, the

3152:. By this time, the Ottoman Empire was a major part of the European political sphere. The Ottomans became involved in multi-continental religious wars when 2654: 1427: 5267: 2633: 2521: 1133: 7251: 2418:

remained economically more important than Austria or Kingdom of Bohemia at the end of the 16th century, as it was Ferdinand's largest source of revenue.

1556: 1069: 2051:, the sister of King Louis II and the only family member claimant to the throne of the shattered kingdom. Consequently, Ferdinand I was elected King of 8262: 7177: 6724: 2503:

easily wrested from Ferdinand most of the gains he had achieved in the previous two years – to the disappointment of Ferdinand I, only the fortress of

3955:. In 1666, after the resolution of several other fronts, the Ottomans dispatched sizeable reinforcements towards Crete, under the personal command of 9180: 5450:"The Ottoman 'Discovery' of the Indian Ocean in the Sixteenth Century: The Age of Exploration from an Islamic Perspective | History Cooperative" 3405: 1915: 3273:

1521 saw the beginnings of the Spanish and Habsburg conquest of the Philippines (Including Luzon) by Conquistadors from either Spain or Mexico. The

6135: 2585:. Attempting to enforce the treaty, the Austrians advanced on Buda where they experienced another defeat by Suleiman; the elderly Austrian General 3839:

strangled his 19 brothers to seize power and personally marched his army to the north west of Hungary to counter his enemies' moves. In 1596 Eger

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the Ottomans were able largely to maintain military parity until taken by surprise both on land and at sea in the Russian war from 1768 to 1774.

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attracted support from the West, where the advancing and powerful Islamic state was seen as a threat to Christendom in Europe. The Crusades of

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Junker, Laura L. Raiding, Trading, and Feasting: The Political Economy of Philippine Chiefdoms. Honolulu: University of Hawaiì Press, 1999.

3702: 2737: 821: 405: 356: 5831: 72: 6758: 5209: 5166: 5123: 5012: 4960: 3532:. The racial make-up of the Christian side was likely diverse, as documents a few decades later showed that the infantry was composed of 1223: 6061: 6030: 9304: 9294: 5829:"Second Book of the Second Part of the Conquests of the Filipinas Islands, and Chronicle of the Religious of Our Father, St. Augustine" 4324: 4118: 4046: 3202: 3075: 2959: 1115: 53: 6634:

Pešalj, Jovan (2010). "Early 18th-Century Peacekeeping: How Habsburgs and Ottomans Resolved Several Border Disputes after Karlowitz".

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annex Hungary. By the time a peace treaty was enforced in 1551, Habsburg Hungary had been reduced to little more than border land.

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Austria and the other great powers (Britain, Prussia, Russia) saved the Ottoman dynasty from early collapse against the rebellious

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in 1568 and renewed in 1576, 1584, and 1591. War would not again break out between the Habsburgs and Ottomans until 1593, in the

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Crowley, Roger Empires of the Sea: The siege of Malta, the Battle of Lepanto and the contest for the center of the world,

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with the Ottomans, some of which coincided with the Habsburgs' own wars, others concluded by similar treaties such as the

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since the 8th century AD. The long process of reconquest, sometimes through treaties, mostly through war, is known as the

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Relations between Austria and the Ottomans began to improve when they saw a common threat in Russia and a common ally in

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of Islam in the Philippines. Sultan Saiful Rijal would not agree to these terms and also expressed his opposition to the

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peninsula, he may have been cut off, for after he had captured Cyprus in 1571 he suffered a decisive naval defeat at the

2910:'s accompanying fleet was battered by a storm and many ships were lost. Charles's land force marched toward Algiers, but 1217: 1192: 1109: 7096: 5663: 5503: 2802:. However, throughout this period of peace small-scale warfare continued, a conflict known as the "Little War" (German: 2219: 1421: 379: 8874: 8191: 8127: 7849: 7829: 7304: 7036: 6999: 6692: 6645: 6591: 6555: 6501: 6458: 6425: 6271: 6024: 5797: 5673: 5591: 5395: 5203: 5160: 5117: 5074: 5038: 5006: 4954: 4745: 4432: 4391: 4373: 4042: 2530:

The Ottoman army consisted of both heavy and missile fire, cavalry and infantry, making it both versatile and powerful.

2336: 2302: 2268: 1947: 1829: 1204: 1180: 925: 588: 9239: 8343: 4009: 3768:, the prince of Wallachia started a campaign against the Turks (1594–1595), conquering several castles near the Lower 2059:

he and his wife were elected king and queen of Hungary. This clashed with the Turkish objective of placing the puppet

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Historians have focused on the second siege of Vienna of 1683, depicting it as a decisive Austrian victory that saved

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distracted Christians from their conflict with the Ottomans. Meanwhile, the Ottomans had to contend with the Persian

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Increasing tension between Spain and Brunei plus its oppressed allies in the Philippines, mainly the Sultanates of

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By the 16th century, the Ottomans had become a serious threat to European powers, with Ottoman ships sweeping away

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to Habsburg Spain had disastrous after effects to Muslim interests, especially among the Bruneians, Ottomans, and

9324: 9279: 9274: 9269: 9077: 8869: 8656: 8456: 8005: 7940: 7526: 7428: 4460: 4025: 2831: 2202: 2044: 1409: 1343: 1325: 608: 169: 8995: 8511: 7955: 7839: 5280: 4274: 2442: 9309: 9097: 9035: 8834: 8252: 7965: 7945: 7917: 7834: 7809: 7669: 7477: 7384: 7324: 7291: 6522: 4328: 4122: 3792:

and other parts of Moldavia. Michael continued his attacks deep within the Ottoman Empire, taking the forts of

3079: 2963: 2430:

are called as "Şakaloz", which word came from the Hungarian hand cannon "Szakállas puska" in the 15th century.

2013:(1443–44) marked the most determined attempts by Europe to halt the Turkic advance into Central Europe and the 1265: 893: 57: 9060: 8889: 8646: 6447:

Bronza, Boro (2010). "The Habsburg Monarchy and the Projects for Division of the Ottoman Balkans, 1771–1788".

4439:. The invasion was a catastrophe, however, and the Ottoman army was broken and the Grand Vizier killed at the 3804:(Edirne), the former Ottoman capital city; no Christian army had set foot in the region since the days of the 3135:, assembled by the Pope to defend the Island, arrived too late to save it (despite 11 months of resistance at 2761: 9314: 9284: 9212: 9190: 9145: 9087: 9065: 8879: 8651: 8333: 8122: 8107: 7192: 7056: 7009: 6800: 5718:

Wilkinson, R J. An Abridged Malay–English Dictionary (romanised). London: Macmillan and Co, 1948. Print, 291.

4417: 4369: 3940: 3714: 3509:. In reality, de Sande regarded Brunei as a threat to the Spanish presence in the region, claiming that "the 2868: 2563: 2382: 1923: 1853: 1391: 598: 393: 8441: 6132: 4998:

The Holy Roman Empire, 1495–1806: A European Perspective Volume 1 van Brill's Companions to European History

3572:. These expeditionary forces had also spread to other nearby Sultanates such as Brunei and had taught local 2698:

in south-central Slovakia with the castle of the same name was conquered by the Turks and was the seat of a

9339: 9329: 9082: 9050: 8581: 8446: 7882: 7262: 7071: 6867: 6514:

Ottomans, Hungarians, and Habsburgs in Central Europe: The Military Confines in the Era of Ottoman Conquest

5913: 4435:

on the Habsburg monarchy in 1716 and marched north from Belgrade in July under the command of Grand Vizier

3617: 1259: 93: 9070: 8403: 4416:

was a disaster for the Ottomans, the Habsburgs were soon drawn into another destructive European war (the

4223: 3520:, started their journey towards Brunei. The expedition consisted of 200 Spaniards and 200 Mexicans, 1,500 2581:

After the death of John Zápolya in 1540, Ferdinand's inheritance was robbed, given instead to John's son,

9055: 8955: 8586: 8038: 7970: 6939: 5468:

Crusaders in the Far East: The Moro Wars in the Philippines in the Context of the Ibero-Islamic World War

4191: 3947:. During this same period, the Ottoman–Venetian war raged on several other fronts, notably a campaign in 3850:

The Austrians renewed the war against their enemies in the summer of 1597 with a drive southward, taking

3625: 3494: 3432: 2629: 2048: 1888: 1755: 1487: 554: 8506: 8413: 3914:

In July 1644, an Ottoman ship bound for Egypt, carrying the former Chief Black Eunuch of the Harem, the

3599:

Sultan Saiful Rijal and Paduka Seri Begawan Sultan Abdul Kahar were forced to flee to Meragang, then to

2616:– started a campaign against the western and central part of the country while the second army – led by 2601: 2492:

The Ottomans were unable to overcome the long pike formations and arquebus fire of the defenders in the

8990: 8353: 8000: 7887: 7799: 7771: 7398: 7368: 7173: 7004: 6841: 5994:

Letter from Fajardo to Felipe III From Manila, August 15 1620.(From the Spanish Archives of the Indies)

5923: 5817:

of contact or communication. The Spaniards adopted the policy of divide et impera (divide and conquer).

5606:

Tom Harrisson, Brunei's Two (or More) Capitals, Brunei Museum Journal, Vol. 3, No. 4 (1976), pp. 77 sq.

5195: 4215: 3895: 3541: 3230: 1992: 1988: 1574: 1379: 208: 8373: 8328: 4924:

War and Society in East Central Europe: The fall of medieval kingdom of Hungary: Mohacs 1526–Buda 1541

4195: 3906: 3587:, Pengiran Seri Lela and Pengiran Seri Ratna. The former had travelled to Manila to offer Brunei as a 3516:

Spain declared war in 1578. In March that year, the Spanish fleet, led by de Sande himself, acting as

3349:. The Spanish employed the divide and conquer policy of pitting the various Animist, Hindu and Muslim 3321: 3282: 2664:, and 4,000 German and Italian prisoners were deported to Constantinople. The two armies united under 604: 8909: 8859: 8717: 8616: 8112: 7985: 7950: 7902: 7804: 7416: 7300: 6989: 6954: 4703: 4525: 4397: 4207:

in 1699 secured territories, the rest of Hungary and overlordship of Transylvania for the Austrians.

3866:. Further Habsburg victories were achieved when a Turkish relief force was defeated at Grosswardein ( 3828: 3010:(an island farther from Europe than Rhodes) remained Venetian. When the Knights of St. John moved to 2891: 2170: 1719: 1313: 1241: 1229: 833: 383: 344: 7534: 6637:

Empires and Peninsulas: Southeastern Europe between Karlowitz and the Peace of Adrianople, 1699–1829

6450:

Empires and Peninsulas: Southeastern Europe between Karlowitz and the Peace of Adrianople, 1699–1829

3034:

continued and the victory at Malta had no effect on Ottoman military strength in the Mediterranean.

2589:

proved to be incompetent. Suleiman then finished off the remaining Austrian troops and proceeded to

2582: 8854: 8737: 8697: 8636: 8631: 8571: 7990: 7980: 7766: 7469: 7380: 7081: 6795: 5275: 4561:

Thus, Ottoman power decayed faster than Austrian power. In the Balkans, the increasingly prevalent

4448: 4436: 4313: 4107: 3479: 3428: 3359: 3064: 2948: 2876: 2538:

and other forts. An assault on Buda was only thwarted by the presence of Ottoman Turkish soldiers.

2500: 2397: 2138: 1900: 1777: 1743: 1731: 1707: 1650: 1523: 1493: 1481: 1475: 1469: 1355: 1277: 1271: 809: 332: 177: 9234: 8313: 7546: 7066: 4599:. British, Austrian and Ottoman ships attacked ports in Syria and Alexandria, and the allies took 3173:

Ottomans and its local Muslim allies and likewise the Iberians passed through newly Christianised

2716: 1784: 1156: 8904: 8762: 8606: 8546: 8496: 8398: 7995: 7960: 7907: 7542: 7412: 7376: 7106: 6979: 6964: 6860: 6407: 5327:

James Tracy, "The Road to Szigetvár: Ferdinand I's Defense of His Hungarian Border, 1548–1566."

5232:

Defenders of the faith: Charles V, Suleyman the Magnificent, and the battle for Europe, 1520–1536

4629: 4596: 4317: 4111: 4054: 4033: 4028:. The battle was won by the Christians, chiefly through the attack of 6,000 French troops led by 3580: 3068: 2952: 1695: 1499: 1451: 1367: 1361: 594: 409: 46: 8097: 2613: 9195: 8767: 8702: 8206: 8092: 7975: 7935: 7579: 7372: 7031: 7021: 6151: 5387: 4698: 4683: 4444: 4440: 4401: 4211: 4021: 3883: 3018:). The situation finally came to a head when Suleiman, the victor at Rhodes in 1522 and at the 2861: 2849: 2612:

In 1552 two Ottoman armies crossed the border into the Hungarian kingdom. One of them – led by

2586: 2493: 2483: 2104: 2002: 1907: 1884: 1761: 1655: 1529: 1373: 1235: 1127: 1034: 1010: 974: 157: 143: 8338: 5828: 5575: 5189: 5146: 5103: 4996: 4940: 3297:

and himself a Habsburg, as the name was eventually expanded to label the whole archipelago of

2575: 8641: 8051: 7872: 7761: 7700: 7628: 7538: 7239: 6919: 6059: 6014: 5564: 4600: 4452: 4184: 3871: 3489:, had arrived from Mexico. He sent an official mission to neighbouring Brunei to meet Sultan 3471: 2638: 1975: 1725: 1673: 1457: 726: 721: 584: 389: 9175: 8576: 8363: 8323: 8282: 7256: 5379: 4615:

By the end of the war, the Habsburgs had shifted the balance of power away from the Ottomans

3998: 3579:

The fighting was fierce but Spain succeeded in invading the capital of Brunei at that time,

2788: 2752: 2605: 2526: 1701: 161: 9150: 8819: 8782: 8772: 8712: 8611: 8591: 8486: 8298: 8117: 6994: 6984: 5993: 4573: 4532:

who threatened intervention. The gains from the enterprise came in the form of the town of

4424: 4219: 4180: 4168: 3840: 3355: 3225: 2927: 2880: 2702:

until 1593, when it was reconquered by the Imperial troops. On 27 March 1562, Hasszán, the

2688: 2596: 2006: 1749: 1511: 1445: 1397: 1295: 1253: 714: 702: 542: 294: 8676: 8466: 8388: 4603:, causing Egypt to give up its attempt to replace Ottoman control across the Middle East. 3990: 3725:

Technological disadvantages also significantly worsened the Ottoman positions in Hungary.

2676:. At the end of the July there was an enormous gap in the Hungarian border castle system. 1307: 8: 9219: 8975: 8960: 8844: 8824: 8777: 8757: 8561: 8556: 8501: 8471: 8237: 7862: 7819: 7776: 7705: 7674: 7445: 7424: 7390: 7296: 7266: 7197: 7041: 7014: 6914: 5152: 4713: 4661: 4625: 4624:

the Austrians through a common culture, language and the lenient terms imposed after the

4204: 3994: 3921: 3844: 3820: 3346: 3267: 3221: 3157: 2857: 2679:

In September 1552 the forces of the Ottoman Empire led by Kara Ahmed Pasha laid siege to

2555: 2047:. Ferdinand's claim to the throne of Hungary was further strengthened by his marriage to 2032: 1919: 1610: 869: 778: 754: 738: 664: 454: 282: 278: 8965: 8666: 4641: 3737: 2036: 1911: 1790: 1103: 191: 8980: 8970: 8945: 8899: 8864: 8722: 8431: 8308: 8181: 7679: 7659: 7319: 7207: 6934: 6487: 5580: 5060: 4774: 4770: 4580:. These ideas subsequently clashed with the traditional Turkish-dominated, autocratic, 4482: 4176: 4086: 3997:

in Upper Hungary (present-day Slovakia). He defeated the Turkish troops in the two-day

3900: 3524:

natives, and 300 Borneans. The campaign was one of many, which also included action in

3513:

from Borneo preach the doctrine of Mohammed, converting all the Moros of the islands".

3486: 3334: 3330: 3313: 3294: 3290: 3274: 3239: 3196: 3165: 3132: 2872: 2841: 2744:

and other light troops intended for pillaging in the territory of present-day Hungary.

2453:

reported from Hungarian front about the firepower superiority of the Christian forces:

2052: 1935: 1864: 1825: 1683: 1678: 1505: 1301: 938: 576: 272: 267: 151: 8303: 8232: 3887: 3517: 2747: 1969:

for control of central Europe. The key advance made by the Europeans was an effective

1713: 9160: 9102: 8935: 8707: 8681: 8671: 8661: 8596: 8551: 8481: 8461: 8436: 8383: 8358: 7623: 7150: 7091: 7046: 6905: 6790: 6780: 6733: 6688: 6678: 6641: 6587: 6551: 6518: 6497: 6454: 6421: 6301: 6267: 6242: 6217: 6192: 6020: 5883: 5793: 5669: 5642: 5587: 5416: 5391: 5380: 5346: 5268:"The Sultan's Raiders: The Military Role of the Crimean Tatars in the Ottoman Empire" 5199: 5156: 5113: 5070: 5002: 4950: 4859: 4834: 4757: 4637: 4513: 4456: 4413: 4050: 4049:

had divided loyalties and the treasury was bankrupt. It is therefore noteworthy that

3976: 3793: 3765: 3637: 3475: 3459: 3455: 3448: 3436: 3424: 3375: 3278: 3255: 3209: 3186: 3149: 3128: 3011: 2884: 2845: 2777: 2285: 1998: 1966: 1939: 1892: 1821: 1463: 1289: 1186: 950: 945: 857: 845: 676: 652: 564: 530: 516: 466: 368: 195: 7181: 5879:

European sources for the history of the Sultanate of Brunei in the Sixteenth Century

5105:

The Heirs of Archimedes: Science and the Art of War Through the Age of Enlightenment

5062:

The Heirs of Archimedes: Science and the Art of War Through the Age of Enlightenment

4036:. The Austrians were unable to follow up on this victory due to the intervention of 3811: 2691:

become an emblem of national defense and patriotic heroism in Hungary's occupations

2644: 2365: 1517: 8792: 8787: 8752: 8732: 8491: 8368: 8267: 8171: 7633: 7473: 6577: 6401:

Double eagle and crescent: Vienna's second Turkish siege and its historical setting

5343:

The Administration of Warfare: The Ottoman Military Campaigns in Hungary, 1593–1606

4749: 4490: 4486: 4478: 4386: 4246: 4069: 3655: 3649: 3621: 3529: 3497:

was a legacy brought by Spaniards). At the same time, he demanded an end to Brunei

3338: 3217: 3019: 2811: 2799: 2784:(since 1612) occasionally worked together against the Habsburgs with the Ottomans. 2684: 2683:, located in the northern part of the Kingdom of Hungary, but the defenders led by 2617: 2574:, which was another Ottoman triumph. Nevertheless, Ferdinand was recognized by the 2251: 2021: 2010: 1934:

in 1683, the Habsburgs assembled a large coalition of European powers known as the

1931: 1737: 1664: 1633: 1415: 1174: 1168: 1162: 1022: 372: 173: 165: 9170: 7202: 4936: 4810: 3681: 2547: 1283: 9235:

Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others)

8985: 8925: 8839: 8747: 8621: 8601: 8566: 8348: 8318: 8257: 7867: 7857: 7753: 7638: 7530: 7487: 7247: 7155: 7026: 6682: 6635: 6581: 6545: 6512: 6491: 6448: 6411: 6139: 6065: 6000: 5917: 5877: 5835: 5366:

A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East

5044: 4817: 4566: 4200: 4161: 4013: 3936: 3797: 3710: 3706: 3612: 3521: 3466:. The hatred of Spaniards against the Muslims that once invaded Spain fueled the 3440: 3385: 3326: 3298: 3259: 3178: 3031: 3023: 3007: 2733: 2056: 1958: 1943: 1927: 1876: 1688: 1433: 1349: 998: 766: 320: 306: 8894: 6142:(in Spanish). Guerrero, Mexico: Government of Guerrero. Retrieved June 24, 2010. 3728: 2864:, they were more successful and the Christian powers lost a crucial naval base. 2060: 2020:

For a while the Ottomans were too busy trying to put down Balkan rebels such as

8829: 8742: 8626: 8378: 8201: 8186: 8087: 8061: 8046: 7927: 7522: 7516: 7420: 7187: 7101: 7051: 6929: 6883: 5634: 4585: 4577: 4512:

was an inconclusive struggle and Austrian territorial gains were meager in the

4471: 3925: 3920:

of Cairo, and many pilgrims heading to Mecca, was besieged and captured by the

3891: 3588: 3553: 3502: 3304: 3153: 2781: 2669: 2462: 1997:

While the Habsburgs were occasionally the Kings of Hungary and Emperors of the

1857: 1833: 1817: 1385: 1337: 1331: 881: 840: 750: 640: 624: 253: 7334: 5378:Ágoston, Gábor (2009). "Süleyman I". In Ágoston, Gábor; Bruce Masters (eds.). 5048: 4796: 4190:

In 1687, the Ottomans raised new armies and marched north once more. However,

3756:. For the Austrians, their only comfort in the year came when the fortress of 512: 9258: 8393: 7243: 7160: 6969: 6702: 6672:

The Military Border in Croatia, 1740–1881: a study of an imperial institution

4620: 4581: 4517: 4266: 4226:

the most powerful position of one of the most powerful Empires in the world.

3855: 3753: 3629: 3545: 3467: 3337:, a vassal-state of the Brunei Sultanate and liberated plus incorporated the 3309: 3277:

expedition passed through the Philippines and attempted to conquer the Hindu

3243: 3174: 3161: 2729: 2728:

by the Turks in 1541, west and north Hungary recognized a Habsburg as king ("

2707: 2559: 2415: 2386: 1970: 1319: 212: 4078: 4053:, king of Poland, led a decisive victory against the Ottomans at the Second 3935:

Even though the Ottomans held nearly universal control over the island, the

3760:

held out long enough against the Vizier's forces to retreat for the winter.

9165: 9155: 8884: 8423: 8277: 8102: 7618: 7394: 7076: 6924: 6785: 5887: 5436: 5035:

The Financial Administrative Reforms and Revenues of Ferdinand I in Hungary

4688: 4675: 4592: 4498: 4481:

in 1739 the Austrians were defeated by the Ottomans. As a result, with the

3956: 3816: 3781: 3705:

each had new rulers who renounced their vassalship to the Ottomans. At the

3490: 3444: 3443:

migrations to the Philippines, eventually erupted into the violence of the

3371: 3015: 2907: 2769: 2765: 2450: 2427: 1896: 1837: 986: 981: 8476: 6056:

Cambridge illustrated atlas, warfare: Renaissance to revolution, 1492–1792

5561:

Cambridge illustrated atlas, warfare: Renaissance to revolution, 1492–1792

4423:

Brimming with confidence after their victories over the Russians in 1711 (

3993:

organized the defense against the marauding Ottomans, which he faced near

3867: 3835:), and alarmed by the success and proximity of the threat, the new Sultan 3584: 2732:"), while the central and southern counties were occupied by the Sultan (" 2421: 8066: 7892: 7461: 7339: 4562: 3952: 3745: 3510: 3498: 3463: 3251: 3182: 3027: 2915: 2680: 2625: 1951: 1541: 490: 8056: 4214:

as "the savior of Christendom" – English volunteers, including a son of

3863: 3719: 3672: 3365: 2695: 2488: 2063:

on the throne, setting the stage for a conflict between the two powers.

1054: 478: 228:

End of Ottoman expansion; the Habsburgs conquer Hungary and Transylvania

8930: 7664: 6944: 4873:

Woodhead, Christine (2008). "New Views on Ottoman History, 1453–1839".

3836: 3801: 3573: 3393: 3247: 2899: 2787:

Suleiman the Magnificent led one final campaign in 1566, ending at the

2703: 2504: 1872: 1868: 3757: 2815: 7897: 7654: 7554: 7329: 7231: 7165: 6154:, Istoria Românilor. Bucharest: Editura All, 2007 (Romanian), p. 183. 5665:

Sojourners and Settlers: Histories of Southeast China and the Chinese

5109: 5066: 4946: 4521: 4494: 4037: 3944: 3929: 3832: 3752:, a fortress that had fallen during Suleiman's career, and then lost 3749: 3694: 3690: 3665: 3608: 3593: 3565: 3549: 3537: 3169: 3136: 3114: 2535: 2438: 2434: 2378: 1845: 828: 339: 6616:(Osprey Publishing, 2008); Short military history, well illustrated. 5586:. Translated by Rebecca Catz. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 4533: 4302: 4096: 4087:

Reconquest of the Ottoman occupied territories of Kingdom of Hungary

3981: 3777: 3677: 3660: 3197:

The Luzones and the Conquest of Philippines by the Spanish Habsburgs

3053: 2937: 2543: 35: 8071: 6949: 4549: 4405: 3948: 3785: 3718:

for a winter campaign, the Ottomans had captured little other than

3600: 3569: 3533: 3525: 3123: 3026:

was taken only with heavy casualties including the Ottoman general

2998: 2903: 2624:

region. Ottoman troops conquered nine-tenths of the castles in the

2470: 2373: 6172:

Marco Venier, correspondence with the Doge of Venice, 16 July 1595

4611: 4157: 3470:

against the similarly Muslim Bruneians. This war also started the

2392: 1836:. The wars were dominated by land campaigns in Hungary, including 9229: 9200: 7710: 7695: 6852: 4655: 4544: 4529: 4497:(an Ottoman subject), and set the demarcation line to the rivers 4464: 3773: 3748:. In the face of this threat, the Austrians abandoned a siege of 3733: 3698: 3604: 3561: 3557: 3389: 3234: 2895: 2807: 2773: 2665: 2014: 1962: 1914:

reducing around one third of central Hungary to the status of an

1880: 1841: 549: 537: 502: 6544:

Ingrao, Charles; Samardžić, Nikola; Pešalj, Jovan, eds. (2011).

5245:

Battles That Changed History: An Encyclopedia of World Conflict,

3859: 3851: 3789: 3320:

European colonialization began in earnest when Spanish explorer

3181:

that traversed the Pacific to Christianize the partially Muslim

1930:

as the sole firm possession of the House of Habsburg. After the

560: 8166: 7720: 7715: 7492: 6628:

Habsburgs and Ottomans Between Vienna and Belgrade: (1683–1739)

5481:

Turkish Public Administration: From Tradition to the Modern Age

5144: 4502: 4443:

in August by an outnumbered Austrian army under the command of

4242: 3827:

Following the defeat of the Ottoman army in Wallachia (see the

3769: 3401: 3397: 3381: 3342: 2911: 2853: 2795: 2741: 2706:

of Fülek (Fiľakovo) castle, defeated the Hungarian army of the

2699: 2571: 2551: 2401: 2025: 1849: 905: 434: 4017: 3744:

In 1594 an even larger army was assembled by the Grand Vizier

3616:

Bruneians. However, a legacy of Castilian-Bruneian war is the

9207: 7481: 7145: 4744:

the Duchy of Mantua sent Reinforcement Army led by the Dukes

3576:

new fighting tactics and techniques on how to forge cannons.

3213: 3142: 2621: 1946:. The wars ended after Austria's participation in the war of 1903:, which was defeated and fully incorporated into the empire. 421: 5615:

Fernao Mendes Pinto, Peregninacao (Lisboa, 1725), pp. 20, 35

4175:, the erstwhile capital of medieval Hungary. This time, the 4045:. By now, the kingdom had fallen into a terrible state; the 3583:, on 16 April 1578, with the help of two disgruntled Brunei 1816:

were fought from the 16th to the 18th centuries between the

7550: 7465: 6583:

History of the Balkans: Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries

5191:

The Climate of Rebellion in the Early Modern Ottoman Empire

4493:(Oltenia), gained by the Treaty of Passarowitz in 1718, to 4281: 4262: 4172: 3916: 2725: 2673: 2410: 2381:

for two months, thus Ferdinand asked help from his brother

1938:

to fight the Ottomans and regain control over Hungary. The

7443: 4994: 6239:

Venice, Austria, and the Turks in the Seventeenth Century

4935: 4516:. The Austrians had occupied large territories including 3358:, as the Philippines was governed under the Mexico-based 3285:

arrived at the islands of Leyte and Samar and named them

2385:, and started to borrow money from rich bankers like the 6374: 6298:

Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire 1300–1923

5368:, Vol. II, ed. Spencer C. Tucker, (ABC-CLIO, 2010), 506. 2461:

According to Alvise Foscarini's (Venetian ambassador in

2441:

firearms were unfamiliar for Ottoman soldiers until the

5912: 5741: 5624:

Translated in Teixera, The Portuguese Missions, p. 166.

5496:

Ottoman–Aceh Relations According to the Turkish Sources

2422:

Technological advantage of the Western Christian forces

4203:

in 1697 did the Ottomans sue for peace; the resulting

3122:

The death of Suleiman the Magnificent in 1566 brought

7198:

Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France

6543: 5466:

Charles A. Truxillo (2012), Jain Publishing Company,

3366:

Ottoman-Bruneian conflict against Spanish-Philippines

3281:

but only succeeded temporarily. Afterwards, in 1543,

2643:

made a belated attempt to stop the Ottoman troops at

1926:

in the 17th and 18th centuries respectively left the

5850: 5413:

Constantinople: city of the world's desire 1453–1924

4651: 3030:, and the rest of the island was too much. Even so, 2814:

castle. In 1588 there was a battle near the town of

6479:Cacavelas, Jeremias, and Frederick Henry Marshall. 5969:"Letter from Francisco de Sande to Felipe II, 1578" 5760: 5265: 4896:For the historiography see Charles Messenger, ed., 4210:Throughout Europe Protestants and Catholics hailed 4171:, a renewed European campaign was started to enter 3788:, while his Moldavian allies defeated the Turks in 3264:

medieval maritime principalities of the Philippines

2066: 1049:

Mediterranean: 900,000–1,000,000 deaths (1470–1574)

60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 6668:The Austrian military border in Croatia, 1522–1747 5579: 2687:repelled the attacks and defended the castle. The 6614:Vienna 1683: Christian Europe Repels the Ottomans 2764:, and for Spain's ambitions in North Africa, the 2762:decentralization of Imperial authority in Germany 9256: 4524:but found themselves threatened by the imminent 4455:in 1718, the Austrians gained possession of the 4420:) against the French, their traditional rivals. 3910:A Venetian fortress in Candia (Heraklion), Crete 3668:may have led to early Ottoman defeats in the war 3643: 3613:Pengiran Bendahara Sakam Ibni Sultan Abdul Kahar 2672:, and turned against the gate of Upper Hungary, 7742: 6080:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMelo_Alip1964 ( 5492: 5101: 5058: 4632:surrendered to partition under the Treaties of 4548:Muslim Bosniak resistance during the battle of 2818:, where the Hungarian army defeated the Turks. 2648: 1942:ended with the decisive Holy League victory at 6732: 6099:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFFrankham2008 ( 5521: 5296:Laszlo Kontler, "A History of Hungary" p. 145 4922:Béla K. Király, and Gunther Erich Rothenberg, 4694:List of Ottoman conquests, sieges and landings 3951:and several Venetian attempts to blockade the 7387:, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon) 6868: 6718: 2043:fled to her brother the Archduke of Austria, 1557: 1070: 7062:Independence of Spanish continental Americas 6420:] (in French). Lausanne: L’Age d’Homme. 6118:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFAtiyah2002 ( 5953:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMcAmis2002 ( 5752:sfn error: no target: CITEREFKurlansky1999 ( 5530:Relazione del primo viaggio intorno al mondo 4731: 4729: 3505:of the Philippines, which he deemed part of 2653:), but was completely defeated in a two-day 2522:Habsburg–Ottoman wars in Hungary (1526–1568) 6586:. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. 6550:. West Lafayette: Purdue University Press. 6394:Ottoman Wars, 1700–1870: An Empire Besieged 5732:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFScott1985 ( 4856:Ottoman Wars, 1700–1860: An Empire Besieged 4709:Crimean–Nogai slave raids in Eastern Europe 4331:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 4125:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 3082:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2966:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2821: 1954:, after which both empires were dissolved. 9355:Holy Roman Empire–Ottoman Empire relations 9265:Habsburg monarchy–Ottoman Empire relations 6875: 6861: 6725: 6711: 6677: 6510: 6214:The Ottoman Empire and the World Around It 6019:. Cambridge University Press. p. 39. 5771:sfn error: no target: CITEREFJoaquin1988 ( 5668:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 35. 5145:Gábor Ágoston; Bruce Alan Masters (2010). 4975: 4942:A History of the Habsburg Empire 1273–1700 3544:. The expeditions were composed mainly of 3143:War in the Indian Ocean and Southeast Asia 2918:halted the advance, and Charles withdrew. 2368:of the Turkish menace for the German lands 1571: 1564: 1550: 1077: 1063: 9181:Colonial universities in Hispanic America 6406: 6075: 5861:sfn error: no target: CITEREFMcAmis2002 ( 5785: 5747: 5641:. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press. 5527: 5187: 4858:. Pearson Education Ltd. pp. 130–5. 4726: 4351:Learn how and when to remove this message 4145:Learn how and when to remove this message 3626:Mexican war of independence against Spain 3485:In 1576, the Spanish Governor in Manila, 3362:until the onset of Mexican independence. 3268:Habsburg controlled Spain at a later date 3102:Learn how and when to remove this message 2986:Learn how and when to remove this message 2469:"few Janissaries even knew how to use an 2364:(1518), an allegorical representation by 2346:Inconclusive, end of Austro-Ottoman Wars 1084: 120:Learn how and when to remove this message 9186:Colonial universities in the Philippines 6576: 6486: 6481:The Siege of Vienna by the Turks in 1683 6094: 5792:. The Scarecrow Press Inc. p. 374. 5789:Historical Dictionary of the Philippines 5633: 5627: 4872: 4833:. Rutgers University Press. p. 10. 4610: 4543: 4396: 4385: 4261:The siege of united Christian forces in 4156: 4077: 3980: 3905: 3810: 3727: 3713:sent to raid the insubordinate lands in 3671: 3659: 3329:(who was in love with Tondo's princess, 3303: 3113: 2997: 2830: 2746: 2595: 2525: 2487: 2391: 2356: 1891:and the numerous civil conflicts of the 8177:Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia 6211: 6186: 6016:The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia 6012: 5875: 5766: 5377: 2578:as the heir of the Kingdom of Hungary. 1910:made significant gains with a decisive 14: 9257: 9130: 6640:. Berlin: LIT Verlag. pp. 29–42. 6633: 6511:Fodor, Pál; Dávid, Géza, eds. (2000). 6453:. Berlin: LIT Verlag. pp. 51–62. 6446: 6295: 6236: 6113: 5948: 5856: 5410: 5340: 4828: 3806:Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologoi 3212:and the Portuguese conquered Malacca. 3203:History of the Philippines (1565–1898) 2810:castle and in 1575 they conquered the 2550:by a mere 700-strong force led by the 1824:, which was at times supported by the 9129: 9025: 9024: 8148: 8026: 7741: 7600: 7568: 7505: 7442: 7357: 7280: 7220: 7134: 7123: 6895: 6894: 6856: 6706: 6261: 6182: 6180: 6178: 5727: 5574: 5568: 5083:from the original on 10 November 2022 4853: 3740:, during the Battle of Sisak in 1593. 3037: 1545: 1058: 9300:Wars involving the Tsardom of Russia 9290:Wars involving the Habsburg monarchy 7458:Captaincy General of the Philippines 6950:New Laws in favour of the indigenous 6654:from the original on 13 January 2023 6600:from the original on 23 January 2023 6564:from the original on 13 January 2023 6467:from the original on 13 January 2023 6434:from the original on 23 January 2023 6300:. London: John Murray. p. 227. 5661: 5655: 4363: 4329:adding citations to reliable sources 4296: 4123:adding citations to reliable sources 4090: 4063: 3970: 3964:François de Vendôme, duc de Beaufort 3877: 3080:adding citations to reliable sources 3047: 2964:adding citations to reliable sources 2931: 58:adding citations to reliable sources 29: 9161:Indochristian painting in New Spain 7281: 6483:(Cambridge University Press, 2015). 6133:The Historical Richness of Guerrero 5305:Inalcik Halil: "The Ottoman Empire" 5037:, English summary at p. 92 Link 1: 4995:Robert Evans, Peter Wilson (2012). 4475:in war against the Ottomans in 1737 4030:François d'Aubusson de La Feuillade 4004:In 1663, the Ottomans launched an 3624:which later became a center of the 2806:). In 1571 the Turks destroyed the 2352: 1879:seizing Spanish possessions in the 1116:Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War 24: 8128:Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires 7601: 6882: 6385: 6266:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 83. 6189:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire 6175: 6033:from the original on 12 March 2023 5382:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire 5148:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire 4898:Reader's Guide to Military History 4427:) and over the Venetians in 1715 ( 3193:, technology and economic levels. 2751:Turkish attack on river fortress, 2668:, then besieged and conquered the 2477: 27:1526–1791 series of wars in Europe 25: 9366: 9305:Wars involving the Russian Empire 9295:Wars involving the Ottoman Empire 7358: 7221: 7102:Independence of Equatorial Guinea 6623:(Rutgers University Press, 1999). 6373:. 30 January 2023. Archived from 6241:. Diane Publishing. p. 111. 5639:A History of Singapore: 1819–1975 5318:, (Morrow Publishing, 1977), 254. 4082:The climax of the siege of Vienna 4006:invasion of the Habsburg Monarchy 3634:Ottoman–Portuguese confrontations 3168:, the Ottomans as holders of the 2921: 2877:against the Ottoman city of Tunis 2620:– attacked the fortresses in the 2562:and carried off many people into 9213:Criollos in the colonial society 9141:Spanish missions in the Americas 8263:Charles Bonaventure de Longueval 6496:. Malden: Blackwell Publishing. 5452:. 22 August 2021. Archived from 5279:. pp. 30–36. Archived from 4881:. Oxford University Press: 983. 4668: 4654: 4640:, as did the Ottomans under the 4451:a year later. At the subsequent 4429:Ottoman–Venetian War (1714–1718) 4301: 4273: 4254: 4234: 4095: 3439:contrasted with the Spanish and 3052: 3044:Turkish–Venetian War (1570–1573) 2936: 2236:Ottoman–Habsburg War (1565–1568) 2220:Sieges of Oran and Mers El Kébir 2187:Ottoman–Habsburg War (1551–1562) 2155:Ottoman–Habsburg War (1540–1547) 2122:Ottoman–Habsburg War (1526–1538) 2067:List of Austro-Ottoman conflicts 1028: 1016: 1004: 992: 980: 968: 956: 944: 931: 918: 899: 887: 875: 863: 851: 839: 827: 815: 803: 784: 772: 760: 744: 732: 720: 708: 696: 670: 658: 646: 634: 617: 603: 593: 583: 570: 559: 548: 536: 523: 511: 496: 484: 472: 460: 448: 428: 415: 399: 388: 378: 362: 350: 338: 326: 314: 300: 288: 277: 266: 246: 156:Left to right from the top: the 150: 34: 9240:Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649 7124: 6531:from the original on 1 May 2023 6359: 6350: 6341: 6332: 6323: 6314: 6289: 6280: 6255: 6230: 6205: 6166: 6157: 6145: 6126: 6107: 6088: 6069: 6045: 6006: 5987: 5961: 5942: 5930:from the original on 1 May 2023 5906: 5894:from the original on 1 May 2023 5869: 5841: 5822: 5806:from the original on 1 May 2023 5779: 5721: 5712: 5703: 5694: 5682:from the original on 1 May 2023 5618: 5609: 5600: 5554: 5545: 5536: 5486: 5473: 5460: 5442: 5429: 5415:. London: Penguin. p. 61. 5404: 5371: 5359: 5334: 5321: 5308: 5299: 5290: 5259: 5250: 5237: 5224: 5212:from the original on 1 May 2023 5181: 5169:from the original on 1 May 2023 5138: 5126:from the original on 1 May 2023 5095: 5052: 5027: 5015:from the original on 1 May 2023 4988: 4963:from the original on 1 May 2023 4929: 4916: 4903: 4539: 3474:in the Philippines against the 2794:Peace was finally concluded in 2203:Expedition to Mostaganem (1558) 1440:2nd Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera 1428:1st Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera 688:states of the Holy Roman Empire 45:needs additional citations for 7569: 7292:Captaincy General of Guatemala 7000:Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659) 6547:The Peace of Passarowitz, 1718 6237:Setton, Kenneth Meyer (1991). 6191:. Facts on File. p. 158. 4890: 4847: 4822: 4803: 4797:"Victimario Histórico Militar" 4789: 4779: 4763: 4738: 4606: 4392:Austro-Turkish War (1716–1718) 4374:Austro-Turkish War (1716–1718) 4043:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 3392:city-state became a center of 2337:Austro-Turkish War (1788–1791) 2303:Austro-Turkish War (1716–1718) 2269:Austro-Turkish War (1663–1664) 1830:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 926:Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth 199:(264 years, 12 months, 6 days) 13: 1: 9191:General Archive of the Indies 8452:Francisco Vázquez de Coronado 8123:Camino Real de Tierra Adentro 8108:Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas 7057:Third Treaty of San Ildefonso 7010:War of the Spanish Succession 6975:Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) 6418:History of the Serbian People 6264:The Ottoman Empire, 1300–1650 4911:The Crusade of Varna, 1443–45 4875:The English Historical Review 4528:and diplomatic tensions with 4418:War of the Spanish Succession 4378:Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739) 4370:War of the Spanish Succession 4194:intercepted the Turks at the 4167:In 1686, two years after [an 3644:Thirteen Years' War 1593–1606 2894:on the Ottoman stronghold of 2515: 2426:The earliest type of Turkish 2383:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 2320:Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739) 2088:Suleiman I's campaign of 1529 1924:War of the Spanish Succession 9345:Military history of Slovenia 8149: 7263:Captaincy General of Yucatan 7193:Union with Holy Roman Empire 7172:Southern Italy (Kingdoms of 7087:German–Spanish Treaty (1899) 5266:Brian Glyn Williams (2013). 4983:The Ottoman Empire 1326–1699 4510:Austro-Turkish War (1788–91) 4382:Austro-Turkish War (1788–91) 3800:and even reaching as far as 3636:in the Indian Ocean and the 3618:Conspiracy of the Maharlikas 3400:grew afraid of the power of 3316:, King of Spain and Portugal 3208:their new protectorate, the 3164:led by the Habsburg monarch 3006:Despite the loss of Rhodes, 2826: 2738:Principality of Transylvania 2736:"), and the east became the 7: 8027: 7743:Administrative subdivisions 6940:War of the League of Cognac 6216:. I.B. Tauris. p. 51. 5786:Guillermo, Artemio (2012). 5582:The Travels of Mendes Pinto 5528:Pigafetta, Antonio (1524). 5345:. Vienna: VWGÖ. p. 8. 4647: 4554:Austro-Hungarian occupation 4192:Charles V, Duke of Lorraine 3882:After Ottoman victories at 3495:Roman Catholicism in Brunei 2902:, an Italian renegade from 1908:Ottoman conquests in Europe 1899:and to a lesser extent the 1875:seas and Ottoman-supported 10: 9371: 8457:Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar 8442:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada 8344:Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca 7506: 7242:), Western United States ( 7135: 7005:Portuguese Restoration War 6791:Habsburg Military Frontier 6621:Ottoman Warfare, 1500–1700 6320:Setton (1991), pp. 150–153 6013:Tarling, Nicholas (1999). 5924:Government Printing Office 5196:Cambridge University Press 4831:Ottoman Warfare, 1500–1700 4367: 4292: 4169:unsuccessful siege of Buda 4067: 3985:The Ottoman Empire in 1683 3974: 3653: 3647: 3369: 3231:Ottoman expedition to Aceh 3200: 3041: 2925: 2632:. The Habsburg army under 2519: 2481: 1986: 1982: 209:Central and Eastern Europe 9335:Ottoman–Spanish conflicts 9225:Slavery in Spanish Empire 9136: 9125: 9031: 9020: 8918: 8812: 8805: 8690: 8539: 8532: 8525: 8512:Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor 8422: 8291: 8253:Álvaro de Bazán the Elder 8215: 8159: 8155: 8144: 8113:Barcelona Trading Company 8080: 8037: 8033: 8022: 7926: 7878:New Andalusia (1501–1513) 7848: 7790: 7752: 7748: 7737: 7688: 7647: 7611: 7607: 7596: 7575: 7512: 7453: 7385:Venezuela, part of Guyana 7364: 7287: 7238:, Central United States ( 7227: 7141: 7130: 7119: 6970:Bruneian–Spanish conflict 6955:Expulsion of the Moriscos 6901: 6890: 6837: 6820: 6813: 6776: 6769: 6741: 6296:Finkel, Caroline (2006). 6212:Faroqhi, Suraiya (2006). 5386:. Facts On File. p. 5341:Finkel, Caroline (1988). 5329:Austrian History Yearbook 4526:French Revolutionary Wars 4489:to the Ottomans, and the 3960:Köprülü Fazıl Ahmed Pasha 2906:. As Charles put ashore, 2850:unsuccessfully laid siege 2212:Ottoman-Algerian victory 2180:Ottoman-Algerian victory 2171:Algiers expedition (1541) 2073: 2039:in 1526, his widow Queen 1800: 1585: 1096: 1048: 1043: 238: 183: 149: 141: 136: 9166:Quito painting tradition 9156:Cusco painting tradition 8517:García López de Cárdenas 8507:Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera 8414:Felipe González de Ahedo 8334:Pedro Menéndez de Avilés 6911:Conquest of the Americas 6413:Histoire du peuple serbe 5876:Nicholl, Robert (1975). 5276:The Jamestown Foundation 5102:Brett D. Steele (2005). 5059:Brett D. Steele (2005). 4854:Aksan, Virginia (2007). 4829:Rhoads, Murphey (1999). 4754:Ferdinando Carlo Gonzaga 4719: 3480:Sultanate of Maguindanao 3360:Viceroyalty of New Spain 3341:as well as establishing 3224:which set up the Muslim 2898:, which was defended by 2890:In 1541, Charles led an 2856:, the stronghold of the 2848:. In 1480, the Ottomans 2822:War in the Mediterranean 2501:Suleiman the Magnificent 2398:Suleiman the Magnificent 2139:Conquest of Tunis (1535) 2076: 170:Battle of Saint Gotthard 9350:Wars involving Slovenia 9320:Wars involving Portugal 8951:Comuneros (New Granada) 8728:Balearic Islands (1558) 8447:Hernán Pérez de Quesada 8374:Ruy López de Villalobos 8329:Miguel López de Legazpi 8243:García de Toledo Osorio 7107:Western Sahara conflict 7097:Independence of Morocco 7037:Treaty of Madrid (1750) 6980:Piracy in the Caribbean 6965:French Wars of Religion 6666:Rothenberg, Gunther E. 6187:Agostor, Gabon (2008). 6138:3 November 2010 at the 5999:4 February 2018 at the 5914:United States. War Dept 5411:Mansel, Philip (1997). 5314:Kinross, John Patrick, 4939:; C.A. Simpson (2014). 4630:Austro-Hungarian Empire 4597:Oriental Crisis of 1840 4196:Second Battle of Mohács 4034:Jean de Coligny-Saligny 4024:. The war ended at the 3447:against Brunei and the 3404:and one Spaniard named 3322:Miguel López de Legazpi 3283:Ruy López de Villalobos 2835:Siege of Rhodes in 1522 2443:siege of Székesfehérvár 1889:French–Habsburg rivalry 1625:War of the South Danube 1099:Hungary and the Balkans 69:"Ottoman–Habsburg wars" 9325:Wars involving Croatia 9280:18th-century conflicts 9275:17th-century conflicts 9270:16th-century conflicts 9196:Colonial Spanish Horse 8870:Colonia del Sacramento 8093:Spanish treasure fleet 7670:Royal Decree of Graces 6684:The Balkans Since 1453 6152:Constantin C. Giurescu 6058:by Jeremy Black p. 16 5662:Reid, Anthony (2001). 5563:by Jeremy Black p. 17 5483:, (Ankara, 2008), 84. 5001:. Brill. p. 263. 4816:17 August 2018 at the 4769:Russia engaged in the 4699:Ottoman decline thesis 4684:Ottoman wars in Europe 4616: 4557: 4445:Prince Eugene of Savoy 4441:Battle of Petrovaradin 4409: 4402:Prince Eugene of Savoy 4394: 4212:Prince Eugene of Savoy 4164: 4083: 4026:Battle of St. Gotthard 3986: 3911: 3824: 3741: 3685: 3669: 3421: 3345:as the capital of the 3317: 3160:were united under the 3119: 3003: 2836: 2803: 2756: 2649: 2609: 2587:Wilhelm von Roggendorf 2583:John Sigismund Zápolya 2531: 2496: 2494:siege of Vienna (1529) 2484:Siege of Vienna (1529) 2475: 2459: 2405: 2369: 2105:Siege of Vienna (1529) 2003:Ottoman Wars in Europe 1993:Ottoman–Hungarian Wars 1989:Byzantine–Ottoman wars 1885:Protestant Reformation 1576:Hungarian–Ottoman Wars 1422:Orán and Mers-el-Kébir 1134:Little Wars in Hungary 144:Ottoman wars in Europe 9310:Wars involving France 8354:Vasco Núñez de Balboa 8314:Juan Sebastián Elcano 7629:Council of the Indies 6990:Spanish–Moro conflict 6960:Ottoman–Habsburg wars 6920:Treaty of Tordesillas 6754:Ottoman–Habsburg wars 6399:Barker, Thomas Mack. 6356:Finkel (2006), p. 271 6347:Setton (1991), p. 216 6338:Setton (1991), p. 193 6286:Setton (1991), p. 126 6262:Imber, Colin (2002). 5493:Ismail Hakki Goksoy. 4704:Croatian–Ottoman wars 4614: 4547: 4453:Treaty of Passarowitz 4400: 4389: 4160: 4081: 3984: 3943:in favor of his son, 3909: 3872:Peace of Zsitva-Torok 3814: 3731: 3675: 3663: 3648:Further information: 3410: 3380:The fall of Bruneian 3307: 3191:at similar population 3117: 3042:Further information: 3001: 2926:Further information: 2834: 2780:(since 1536) and the 2750: 2724:After the seizure of 2694:In 1554, the town of 2599: 2529: 2520:Further information: 2491: 2482:Further information: 2467: 2455: 2395: 2360: 1976:Gunther E. Rothenberg 1814:Ottoman–Habsburg wars 1803:Ottoman–Habsburg wars 1770:Hungarian–Ottoman War 1642:Hungarian–Ottoman War 1619:Hungarian–Ottoman War 1602:Hungarian–Ottoman War 1596:Hungarian–Ottoman War 1590:Hungarian–Ottoman War 1088:Ottoman–Habsburg wars 1044:Casualties and losses 137:Ottoman–Habsburg wars 18:Ottoman-Habsburg wars 9315:Wars involving Spain 9285:Geopolitical rivalry 9151:Mesoamerican Codices 8875:Comuneros (Paraguay) 8713:Siege of Castelnuovo 8299:Christopher Columbus 8118:Consulate of the Sea 8098:Casa de Contratación 7689:Titles and positions 7082:Spanish–American War 7072:Liberal constitution 6915:Asia and the Pacific 5576:Pinto, Fernão Mendes 4552:in 1878 against the 4425:Pruth River Campaign 4325:improve this section 4224:Köprülü Mehmed Pasha 4220:Charles I of England 4119:improve this section 3841:fell to the Ottomans 3829:Battle of Călugăreni 3680:castle, site of the 3226:Rajahnate of Maynila 3076:improve this section 3002:Siege of Malta, 1565 2960:improve this section 2928:Great Siege of Malta 2881:Hayreddin Barbarossa 2860:. When the Ottomans 2689:siege of Eger (1552) 1959:Western civilization 1035:Order of St. Stephen 1011:Order of St. Lazarus 797:Non-Habsburg allies: 715:Electoral Palatinate 54:improve this article 9340:Early modern period 9330:Austro-Turkish Wars 8880:Cartagena de Indias 8502:Diego de Mazariegos 8472:Pere Fages i Beleta 8339:Sebastián de Ocampo 7820:Provincias Internas 7792:Captaincies General 7706:Municipal president 7675:School of Salamanca 7446:Spanish East Indies 7425:Misiones Orientales 7297:Spanish West Indies 7261:, Central America ( 7208:Pyrénées-Orientales 7161:Union with Portugal 7052:Napoleonic invasion 7032:War of Jenkins' Ear 6408:Bataković, Dušan T. 6403:. SUNY Press, 1967. 6329:Imber (2002), p. 84 6078:, pp. 201, 317 5286:on 21 October 2013. 5153:Infobase Publishing 5043:6 June 2017 at the 4714:Barbary slave trade 4662:Christianity portal 4626:Austro-Prussian War 4449:to capture Belgrade 4205:Treaty of Karlowitz 3845:Battle of Keresztes 3821:Battle of Keresztes 3628:. The onset of the 3347:Spanish East Indies 3287:Las Islas Filipinas 3242:, and one of them, 3222:Sultanate of Brunei 2887:in western Greece. 2875:of 60,000 soldiers 2858:Knights of St. John 2576:Treaty of Nagyvárad 2033:Louis II of Hungary 1920:Peace of Westphalia 1867:possessions in the 912:Holy League allies: 791:Order of St. George 739:Brandenburg-Prussia 283:Corsairs of Algiers 9176:Academia Antártica 9131:Other civil topics 8497:Pánfilo de Narváez 8399:Sebastián Vizcaíno 8364:Andrés de Urdaneta 8324:Juan Ponce de León 8309:Ferdinand Magellan 8283:Bernardo de Gálvez 8182:Indian auxiliaries 7680:Trial of residence 7660:Laws of the Indies 7444:Asia and Oceania ( 7305:Dominican Republic 6679:Stavrianos, Leften 6396:(Routledge, 2007). 6377:on 3 January 2009. 6367:"pr cikk weboldal" 6064:1 May 2023 at the 5975:on 14 October 2014 5834:8 May 2021 at the 5509:on 19 January 2008 5479:Palabiyik, Hamit, 5188:Sam White (2011). 4900:(2001) 24–26 June. 4811:Cross and Crescent 4775:Treaty of Belgrade 4771:Russo-Turkish Wars 4617: 4558: 4483:Treaty of Belgrade 4410: 4395: 4165: 4084: 4020:river and invaded 3999:Battle of Vezekény 3987: 3912: 3901:Republic of Venice 3843:. At the decisive 3825: 3742: 3686: 3670: 3487:Francisco de Sande 3318: 3295:Prince of Asturias 3291:Philip II of Spain 3275:Ferdinand Magellan 3240:Portuguese Malacca 3166:Philip II of Spain 3120: 3038:Cyprus and Lepanto 3004: 2837: 2789:siege of Szigetvár 2770:against the French 2757: 2753:siege of Szigetvár 2712:Battle of Szécsény 2634:Erasmus von Teufel 2610: 2532: 2497: 2465:) report in 1637, 2406: 2370: 2035:was killed at the 1826:Kingdom of Hungary 1205:Austro-Turkish War 1193:Austro-Turkish War 1181:Austro-Turkish War 1110:Hungarian campaign 939:Republic of Venice 273:Regency of Algiers 162:Siege of Szigetvár 9252: 9251: 9248: 9247: 9121: 9120: 9026:Spanish conquests 9016: 9015: 9012: 9011: 9008: 9007: 9004: 9003: 8801: 8800: 8482:Pedro de Alvarado 8467:Gaspar de Portolà 8462:Pedro de Valdivia 8437:Francisco Pizarro 8389:Nicolás de Ovando 8384:Alonso de Ercilla 8359:Alonso de Salazar 8192:Ships of the line 8140: 8139: 8136: 8135: 8018: 8017: 8014: 8013: 7733: 7732: 7729: 7728: 7592: 7591: 7588: 7587: 7564: 7563: 7521:Northern Africa ( 7517:Equatorial Guinea 7501: 7500: 7438: 7437: 7353: 7352: 7276: 7275: 7267:Spanish Caribbean 7240:Spanish Louisiana 7216: 7215: 7151:Crown of Castille 7115: 7114: 7092:Spanish Civil War 7067:Adams–Onís Treaty 7047:Nootka Convention 6995:Thirty Years' War 6985:Eighty Years' War 6906:Catholic Monarchs 6896:Timeline–immersed 6850: 6849: 6833: 6832: 6809: 6808: 6781:House of Habsburg 6734:Habsburg monarchy 6687:. London: Hurst. 6619:Murphey, Rhoads. 6578:Jelavich, Barbara 6392:Aksan, Virginia. 6307:978-0-7195-6112-2 6223:978-1-84511-122-9 6198:978-0-8160-6259-1 5882:. Muzium Brunei. 5331:44 (2013): 17–36. 5316:Ottoman Centuries 5033:István Kenyeres: 4865:978-0-582-30807-7 4758:Great Turkish War 4514:Treaty of Sistova 4457:Banat of Temeswar 4414:Great Turkish War 4364:18th century wars 4361: 4360: 4353: 4155: 4154: 4147: 4051:John III Sobieski 3977:Great Turkish War 3971:Great Turkish War 3878:Conquest of Crete 3766:Michael the Brave 3664:Mismanagement by 3638:Mediterranean Sea 3476:Sultanate of Sulu 3472:Spanish–Moro Wars 3460:Umayyad Caliphate 3456:Roman Catholicism 3449:Spanish-Moro Wars 3437:Battle of Lepanto 3376:Spanish-Moro Wars 3351:Filipino kingdoms 3279:Rajahnate of Cebu 3256:Strait of Malacca 3246:was appointed as 3210:Sultanate of Aceh 3187:Sultanate of Aceh 3150:Mediterranean Sea 3129:Battle of Lepanto 3118:Battle of Lepanto 3112: 3111: 3104: 2996: 2995: 2988: 2892:amphibious attack 2885:Battle of Preveza 2433:Although Ottoman 2350: 2349: 2312:Austrian victory 2295:Austrian victory 2286:Great Turkish War 2114:Austrian victory 1999:Holy Roman Empire 1940:Great Turkish War 1916:Ottoman tributary 1912:victory at Mohács 1893:Holy Roman Empire 1822:Habsburg monarchy 1809: 1808: 1744:Serbia Expedition 1539: 1538: 1382: (1553–1559) 1268: (1533–1534) 1201: (1735–1739) 1199:Russo-Turkish War 1195: (1716–1718) 1189: (1683–1699) 1187:Great Turkish War 1177: (1604–1606) 1171: (1593–1606) 1118: (1527–1593) 1053: 1052: 951:Republic of Genoa 858:Cossack Hetmanate 565:Duchy of Carniola 531:Holy Roman Empire 517:Habsburg monarchy 467:Sultanate of Aceh 369:Cossack Hetmanate 234: 233: 178:Siege of Belgrade 130: 129: 122: 104: 16:(Redirected from 9362: 9127: 9126: 9093:Chibchan Nations 9022: 9021: 8991:Santiago de Cuba 8850:Guadalupe Island 8810: 8809: 8537: 8536: 8530: 8529: 8492:Diego de Almagro 8369:Antonio de Ulloa 8273:Ambrosio Spinola 8268:Pedro de Zubiaur 8238:Alfonso d'Avalos 8228:Antonio de Leyva 8172:Army of Flanders 8157: 8156: 8146: 8145: 8035: 8034: 8024: 8023: 7750: 7749: 7739: 7738: 7609: 7608: 7598: 7597: 7566: 7565: 7539:Peñón of Algiers 7503: 7502: 7440: 7439: 7355: 7354: 7278: 7277: 7260: 7218: 7217: 7132: 7131: 7121: 7120: 7042:Seven Years' War 7015:Queen Anne's War 6892: 6891: 6877: 6870: 6863: 6854: 6853: 6818: 6817: 6774: 6773: 6749:Military history 6727: 6720: 6713: 6704: 6703: 6698: 6663: 6661: 6659: 6609: 6607: 6605: 6573: 6571: 6569: 6540: 6538: 6536: 6507: 6476: 6474: 6472: 6443: 6441: 6439: 6379: 6378: 6363: 6357: 6354: 6348: 6345: 6339: 6336: 6330: 6327: 6321: 6318: 6312: 6311: 6293: 6287: 6284: 6278: 6277: 6259: 6253: 6252: 6234: 6228: 6227: 6209: 6203: 6202: 6184: 6173: 6170: 6164: 6161: 6155: 6149: 6143: 6130: 6124: 6123: 6111: 6105: 6104: 6092: 6086: 6085: 6073: 6052: 6043: 6042: 6040: 6038: 6010: 6004: 5991: 5985: 5984: 5982: 5980: 5971:. 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1772: (1521–26) 1758: (1480–81) 1692: 1667: (1443–44) 1659: 1644: (1437–42) 1627: (1420–32) 1621: (1415–19) 1604: (1389–96) 1598: (1375–77) 1592: (1366–67) 1581: 1575: 1573: 1572: 1570: 1540: 1535: 1207: (1788–91) 1183: (1663–64) 1112: (1527–28) 1092: 1087: 1085: 1083: 1039: 1029: 1027: 1017: 1015: 1005: 1003: 993: 991: 979: 969: 967: 955: 943: 932: 930: 919: 917: 910: 900: 898: 888: 886: 876: 874: 864: 862: 852: 850: 838: 826: 816: 814: 804: 802: 795: 785: 783: 773: 771: 761: 759: 745: 743: 733: 731: 719: 709: 707: 697: 695: 684: 683: 671: 669: 659: 657: 647: 645: 635: 633: 628: 627: 618: 616: 571: 569: 547: 535: 524: 522: 507: 497: 495: 485: 483: 473: 471: 461: 459: 449: 447: 440: 429: 427: 416: 414: 400: 398: 384:Eastern Hungary 363: 361: 351: 349: 337: 327: 325: 321:Crimean Khanate 315: 313: 301: 299: 289: 287: 265: 247: 245: 215: 198: 158:Siege of Vienna 155: 126: 115: 109: 106: 63: 61: 51: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9368: 9358: 9357: 9352: 9347: 9342: 9337: 9332: 9327: 9322: 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8664: 8659: 8654: 8649: 8644: 8639: 8637:White Mountain 8634: 8632:Cape Celidonia 8629: 8627:English Armada 8624: 8619: 8614: 8609: 8604: 8599: 8594: 8589: 8584: 8579: 8574: 8569: 8564: 8559: 8554: 8549: 8543: 8541: 8534: 8527: 8523: 8522: 8520: 8519: 8514: 8509: 8504: 8499: 8494: 8489: 8484: 8479: 8474: 8469: 8464: 8459: 8454: 8449: 8444: 8439: 8434: 8428: 8426: 8420: 8419: 8417: 8416: 8411: 8406: 8404:Juan Fernández 8401: 8396: 8391: 8386: 8381: 8379:Diego Columbus 8376: 8371: 8366: 8361: 8356: 8351: 8346: 8341: 8336: 8331: 8326: 8321: 8316: 8311: 8306: 8301: 8295: 8293: 8289: 8288: 8286: 8285: 8280: 8275: 8270: 8265: 8260: 8255: 8250: 8245: 8240: 8235: 8230: 8225: 8219: 8217: 8213: 8212: 8210: 8209: 8207:Army of Africa 8204: 8199: 8194: 8189: 8187:Spanish Armada 8184: 8179: 8174: 8169: 8163: 8161: 8153: 8152: 8142: 8141: 8138: 8137: 8134: 8133: 8131: 8130: 8125: 8120: 8115: 8110: 8105: 8100: 8095: 8090: 8088:Manila galleon 8084: 8082: 8078: 8077: 8075: 8074: 8069: 8064: 8059: 8054: 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(2005). 6404: 6397: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6381: 6380: 6358: 6349: 6340: 6331: 6322: 6313: 6306: 6288: 6279: 6273:978-0230574519 6272: 6254: 6247: 6229: 6222: 6204: 6197: 6174: 6165: 6156: 6144: 6125: 6106: 6087: 6076:Melo Alip 1964 6068: 6044: 6026:978-0521663700 6025: 6005: 5986: 5960: 5941: 5919:Annual reports 5905: 5868: 5849: 5840: 5821: 5799:978-0810875111 5798: 5778: 5759: 5748:Kurlansky 1999 5740: 5720: 5711: 5702: 5693: 5675:978-0824824464 5674: 5654: 5647: 5626: 5617: 5608: 5599: 5593:978-0226669519 5592: 5567: 5553: 5544: 5535: 5520: 5485: 5472: 5459: 5441: 5428: 5421: 5403: 5397:978-0816062591 5396: 5370: 5358: 5351: 5333: 5320: 5307: 5298: 5289: 5258: 5249: 5236: 5230:James Reston, 5223: 5205:978-1139499491 5204: 5180: 5162:978-1438110257 5161: 5137: 5119:978-0262195164 5118: 5112:. p. 85. 5094: 5076:978-0262195164 5075: 5051: 5026: 5008:978-9004206830 5007: 4987: 4974: 4956:978-1317895701 4955: 4928: 4915: 4902: 4889: 4887: 4886: 4864: 4846: 4839: 4821: 4802: 4788: 4778: 4762: 4737: 4724: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4717: 4716: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4680: 4679: 4665: 4649: 4646: 4608: 4605: 4578:egalitarianism 4541: 4538: 4447:, who went on 4365: 4362: 4359: 4358: 4309: 4307: 4300: 4294: 4291: 4287: 4286: 4279: 4272: 4270: 4260: 4253: 4251: 4240: 4233: 4230: 4229: 4228: 4153: 4152: 4103: 4101: 4094: 4088: 4085: 4068:Main article: 4065: 4062: 4016:, crossed the 3995:Veľké Vozokany 3975:Main article: 3972: 3969: 3879: 3876: 3796:, Ribnic, and 3645: 3642: 3503:evangelisation 3441:Latin-American 3415: 3367: 3364: 3293:, at the time 3201:Main article: 3198: 3195: 3144: 3141: 3110: 3109: 3060: 3058: 3051: 3039: 3036: 3032:Barbary piracy 2994: 2993: 2944: 2942: 2935: 2923: 2922:Siege of Malta 2920: 2871:led a massive 2828: 2825: 2823: 2820: 2670:Szolnok Castle 2556:Nikola Jurišić 2517: 2514: 2479: 2476: 2463:Constantinople 2423: 2420: 2374:Austrian lands 2366:Albrecht Dürer 2354: 2351: 2348: 2347: 2344: 2341: 2331: 2330: 2327: 2324: 2314: 2313: 2310: 2307: 2297: 2296: 2293: 2290: 2280: 2279: 2276: 2273: 2263: 2262: 2259: 2256: 2246: 2245: 2242: 2239: 2231: 2230: 2227: 2224: 2214: 2213: 2210: 2207: 2197: 2196: 2193: 2190: 2182: 2181: 2178: 2175: 2165: 2164: 2161: 2158: 2150: 2149: 2146: 2143: 2133: 2132: 2129: 2126: 2116: 2115: 2112: 2109: 2099: 2098: 2095: 2092: 2082: 2081: 2078: 2075: 2068: 2065: 2009:(1396) and of 1984: 1981: 1897:Safavid Empire 1858:central Serbia 1834:Habsburg Spain 1818:Ottoman Empire 1807: 1806: 1801: 1798: 1797: 1795: 1794: 1788: 1781: 1774: 1773: 1766: 1765: 1759: 1753: 1747: 1741: 1735: 1729: 1723: 1717: 1711: 1705: 1699: 1693: 1686: 1681: 1676: 1669: 1668: 1661: 1660: 1653: 1646: 1645: 1638: 1637: 1629: 1628: 1622: 1615: 1614: 1606: 1605: 1599: 1593: 1586: 1583: 1582: 1569: 1568: 1561: 1554: 1546: 1537: 1536: 1534: 1533: 1530:Constantinople 1527: 1524:Cape Celidonia 1521: 1515: 1509: 1503: 1497: 1491: 1485: 1479: 1473: 1467: 1461: 1455: 1449: 1443: 1437: 1431: 1425: 1419: 1413: 1410:3rd Mostaganem 1407: 1401: 1395: 1389: 1383: 1377: 1371: 1365: 1359: 1353: 1347: 1344:2st Mostaganem 1341: 1335: 1329: 1326:1st Mostaganem 1323: 1317: 1311: 1305: 1299: 1293: 1287: 1281: 1275: 1269: 1263: 1257: 1251: 1245: 1239: 1233: 1227: 1221: 1209: 1208: 1202: 1196: 1190: 1184: 1178: 1172: 1166: 1160: 1154: 1137: 1131: 1125: 1119: 1113: 1107: 1097: 1094: 1093: 1082: 1081: 1074: 1067: 1059: 1051: 1050: 1046: 1045: 1041: 1040: 1038: 1037: 1025: 1013: 1001: 989: 977: 965: 963:Order of Malta 953: 941: 928: 914: 909: 908: 896: 884: 882:Hafsid Tunisia 872: 860: 848: 836: 824: 812: 799: 794: 793: 781: 769: 757: 741: 729: 717: 705: 692: 682: 681: 680: 679: 667: 655: 643: 625:Spanish Empire 615: 614: 613: 612: 611: 601: 591: 581: 580: 579: 567: 557: 555:Bohemian Crown 545: 508: 506: 505: 493: 481: 469: 457: 444: 439: 438: 425: 412: 396: 386: 376: 359: 347: 335: 323: 311: 310: 309: 297: 285: 254:Ottoman Empire 241: 240: 236: 235: 232: 231: 230: 229: 226: 221: 217: 216: 207: 205: 201: 200: 192:29 August 1526 189: 181: 180: 147: 146: 139: 138: 128: 127: 42: 40: 33: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9367: 9356: 9353: 9351: 9348: 9346: 9343: 9341: 9338: 9336: 9333: 9331: 9328: 9326: 9323: 9321: 9318: 9316: 9313: 9311: 9308: 9306: 9303: 9301: 9298: 9296: 9293: 9291: 9288: 9286: 9283: 9281: 9278: 9276: 9273: 9271: 9268: 9266: 9263: 9262: 9260: 9241: 9238: 9236: 9233: 9231: 9228: 9226: 9223: 9221: 9218: 9214: 9211: 9210: 9209: 9206: 9202: 9199: 9198: 9197: 9194: 9192: 9189: 9187: 9184: 9182: 9179: 9177: 9174: 9172: 9171:Tapada limeña 9169: 9167: 9164: 9162: 9159: 9157: 9154: 9152: 9149: 9147: 9144: 9142: 9139: 9138: 9135: 9128: 9124: 9114: 9111: 9109: 9106: 9104: 9101: 9099: 9096: 9094: 9091: 9089: 9086: 9084: 9081: 9079: 9076: 9072: 9069: 9067: 9064: 9062: 9059: 9057: 9054: 9053: 9052: 9049: 9047: 9044: 9042: 9039: 9037: 9034: 9033: 9030: 9023: 9019: 8997: 8994: 8992: 8989: 8987: 8984: 8982: 8979: 8977: 8974: 8972: 8969: 8967: 8964: 8962: 8959: 8957: 8954: 8952: 8949: 8947: 8944: 8942: 8939: 8937: 8934: 8932: 8929: 8927: 8924: 8923: 8921: 8917: 8911: 8908: 8906: 8903: 8901: 8898: 8896: 8893: 8891: 8888: 8886: 8883: 8881: 8878: 8876: 8873: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8833: 8831: 8828: 8826: 8823: 8821: 8818: 8817: 8815: 8811: 8808: 8804: 8794: 8791: 8789: 8786: 8784: 8781: 8779: 8776: 8774: 8771: 8769: 8766: 8764: 8763:Montes Claros 8761: 8759: 8756: 8754: 8751: 8749: 8746: 8744: 8741: 8739: 8736: 8734: 8731: 8729: 8726: 8724: 8721: 8719: 8716: 8714: 8711: 8709: 8706: 8704: 8703:Vienna (1529) 8701: 8699: 8696: 8695: 8693: 8689: 8683: 8680: 8678: 8675: 8673: 8670: 8668: 8665: 8663: 8660: 8658: 8655: 8653: 8650: 8648: 8645: 8643: 8640: 8638: 8635: 8633: 8630: 8628: 8625: 8623: 8620: 8618: 8615: 8613: 8610: 8608: 8605: 8603: 8600: 8598: 8595: 8593: 8590: 8588: 8585: 8583: 8580: 8578: 8575: 8573: 8570: 8568: 8565: 8563: 8560: 8558: 8555: 8553: 8550: 8548: 8545: 8544: 8542: 8538: 8535: 8531: 8528: 8524: 8518: 8515: 8513: 8510: 8508: 8505: 8503: 8500: 8498: 8495: 8493: 8490: 8488: 8485: 8483: 8480: 8478: 8475: 8473: 8470: 8468: 8465: 8463: 8460: 8458: 8455: 8453: 8450: 8448: 8445: 8443: 8440: 8438: 8435: 8433: 8432:Hernán Cortés 8430: 8429: 8427: 8425: 8424:Conquistadors 8421: 8415: 8412: 8410: 8407: 8405: 8402: 8400: 8397: 8395: 8394:Juan de Ayala 8392: 8390: 8387: 8385: 8382: 8380: 8377: 8375: 8372: 8370: 8367: 8365: 8362: 8360: 8357: 8355: 8352: 8350: 8347: 8345: 8342: 8340: 8337: 8335: 8332: 8330: 8327: 8325: 8322: 8320: 8317: 8315: 8312: 8310: 8307: 8305: 8302: 8300: 8297: 8296: 8294: 8290: 8284: 8281: 8279: 8276: 8274: 8271: 8269: 8266: 8264: 8261: 8259: 8256: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8248:Duke of Savoy 8246: 8244: 8241: 8239: 8236: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8226: 8224: 8221: 8220: 8218: 8214: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8198: 8195: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8185: 8183: 8180: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8168: 8165: 8164: 8162: 8158: 8154: 8147: 8143: 8129: 8126: 8124: 8121: 8119: 8116: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8106: 8104: 8101: 8099: 8096: 8094: 8091: 8089: 8086: 8085: 8083: 8079: 8073: 8070: 8068: 8065: 8063: 8060: 8058: 8055: 8053: 8050: 8048: 8047:Dollar (Peso) 8045: 8044: 8042: 8040: 8036: 8032: 8025: 8021: 8007: 8006:Santo Domingo 8004: 8002: 7999: 7997: 7994: 7992: 7989: 7987: 7984: 7982: 7979: 7977: 7974: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7964: 7962: 7959: 7957: 7954: 7952: 7949: 7947: 7944: 7942: 7939: 7937: 7934: 7933: 7931: 7929: 7925: 7919: 7916: 7914: 7911: 7909: 7906: 7904: 7901: 7899: 7896: 7894: 7891: 7889: 7886: 7884: 7883:New Andalusia 7881: 7879: 7876: 7874: 7871: 7869: 7866: 7864: 7861: 7859: 7856: 7855: 7853: 7851: 7847: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7830:Santo Domingo 7828: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7818: 7816: 7813: 7811: 7808: 7806: 7803: 7801: 7798: 7797: 7795: 7793: 7789: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7770: 7768: 7765: 7763: 7760: 7759: 7757: 7755: 7754:Viceroyalties 7751: 7747: 7740: 7736: 7722: 7719: 7717: 7714: 7712: 7709: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7693: 7691: 7687: 7681: 7678: 7676: 7673: 7671: 7668: 7666: 7663: 7661: 7658: 7656: 7653: 7652: 7650: 7646: 7640: 7637: 7635: 7632: 7630: 7627: 7625: 7622: 7620: 7617: 7616: 7614: 7610: 7606: 7599: 7595: 7581: 7578: 7577: 7574: 7567: 7556: 7552: 7548: 7544: 7540: 7536: 7532: 7528: 7524: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7514: 7511: 7504: 7494: 7491: 7489: 7486: 7483: 7479: 7475: 7471: 7467: 7463: 7459: 7456: 7455: 7452: 7447: 7441: 7430: 7426: 7422: 7418: 7414: 7410: 7406: 7403: 7400: 7396: 7392: 7389: 7386: 7382: 7378: 7374: 7370: 7367: 7366: 7363: 7359:South America 7356: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7310: 7306: 7302: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7289: 7286: 7279: 7268: 7264: 7258: 7253: 7249: 7245: 7244:Spanish Texas 7241: 7237: 7233: 7230: 7229: 7226: 7222:North America 7219: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7203:Franche-Comté 7201: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7183: 7179: 7175: 7171: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7148: 7147: 7144: 7143: 7140: 7133: 7129: 7122: 7118: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7080: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7060: 7058: 7055: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7016: 7013: 7012: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6903: 6900: 6893: 6889: 6885: 6878: 6873: 6871: 6866: 6864: 6859: 6858: 6855: 6843: 6840: 6839: 6836: 6826: 6823: 6822: 6819: 6816: 6812: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6778: 6775: 6772: 6768: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6751: 6750: 6747: 6746: 6744: 6740: 6735: 6728: 6723: 6721: 6716: 6714: 6709: 6708: 6705: 6696: 6690: 6686: 6685: 6680: 6676: 6673: 6669: 6665: 6653: 6649: 6643: 6639: 6638: 6632: 6629: 6625: 6622: 6618: 6615: 6611: 6599: 6595: 6589: 6585: 6584: 6579: 6575: 6563: 6559: 6553: 6549: 6548: 6542: 6530: 6526: 6520: 6516: 6515: 6509: 6505: 6499: 6495: 6494: 6489: 6485: 6482: 6478: 6466: 6462: 6456: 6452: 6451: 6445: 6433: 6429: 6423: 6419: 6415: 6414: 6409: 6405: 6402: 6398: 6395: 6391: 6390: 6376: 6372: 6368: 6362: 6353: 6344: 6335: 6326: 6317: 6309: 6303: 6299: 6292: 6283: 6275: 6269: 6265: 6258: 6250: 6248:0-87169-192-2 6244: 6240: 6233: 6225: 6219: 6215: 6208: 6200: 6194: 6190: 6183: 6181: 6179: 6169: 6160: 6153: 6148: 6141: 6137: 6134: 6129: 6121: 6115: 6110: 6102: 6097:, p. 278 6096: 6095:Frankham 2008 6091: 6083: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6063: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6051: 6050: 6032: 6028: 6022: 6018: 6017: 6009: 6002: 5998: 5995: 5990: 5974: 5970: 5964: 5956: 5950: 5945: 5929: 5925: 5921: 5920: 5915: 5909: 5893: 5889: 5885: 5881: 5880: 5872: 5864: 5859:, p. 35. 5858: 5853: 5844: 5837: 5833: 5830: 5825: 5818: 5805: 5801: 5795: 5791: 5790: 5782: 5774: 5768: 5763: 5755: 5750:, p. 64. 5749: 5744: 5735: 5729: 5724: 5715: 5706: 5697: 5681: 5677: 5671: 5667: 5666: 5658: 5650: 5648:0-19-580354-X 5644: 5640: 5636: 5630: 5621: 5612: 5603: 5595: 5589: 5584: 5583: 5577: 5571: 5565: 5562: 5557: 5548: 5539: 5531: 5524: 5505: 5498: 5497: 5489: 5482: 5476: 5469: 5463: 5455: 5451: 5445: 5438: 5432: 5424: 5422:0-14-026246-6 5418: 5414: 5407: 5399: 5393: 5389: 5384: 5383: 5374: 5367: 5362: 5354: 5352:3-85369-708-9 5348: 5344: 5337: 5330: 5324: 5317: 5311: 5302: 5293: 5282: 5278: 5277: 5269: 5262: 5253: 5246: 5240: 5233: 5227: 5211: 5207: 5201: 5197: 5193: 5192: 5184: 5168: 5164: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5149: 5141: 5125: 5121: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5106: 5098: 5082: 5078: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5063: 5055: 5049: 5046: 5042: 5039: 5036: 5030: 5014: 5010: 5004: 5000: 4999: 4991: 4984: 4981:S. Turnbull, 4978: 4962: 4958: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4943: 4938: 4937:Jean Berenger 4932: 4925: 4919: 4912: 4909:Colin Imber, 4906: 4899: 4893: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4871: 4870: 4867: 4861: 4857: 4850: 4842: 4840:1-85728-389-9 4836: 4832: 4825: 4819: 4815: 4812: 4806: 4798: 4792: 4782: 4776: 4772: 4766: 4759: 4755: 4752:in 1595, and 4751: 4747: 4741: 4732: 4730: 4725: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4681: 4677: 4666: 4663: 4657: 4652: 4645: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4634:Saint Germain 4631: 4627: 4622: 4613: 4604: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4589: 4587: 4583: 4582:millet system 4579: 4575: 4574:Enlightenment 4570: 4568: 4564: 4563:nationalistic 4555: 4551: 4546: 4537: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4506: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4473: 4468: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4421: 4419: 4415: 4412:Although the 4407: 4403: 4399: 4393: 4388: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4355: 4352: 4344: 4341:November 2016 4334: 4330: 4326: 4320: 4319: 4315: 4310:This section 4308: 4304: 4299: 4298: 4283: 4276: 4271: 4268: 4267:Frans Geffels 4264: 4257: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4237: 4232: 4231: 4227: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4216:Prince Rupert 4213: 4208: 4206: 4202: 4197: 4193: 4188: 4186: 4185:Siege of Buda 4182: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4163: 4159: 4149: 4146: 4138: 4135:November 2016 4128: 4124: 4120: 4114: 4113: 4109: 4104:This section 4102: 4098: 4093: 4092: 4080: 4076: 4071: 4061: 4058: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4002: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3983: 3978: 3968: 3965: 3961: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3933: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3918: 3908: 3904: 3902: 3897: 3893: 3892:Cyprus (1570) 3889: 3885: 3884:Rhodes (1522) 3875: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3848: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3822: 3818: 3813: 3809: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3761: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3739: 3735: 3730: 3726: 3723: 3721: 3716: 3712: 3709:, a group of 3708: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3683: 3682:siege of Güns 3679: 3674: 3667: 3662: 3657: 3651: 3641: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3630:Iberian Union 3627: 3623: 3619: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3597: 3595: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3577: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3514: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3483: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3468:Castilian War 3465: 3461: 3457: 3452: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3414: 3409: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3377: 3373: 3363: 3361: 3357: 3356:Latin-America 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3323: 3315: 3311: 3310:Iberian Union 3306: 3302: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3271: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3244:Regimo Diraja 3241: 3236: 3232: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3204: 3194: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3175:Latin-America 3171: 3167: 3163: 3162:Iberian Union 3159: 3155: 3151: 3140: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3125: 3116: 3106: 3103: 3095: 3092:November 2016 3085: 3081: 3077: 3071: 3070: 3066: 3061:This section 3059: 3055: 3050: 3049: 3045: 3035: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3000: 2990: 2987: 2979: 2976:November 2016 2969: 2965: 2961: 2955: 2954: 2950: 2945:This section 2943: 2939: 2934: 2933: 2929: 2919: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2888: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2865: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2833: 2819: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2792: 2790: 2785: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2766:Low Countries 2763: 2754: 2749: 2745: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2730:Royal Hungary 2727: 2722: 2718: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2692: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2677: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2661: 2656: 2651: 2646: 2640: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2607: 2603: 2598: 2594: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2579: 2577: 2573: 2567: 2565: 2561: 2560:Lower Austria 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2539: 2537: 2528: 2523: 2513: 2509: 2506: 2502: 2495: 2490: 2485: 2474: 2472: 2466: 2464: 2458: 2454: 2452: 2449:In 1602, the 2447: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2431: 2429: 2419: 2417: 2416:Royal Hungary 2412: 2403: 2399: 2394: 2390: 2388: 2387:Fugger family 2384: 2380: 2375: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2345: 2342: 2340: 2339: 2338: 2333: 2332: 2328: 2325: 2323: 2322: 2321: 2316: 2315: 2311: 2308: 2306: 2305: 2304: 2299: 2298: 2294: 2291: 2289: 2288: 2287: 2282: 2281: 2277: 2274: 2272: 2271: 2270: 2265: 2264: 2261:Inconclusive 2260: 2257: 2255: 2254: 2253: 2248: 2247: 2243: 2240: 2238: 2237: 2233: 2232: 2228: 2225: 2223: 2222: 2221: 2216: 2215: 2211: 2208: 2206: 2205: 2204: 2199: 2198: 2194: 2191: 2189: 2188: 2184: 2183: 2179: 2176: 2174: 2173: 2172: 2167: 2166: 2162: 2159: 2157: 2156: 2152: 2151: 2147: 2144: 2142: 2141: 2140: 2135: 2134: 2130: 2127: 2125: 2124: 2123: 2118: 2117: 2113: 2110: 2108: 2107: 2106: 2101: 2100: 2096: 2093: 2091: 2090: 2089: 2084: 2083: 2079: 2072: 2064: 2062: 2058: 2055:, and at the 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2029: 2027: 2023: 2018: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1994: 1990: 1980: 1977: 1972: 1971:combined arms 1968: 1964: 1960: 1955: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1918:. Later, the 1917: 1913: 1909: 1904: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1861: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1804: 1799: 1792: 1789: 1786: 1782: 1779: 1776: 1775: 1771: 1768: 1767: 1763: 1760: 1757: 1754: 1751: 1748: 1745: 1742: 1739: 1736: 1733: 1730: 1727: 1724: 1721: 1718: 1715: 1712: 1709: 1706: 1703: 1700: 1697: 1694: 1690: 1687: 1685: 1682: 1680: 1677: 1675: 1671: 1670: 1666: 1663: 1662: 1657: 1654: 1652: 1648: 1647: 1643: 1640: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1630: 1626: 1623: 1620: 1617: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1607: 1603: 1600: 1597: 1594: 1591: 1588: 1587: 1584: 1578: 1567: 1562: 1560: 1555: 1553: 1548: 1547: 1544: 1531: 1528: 1525: 1522: 1519: 1516: 1513: 1510: 1507: 1504: 1501: 1498: 1495: 1492: 1489: 1486: 1483: 1480: 1477: 1474: 1471: 1468: 1465: 1462: 1459: 1456: 1453: 1450: 1447: 1444: 1441: 1438: 1435: 1432: 1429: 1426: 1423: 1420: 1417: 1414: 1411: 1408: 1405: 1402: 1399: 1396: 1393: 1390: 1387: 1384: 1381: 1378: 1375: 1372: 1369: 1366: 1363: 1360: 1357: 1354: 1351: 1348: 1345: 1342: 1339: 1336: 1333: 1330: 1327: 1324: 1321: 1318: 1315: 1312: 1309: 1306: 1303: 1300: 1297: 1294: 1291: 1288: 1285: 1282: 1279: 1276: 1273: 1270: 1267: 1264: 1261: 1258: 1255: 1252: 1249: 1246: 1243: 1240: 1237: 1234: 1231: 1228: 1225: 1222: 1219: 1216: 1215: 1214: 1213: 1212:Mediterranean 1206: 1203: 1200: 1197: 1194: 1191: 1188: 1185: 1182: 1179: 1176: 1173: 1170: 1167: 1164: 1161: 1158: 1155: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1138: 1135: 1132: 1129: 1126: 1123: 1120: 1117: 1114: 1111: 1108: 1105: 1102: 1101: 1100: 1095: 1090: 1080: 1075: 1073: 1068: 1066: 1061: 1060: 1057: 1047: 1042: 1036: 1026: 1024: 1014: 1012: 1002: 1000: 990: 988: 983: 978: 976: 966: 964: 959: 954: 952: 947: 942: 940: 929: 927: 916: 915: 913: 907: 897: 895: 885: 883: 873: 871: 861: 859: 849: 847: 842: 837: 835: 830: 825: 823: 813: 811: 801: 800: 798: 792: 782: 780: 770: 768: 758: 756: 752: 742: 740: 730: 728: 723: 718: 716: 706: 704: 694: 693: 691: 689: 686:Non-Habsburg 678: 668: 666: 656: 654: 644: 642: 632: 631: 630: 629: 626: 610: 606: 602: 600: 596: 592: 590: 586: 582: 578: 568: 566: 562: 558: 556: 551: 546: 544: 539: 534: 533: 532: 521: 520: 519: 518: 514: 509: 504: 494: 492: 482: 480: 470: 468: 458: 456: 446: 445: 443: 436: 426: 423: 413: 411: 407: 397: 395: 394:Upper Hungary 391: 387: 385: 381: 377: 374: 370: 360: 358: 348: 346: 341: 336: 334: 324: 322: 312: 308: 298: 296: 286: 284: 280: 276: 275: 274: 269: 264: 263: 262: 260: 259:Vassal states 256: 255: 243: 242: 237: 227: 224: 223: 222: 219: 218: 214: 213:Mediterranean 210: 206: 203: 202: 197: 196:4 August 1791 193: 190: 187: 186: 182: 179: 175: 171: 167: 163: 159: 153: 148: 145: 140: 135: 132: 124: 121: 113: 110:November 2016 102: 99: 95: 92: 88: 85: 81: 78: 74: 71: – 70: 66: 65:Find sources: 59: 55: 49: 48: 43:This article 41: 37: 32: 31: 19: 9146:Architecture 9041:The Americas 8905:Newfoundland 8895:Túpac Katari 8885:Cuerno Verde 8820:Tenochtitlan 8652:Valenciennes 8409:Luis Fajardo 8278:Blas de Lezo 8223:Duke of Alba 8103:Spanish Road 7941:Buenos Aires 7850:Governorates 7619:Ayuntamiento 7612:Organization 7077:Carlist Wars 6959: 6925:Italian Wars 6786:Hofkriegsrat 6753: 6683: 6671: 6667: 6656:. Retrieved 6636: 6627: 6620: 6613: 6602:. Retrieved 6582: 6566:. Retrieved 6546: 6535:22 September 6533:. Retrieved 6513: 6492: 6480: 6469:. Retrieved 6449: 6436:. Retrieved 6417: 6412: 6400: 6393: 6375:the original 6370: 6361: 6352: 6343: 6334: 6325: 6316: 6297: 6291: 6282: 6263: 6257: 6238: 6232: 6213: 6207: 6188: 6168: 6159: 6147: 6128: 6116:, p. 71 6109: 6090: 6071: 6054: 6053: 6049: 6048: 6035:. Retrieved 6015: 6008: 5989: 5977:. Retrieved 5973:the original 5963: 5951:, p. 33 5944: 5932:. Retrieved 5918: 5908: 5896:. Retrieved 5878: 5871: 5852: 5843: 5824: 5815: 5810:11 September 5808:. Retrieved 5788: 5781: 5767:Joaquin 1988 5762: 5743: 5730:, p. 51 5723: 5714: 5705: 5696: 5684:. Retrieved 5664: 5657: 5638: 5629: 5620: 5611: 5602: 5581: 5570: 5560: 5556: 5547: 5538: 5529: 5523: 5511:. Retrieved 5504:the original 5495: 5488: 5480: 5475: 5467: 5462: 5454:the original 5444: 5437:Random House 5431: 5412: 5406: 5381: 5373: 5365: 5361: 5342: 5336: 5328: 5323: 5315: 5310: 5301: 5292: 5281:the original 5274: 5261: 5252: 5244: 5239: 5231: 5226: 5216:26 September 5214:. Retrieved 5190: 5183: 5173:20 September 5171:. Retrieved 5147: 5140: 5130:26 September 5128:. Retrieved 5104: 5097: 5085:. Retrieved 5061: 5054: 5034: 5029: 5017:. Retrieved 4997: 4990: 4982: 4977: 4965:. Retrieved 4941: 4931: 4923: 4918: 4910: 4905: 4897: 4892: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4855: 4849: 4830: 4824: 4805: 4791: 4781: 4765: 4740: 4689:Ottoman Navy 4676:Islam portal 4618: 4590: 4571: 4559: 4540:19th century 4507: 4469: 4433:declared war 4422: 4411: 4347: 4338: 4323:Please help 4311: 4280:Recapturing 4209: 4189: 4166: 4141: 4132: 4117:Please help 4105: 4073: 4059: 4003: 3991:Ádám Forgách 3988: 3957:Grand Vizier 3934: 3915: 3913: 3896:Crete (1669) 3888:Chios (1566) 3881: 3849: 3826: 3817:Ottoman Army 3772:, including 3762: 3743: 3724: 3703:Transylvania 3687: 3598: 3578: 3515: 3507:Dar al-Islam 3491:Saiful Rijal 3484: 3453: 3445:Castille War 3422: 3411: 3379: 3372:Castille War 3319: 3289:in honor of 3286: 3272: 3206: 3146: 3121: 3098: 3089: 3074:Please help 3062: 3016:Italian Wars 3005: 2982: 2973: 2958:Please help 2946: 2908:Andrea Doria 2889: 2866: 2838: 2793: 2786: 2758: 2723: 2693: 2678: 2611: 2590: 2580: 2568: 2540: 2533: 2510: 2498: 2468: 2460: 2456: 2451:grand vizier 2448: 2432: 2428:hand cannons 2425: 2407: 2400:in 1530, by 2371: 2361: 2335: 2334: 2318: 2317: 2301: 2300: 2284: 2283: 2267: 2266: 2250: 2249: 2234: 2218: 2217: 2201: 2200: 2185: 2169: 2168: 2153: 2137: 2136: 2120: 2119: 2103: 2102: 2086: 2085: 2061:John Zápolya 2030: 2022:Vlad Dracula 2019: 1996: 1956: 1905: 1862: 1838:Transylvania 1813: 1811: 1802: 1793: (1526) 1787: (1521) 1780: (1521) 1764: (1493) 1762:Krbava Field 1752: (1479) 1746: (1477) 1740: (1475) 1734: (1464) 1728: (1464) 1722: (1459) 1716: (1458) 1710: (1456) 1704: (1454) 1698: (1448) 1656:Hermannstadt 1532: (1616) 1526: (1616) 1520: (1614) 1514: (1613) 1508: (1605) 1502: (1599) 1496: (1586) 1490: (1575) 1484: (1574) 1478: (1573) 1472: (1572) 1466: (1571) 1460: (1570) 1454: (1569) 1448: (1565) 1442: (1564) 1436: (1563) 1430: (1563) 1424: (1563) 1418: (1560) 1412: (1558) 1406: (1558) 1400: (1556) 1394: (1555) 1388: (1554) 1376: (1552) 1370: (1551) 1364: (1551) 1358: (1550) 1352: (1550) 1346: (1547) 1340: (1544) 1334: (1544) 1328: (1543) 1322: (1543) 1316: (1541) 1310: (1540) 1304: (1540) 1298: (1539) 1292: (1538) 1286: (1535) 1280: (1535) 1274: (1534) 1262: (1531) 1256: (1529) 1250: (1529) 1244: (1519) 1238: (1518) 1232: (1516) 1226: (1501) 1220: (1500) 1211: 1210: 1165: (1578) 1159: (1577) 1130: (1529) 1124: (1529) 1106: (1526) 1098: 1086: 987:Papal States 911: 822:Transylvania 796: 685: 510: 441: 406:Transylvania 357:Transylvania 258: 257: 244: 239:Belligerents 142:Part of the 131: 116: 107: 97: 90: 83: 76: 64: 52:Please help 47:verification 44: 9113:Philippines 9078:El Salvador 8698:Capo d'Orso 8582:St. Quentin 8557:Rome (1527) 8216:Strategists 7966:Guadalajara 7893:New Navarre 7888:New Castile 7873:La Luisiana 7825:Puerto Rico 7815:Philippines 7772:New Granada 7462:Philippines 7423:(Uruguay), 7419:(Bolivia), 7369:New Granada 7309:Puerto Rico 7255: [ 7125:Territories 6945:Encomiendas 6114:Atiyah 2002 5949:McAmis 2002 5857:McAmis 2002 5513:16 December 5087:11 February 4607:World War I 4265:, 1686, by 4218:(nephew of 4177:Holy League 3953:Dardanelles 3819:during the 3746:Sinan Pasha 3499:proselytism 3464:Reconquista 3429:Maguindanao 3333:) attacked 3218:Hindu Tondo 3183:Philippines 3133:Holy League 3028:Turgut Reis 2916:Janissaries 2873:Holy League 2812:Modrý Kameň 2776:. Both the 2715: [ 2708:Upper Lands 2685:István Dobó 2681:Eger Castle 2658: [ 2637: [ 2435:Janissaries 2379:mercenaries 2045:Ferdinand I 2031:After King 1952:World War I 1936:Holy League 1906:Initially, 1314:4th Algiers 1296:Castelnuovo 1248:3rd Algiers 1242:2nd Algiers 1230:1st Algiers 1152:(1565–1568) 1148:(1551–1562) 1144:(1540–1547) 1140:(1529–1533) 665:Philippines 491:Nogai Horde 375:'s faction) 9259:Categories 8783:Somosierra 8773:Manila Bay 8647:Nördlingen 8587:Gravelines 8067:Columnario 8039:Currencies 7956:Concepción 7928:Audiencias 7903:New Toledo 7868:La Florida 7701:Corregidor 7665:Papal bull 7570:Antarctica 7478:Micronesia 6935:Golden Age 6759:Rebellions 6524:9004119078 6371:PR – iearn 5979:17 October 5728:Scott 1985 4368:See also: 4014:Nové Zámky 3837:Mehmed III 3802:Adrianople 3736:charge by 3732:The fatal 3654:See also: 3574:mujahideen 3262:, and the 3248:Temenggung 2900:Hasan Agha 2804:Kleinkrieg 2796:Adrianople 2704:sanjak-bey 2600:After the 2546:. After a 2516:Little War 2343:1788–1791 2326:1737–1739 2309:1716–1718 2292:1683–1699 2275:1663–1664 2258:1593–1606 2241:1565–1568 2192:1551–1562 2160:1540–1547 2128:1526–1538 1848:(today in 1840:(today in 1750:Breadfield 1512:Cape Corvo 1254:Formentera 1218:Cephalonia 894:Montenegro 779:Montferrat 373:Doroshenko 80:newspapers 9088:Nicaragua 9066:Guatemala 8976:Pichincha 8961:Chacabuco 8900:Pensacola 8845:Mataquito 8825:Cajamarca 8806:New World 8778:Trafalgar 8682:Alhucemas 8562:Landriano 8547:Comuneros 8533:Old World 8477:Joan Orpí 8197:Royalists 7971:Guatemala 7898:New Spain 7835:Venezuela 7810:Guatemala 7767:New Spain 7762:Columbian 7655:Exequatur 7555:Cape Juby 7409:Argentina 7232:New Spain 7166:Gibraltar 6930:Habsburgs 6681:(2000) . 6517:. Brill. 6493:The Serbs 5578:(1989) . 5110:MIT Press 5067:MIT Press 5019:5 October 4947:Routledge 4522:Bucharest 4495:Wallachia 4477:. At the 4437:Ali Pasha 4404:captures 4312:does not 4106:does not 4038:Louis XIV 4010:conquered 3945:Mehmed IV 3930:Heraklion 3868:Nagyvárad 3833:Esztergom 3794:Nicopolis 3695:Wallachia 3691:Murad III 3676:Ruins of 3666:Murad III 3609:dysentery 3594:Bendahara 3589:tributary 3581:Kota Batu 3566:Gujaratis 3550:Egyptians 3538:Mulattoes 3394:Christian 3331:Kandarapa 3314:Philip II 3137:Famagusta 3063:does not 2947:does not 2869:Charles V 2827:1480–1541 2645:Plášťovce 2536:Esztergom 2439:Wheellock 2007:Nicopolis 1948:1787–1791 1846:Vojvodina 1720:Smederevo 1611:Nicopolis 1494:Lanzarote 1482:5th Tunis 1476:4th Tunis 1452:3rd Tunis 1404:Balearics 1278:2nd Tunis 1272:1st Tunis 1260:Cherchell 1224:Balearics 834:Wallachia 503:Corsicans 424:(Hungary) 345:Wallachia 295:Ait Abbas 9098:Colombia 9083:Honduras 8996:Asomante 8981:Ayacucho 8971:Carabobo 8946:Curalaba 8723:Ceresole 8617:Gembloux 8577:Mühlberg 8292:Mariners 8150:Military 8072:Doubloon 8057:Maravedí 8001:Santiago 7908:Paraguay 7634:Germania 7474:Caroline 7429:Malvinas 7413:Paraguay 7373:Colombia 7315:Trinidad 7182:Sardinia 7022:Bourbons 6842:Category 6770:Politics 6670:(1960); 6652:Archived 6598:Archived 6580:(1983). 6562:Archived 6529:Archived 6490:(2004). 6465:Archived 6432:Archived 6136:Archived 6062:Archived 6031:Archived 5997:Archived 5928:Archived 5916:(1903). 5892:Archived 5832:Archived 5804:Archived 5680:Archived 5637:(1977). 5210:Archived 5167:Archived 5124:Archived 5081:Archived 5047:Link 2: 5041:Archived 5013:Archived 4961:Archived 4814:Archived 4760:in 1687. 4648:See also 4550:Sarajevo 4406:Belgrade 4241:Ottoman 4183:. (See: 3949:Dalmatia 3928:(modern 3864:Veszprém 3858:, Raab ( 3786:Silistra 3720:Veszprém 3601:Jerudong 3585:noblemen 3570:Malabars 3554:Swahilis 3534:Mestizos 3526:Mindanao 3522:Filipino 3416:— 3386:Acehnese 3158:Portugal 3124:Selim II 2904:Sardinia 2879:. After 2774:Safavids 2696:Fiľakovo 2606:Temesvár 2591:de facto 2552:Croatian 2471:arquebus 1922:and the 1865:Venetian 1820:and the 1778:Belgrade 1708:Belgrade 1702:Kruševac 1684:Kunovica 1679:Zlatitsa 1651:Belgrade 1506:Hammamet 1488:Cadaqués 1470:Navarino 1458:2nd Gozo 1362:1st Gozo 1302:Girolata 1169:Long War 870:Portugal 810:Moldavia 755:Sardinia 577:Flanders 479:Székelys 333:Moldavia 204:Location 9230:Asiento 9201:Mustang 9061:Yucatán 9056:Chiapas 8936:Tucapel 8768:Passaro 8718:Algiers 8708:Preveza 8677:Tetouan 8672:Vitoria 8662:Bitonto 8602:Antwerp 8597:Lepanto 8552:Bicocca 8028:Economy 7951:Charcas 7946:Caracas 7840:Yucatán 7711:Regidor 7696:Alcalde 7624:Cabildo 7531:Tripoli 7470:Mariana 7417:Charcas 7393:(Peru, 7377:Ecuador 7340:Bonaire 7335:Curazao 7320:Jamaica 7248:Florida 6825:Economy 6814:Economy 6742:History 6674:(1966). 6630:(1995). 6568:26 June 6037:22 July 5934:22 July 5898:22 July 5888:4777019 5686:22 July 5234:(2009). 4967:7 April 4926:(1989). 4913:(2013). 4756:during 4748:during 4638:Trianon 4621:Germany 4595:in the 4530:Prussia 4465:Oltenia 4333:removed 4318:sources 4293:Endgame 4249:in 1683 4245:at the 4243:Sipahis 4127:removed 4112:sources 4022:Moravia 4008:. 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Ottoman–Habsburg wars

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