2075:(amuzgo del norte, commonly known as Guerrero or (from its major town) Xochistlahuaca Amuzgo), Southern Amuzgo (amuzgo del sur, heretofore classified as a subdialect of Northern Amuzgo); Upper Eastern Amuzgo (amuzgo alto del este, commonly known as Oaxaca Amuzgo or San Pedro Amuzgos Amuzgo); Lower Eastern Amuzgo (amuzgo bajo del este, commonly known as Ipalapa Amuzgo). These varieties are very similar, but there is a significant difference between western varieties (Northern and Southern) and eastern varieties (Upper Eastern and Lower Eastern), as revealed by recorded text testing done in the 1970s.
849:'s classification of 1891 added Matlatzinca and Chichimeca Jonaz to Pimentel's Oto-Pamean group (which wasn't known by that name then), and he reclassified some languages of the previously included languages of the Oaxacan group. In 1920, Walther Lehmann included the Chiapanec–Mangue languages and correctly established the major subgroupings of the Oaxacan group. And in 1926, Schmidt coined the name Otomi–Mangue for a group consisting of the Oto-Pamean languages and Chiapanec–Mangue. The Oto-Pamean group and the Main Oaxacan group were not joined into one family until
1969:
156:
168:
2117:
however, are combinations of the register and contour systems. Tone as a distinguishing feature is entrenched in the structure of the Oto-Manguean languages and in no way a peripheral phenomenon as it is in some languages that are known to have acquired tone recently or which are in a process of losing it. In most Oto-Manguean languages tone serves to distinguish both between the meanings of roots and to indicate different grammatical categories. In
Chiquihuitlan
1912:
2196:
2044:. However, the dialects do not actually follow the geographic areas, and the precise historical relationships between the different varieties have not been worked out. The number of varieties of Mixtec depends in part on what the criteria are for grouping them, of course; at one extreme, government agencies once recognized no dialectal diversity. Mutual intelligibility surveys and local literacy programs have led
2233:
1633:
2625:
in both stops and fricatives. The voiced series of the Oto-Pamean languages have both fricative and stop allophones. Otomian also have full series of front, central and back vowels. Some analyses of
Mixtecan include a series of voiced prenasalised stops and affricates; these can also be analysed as consonant sequences but it would be the only consonant clusters known in the languages.
939:
the benefit of detailed sound correspondences and, consequently Brown argues that their reconstructions as well as Oto-Manguean itself are called into question. Nevertheless, Brown (2015) suggests that Oto-Manguean as
Sprachbund (language diffusion area) is a reasonable alternative hypothesis to the proposal of Oto-Manguean as a language family.
2203:
2624:
The Oto-Manguean languages have changed quite a lot from the very spartan phoneme inventory of Proto-Oto-Manguean. Many languages have rich inventories of both vowels and consonants. Many have a full series of fricatives, and some branches (particularly
Zapotecan and Chinantecan) distinguish voicing
938:
Brown (2015) evaluates evidence assembled in support of Oto-Manguean. He points out that vocabulary reconstructed for Proto-Oto-Manguean is not supported by regular sound correspondences. While scholars, including
Swadesh, Rensch, and Kaufman, have all reconstructed POM words, none have done so with
2239:
In some languages, stress influences tone. For example, in Pame, only stressed syllables have a tonal contrast. In
Mazahua, the opposite occurs, and all syllables except the final stressed one distinguish tone. In Tlapanec, stress is determined by the tonal contour of the words. Most languages have
2116:
The Oto-Manguean languages have a wide range of tonal systems, some with as many as 10 tone contrasts and others with only two. Some languages have a register system only distinguishing tones by the relative pitch. Others have a contour system that also distinguishes tones with gliding pitch. Most,
2244:
where the tones of a word or syllable are influenced by other tones in other syllables or words. Chinantec has no Sandhi rules, but Mixtec and
Zapotec have elaborate systems. For Mazatec, some dialects have elaborate Sandhi systems (e.g. Soyaltepec) and others do not (e.g. Huautla Mazatec). Some
934:
in completeness, but
Kaufman and Justeson (2009) reject this, lamenting the rudimentary reconstruction of Proto-Oto-Manguean lexicon (only c. 350 items have been reconstructed) and grammar. They call for a redoubling of the effort to document and reconstruct several important branches that have
2178:
2307:
are allowed. Many modern Oto-Manguean languages keep these restrictions in syllable structure but others, most notably the Oto-Pamean languages, now allow both final clusters and long syllable initial clusters. This example with three initial and three final consonants is from
1733:. Because of recent migratory patterns, small populations of Otomi speakers can be found in new locations throughout Mexico and in the United States. The Otomi languages are vigorous in some areas, with children acquiring the language through natural transmission (e.g. in the
2164:
3606:
Kaufman, Terrence, 1983 New
Perspectives on Comparative Otomanguean Phonology. Excerpts presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the American Anthropological Association, Chicago, 1983. Complete manuscript on file, Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh.
4341:. Sección de Obras de Historia (in Spanish). Translated by Nilda Mercado Baigorria (Translation of: "La famille Otomí-Pame du Mexique central", doctoral thesis ed.). México, D.F.: Centro de Estudios Mexicanos y Centroamericanos, Fondo de Cultura Económica.
1502:
in a "Central
Amerind" branch, apart from Tlapanec which, although it had by then been unequivocally linked to Oto-Manguean, he continued to classify as Hokan. No hypotheses including Oto-Manguean in any higher-level unit have been able to withstand scrutiny.
895:. Campbell and Poser writing in 2008 concluded that ""Tlapanec-Subtiaba proved not to belong to 'Hokan' as postulated by Sapir (1925a), but to be a branch of Otomanguean ..."" Nonetheless, a few studies have retained the inclusion in Hokan, particularly
1478:, because like Chinese the languages were tonal and mostly monosyllabic. This idea was quickly abandoned as it was discovered that tonal languages are common, and advances in the historical study of Chinese were made (including the discovery that
844:
in 1864; he also included Cuicatec, Chocho and Amuzgo in his grouping. In 1865, Pimentel added Mazatec, Popoloca, Chatino and Chinantec – he also posed a separate group of Pame, Otomi and Mazahua, the beginning of the Oto-Pamean subbranch.
2269:, where by whistling the tonal combinations of words and phrases, information can be transmitted over distances without using words. Whistled speech is particularly common in Chinantec, Mazatec and Zapotecan languages.
1797:. There are four principal varieties named after the communities where they are spoken: Acatepec, Azoyú, Malinaltepec and Tlacoapa. Recent labor migrations have introduced Tlapanec speaking communities to the state of
2032:. The Mixtec language is a complex set of regional varieties, many of which are not mutually intelligible. The varieties of Mixtec are sometimes grouped by geographic area, using designations such as those of the
327:, and the Proto-Oto-Manguean language is estimated to have been spoken some time before 2000 BCE. This means that at least for the past 4000 years Oto-Manguean languages have coexisted with the other languages of
910:
as either a part of the Mixtecan group or as forming its own branch from the proto-Oto-Manguean node has been discussed by Longacre, who argued for the latter, but the currently most accepted classification by
3773:
2000 census; the numbers are based on the number of total population for each group and the percentages of speakers given on the website of the Comisión Nacional para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas,
1931:(c. 23,000 speakers). They are all traditionally spoken in central and southern Oaxaca, but have been spread throughout Mexico and even into the United States through recent labor related migrations.
1533:, and although it is now in doubt whether Tehuacán was the original home of the Proto-Otomanguean people, it is agreed that the Tehuacán culture (5000 BCE–2300 BCE) were likely Oto-Mangue speakers.
1594:– and in the Post-Classic period the Mixtecs were prolific artesans and codex painters. During the postclassic the Oto-Manguean cultures of Central Mexico became marginalized by the intruding
1517:
This makes the Oto-Manguean family the language family of the Americas with the deepest time depth, as well as the oldest language family with evidence of tonal contrast in the proto-language.
4459:
Feist, Timothy, Matthew Baerman, Greville G. Corbett & Erich Round. 2019. Surrey Lexical Splits Visualisations (Chichimec). University of Surrey. Chichimec verb paradigm visualisations .
1934:
Zapotec languages and dialects fall into four broad geographic divisions: Zapoteco de la Sierra Norte (Northern Zapotec), Valley Zapotec, Zapoteco de la Sierra Sur (Southern Zapotec), and
323:
The Oto-Manguean language family is the most diverse and most geographically widespread language family represented in Mesoamerica. The internal diversity is comparable with that of
8748:
1721:
Otomi is traditionally described as a single language, although its many dialects are not all mutually intelligible. The language classification of the SIL International's
1511:
The Oto-Manguean family has existed in southern Mexico at least since 2000 BCE and probably several thousand years before, some estimates using the controversial method of
872:. The classification by Campbell 1997 was the first to present a unified view of the Oto-Manguean languages. In 1981, William Merrifield published a reconstruction of the
923:
as a separate branch within Oto-Manguean, but this inclusion has proved untenable as most of the cognates were loan-words from Zapotec. Huave is now considered an
293:
have over 500,000 speakers combined. In the linguistic world of Mesoamerica, the Otomanguean family stands out as the most diverse and extensively distributed.
304:
each have fewer than 250 speakers, most of whom are elderly. Other languages particularly of the Manguean branch which was spoken outside of Mexico have become
7774:
3814:
1946:, in the Southern Sierra Madre mountain ranges; Valley Zapotec languages are spoken in the Valley of Oaxaca, and Isthmus Zapotec languages are spoken in the
930:
Longacre (1968) considered Oto-Manguean to be among the most extensively studied language families of the world, with a level of reconstruction rivaling the
1544:. Kaufman also proposes that Oto-Manguean languages are an important candidate for being the source of many of the traits that have diffused into the other
883:
In spite of the lack of a full published reconstruction of proto-Oto-Manguean, the language family has now been widely accepted by specialists, including
869:
7765:
4487:
1729:
code to each of these nine varieties. Currently, Otomi varieties are spoken collectively by c. 239,000 speakers – some 5 to 6 percent of whom are
8758:
5520:
876:
of each of the Oto-Manguean branches and of Proto-Oto-Manguean. Unpublished reconstructions of Proto-Oto-Manguean grammar have also been made by
3609:
1988 Otomangean Tense/Aspect/Mood, Voice, and Nominalization Markers. Manuscript on file, Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh.)
8654:
7630:
1726:
342:
However Oto-Manguean also stands out from the other language families of Mesoamerica in several features. It is the only language family in
1976:
The Mixtecan branch includes the many different, mutually unintelligible varieties of Mixtec spoken by about 511,000 people as well as the
5732:
4425:
860:
From the 1950s on reconstructive work began to be done on individual Oto-Manguean language groups. Proto-Oto-Pamean was reconstructed by
8753:
4097:
4361:
1602:
saw themselves relocated from their ancient homes in the Valley of Mexico to the less fertile highlands on the rim of the valleys.
1536:
The long history of the Oto-Manguean family has resulted in considerable linguistic diversity between the branches of the family.
7758:
1490:
considered Oto-Manguean so aberrant from other Native American languages that it was the only accepted family (aside from the
7778:
4386:
4346:
4130:
4029:
1598:
and some, like the Chiapanec–Mangue speakers went south into Guerrero, Chiapas and Central America, while others such as the
2004:. Because of migration from this region the Mixtecan languages have expanded to Mexico's main urban areas, particularly the
1486:
phylum, but didn't classify the other Oto-Manguean languages in his famous 1929 classification. In his 1960 classification,
362:
structure than other Mesoamerican languages. Another typical trait of Oto-Manguean is that its members almost all show VSO (
7145:
6726:
4480:
1972:
Mixtec languages (in green) and its surrounding languages including Triqui, Cuicatec and Amuzgo within the state of Oaxaca.
235:
7255:
4018:
American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America (Oxford Studies in Anthropological Linguistics, 4)
1574:
Other Mesoamerican cultural centers which may have been wholly or partly Oto-Manguean include the late classical sites of
8627:
5513:
4701:
2457:
5312:
2174:, which has a mixed system, only three level tones but five tonal registers are distinguished within the contour tones.
2097:
2093:
6227:
5474:
3787:
See Josserand (1983) for one important attempt. Adaptations of Josserand's dialect maps are published in Macaulay 1996.
1942:, in the Northern Sierra Madre mountain ranges; Southern Zapotec languages and are spoken in the mountainous region of
8707:
7751:
7412:
3822:
2628:
These are some of the most simple sound changes that have served to divide the Oto-Manguean family into subbranches:
481:. Three varieties: Southern Pame (presumed to have no speakers), Central Pame (c. 5,000), Northern Pame (c. 5,000).
8763:
7388:
6627:
5142:
4039:
Fernández de Miranda, Mariá Teresa; Roberto J. Weitlaner (1961). "Sobre Algunas Relaciones de la Familia Mangue".
3636:
8789:
8784:
8157:
8126:
6546:
6482:
5725:
4473:
4279:
4185:
4114:
2527:
1754:
2013:
7159:
6401:
5506:
5469:
2303:). Syllable initial consonant clusters are very limited, usually only sibilant-CV, CyV, CwV, nasal-CV, ChV, or
2104:, particularly stops and those that do have labial stops normally have these as a reflex of Proto-Oto-Manguean
1611:
1474:
Some early classifications such as that by Brinton, considered that Oto-Manguean languages might be related to
375:
6910:
1696:
273:
languages, are spoken by almost 1.5 million people combined. In central Mexico, particularly in the states of
7743:
7625:
7272:
6407:
6232:
6018:
6012:
5936:
4230:
Newman, Stanley; Weitlaner, Roberto (1950b). "Central Otomian II:Primitive central otomian reconstructions".
7635:
7620:
7319:
6620:
6607:
6378:
6339:
5362:
2415:
1706:
spoken in the town of Santa María Acapulco (c. 4000 speakers), the extinct Southern Pame language, and the
1591:
1549:
336:
2709:
2705:
2696:
2692:
2683:
2679:
2670:
2666:
2649:
2645:
2636:
2632:
2601:
2595:
2589:
2583:
2577:
2571:
2565:
2313:
2304:
2300:
2146:
2139:
2132:
2125:
2105:
8475:
7615:
7609:
7394:
6667:
6585:
6558:
6262:
6252:
4706:
2507:
1583:
363:
17:
1984:, spoken by about 15,000 people. The Mixtecan languages are traditionally spoken in the region known as
1540:
compares the diversity between the main branches of Oto-Manguean with that between the main branches of
8794:
8712:
8093:
7181:
6842:
6639:
6437:
6297:
6267:
6257:
6247:
5953:
5718:
5699:
4378:
2543:
2467:
2380:
2338:
2049:
1963:
1890:
1773:
are spoken by c. 93,000 people in Northern Oaxaca and Southern Veracruz in the districts of Cuicatlán,
331:
and have developed many traits in common with these, to such an extent that they are seen as part of a
7593:
7400:
7376:
7351:
7324:
7307:
6317:
6272:
6242:
6215:
5786:
5741:
5397:
5327:
4711:
4674:
4122:
2226:
1878:
1707:
486:
4597:
8722:
8573:
8555:
8218:
7801:
7640:
7447:
7084:
7072:
6904:
5966:
5959:
5775:
5668:
5590:
5577:
4844:
4741:
2517:
2009:
347:
5337:
4726:
6645:
6570:
5973:
5923:
4021:
3970:
2390:
2100:. Many Oto-Manguean languages have phonemic vowel nasalization. Many Oto-Manguean languages lack
2060:
1541:
324:
4721:
4193:
Newman, Stanley; Weitlaner, Roberto (1950a). "Central Otomian I:Proto-Otomian reconstructions".
2257:", causing a rise or drop in pitch level for the entire tonal register in subsequent syllables.
1586:, which may have been inhabited by Manguean peoples. And some propose an Oto-Pamean presence in
8507:
8316:
8282:
8000:
7659:
7507:
7302:
7031:
6661:
6578:
6237:
6221:
6029:
5930:
5793:
5769:
5529:
5412:
5064:
4622:
4403:
4326:
1947:
1669:
1545:
7297:
5132:
4432:
2555:
Rensch also reconstructs four tones for Proto-Oto-Manguean. A later revised reconstruction by
320:(Tlapanec), have been extinct longer and are only known from early 20th century descriptions.
8717:
8663:
8582:
8560:
8201:
8083:
7705:
7603:
7292:
7095:
6885:
6874:
6836:
6443:
6417:
6322:
6312:
5995:
5911:
5762:
5683:
5663:
5603:
4688:
2438:
1774:
1770:
1725:
considers Otomi to be a cover term for nine separate Otomi languages and assigns a different
1100:
841:
504:
84:
8615:
8608:
7406:
7131:
5641:
5635:
5437:
5069:
4318:
1881:(< 8 speakers). The Popolocan languages should not be confused with the languages called
1668:
spoken in the western part of the State of Mexico (c. 350,000 speakers), and the endangered
1491:
8542:
8390:
7956:
7922:
7680:
7437:
7245:
7218:
7201:
7169:
7067:
6781:
6706:
6633:
6412:
6389:
6361:
6292:
6203:
5984:
5571:
4758:
4635:
4511:
4419:
4409:
Feist, Timothy & Enrique L. Palancar. (2015). Oto-Manguean Inflectional Case Database.
2713:
2700:
2657:
2222:
2210:
1689:
1673:
1644:
branch are spoken in central and western Mexico. The group includes the Otomian languages:
1641:
1627:
1564:
1133:
1045:
973:
931:
534:
460:
429:
301:
89:
79:
7565:
2732:(1983). The reconstructions are tentative, and are hence marked using two asterisks (**).
8:
8727:
8566:
8524:
8464:
8443:
8237:
8173:
8116:
8064:
8049:
8022:
7990:
7806:
7457:
7361:
7261:
7250:
7212:
7191:
7089:
7048:
6823:
6805:
6799:
6774:
6767:
6760:
6673:
6656:
6395:
6061:
6048:
5942:
5892:
5749:
5678:
5596:
5554:
5402:
5322:
5116:
5048:
4861:
4851:
4839:
4821:
4736:
2118:
2041:
1920:
1906:
1870:
1761:, Veracruz). Monolingualism is normally significantly higher among women than among men.
1753:
state). In some municipalities the level of monolingualism in Otomi is as high as 22.3% (
1332:
1308:
1234:
1060:
919:
in considering Amuzgo to be a branch of Mixtecan. Swadesh (1960) and Rensch included the
903:. Writing in 1988, Leonardo Manrique still listed Tlapanec-Mangue as an isolated family.
873:
699:
684:
638:
632:
266:
261:
The highest number of speakers of Oto-Manguean languages today are found in the state of
105:
100:
5223:
5038:
5033:
3796:
1862:
1649:
468:. Two varieties: Ocuiltec–Tlahuica (c. 450) and Matlatzinca de San Francisco (c. 1,300)
8638:
8594:
8518:
8418:
8404:
8334:
8224:
8040:
7984:
7977:
7888:
7872:
7371:
7366:
7356:
7339:
7334:
7329:
7313:
7282:
7277:
7230:
7224:
7175:
7120:
7043:
6927:
6891:
6852:
6794:
6601:
6596:
6307:
6066:
6035:
6001:
5989:
5948:
5823:
5673:
5625:
5548:
5347:
5284:
5266:
5236:
5178:
5137:
5111:
5074:
5028:
4792:
4783:
4731:
4371:
4255:
4247:
4218:
4210:
4168:
4148:
4110:
4081:
3958:
3950:
2674:
2653:
2343:
2089:
2071:
by about 44,000 speakers. The four varieties recognized by the Mexican government are:
1854:
1829:
1817:
1809:
1711:
1704:
1693:
1579:
1419:
1376:
1269:
1185:
770:
752:
606:
576:
570:
309:
270:
243:
117:
94:
7861:
7468:
7431:
5155:
4996:
4975:
4918:
4913:
4592:
2096:
while others have up to five level tones. Many languages in addition have a number of
2005:
1684:) both spoken in the State of Mexico; And the Pamean group composed of the two living
1563:
with remains dated as early as 1000 BCE is believed to have been in continuous use by
495:
478:
146:
8702:
8644:
8397:
8380:
8355:
8341:
8196:
8059:
8054:
8016:
7899:
7382:
7287:
7267:
7206:
7186:
6897:
6858:
6829:
6817:
6754:
6700:
6678:
6651:
6591:
6564:
6383:
6344:
6334:
6302:
6175:
6101:
6083:
6077:
5979:
5897:
5811:
5427:
5417:
5342:
5292:
5193:
5188:
4886:
4773:
4767:
4630:
4520:
4382:
4342:
4334:
4319:
4259:
4222:
4172:
4136:
4126:
4085:
4025:
3962:
3930:
2358:
2348:
2266:
2185:
2045:
1981:
1954:
recognizes 57 varieties of Zapotec and 6 varieties of Chatino by distinct ISO codes.
1924:
1802:
1790:
1738:
1495:
1161:
1146:
993:
861:
799:
726:
705:
554:
540:
359:
317:
313:
7473:
7462:
7442:
5780:
5387:
5043:
4939:
4908:
4460:
1555:
Oto-Mangue speakers have been among the earliest to form highly complex cultures of
160:
Pre-contact distribution of the Oto-Manguean languages in Mexico and Central America
8732:
8677:
8670:
8588:
8529:
8457:
8450:
8369:
8327:
8292:
8250:
8231:
8206:
8167:
8146:
8140:
8103:
8010:
7908:
7854:
7847:
7840:
7819:
7690:
7550:
7540:
7535:
7489:
7483:
7452:
7345:
7240:
7164:
7102:
7054:
6989:
6982:
6975:
6968:
6961:
6950:
6934:
6869:
6864:
6847:
6788:
6682:
6614:
6525:
6492:
6460:
6356:
6328:
6277:
6198:
6182:
6168:
6150:
6143:
6129:
6089:
6071:
6055:
6041:
5863:
5846:
5609:
5559:
5498:
5442:
5432:
5372:
5357:
5302:
5231:
5198:
5160:
5023:
4970:
4965:
4923:
4876:
4834:
4716:
4649:
4607:
4542:
4537:
4529:
4303:
4239:
4202:
4160:
4093:
4073:
4061:
3999:
3942:
3679:
2729:
2687:
2640:
2556:
2189:
2157:
2101:
1928:
1874:
1734:
1665:
1537:
1512:
1487:
1475:
1404:
1389:
1293:
1021:
924:
916:
896:
888:
877:
716:
656:
446:
305:
297:
290:
278:
247:
190:
7530:
7478:
6470:
4980:
4308:
4291:
3668:"Otomanguean historical linguistics: Past, present, and prospects for the future'"
8535:
8492:
8485:
8362:
8348:
8298:
8212:
8187:
8110:
8076:
8070:
7967:
7933:
7833:
7795:
7685:
7560:
7545:
7514:
7235:
7196:
7061:
7007:
6879:
6741:
6507:
6502:
6367:
6282:
6163:
6156:
6136:
6118:
6023:
6006:
5805:
5658:
5565:
5449:
5407:
5392:
5367:
5332:
5297:
5274:
5248:
5218:
5150:
4960:
4829:
4799:
4746:
4567:
4561:
4064:; Justeson, John (2009). "Historical linguistics and pre-columbian Mesoamerica".
3775:
2661:
2353:
2153:
2072:
2056:
2017:
1977:
1968:
1935:
1894:
1866:
1813:
1653:
1483:
1364:
907:
854:
813:
776:
758:
736:
670:
591:
355:
351:
111:
67:
61:
54:
5422:
5377:
4268:
3973:(1886). "Notes on the Mangue; An Extinct Dialect Formerly Spoken in Nicaragua".
8601:
8433:
8411:
8264:
8243:
8135:
8029:
7949:
7942:
7881:
7826:
7695:
7555:
7524:
7495:
7126:
7012:
6995:
6945:
6940:
6811:
6748:
6518:
6512:
6432:
6427:
6373:
6350:
6095:
5917:
5874:
5857:
5851:
5829:
5817:
5630:
5489:
5352:
5241:
5106:
5101:
4582:
4577:
4552:
2365:
2246:
2218:
1989:
1645:
1568:
1006:
920:
900:
865:
846:
465:
452:
435:
286:
274:
7773:
4077:
4004:
3987:
1737:
of Hidalgo and in the Highlands). However, three varieties are now considered
1587:
1560:
8778:
8305:
8271:
8257:
7915:
7812:
7579:
7519:
7501:
7017:
7001:
6955:
6712:
6532:
6497:
6487:
6465:
6422:
6287:
5868:
5800:
5317:
5307:
5183:
4944:
4668:
4662:
4657:
4612:
4602:
4587:
4414:
4013:
2493:
2372:
2309:
2214:
2171:
2029:
1893:
language family. The Mazatecan languages are known for their prolific use of
1685:
1595:
1076:
912:
892:
884:
473:
343:
5710:
4317:
Sicoli, Mark A. (2005). "Oto-Manguean languages". In Philipp Strazny (ed.).
3988:"Paleobiolinguistics of New World Crops and the Otomanguean Language Family"
2202:
840:
A genetic relationship between Zapotecan and Mixtecan was first proposed by
296:
Some Oto-Manguean languages are moribund or highly endangered; for example,
6476:
5382:
4572:
4287:
4269:"Classification of the Oto-Manguean Languages and the position of Tlapanec"
4056:. Nashville, Tennessee: Vanderbilt University Publications in Anthropology.
2398:
2213:
are small tonal systems with only two level tones and one contour, such as
2037:
2033:
1746:
1599:
1515:
suggest an approximate splitting date of Proto-Otomanguean at c. 4400 BCE.
1499:
935:
received little attention: principally Mixtecan, Popolocan and Oto-Pamean.
899:'s widely rejected 1987 classification, as well as its derivative works by
850:
4140:
282:
238:. All of the Oto-Manguean languages that are now spoken are indigenous to
132:
5533:
4465:
2488:
2241:
1730:
1556:
1530:
1479:
328:
155:
50:
4113:(1968). "Systemic Comparison and Reconstruction". In Norman A. McQuown;
4105:. Project for the Documentation of the Languages of Mesoamerica (PDLMA).
4038:
1873:
spoken in northern Oaxaca (c. 120,000 speakers), and the nearly extinct
1526:
167:
6123:
4251:
4214:
3954:
3683:
2498:
2429:
2299:
Proto-Oto-Manguean allowed only open syllables of the structure CV (or
2195:
1985:
1951:
1869:(c. 700 speakers) spoken in Northern Oaxaca state, and the 8 different
1853:
The Popolocan language group includes the seven different varieties of
1825:
1778:
1758:
1750:
1722:
1715:
1700:
1575:
614:
491:
332:
255:
1938:. Northern Zapotec languages are spoken in the mountainous region of
1911:
1865:
and Tepexi de Rodríguez (c. 30,000 speakers), and the closely related
4696:
4410:
2728:
The following lexical reconstructions of Proto-Oto-Manguean are from
2406:
1821:
1254:
599:
510:
251:
140:
126:
1529:
valley in connection with one of the earliest neolithic cultures of
4451:
4243:
4206:
4164:
4099:
Early Oto-Mangean homelands and cultures: some premature hypotheses
3946:
3667:
2254:
2232:
2064:
2001:
1886:
1882:
1794:
1742:
1677:
1661:
1590:. The Zapotecs are among the candidates to have invented the first
1522:
791:
648:
562:
546:
520:
1915:
The location of Zapotec dialect groups within the state of Oaxaca.
4052:
Josserand, J. Kathryn; Winter, Marcus; Hopkins, Nicholas (1984).
3582:
3580:
2324:
The following phonemes are reconstructed for Proto-Oto-Manguean.
2021:
1833:
1798:
1681:
1632:
584:
7719:
Families with question marks (?) are disputed or controversial.
7700:
7598:
4404:
Comparative Swadesh vocabulary lists for Oto-Manguean languages
2717:
2250:
2068:
2025:
1997:
1993:
1943:
1939:
1858:
1837:
1657:
1482:
was non-tonal). Edward Sapir included Subtiaba–Tlapanec in his
820:
805:
787:
783:
690:
676:
662:
644:
516:
262:
239:
234:
languages are a large family comprising several subfamilies of
46:
3577:
2177:
1676:(c. 1000 speakers in the town of San Francisco Oxtotilpa) and
220:
3462:
3124:
1680:(also called Ocuilteco) (c. 400 speakers in the municipio of
1636:
Map of the different dialect areas of Otomí in central Mexico
835:
380:
258:. Oto-Manguean is widely viewed as a proven language family.
4184:. International Museum of Cultures Publication, 11. Dallas:
3933:(October 1960). "Some revisions of Proto-Otomi consonants".
2163:
2121:, which has four tones, the following minimal pairs occur:
1840:
by a handful of speakers in the 1990s, but is now extinct.
223:
214:
202:
196:
4426:"Why you should study an endangered Oto-Manguean language"
1781:
recognizes 14 separate varieties with separate ISO codes.
27:
Language family of Mexico and, previously, Central America
1980:(or Triqui) languages, spoken by about 24,500 people and
285:, the languages of the Oto-Pamean branch are spoken: the
217:
211:
2184:
Many other systems have only three tone levels, such as
1805:
which was spoken in Nicaragua but which is now extinct.
1498:
family. However, in his 1987 revision he linked it with
383:
312:, which was declared extinct after 1990. Others such as
3722:
3720:
3637:
Marlett, Stephen. 2013. "Bibliografia del Me'phaa", SIL
1927:(c. 785,000 speakers of all varieties) and the related
1469:
4278:. Publications in Linguistics, Publication Number 55.
4276:
Two Studies in Middle American Comparative Linguistics
4051:
3914:
New perspectives on comparative Oto-Manguean phonology
1571:
is one of the earliest forms of Mesoamerican writing.
3846:
3729:
868:, Proto-Chiapanec–Mangue by Fernández de Miranda and
853:
classification in 1929, where it was included in the
385:
Genealogical classification of Oto-Manguean languages
226:
193:
5528:
3863:
3861:
3717:
3595:
Evidence for this grouping has never been published.
395:
199:
3885:
Reconstruction follows that given by Rensch (1977).
2483:Reconstructed vowel phonemes of Proto–Oto-Manguean
2156:, which has five level tones and no contour tones;
208:
205:
4370:
4461:https://lexicalsplits.surrey.ac.uk/chichimec.html
3975:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
3858:
8776:
4229:
4192:
4060:
2265:Several Oto-Manguean languages have systems of
1494:isolate) which he made a primary branch of his
407:Where spoken and approximate number of speakers
8474:
4151:(1966). "On Linguistic Affinities of Amuzgo".
3776:http://www.cdi.gob.mx/index.php?id_seccion=660
1828:at the beginning of the 20th century, and the
1695:being spoken in communities from the north of
7759:
5740:
5726:
5514:
4481:
4292:"The Hokan affinity of Subtiaba in Nicaragua"
4232:International Journal of American Linguistics
4195:International Journal of American Linguistics
4153:International Journal of American Linguistics
3935:International Journal of American Linguistics
3843:Egland, Bartholomew & Cruz Ramos, 1983:8.
2083:
2052:which have been assigned distinct ISO codes.
1605:
7729:Families with more than 30 languages are in
2245:languages (particularly Mixtecan) also have
2012:, to certain agricultural areas such as the
830:
8653:
4274:. In David Oltrogge; Calvin Rensch (eds.).
3929:
358:. It also stands out by having a much more
7766:
7752:
5733:
5719:
5521:
5507:
4495:
4488:
4474:
4179:
3741:
2229:only have the level tones and no contour.
2152:The language with the most level tones is
836:Internal classification and reconstruction
366:) in basic order of clausal constituents.
7775:Indigenous language families and isolates
4377:. Cambridge Language Surveys. Cambridge:
4333:
4307:
4003:
173:The Oto-Manguean languages within Mexico.
8379:
4339:La familia Otomí-Pame del México central
4147:
4109:
4012:
3903:Quoted from Campbell (1997, p. 157)
3665:
1967:
1910:
1631:
711:Central and eastern Oaxaca (c. 785,000)
405:
400:
390:
4362:Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México
4325:. New York: Fitzroy Dearborn. pp.
4092:
3969:
14:
8777:
4519:
4368:
4355:
4316:
4266:
3852:
3735:
1745:state), Santiago Tilapa and Acazulco (
7747:
5714:
5502:
4469:
4286:
4054:Essays in Otomanguean Culture History
3985:
2294:
1710:spoken in Misión de Chichimecas near
1703:(c. 5500 speakers), and Central Pame
4121:. Vol. 5: Linguistics. Austin:
3821:(in Mexican Spanish). Archived from
1957:
1470:Inclusion in macro-family hypotheses
316:, which was most closely related to
265:where the two largest branches, the
236:indigenous languages of the Americas
4119:Handbook of Middle American Indians
1812:are all extinct. They included the
246:branch of the family, which is now
24:
5475:Classification of Mixtec languages
4411:https://oto-manguean.surrey.ac.uk/
4358:El tlapaneco como lengua Otomangue
2260:
2231:
2201:
2194:
2176:
2162:
1784:
1648:spoken primarily in the states of
25:
8806:
4397:
4373:The Mesoamerican Indian Languages
2542:
2526:
2516:
2506:
2466:
2456:
2437:
2414:
2397:
2389:
2379:
2371:
2272:
1843:
1793:is spoken by c. 75,000 people in
1616:
3803:web site, accessed 28 July 2008.
3797:"Ethnologue name language index"
3749:Unidad y diversidad de la lengua
3672:Language and Linguistics Compass
2605:/, and the vowel combinations */
2329:Reconstructed consonant phonemes
2088:All Oto-Manguean languages have
1889:, which belong to the unrelated
1801:. It was closely related to the
764:Oaxaca and Guerrero (c. 44,000)
189:
166:
154:
4280:Summer Institute of Linguistics
4186:Summer Institute of Linguistics
3906:
3897:
3888:
3879:
3870:
3837:
3806:
3790:
3781:
3767:
3754:
3708:
3699:
3690:
3586:Kaufman & Justeson 2009:227
2111:
1578:, which may have been built by
5470:List of Oto-Manguean languages
4180:Merrifield, William R (1981).
3659:
3650:
3641:
3630:
3621:
3612:
3604:Kaufman & Justeson 2009. (
3598:
3589:
1820:languages that were spoken in
1764:
1612:List of Oto-Manguean languages
1525:has been thought to be in the
782:central, southern and western
376:List of Oto-Manguean languages
13:
1:
4420:SIL on the Oto-Manguean Stock
4309:10.1525/aa.1925.27.3.02a00040
3922:
1857:which are spoken in southern
1621:
1592:writing system of Mesoamerica
1506:
438:(Hñähñu) (several varieties)
379:
250:, was spoken as far south as
4456:, by Rosemary Beam de Azcona
4360:(in Spanish). México, D.F.:
3726:Campbell (1997, p. 159)
2078:
2059:varieties are spoken in the
1900:
1848:
1777:, Tuxtepec and Choapan. The
1559:: the archeological site of
1550:Mesoamerican linguistic area
441:Central Mexico (c. 212,000)
337:Mesoamerican Linguistic Area
7:
4321:Encyclopedia of Linguistics
4041:Anthropological Linguistics
3714:Kaufman & Justeson 2009
3627:Greenberg & Ruhlen 2008
2319:
2209:Particularly common in the
1123: Tlapanec–Mangue
369:
66:One of the world's primary
10:
8811:
5700:Mesoamerican language area
4379:Cambridge University Press
4302:(3, 4): 402–435, 491–527.
3666:Campbell, Eric W. (2017).
2723:
2559:adds the proto-phonemes */
2084:Common phonological traits
1964:List of Mixtecan languages
1961:
1923:subgroup is formed by the
1904:
1664:(c. 293,000 speakers) and
1625:
1609:
1606:Geography and demographics
620:
417:
412:
373:
8741:
8695:
8626:
8506:
8432:
8315:
8281:
8186:
8156:
8125:
8092:
8039:
7999:
7966:
7932:
7898:
7871:
7785:
7714:
7673:
7650:
7589:
7578:
7422:
7155:
7144:
7112:
7039:
7030:
6919:
6736:
6725:
6692:
6554:
6545:
6453:
6211:
6197:
6111:
5906:
5888:
5839:
5757:
5748:
5742:Primary language families
5692:
5651:
5618:
5540:
5483:
5462:
5283:
5265:
5211:
5171:
5125:
5094:
5087:
5057:
5016:
5009:
4989:
4953:
4932:
4901:
4894:
4885:
4869:
4860:
4820:
4813:
4782:
4757:
4702:Chiltepec-Tlacoatzintepec
4687:
4648:
4621:
4551:
4528:
4510:
4503:
4369:Suárez, Jorge A. (1983).
4356:Suárez, Jorge A. (1977).
4182:Proto Otomanguean kinship
4123:University of Texas Press
4078:10.1017/S0956536109990113
4005:10.14237/ebl.6.1.2015.436
3912:Kaufman, Terrence. 1983.
3894:Rensch (1977, p. 68)
3876:Suárez (1983, p. 41)
3867:Suaréz (1983, p. 51)
3778:, accessed 28 July 2008).
3302:night, dusk; dream, sleep
2284:
2279:
1988:, which is shared by the
1708:Chichimeca Jonaz language
1417:
1402:
1387:
1380:
1362:
1355:
1330:
1306:
1291:
1267:
1252:
1245:
1238:
1228:
1221:
1183:
1159:
1144:
1137:
1127:
1098:
1074:
1058:
1043:
1019:
1004:
997:
987:
980:
964:
952:
831:History of classification
768:
745:
697:
630:
625:
568:
532:
527:
427:
422:
165:
153:
139:
125:
73:
62:Linguistic classification
60:
39:
34:
6559:Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan
5143:Western Tlacolula Valley
3986:Brown, Cecil H. (2015).
3571:
2063:region of the states of
1749:), and Cruz del Palmar (
289:and the closely related
7726:have no living members.
4296:American Anthropologist
4267:Rensch, Calvin (1977).
4022:Oxford University Press
3815:"Estadísticas por tema"
3762:Perfil sociodemográfico
2876:cocoa beans; edible pod
1885:spoken in the state of
8790:Oto-Manguean languages
8785:Mesoamerican languages
8759:Unclassified languages
7706:Unclassified languages
7660:list of sign languages
6628:Northeastern Tasmanian
5652:Proposed macrofamilies
4598:Estado de México Otomi
4497:Oto-Manguean languages
4413:University of Surrey.
2331:of Proto-Oto-Manguean
2288:Oto-Manguean languages
2285:Reconstruction of
2236:
2206:
2199:
2181:
2167:
2160:has a similar system.
2048:to identify more than
1973:
1948:Isthmus of Tehuantepec
1916:
1670:Matlatzincan languages
1637:
1217: Eastern OM
960: Western OM
414:Oto-Manguean languages
354:whose members are all
7681:Constructed languages
5541:Demonstrated families
5363:Mitlatongo-Yutanduchi
5313:Atatláhuca–San Miguel
4415:doi:10.15126/SMG.28/1
2235:
2205:
2198:
2180:
2166:
2092:: some have only two
1971:
1914:
1771:Chinantecan languages
1757:, Hidalgo) or 13.1% (
1640:The languages of the
1635:
874:kinship terminologies
864:, Proto-Zapotecan by
842:Manuel Orozco y Berra
816:(also called Triqui)
779:(around 30 variants)
708:(around 50 variants)
374:Further information:
6228:Binanderean–Goilalan
4125:. pp. 117–159.
3992:Ethnobiology Letters
3560:house; fence; church
2884:cure; medicine; herb
2028:, and even into the
1879:Santa María Ixcatlán
1832:which was spoken in
1741:: those of Ixtenco (
1628:Oto-Pamean languages
932:Indo-European family
761:(around 4 variants)
424:Oto-Pame–Chinantecan
308:; these include the
8708:Algonquian–Wakashan
7510:(Maku-Auari/Jukude)
7413:Tequiraca–Canichana
7256:Harákmbut–Katukinan
6019:Northwest Caucasian
6013:Northeast Caucasian
5937:Chukotko-Kamchatkan
4438:on 12 December 2006
4149:Longacre, Robert E.
4111:Longacre, Robert E.
4066:Ancient Mesoamerica
3916:. Draft manuscript.
3100:early evening; dark
2812:flattened; squashed
2788:to blow; to whistle
2743:Proto-Oto-Manguean
2484:
2332:
2221:. Some others like
2158:Chicahuaxtla Trique
2042:Mixteca de la Costa
1907:Zapotecan languages
1871:Mazatecan languages
1718:(c. 200 speakers).
1699:on the border with
1567:. The undeciphered
721:Oaxaca (c. 23,000)
627:Popolocan–Zapotecan
419:Western Oto-Mangue
364:verb–subject–object
8696:Proposed groupings
7786:Language families
7132:Tarascan/Purépecha
6621:Northern Tasmanian
6379:South Bougainville
6340:North Bougainville
5398:San Miguel Piedras
5328:Chayuco-Jamiltepec
5147:Extended Ocotepec
4335:Soustelle, Jacques
4282:. pp. 53–108.
3971:Brinton, Daniel G.
3931:Bartholomew, Doris
3684:10.1111/lnc3.12240
3060:hard; stone; metal
2482:
2328:
2295:Syllable structure
2280:Proto-Oto-Manguean
2249:where some tones "
2237:
2207:
2200:
2182:
2168:
1974:
1917:
1830:Chiapanec language
1810:Manguean languages
1712:San Luis de la Paz
1638:
948:Oto-Manguean
906:The status of the
622:Eastern Oto-Mangue
310:Chiapanec language
8795:Language families
8772:
8771:
8754:Extinct languages
8691:
8690:
8687:
8686:
8502:
8501:
8428:
8427:
8182:
8181:
8158:Takelma–Kalapuyan
7741:
7740:
7691:Language isolates
7669:
7668:
7574:
7573:
7140:
7139:
7026:
7025:
6721:
6720:
6668:Western Tasmanian
6586:Eastern Tasmanian
6541:
6540:
6263:East Geelvink Bay
6193:
6192:
5884:
5883:
5708:
5707:
5530:Language families
5496:
5495:
5490:extinct languages
5458:
5457:
5261:
5260:
5257:
5256:
5207:
5206:
5083:
5082:
5005:
5004:
4809:
4808:
4683:
4682:
4644:
4643:
4543:Michoacán Mazahua
4406:(from Wiktionary)
4388:978-0-521-22834-3
4348:978-968-16-4116-0
4132:978-0-292-73665-8
4094:Kaufman, Terrence
4062:Kaufman, Terrence
4031:978-0-19-509427-5
3705:Campbell 1997:211
3696:Campbell 1997:157
3656:Campbell 1997:161
3567:
3566:
3358:sing; pray; music
2712:before vowels in
2699:before vowels in
2552:
2551:
2478:
2477:
2292:
2291:
2211:Oto-Pamean branch
2102:labial consonants
2046:SIL International
1958:Mixtecan–Amuzgoan
1929:Chatino languages
1925:Zapotec languages
1803:Subtiaba language
1791:Tlapanec language
1521:The Oto-Manguean
1466:
1465:
1457:
1456:
1448:
1447:
1439:
1438:
1430:
1429:
1343:
1342:
1319:
1318:
1280:
1279:
1205:
1204:
1196:
1195:
1172:
1171:
1111:
1110:
1087:
1086:
1032:
1031:
862:Doris Bartholomew
827:
826:
178:
177:
68:language families
16:(Redirected from
8802:
8764:Linguistic areas
8651:
8650:
8472:
8471:
8377:
8376:
8090:
8089:
7869:
7868:
7768:
7761:
7754:
7745:
7744:
7587:
7586:
7541:Huaorani/Waorani
7425:(extant in 2000)
7389:Esmeralda–Yaruro
7160:Andoque–Urequena
7153:
7152:
7037:
7036:
6843:Plateau Penutian
6734:
6733:
6709:(Northern Daly?)
6552:
6551:
6438:Northwest Papuan
6402:Trans–New Guinea
6268:East New Britain
6243:Central Solomons
6209:
6208:
5954:Great Andamanese
5904:
5903:
5755:
5754:
5735:
5728:
5721:
5712:
5711:
5693:Linguistic areas
5523:
5516:
5509:
5500:
5499:
5092:
5091:
5014:
5013:
4899:
4898:
4892:
4891:
4867:
4866:
4818:
4817:
4800:Chorotega/Mangue
4675:Chichimeca Jonaz
4608:Texcatepec Otomi
4526:
4525:
4517:
4516:
4508:
4507:
4490:
4483:
4476:
4467:
4466:
4455:
4447:
4445:
4443:
4437:
4431:. Archived from
4430:
4392:
4376:
4365:
4352:
4330:
4324:
4313:
4311:
4283:
4273:
4263:
4226:
4189:
4176:
4144:
4106:
4104:
4089:
4057:
4048:
4035:
4009:
4007:
3982:
3966:
3917:
3910:
3904:
3901:
3895:
3892:
3886:
3883:
3877:
3874:
3868:
3865:
3856:
3850:
3844:
3841:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3830:
3825:on 9 August 2011
3819:www.inegi.org.mx
3810:
3804:
3794:
3788:
3785:
3779:
3771:
3765:
3758:
3752:
3745:
3739:
3733:
3727:
3724:
3715:
3712:
3706:
3703:
3697:
3694:
3688:
3687:
3663:
3657:
3654:
3648:
3645:
3639:
3634:
3628:
3625:
3619:
3616:
3610:
3602:
3596:
3593:
3587:
3584:
2828:cloud; dew; rain
2737:
2736:
2711:
2707:
2698:
2694:
2685:
2681:
2672:
2668:
2651:
2647:
2638:
2634:
2603:
2597:
2591:
2585:
2579:
2573:
2567:
2557:Terrence Kaufman
2546:
2530:
2520:
2510:
2485:
2481:
2470:
2460:
2441:
2418:
2401:
2393:
2383:
2375:
2333:
2327:
2316:"their houses".
2315:
2306:
2302:
2277:
2276:
2227:Chichimeca Jonaz
2148:
2141:
2134:
2127:
2107:
2010:Federal District
1875:Ixcatec language
1775:Ixtlán de Juárez
1735:Mezquital Valley
1714:in the state of
1692:, Northern Pame
1538:Terrence Kaufman
1513:glottochronology
1488:Joseph Greenberg
1383:
1382:
1358:
1357:
1248:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1231:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1218:
1140:
1139:
1130:
1129:
1124:
1000:
999:
990:
989:
983:
982:
977:
967:
966:
961:
955:
954:
949:
943:
942:
917:Terrence Kaufman
897:Joseph Greenberg
889:Terrence Kaufman
878:Terrence Kaufman
487:Chichimeca Jonaz
381:
233:
232:
229:
228:
225:
222:
219:
216:
213:
210:
207:
204:
201:
198:
195:
170:
158:
149:
135:
32:
31:
21:
8810:
8809:
8805:
8804:
8803:
8801:
8800:
8799:
8775:
8774:
8773:
8768:
8737:
8683:
8649:
8631:linguistic area
8630:
8622:
8511:linguistic area
8510:
8498:
8470:
8424:
8375:
8320:linguistic area
8319:
8311:
8285:linguistic area
8284:
8277:
8178:
8152:
8121:
8088:
8035:
7995:
7962:
7928:
7894:
7867:
7787:
7781:
7772:
7742:
7737:
7736:
7710:
7696:Mixed languages
7665:
7646:
7581:
7570:
7424:
7418:
7273:Katembri–Taruma
7147:
7136:
7108:
7022:
6915:
6728:
6717:
6688:
6537:
6449:
6408:Turama–Kikorian
6318:Lower Mamberamo
6273:East Strickland
6201:
6189:
6107:
5895:
5890:
5880:
5835:
5744:
5739:
5709:
5704:
5688:
5647:
5614:
5536:
5527:
5497:
5492:
5479:
5454:
5413:Southern Puebla
5279:
5253:
5203:
5167:
5121:
5079:
5053:
5001:
4985:
4949:
4928:
4881:
4856:
4805:
4778:
4753:
4712:Lalana-Tepinapa
4679:
4640:
4617:
4593:Querétaro Otomi
4568:Mezquital Otomi
4562:Classical Otomi
4547:
4538:Central Mazahua
4499:
4494:
4449:
4441:
4439:
4435:
4428:
4424:
4400:
4395:
4389:
4349:
4271:
4133:
4102:
4032:
3981:(122): 238–257.
3925:
3920:
3911:
3907:
3902:
3898:
3893:
3889:
3884:
3880:
3875:
3871:
3866:
3859:
3851:
3847:
3842:
3838:
3828:
3826:
3813:
3811:
3807:
3795:
3791:
3786:
3782:
3772:
3768:
3759:
3755:
3746:
3742:
3734:
3730:
3725:
3718:
3713:
3709:
3704:
3700:
3695:
3691:
3664:
3660:
3655:
3651:
3646:
3642:
3635:
3631:
3626:
3622:
3617:
3613:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3599:
3594:
3590:
3585:
3578:
3574:
3536:wide; far; long
3496:mountain; cliff
2726:
2662:Isthmus Zapotec
2553:
2479:
2330:
2322:
2297:
2275:
2267:whistled speech
2263:
2261:Whistled speech
2188:and Texmelucan
2154:Usila Chinantec
2114:
2086:
2081:
2073:Northern Amuzgo
2018:Baja California
2006:State of México
1966:
1960:
1936:Isthmus Zapotec
1909:
1903:
1895:whistled speech
1867:Chocho language
1851:
1846:
1787:
1785:Tlapanec–Mangue
1767:
1690:San Luís Potosí
1630:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1608:
1509:
1472:
1467:
1458:
1449:
1440:
1431:
1344:
1320:
1281:
1219:
1216:
1206:
1197:
1173:
1125:
1122:
1112:
1088:
1033:
978:
971:
962:
959:
950:
947:
915:(1997) follows
908:Amuzgo language
838:
833:
828:
747:Amuzgo–Mixtecan
529:Tlapanec–Mangue
523:, (c. 224,000)
496:San Luis Potosí
479:San Luis Potosí
378:
372:
356:tonal languages
352:Central America
192:
188:
174:
171:
161:
145:
131:
55:Central America
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8808:
8798:
8797:
8792:
8787:
8770:
8769:
8767:
8766:
8761:
8756:
8751:
8749:Classification
8745:
8743:
8739:
8738:
8736:
8735:
8730:
8725:
8723:Macro-Chibchan
8720:
8715:
8710:
8705:
8699:
8697:
8693:
8692:
8689:
8688:
8685:
8684:
8682:
8681:
8674:
8667:
8659:
8657:
8648:
8647:
8642:
8634:
8632:
8624:
8623:
8621:
8620:
8612:
8605:
8598:
8591:
8586:
8579:
8578:
8577:
8570:
8558:
8556:Tequistlatecan
8553:
8546:
8539:
8532:
8527:
8522:
8514:
8512:
8504:
8503:
8500:
8499:
8497:
8496:
8489:
8481:
8479:
8469:
8468:
8461:
8454:
8447:
8439:
8437:
8430:
8429:
8426:
8425:
8423:
8422:
8415:
8408:
8401:
8394:
8386:
8384:
8374:
8373:
8366:
8359:
8352:
8345:
8338:
8331:
8323:
8321:
8313:
8312:
8310:
8309:
8302:
8295:
8289:
8287:
8279:
8278:
8276:
8275:
8268:
8261:
8254:
8247:
8240:
8235:
8228:
8221:
8219:Tequistlatecan
8216:
8209:
8204:
8199:
8193:
8191:
8184:
8183:
8180:
8179:
8177:
8176:
8171:
8163:
8161:
8154:
8153:
8151:
8150:
8143:
8138:
8132:
8130:
8123:
8122:
8120:
8119:
8114:
8107:
8099:
8097:
8087:
8086:
8081:
8080:
8079:
8074:
8062:
8057:
8052:
8046:
8044:
8037:
8036:
8034:
8033:
8026:
8019:
8014:
8006:
8004:
7997:
7996:
7994:
7993:
7988:
7981:
7973:
7971:
7964:
7963:
7961:
7960:
7953:
7946:
7938:
7936:
7930:
7929:
7927:
7926:
7919:
7912:
7904:
7902:
7896:
7895:
7893:
7892:
7885:
7877:
7875:
7866:
7865:
7858:
7851:
7844:
7837:
7830:
7823:
7816:
7809:
7804:
7799:
7791:
7789:
7783:
7782:
7771:
7770:
7763:
7756:
7748:
7739:
7738:
7735:
7734:
7727:
7720:
7716:
7715:
7712:
7711:
7709:
7708:
7703:
7698:
7693:
7688:
7683:
7677:
7675:
7671:
7670:
7667:
7666:
7664:
7663:
7654:
7652:
7648:
7647:
7645:
7644:
7638:
7633:
7628:
7623:
7621:Indo-Pakistani
7618:
7613:
7606:
7601:
7596:
7590:
7584:
7576:
7575:
7572:
7571:
7569:
7568:
7563:
7558:
7553:
7548:
7543:
7538:
7533:
7528:
7522:
7517:
7512:
7504:
7499:
7492:
7487:
7481:
7476:
7471:
7466:
7460:
7455:
7450:
7445:
7440:
7435:
7428:
7426:
7420:
7419:
7417:
7416:
7410:
7404:
7398:
7392:
7386:
7380:
7374:
7369:
7364:
7359:
7354:
7349:
7342:
7337:
7332:
7327:
7322:
7320:Piaroa–Saliban
7317:
7310:
7305:
7300:
7295:
7290:
7285:
7280:
7275:
7270:
7265:
7258:
7253:
7248:
7243:
7238:
7233:
7228:
7221:
7216:
7209:
7204:
7199:
7194:
7189:
7184:
7179:
7172:
7167:
7162:
7156:
7150:
7142:
7141:
7138:
7137:
7135:
7134:
7129:
7124:
7116:
7114:
7110:
7109:
7107:
7106:
7099:
7092:
7087:
7085:Tequistlatecan
7082:
7075:
7070:
7065:
7058:
7051:
7046:
7040:
7034:
7028:
7027:
7024:
7023:
7021:
7020:
7015:
7010:
7005:
6998:
6993:
6986:
6979:
6972:
6965:
6958:
6953:
6948:
6943:
6938:
6931:
6923:
6921:
6917:
6916:
6914:
6913:
6908:
6901:
6894:
6889:
6882:
6877:
6872:
6867:
6862:
6855:
6850:
6845:
6840:
6833:
6826:
6821:
6814:
6809:
6802:
6797:
6792:
6785:
6778:
6771:
6764:
6757:
6752:
6745:
6737:
6731:
6723:
6722:
6719:
6718:
6716:
6715:
6710:
6704:
6696:
6694:
6690:
6689:
6687:
6686:
6676:
6671:
6664:
6659:
6654:
6649:
6643:
6636:
6631:
6624:
6617:
6612:
6608:Marrku–Wurrugu
6604:
6599:
6594:
6589:
6582:
6575:
6567:
6562:
6555:
6549:
6543:
6542:
6539:
6538:
6536:
6535:
6530:
6522:
6516:
6510:
6505:
6500:
6495:
6490:
6485:
6480:
6474:
6468:
6463:
6457:
6455:
6451:
6450:
6448:
6447:
6441:
6435:
6430:
6425:
6420:
6415:
6410:
6405:
6398:
6393:
6386:
6381:
6376:
6371:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6347:
6342:
6337:
6332:
6325:
6320:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6300:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6225:
6218:
6212:
6206:
6195:
6194:
6191:
6190:
6188:
6187:
6179:
6172:
6166:
6161:
6153:
6148:
6140:
6133:
6126:
6121:
6115:
6113:
6109:
6108:
6106:
6105:
6099:
6093:
6087:
6081:
6075:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6052:
6045:
6038:
6033:
6026:
6021:
6016:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5970:
5967:Hurro-Urartian
5963:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5939:
5934:
5927:
5920:
5915:
5907:
5901:
5886:
5885:
5882:
5881:
5879:
5878:
5872:
5866:
5861:
5854:
5849:
5843:
5841:
5837:
5836:
5834:
5833:
5827:
5821:
5815:
5809:
5803:
5798:
5790:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5766:
5758:
5752:
5746:
5745:
5738:
5737:
5730:
5723:
5715:
5706:
5705:
5703:
5702:
5696:
5694:
5690:
5689:
5687:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5669:Macro-Chibchan
5666:
5661:
5655:
5653:
5649:
5648:
5646:
5645:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5622:
5620:
5616:
5615:
5613:
5612:
5607:
5600:
5593:
5591:Tequistlatecan
5588:
5581:
5574:
5569:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5544:
5542:
5538:
5537:
5526:
5525:
5518:
5511:
5503:
5494:
5493:
5484:
5481:
5480:
5478:
5477:
5472:
5466:
5464:
5460:
5459:
5456:
5455:
5453:
5452:
5447:
5446:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5338:Chigmecatitlán
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5295:
5289:
5287:
5281:
5280:
5278:
5277:
5271:
5269:
5263:
5262:
5259:
5258:
5255:
5254:
5252:
5251:
5246:
5245:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5226:
5221:
5215:
5213:
5209:
5208:
5205:
5204:
5202:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5175:
5173:
5169:
5168:
5166:
5165:
5164:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5129:
5127:
5126:Western Valley
5123:
5122:
5120:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5098:
5096:
5095:Trans-Yautepec
5089:
5085:
5084:
5081:
5080:
5078:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5065:Coatecas Altas
5061:
5059:
5055:
5054:
5052:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5020:
5018:
5011:
5007:
5006:
5003:
5002:
5000:
4999:
4993:
4991:
4987:
4986:
4984:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4957:
4955:
4951:
4950:
4948:
4947:
4942:
4936:
4934:
4930:
4929:
4927:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4905:
4903:
4896:
4889:
4883:
4882:
4880:
4879:
4873:
4871:
4864:
4858:
4857:
4855:
4854:
4849:
4848:
4847:
4837:
4832:
4826:
4824:
4815:
4811:
4810:
4807:
4806:
4804:
4803:
4796:
4788:
4786:
4780:
4779:
4777:
4776:
4771:
4763:
4761:
4755:
4754:
4752:
4751:
4750:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4693:
4691:
4685:
4684:
4681:
4680:
4678:
4677:
4672:
4665:
4660:
4654:
4652:
4646:
4645:
4642:
4641:
4639:
4638:
4633:
4627:
4625:
4619:
4618:
4616:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4583:Highland Otomi
4580:
4578:Acazulco Otomi
4575:
4570:
4565:
4557:
4555:
4549:
4548:
4546:
4545:
4540:
4534:
4532:
4523:
4514:
4505:
4501:
4500:
4493:
4492:
4485:
4478:
4470:
4464:
4463:
4457:
4422:
4417:
4407:
4399:
4398:External links
4396:
4394:
4393:
4387:
4366:
4353:
4347:
4331:
4314:
4298:. New Series.
4284:
4264:
4244:10.1086/464067
4227:
4207:10.1086/464056
4190:
4177:
4165:10.1086/464878
4145:
4131:
4107:
4090:
4072:(2): 221–231.
4058:
4049:
4036:
4030:
4014:Campbell, Lyle
4010:
3998:(1): 189–191.
3983:
3967:
3947:10.1086/464591
3941:(4): 317–329.
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3918:
3905:
3896:
3887:
3878:
3869:
3857:
3855:, p. 798.
3845:
3836:
3805:
3789:
3780:
3766:
3753:
3740:
3738:, p. 797.
3728:
3716:
3707:
3698:
3689:
3658:
3649:
3640:
3629:
3620:
3618:Greenberg 1987
3611:
3597:
3588:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3569:
3568:
3565:
3564:
3561:
3557:
3556:
3553:
3549:
3548:
3545:
3541:
3540:
3537:
3533:
3532:
3529:
3525:
3524:
3521:
3517:
3516:
3513:
3509:
3508:
3505:
3501:
3500:
3497:
3493:
3492:
3489:
3485:
3484:
3481:
3477:
3476:
3473:
3469:
3468:
3465:
3459:
3458:
3455:
3451:
3450:
3447:
3443:
3442:
3439:
3435:
3434:
3431:
3427:
3426:
3423:
3419:
3418:
3415:
3411:
3410:
3407:
3403:
3402:
3399:
3395:
3394:
3391:
3387:
3386:
3383:
3379:
3378:
3375:
3371:
3370:
3367:
3363:
3362:
3359:
3355:
3354:
3351:
3347:
3346:
3343:
3339:
3338:
3335:
3331:
3330:
3327:
3323:
3322:
3319:
3315:
3314:
3311:
3307:
3306:
3303:
3299:
3298:
3295:
3291:
3290:
3287:
3283:
3282:
3279:
3275:
3274:
3271:
3267:
3266:
3263:
3259:
3258:
3255:
3251:
3250:
3247:
3243:
3242:
3239:
3235:
3234:
3231:
3227:
3226:
3223:
3219:
3218:
3215:
3211:
3210:
3207:
3203:
3202:
3199:
3195:
3194:
3191:
3187:
3186:
3183:
3179:
3178:
3175:
3171:
3170:
3167:
3163:
3162:
3159:
3155:
3154:
3151:
3147:
3146:
3143:
3139:
3138:
3135:
3131:
3130:
3127:
3121:
3120:
3117:
3113:
3112:
3109:
3105:
3104:
3101:
3097:
3096:
3093:
3089:
3088:
3085:
3081:
3080:
3077:
3073:
3072:
3069:
3065:
3064:
3061:
3057:
3056:
3053:
3049:
3048:
3045:
3041:
3040:
3037:
3033:
3032:
3029:
3025:
3024:
3021:
3017:
3016:
3013:
3009:
3008:
3005:
3001:
3000:
2997:
2993:
2992:
2989:
2985:
2984:
2981:
2977:
2976:
2973:
2969:
2968:
2965:
2961:
2960:
2957:
2953:
2952:
2949:
2945:
2944:
2941:
2937:
2936:
2933:
2929:
2928:
2925:
2921:
2920:
2917:
2913:
2912:
2909:
2905:
2904:
2901:
2897:
2896:
2893:
2889:
2888:
2885:
2881:
2880:
2877:
2873:
2872:
2869:
2865:
2864:
2861:
2857:
2856:
2853:
2849:
2848:
2845:
2841:
2840:
2837:
2833:
2832:
2829:
2825:
2824:
2821:
2817:
2816:
2813:
2809:
2808:
2805:
2801:
2800:
2797:
2793:
2792:
2789:
2785:
2784:
2781:
2777:
2776:
2773:
2769:
2768:
2765:
2761:
2760:
2757:
2753:
2752:
2749:
2745:
2744:
2741:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2720:
2703:
2690:
2677:
2664:
2643:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2522:
2521:
2513:
2511:
2502:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2480:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2463:
2461:
2453:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2434:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2411:
2409:
2403:
2402:
2394:
2386:
2384:
2376:
2368:
2362:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2326:
2321:
2318:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2286:
2282:
2281:
2274:
2273:Proto-language
2271:
2262:
2259:
2247:tone terracing
2113:
2110:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
1962:Main article:
1959:
1956:
1905:Main article:
1902:
1899:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1844:Eastern branch
1842:
1786:
1783:
1766:
1763:
1686:Pame languages
1626:Main article:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1617:Western branch
1615:
1607:
1604:
1569:Zapotec script
1508:
1505:
1471:
1468:
1464:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1455:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1437:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1386:
1381:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1361:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1341:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1251:
1246:
1244:
1239:
1237:
1229:
1227:
1222:
1220:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1143:
1138:
1136:
1128:
1126:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1003:
998:
996:
988:
986:
981:
979:
970:
965:
963:
958:
953:
951:
946:
941:
921:Huave language
901:Merritt Ruhlen
866:Morris Swadesh
847:Daniel Brinton
837:
834:
832:
829:
825:
824:
817:
810:
809:
808:, (c. 18,500)
802:
796:
795:
780:
774:
766:
765:
762:
756:
749:
743:
742:
739:
733:
732:
729:
723:
722:
719:
713:
712:
709:
703:
695:
694:
693:, (c. 30,000)
687:
681:
680:
673:
667:
666:
659:
653:
652:
643:north-eastern
641:
636:
629:
624:
618:
617:
612:
603:
602:
597:
588:
587:
582:
574:
566:
565:
560:
551:
550:
544:
538:
531:
525:
524:
513:
508:
500:
499:
489:
483:
482:
476:
470:
469:
466:Mexico (state)
463:
457:
456:
453:Mexico (state)
450:
443:
442:
439:
433:
426:
421:
416:
410:
409:
404:
399:
394:
388:
387:
371:
368:
176:
175:
172:
163:
162:
159:
151:
150:
143:
137:
136:
129:
123:
122:
121:
120:
115:
108:
103:
98:
92:
87:
82:
75:
71:
70:
64:
58:
57:
43:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8807:
8796:
8793:
8791:
8788:
8786:
8783:
8782:
8780:
8765:
8762:
8760:
8757:
8755:
8752:
8750:
8747:
8746:
8744:
8740:
8734:
8731:
8729:
8726:
8724:
8721:
8719:
8716:
8714:
8711:
8709:
8706:
8704:
8701:
8700:
8698:
8694:
8680:
8679:
8675:
8673:
8672:
8668:
8666:
8665:
8661:
8660:
8658:
8656:
8652:
8646:
8643:
8641:
8640:
8636:
8635:
8633:
8629:
8625:
8618:
8617:
8613:
8611:
8610:
8606:
8604:
8603:
8599:
8597:
8596:
8592:
8590:
8587:
8585:
8584:
8580:
8576:
8575:
8571:
8569:
8568:
8564:
8563:
8562:
8559:
8557:
8554:
8552:
8551:
8547:
8545:
8544:
8540:
8538:
8537:
8533:
8531:
8528:
8526:
8523:
8521:
8520:
8516:
8515:
8513:
8509:
8505:
8495:
8494:
8490:
8488:
8487:
8483:
8482:
8480:
8477:
8476:Calusa–Tunica
8473:
8467:
8466:
8462:
8460:
8459:
8455:
8453:
8452:
8448:
8446:
8445:
8441:
8440:
8438:
8435:
8431:
8421:
8420:
8416:
8414:
8413:
8409:
8407:
8406:
8402:
8400:
8399:
8395:
8393:
8392:
8388:
8387:
8385:
8382:
8378:
8372:
8371:
8367:
8365:
8364:
8360:
8358:
8357:
8353:
8351:
8350:
8346:
8344:
8343:
8339:
8337:
8336:
8332:
8330:
8329:
8325:
8324:
8322:
8318:
8314:
8308:
8307:
8303:
8301:
8300:
8296:
8294:
8291:
8290:
8288:
8286:
8280:
8274:
8273:
8269:
8267:
8266:
8262:
8260:
8259:
8255:
8253:
8252:
8248:
8246:
8245:
8241:
8239:
8236:
8234:
8233:
8229:
8227:
8226:
8222:
8220:
8217:
8215:
8214:
8210:
8208:
8205:
8203:
8200:
8198:
8195:
8194:
8192:
8189:
8185:
8175:
8172:
8170:
8169:
8165:
8164:
8162:
8159:
8155:
8149:
8148:
8144:
8142:
8139:
8137:
8134:
8133:
8131:
8128:
8124:
8118:
8115:
8113:
8112:
8108:
8106:
8105:
8101:
8100:
8098:
8095:
8091:
8085:
8082:
8078:
8075:
8073:
8072:
8068:
8067:
8066:
8063:
8061:
8058:
8056:
8053:
8051:
8048:
8047:
8045:
8042:
8038:
8032:
8031:
8027:
8025:
8024:
8020:
8018:
8015:
8013:
8012:
8008:
8007:
8005:
8002:
7998:
7992:
7989:
7987:
7986:
7982:
7980:
7979:
7975:
7974:
7972:
7969:
7965:
7959:
7958:
7954:
7952:
7951:
7947:
7945:
7944:
7940:
7939:
7937:
7935:
7931:
7925:
7924:
7920:
7918:
7917:
7913:
7911:
7910:
7906:
7905:
7903:
7901:
7897:
7891:
7890:
7886:
7884:
7883:
7879:
7878:
7876:
7874:
7870:
7864:
7863:
7859:
7857:
7856:
7852:
7850:
7849:
7845:
7843:
7842:
7838:
7836:
7835:
7831:
7829:
7828:
7824:
7822:
7821:
7817:
7815:
7814:
7810:
7808:
7805:
7803:
7800:
7798:
7797:
7793:
7792:
7790:
7784:
7780:
7779:North America
7776:
7769:
7764:
7762:
7757:
7755:
7750:
7749:
7746:
7732:
7728:
7725:
7721:
7718:
7717:
7713:
7707:
7704:
7702:
7699:
7697:
7694:
7692:
7689:
7687:
7684:
7682:
7679:
7678:
7676:
7672:
7662:
7661:
7656:
7655:
7653:
7649:
7642:
7639:
7637:
7634:
7632:
7631:Original Thai
7629:
7627:
7624:
7622:
7619:
7617:
7614:
7612:
7611:
7607:
7605:
7602:
7600:
7597:
7595:
7592:
7591:
7588:
7585:
7583:
7577:
7567:
7564:
7562:
7559:
7557:
7554:
7552:
7549:
7547:
7544:
7542:
7539:
7537:
7534:
7532:
7529:
7526:
7523:
7521:
7518:
7516:
7513:
7511:
7509:
7505:
7503:
7500:
7498:
7497:
7493:
7491:
7488:
7485:
7482:
7480:
7477:
7475:
7472:
7470:
7467:
7464:
7461:
7459:
7456:
7454:
7451:
7449:
7446:
7444:
7441:
7439:
7436:
7433:
7430:
7429:
7427:
7421:
7414:
7411:
7408:
7405:
7402:
7399:
7396:
7395:Hibito–Cholón
7393:
7390:
7387:
7384:
7381:
7378:
7375:
7373:
7370:
7368:
7365:
7363:
7360:
7358:
7355:
7353:
7350:
7348:
7347:
7343:
7341:
7338:
7336:
7333:
7331:
7328:
7326:
7323:
7321:
7318:
7316:
7315:
7311:
7309:
7306:
7304:
7301:
7299:
7296:
7294:
7291:
7289:
7286:
7284:
7281:
7279:
7276:
7274:
7271:
7269:
7266:
7264:
7263:
7259:
7257:
7254:
7252:
7249:
7247:
7244:
7242:
7239:
7237:
7234:
7232:
7229:
7227:
7226:
7222:
7220:
7217:
7215:
7214:
7210:
7208:
7205:
7203:
7200:
7198:
7195:
7193:
7190:
7188:
7185:
7183:
7180:
7178:
7177:
7173:
7171:
7168:
7166:
7163:
7161:
7158:
7157:
7154:
7151:
7149:
7143:
7133:
7130:
7128:
7125:
7123:
7122:
7118:
7117:
7115:
7111:
7105:
7104:
7100:
7098:
7097:
7093:
7091:
7088:
7086:
7083:
7081:
7080:
7076:
7074:
7071:
7069:
7066:
7064:
7063:
7059:
7057:
7056:
7052:
7050:
7047:
7045:
7042:
7041:
7038:
7035:
7033:
7029:
7019:
7016:
7014:
7011:
7009:
7006:
7004:
7003:
6999:
6997:
6994:
6992:
6991:
6987:
6985:
6984:
6980:
6978:
6977:
6973:
6971:
6970:
6966:
6964:
6963:
6959:
6957:
6954:
6952:
6949:
6947:
6944:
6942:
6939:
6937:
6936:
6932:
6930:
6929:
6925:
6924:
6922:
6918:
6912:
6911:Yuman–Cochimí
6909:
6907:
6906:
6902:
6900:
6899:
6895:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6887:
6883:
6881:
6878:
6876:
6873:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6860:
6856:
6854:
6851:
6849:
6846:
6844:
6841:
6839:
6838:
6834:
6832:
6831:
6827:
6825:
6822:
6820:
6819:
6815:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6807:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6790:
6786:
6784:
6783:
6779:
6777:
6776:
6772:
6770:
6769:
6765:
6763:
6762:
6758:
6756:
6753:
6751:
6750:
6746:
6744:
6743:
6739:
6738:
6735:
6732:
6730:
6724:
6714:
6711:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6702:
6698:
6697:
6695:
6691:
6684:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6669:
6665:
6663:
6660:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6647:
6646:Southern Daly
6644:
6642:
6641:
6637:
6635:
6632:
6630:
6629:
6625:
6623:
6622:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6610:
6609:
6605:
6603:
6600:
6598:
6595:
6593:
6590:
6588:
6587:
6583:
6581:
6580:
6576:
6573:
6572:
6571:Darwin Region
6568:
6566:
6563:
6560:
6557:
6556:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6544:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6527:
6523:
6520:
6517:
6514:
6511:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6499:
6496:
6494:
6491:
6489:
6486:
6484:
6481:
6478:
6475:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6462:
6459:
6458:
6456:
6452:
6445:
6442:
6439:
6436:
6434:
6431:
6429:
6426:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6416:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6406:
6404:
6403:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6391:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6369:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6352:
6348:
6346:
6343:
6341:
6338:
6336:
6333:
6331:
6330:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6253:Demta–Sentani
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6223:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6213:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6200:
6196:
6186:
6184:
6180:
6178:
6177:
6173:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6158:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6145:
6141:
6139:
6138:
6134:
6132:
6131:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6116:
6114:
6110:
6103:
6100:
6097:
6094:
6091:
6088:
6085:
6082:
6079:
6076:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6057:
6053:
6051:
6050:
6046:
6044:
6043:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6031:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6014:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5997:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5975:
5974:Indo-European
5971:
5969:
5968:
5964:
5962:
5961:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5944:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5932:
5928:
5926:
5925:
5924:Austroasiatic
5921:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5913:
5909:
5908:
5905:
5902:
5899:
5894:
5887:
5876:
5873:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5859:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5844:
5842:
5838:
5831:
5828:
5825:
5822:
5819:
5816:
5813:
5810:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5796:
5795:
5791:
5789:
5788:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5771:
5767:
5765:
5764:
5760:
5759:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5747:
5743:
5736:
5731:
5729:
5724:
5722:
5717:
5716:
5713:
5701:
5698:
5697:
5695:
5691:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5656:
5654:
5650:
5643:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5623:
5621:
5617:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5605:
5601:
5599:
5598:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5586:
5582:
5580:
5579:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5567:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5550:
5546:
5545:
5543:
5539:
5535:
5531:
5524:
5519:
5517:
5512:
5510:
5505:
5504:
5501:
5491:
5487:
5482:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5467:
5465:
5461:
5451:
5448:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5300:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5290:
5288:
5286:
5282:
5276:
5273:
5272:
5270:
5268:
5264:
5250:
5247:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5229:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5216:
5214:
5210:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5176:
5174:
5170:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5148:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5130:
5128:
5124:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5099:
5097:
5093:
5090:
5086:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5062:
5060:
5056:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5021:
5019:
5015:
5012:
5008:
4998:
4995:
4994:
4992:
4988:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4958:
4956:
4952:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4937:
4935:
4931:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4906:
4904:
4902:Sierra Juárez
4900:
4897:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4884:
4878:
4875:
4874:
4872:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4859:
4853:
4850:
4846:
4843:
4842:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4827:
4825:
4823:
4819:
4816:
4812:
4802:
4801:
4797:
4795:
4794:
4790:
4789:
4787:
4785:
4781:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4769:
4765:
4764:
4762:
4760:
4756:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4699:
4698:
4695:
4694:
4692:
4690:
4686:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4670:
4669:Southern Pame
4666:
4664:
4663:Northern Pame
4661:
4659:
4656:
4655:
4653:
4651:
4647:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4628:
4626:
4624:
4620:
4614:
4613:Ixtenco Otomi
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4603:Temoaya Otomi
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4588:Tenango Otomi
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4563:
4559:
4558:
4556:
4554:
4550:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4535:
4533:
4531:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4509:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4491:
4486:
4484:
4479:
4477:
4472:
4471:
4468:
4462:
4458:
4453:
4434:
4427:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4405:
4402:
4401:
4390:
4384:
4380:
4375:
4374:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4354:
4350:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4323:
4322:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4288:Sapir, Edward
4285:
4281:
4277:
4270:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4101:
4100:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4037:
4033:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3927:
3915:
3909:
3900:
3891:
3882:
3873:
3864:
3862:
3854:
3849:
3840:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3812:2005 census;
3809:
3802:
3798:
3793:
3784:
3777:
3770:
3763:
3757:
3750:
3744:
3737:
3732:
3723:
3721:
3711:
3702:
3693:
3685:
3681:
3678:(4): e12240.
3677:
3673:
3669:
3662:
3653:
3647:Longacre 1966
3644:
3638:
3633:
3624:
3615:
3601:
3592:
3583:
3581:
3576:
3562:
3559:
3558:
3555:**syi (n)yɨn
3554:
3551:
3550:
3546:
3544:infant; small
3543:
3542:
3538:
3535:
3534:
3530:
3527:
3526:
3522:
3519:
3518:
3514:
3511:
3510:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3498:
3495:
3494:
3490:
3487:
3486:
3482:
3479:
3478:
3475:**(n)seʔə(n)
3474:
3471:
3470:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3456:
3453:
3452:
3449:**l/y-ɔkɔ(n)
3448:
3445:
3444:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3433:**c/l-a(h)ku
3432:
3429:
3428:
3424:
3421:
3420:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3392:
3389:
3388:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3376:
3373:
3372:
3368:
3365:
3364:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3352:
3349:
3348:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3232:
3229:
3228:
3224:
3221:
3220:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3136:
3133:
3132:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3070:
3067:
3066:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3054:
3051:
3050:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3006:
3003:
3002:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2886:
2883:
2882:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2846:
2843:
2842:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2774:
2771:
2770:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2742:
2739:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2719:
2715:
2704:
2702:
2691:
2689:
2678:
2676:
2665:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2644:
2642:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2626:
2622:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2598:
2592:
2586:
2580:
2574:
2568:
2562:
2558:
2548:
2545:
2540:
2538:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2524:
2523:
2519:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2504:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2400:
2395:
2392:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2377:
2374:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2334:
2325:
2317:
2311:
2310:Northern Pame
2287:
2283:
2278:
2270:
2268:
2258:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2243:
2234:
2230:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2204:
2197:
2193:
2191:
2187:
2179:
2175:
2173:
2172:Copala Triqui
2165:
2161:
2159:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2138:
2135:"difficult",
2131:
2124:
2120:
2109:
2103:
2099:
2098:contour tones
2095:
2091:
2076:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2030:United States
2027:
2023:
2020:and parts of
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1970:
1965:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1913:
1908:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1806:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1782:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1762:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1719:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1634:
1629:
1613:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1542:Indo-European
1539:
1534:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1504:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1462:
1461:
1453:
1452:
1444:
1443:
1435:
1434:
1426:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1352:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1339:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1315:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1289:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1276:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1214:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1201:
1200:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1168:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1142:
1141:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1120:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1107:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1083:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1041:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1028:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1017:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1002:
1001:
995:
992:
991:
985:
984:
975:
969:
968:
957:
956:
945:
944:
940:
936:
933:
928:
926:
922:
918:
914:
909:
904:
902:
898:
894:
893:William Poser
890:
886:
885:Lyle Campbell
881:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
858:
856:
852:
848:
843:
822:
818:
815:
812:
811:
807:
803:
801:
798:
797:
794:(c. 511,000)
793:
789:
785:
781:
778:
775:
773:
772:
767:
763:
760:
757:
755:
754:
750:
748:
744:
740:
738:
735:
734:
730:
728:
725:
724:
720:
718:
715:
714:
710:
707:
704:
702:
701:
696:
692:
688:
686:
683:
682:
678:
674:
672:
669:
668:
664:
660:
658:
655:
654:
651:(c. 206,000)
650:
646:
642:
640:
637:
635:
634:
628:
623:
619:
616:
613:
611:
608:
605:
604:
601:
598:
596:
593:
590:
589:
586:
583:
581:
578:
575:
573:
572:
567:
564:
561:
559:
556:
553:
552:
548:
545:
542:
539:
537:
536:
530:
526:
522:
519:and southern
518:
514:
512:
509:
507:
506:
502:
501:
497:
493:
490:
488:
485:
484:
480:
477:
475:
472:
471:
467:
464:
462:
459:
458:
455:(c. 350,000)
454:
451:
448:
445:
444:
440:
437:
434:
432:
431:
425:
420:
415:
411:
408:
403:
398:
393:
389:
386:
382:
377:
367:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
344:North America
340:
338:
334:
330:
326:
325:Indo-European
321:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
294:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
259:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
231:
187:
183:
169:
164:
157:
152:
148:
144:
142:
138:
134:
130:
128:
124:
119:
116:
114:
113:
109:
107:
104:
102:
99:
96:
93:
91:
88:
86:
83:
81:
78:
77:
76:
72:
69:
65:
63:
59:
56:
52:
49:; previously
48:
44:
38:
33:
30:
19:
8713:Aztec–Tanoan
8676:
8669:
8664:Guanahatabey
8662:
8655:Pre-Arawakan
8637:
8614:
8607:
8600:
8593:
8581:
8572:
8565:
8550:Oto-Manguean
8549:
8548:
8541:
8534:
8517:
8508:Mesoamerican
8491:
8484:
8463:
8456:
8449:
8442:
8417:
8410:
8403:
8396:
8389:
8368:
8361:
8354:
8347:
8340:
8333:
8326:
8317:Coahuiltecan
8304:
8297:
8270:
8263:
8256:
8249:
8242:
8230:
8223:
8211:
8166:
8145:
8127:Coast Oregon
8109:
8102:
8069:
8028:
8021:
8009:
8001:Macro-Siouan
7983:
7976:
7955:
7948:
7941:
7921:
7914:
7907:
7887:
7880:
7860:
7853:
7846:
7839:
7832:
7825:
7818:
7811:
7794:
7788:and isolates
7730:
7723:
7722:Families in
7657:
7608:
7506:
7494:
7344:
7312:
7303:Pano-Tacanan
7260:
7223:
7211:
7182:Arutani–Sape
7174:
7119:
7101:
7094:
7079:Oto-Manguean
7078:
7077:
7060:
7053:
7000:
6988:
6981:
6974:
6967:
6960:
6933:
6926:
6903:
6896:
6884:
6857:
6835:
6828:
6816:
6804:
6787:
6780:
6773:
6766:
6759:
6747:
6740:
6699:
6666:
6662:Western Daly
6640:Pama–Nyungan
6638:
6626:
6619:
6606:
6584:
6579:Eastern Daly
6577:
6569:
6524:
6400:
6388:
6366:
6349:
6327:
6298:Kaure–Kosare
6258:Doso–Turumsa
6248:Chimbu–Wahgi
6238:Bulaka River
6222:Austronesian
6220:
6181:
6174:
6155:
6142:
6135:
6128:
6054:
6047:
6040:
6030:Sino-Tibetan
6028:
6011:
5994:
5972:
5965:
5958:
5941:
5931:Austronesian
5929:
5922:
5910:
5856:
5794:Nilo-Saharan
5792:
5785:
5770:Austronesian
5768:
5761:
5602:
5595:
5585:Oto-Manguean
5584:
5583:
5576:
5564:
5547:
5485:
5403:Silacayoapan
5323:Cacaloxtepec
5017:Cis-Yautepec
4798:
4791:
4766:
4667:
4658:Central Pame
4623:Matlatzincan
4573:Tilapa Otomi
4560:
4496:
4440:. Retrieved
4433:the original
4372:
4357:
4338:
4320:
4299:
4295:
4275:
4238:(2): 73–81.
4235:
4231:
4198:
4194:
4181:
4159:(1): 46–49.
4156:
4152:
4118:
4098:
4069:
4065:
4053:
4044:
4040:
4020:. New York:
4017:
3995:
3991:
3978:
3974:
3938:
3934:
3913:
3908:
3899:
3890:
3881:
3872:
3848:
3839:
3827:. Retrieved
3823:the original
3818:
3808:
3800:
3792:
3783:
3769:
3761:
3756:
3751:, pp. 19–25.
3748:
3743:
3731:
3710:
3701:
3692:
3675:
3671:
3661:
3652:
3643:
3632:
3623:
3614:
3600:
3591:
3563:**(n)ku ʔwa
3528:cotton cloth
2727:
2627:
2623:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2600:
2594:
2588:
2582:
2576:
2570:
2564:
2560:
2554:
2323:
2298:
2264:
2238:
2208:
2183:
2169:
2151:
2149:"he talks".
2143:
2136:
2129:
2122:
2115:
2112:Tone systems
2087:
2054:
2050:50 varieties
2038:Mixteca Baja
2034:Mixteca Alta
1975:
1933:
1918:
1891:Mixe–Zoquean
1852:
1807:
1788:
1768:
1747:Mexico state
1720:
1639:
1580:Matlatzincas
1573:
1554:
1535:
1520:
1516:
1510:
1500:Aztec-Tanoan
1473:
1418:
1403:
1388:
1363:
1331:
1307:
1292:
1268:
1253:
1184:
1160:
1145:
1099:
1075:
1059:
1044:
1020:
1005:
937:
929:
905:
882:
859:
855:Hokan family
839:
823:(c. 23,000)
790:and eastern
769:
751:
746:
698:
679:(< 1000)
631:
626:
621:
609:
594:
579:
569:
557:
549:(c. 75,000)
533:
528:
503:
428:
423:
418:
413:
406:
401:
396:
391:
384:
341:
322:
295:
260:
185:
182:Oto-Manguean
181:
179:
110:
74:Subdivisions
42:distribution
35:Oto-Manguean
29:
8718:Macro-Mayan
8583:Uto-Aztecan
8561:Totozoquean
8391:Coahuilteco
8202:Palaihnihan
8084:Tsimshianic
7616:Germanosign
7520:Mura-Pirahã
7401:Lule–Vilela
7377:Bora-Witoto
7352:Uru–Chipaya
7325:Ticuna–Yuri
7308:Peba–Yaguan
7293:Nambikwaran
7096:Uto-Aztecan
7032:Mesoamerica
6886:Uto-Aztecan
6875:Tsimshianic
6837:Palaihnihan
6707:Malak-Malak
6444:Papuan Gulf
6418:West Papuan
6323:Lower Sepik
6313:Lakes Plain
6216:Arai–Samaia
6204:the Pacific
5912:Afroasiatic
5787:Niger–Congo
5763:Afroasiatic
5684:Totozoquean
5664:Macro-Mayan
5604:Uto-Aztecan
5534:Mesoamerica
5438:Yoloxóchitl
5348:Cuyamecalco
5133:Chichicápam
5117:Quiavicuzas
5049:Tlacolulita
4742:Tepetotutla
4689:Chinantecan
4636:Matlatzinca
4450:(82.9
4442:30 December
4201:(1): 1–19.
4115:R. Wauchope
3853:Sicoli 2005
3736:Sicoli 2005
3539:**si (n)tU
3491:**c/l-oʔwɔ
3472:guts; heart
3457:**ryi(+)ne
3454:blood; meat
3270:ear of corn
3249:**l/c-ɔxen
3068:to defecate
2815:**(ʔ)ma(h)
2764:fire; fever
2759:**(n)xə(n)
2242:tone sandhi
2240:systems of
2223:Matlatzinca
2142:"his hand"
2094:level tones
2061:Costa Chica
2014:San Quintín
1861:state near
1765:Chinantecan
1731:monolingual
1674:Matlatzinca
1588:Teotihuacán
1561:Monte Albán
1557:Mesoamerica
1531:Mesoamerica
1480:Old Chinese
1046:Matlatzinca
804:Cuicatlán,
786:; southern
665:(< 100)
505:Chinantecan
498:(c. 1,500)
461:Matlatzinca
348:Mesoamerica
335:called the
329:Mesoamerica
302:Matlatzinca
186:Otomanguean
85:Chinantecan
51:Mesoamerica
18:Otomanguean
8779:Categories
8574:Mixe–Zoque
8543:Misumalpan
8465:Chitimacha
7957:Algonquian
7923:Athabaskan
7802:Yuki–Wappo
7610:Francosign
7458:Chiquitano
7438:Alacalufan
7246:Guaicuruan
7219:Chapacuran
7202:Cahuapanan
7170:Araucanian
7073:Mixe–Zoque
7068:Misumalpan
6782:Comecrudan
6634:Nyulnyulan
6413:Upper Yuat
6390:Torricelli
6362:Senu River
6293:Foja Range
6199:New Guinea
6124:Burushaski
5985:Kartvelian
5960:Hmong–Mien
5776:Khoe–Kwadi
5578:Mixe–Zoque
5572:Misumalpan
5428:Tilantongo
5418:Soyaltepec
5343:Coatzospan
5237:Texmelucan
5179:Albarradas
5112:Lachiguiri
5075:Ozolotepec
5070:Miahuatlán
5029:Quiegolani
4759:Tlapanecan
4512:Oto-Pamean
4047:(7): 1–99.
3923:References
3801:Ethnologue
3531:**lyɔ tyE
3523:**syi lyɔ
3507:**(n)aʔyu
3414:skin, bark
3214:just, only
3174:fingernail
3047:**(h,n)wi
3004:turkey hen
2972:grindstone
2916:sugar cane
2407:Fricatives
2339:Labiovelar
2128:"I talk",
2040:, and the
2016:valley in
1986:La Mixteca
1952:Ethnologue
1877:spoken in
1826:Costa Rica
1779:Ethnologue
1759:Texcatepec
1751:Guanajuato
1723:Ethnologue
1716:Guanajuato
1701:Tamaulipas
1672:including
1642:Oto-Pamean
1622:Oto-Pamean
1610:See also:
1576:Xochicalco
1507:Prehistory
1134:Tlapanecan
1061:Chichimeca
974:Oto-Pamean
615:Costa Rica
543:(Me'phaa)
535:Tlapanecan
492:Guanajuato
430:Oto-Pamean
333:sprachbund
256:Costa Rica
242:, but the
90:Tlapanecan
80:Oto-Pamean
45:Currently
40:Geographic
8728:Tolatecan
8628:Caribbean
8616:Alagüilac
8609:Purépecha
8595:Cuitlatec
8567:Totonacan
8525:Jicaquean
8444:Muskogean
8419:Mamulique
8405:Comecrudo
8335:Karankawa
8238:Jicaquean
8225:Chimariko
8174:Kalapuyan
8117:Sahaptian
8065:Yok-Utian
8050:Chinookan
8023:Iroquoian
7991:Chimakuan
7807:Chumashan
7641:Tanzanian
7582:languages
7479:Hodï/Joti
7423:Isolates
7362:Yanomaman
7298:Otomákoan
7262:Jirajaran
7251:Guajiboan
7213:Catacaoan
7192:Barbacoan
7121:Cuitlatec
7090:Totonacan
7049:Jicaquean
6928:Chimariko
6824:Muskogean
6806:Kalapuyan
6800:Iroquoian
6775:Chumashan
6768:Chinookan
6761:Chimakuan
6679:Yangmanic
6674:Worrorran
6657:Wagaydyic
6547:Australia
6396:Trans-Fly
6062:Yeniseian
6049:Tyrsenian
5943:Dravidian
5679:Tolatecan
5642:Alagüilac
5636:Purépecha
5626:Cuitlatec
5597:Totonacan
5555:Jicaquean
5488:indicate
5443:Zacatepec
5433:Tututepec
5358:Ixtayutla
5303:Amoltepec
5228:Papabuco
5194:Ayoquezco
5189:Antequera
4862:Zapotecan
4852:Popolocan
4845:varieties
4822:Popolocan
4793:Chiapanec
4737:Sochiapam
4697:Chinantec
4337:(1993) .
4260:143618683
4223:144486505
4173:143879066
4086:163094506
3963:144874022
3547:**weʔ ne
3409:**sæ(n)ʔ
3281:**yən(h)
3246:corndough
3225:**Hwi(n)
3190:water jug
3182:cornfield
3076:butterfly
2959:**ʔ(Y)ne
2951:**ʔ(Y)nu
2927:**(h)Nye
2847:**(n)pah
2780:to choose
2617:/, and */
2314:/nlʔospt/
2079:Phonology
1921:Zapotecan
1901:Zapotecan
1849:Popolocan
1822:Nicaragua
1818:Chorotega
1755:Huehuetla
1697:Río Verde
1546:languages
1492:Purépecha
1333:Zapotecan
1309:Mazatecan
1235:Popolocan
1101:Chinantec
870:Weitlaner
700:Zapotecan
689:Southern
685:Popolocan
675:northern
661:northern
633:Popolocan
607:Chorotega
600:Nicaragua
577:Chiapanec
515:northern
511:Chinantec
449:(Hñatho)
402:Languages
283:Querétaro
267:Zapotecan
252:Nicaragua
141:Glottolog
127:ISO 639-5
106:Zapotecan
101:Popolocan
8639:Arawakan
8519:Chibchan
8398:Cotoname
8356:Quinigua
8342:Maratino
8041:Penutian
7985:Wakashan
7978:Salishan
7889:Eskimoan
7873:Eskaleut
7674:See also
7651:Isolates
7626:Japanese
7566:Yuracaré
7448:Candoshi
7407:Macro-Jê
7372:Zaparoan
7367:Zamucoan
7357:Witotoan
7340:Tucanoan
7335:Tiniguan
7330:Timotean
7314:Quechuan
7283:Matacoan
7278:Mascoian
7268:Jivaroan
7231:Chibchan
7225:Charruan
7176:Arawakan
7113:Isolates
7044:Chibchan
6920:Isolates
6892:Wakashan
6853:Salishan
6795:Eskaleut
6701:Giimbiyu
6693:Isolates
6602:Jarrakan
6597:Iwaidjan
6454:Isolates
6308:Kutubuan
6176:Sumerian
6112:Isolates
6067:Yukaghir
6036:Tungusic
6002:Mongolic
5990:Koreanic
5949:Eskaleut
5840:Isolates
5824:Ubangian
5674:Penutian
5619:Isolates
5549:Chibchan
5408:Sindihui
5393:Pinotepa
5368:Mixtepec
5333:Chazumba
5293:Cuicatec
5285:Mixtecan
5267:Amuzgoan
5232:Elotepec
5224:Lachixío
5199:Quiatoni
5161:Zaachila
5039:Xanaguía
5034:Lapaguía
5024:Mixtepec
5010:Southern
4971:Yatzachi
4966:Zoogocho
4924:Abejones
4895:Northern
4784:Manguean
4774:Tlapanec
4768:Subtiaba
4732:Palantla
4727:Ozumacín
4707:Highland
4631:Tlahuica
4290:(1925).
4117:(eds.).
4096:(2015).
4016:(1997).
3764:, p. 70.
3747:Lastra,
3515:**lɔken
3483:**tyuwa
3441:**cɪʔyə
3398:to bathe
3374:to dance
3345:**co(n)
3310:honeybee
3297:**Xa(n)
3257:**re(n)
3233:**tɨ(n)
3198:to close
3111:**(n)tə
3031:**(n)pi
3028:to shake
2983:**sa(n)
2943:**(n)ya
2935:**(n)yU
2911:**re(n)
2839:**(n)wa
2836:to weave
2807:**(h)wə
2775:**hɔ(n)
2714:Oto-Pame
2701:Oto-Pame
2675:Mixtecan
2658:Oto-Pame
2654:Manguean
2599:/ and */
2344:Alveolar
2320:Phonemes
2255:downstep
2186:Tlapanec
2065:Guerrero
2008:and the
2002:Guerrero
1982:Cuicatec
1887:Veracruz
1883:Popoluca
1863:Tehuacán
1855:Popoloca
1795:Guerrero
1743:Tlaxcala
1739:moribund
1678:Tlahuica
1662:Veracruz
1565:Zapotecs
1527:Tehuacán
1523:urheimat
1420:Cuicatec
1377:Mixtecan
1353:?
1270:Popoloca
1186:Manguean
1162:Subtiaba
1147:Tlapanec
1063:(Jonaz)
913:Campbell
819:western
800:Cuicatec
792:Guerrero
771:Mixtecan
753:Amuzgoan
727:Papabuco
649:Veracruz
571:Manguean
563:Honduras
555:Subtiaba
547:Guerrero
541:Tlapanec
521:Veracruz
370:Overview
360:analytic
314:Subtiaba
271:Mixtecan
244:Manguean
147:otom1299
118:Mixtecan
95:Manguean
8703:Amerind
8678:Ciguayo
8671:Macorix
8645:Cariban
8619: ?
8478: ?
8458:Atakapa
8451:Natchez
8436: ?
8383: ?
8381:Pakawan
8370:Tonkawa
8328:Aranama
8283:Pueblo
8251:Salinan
8232:Esselen
8197:Shastan
8190: ?
8168:Takelma
8160: ?
8147:Siuslaw
8129: ?
8104:Klamath
8096: ?
8094:Plateau
8060:Maiduan
8055:Wintuan
8043: ?
8017:Caddoan
8003: ?
7970: ?
7909:Tlingit
7900:Na-Dene
7855:Waikuri
7848:Timucua
7841:Kutenai
7820:Beothuk
7724:italics
7701:Pidgins
7686:Creoles
7636:Swedish
7604:Chinese
7551:Urarina
7536:Puinave
7490:Itonama
7484:Irantxe
7453:Chimane
7383:Chimuan
7288:Nadahup
7207:Cariban
7187:Aymaran
7148:America
6990:Waikuri
6983:Tonkawa
6976:Timucua
6969:Takelma
6962:Siuslaw
6951:Kutenai
6935:Esselen
6898:Wintuan
6859:Shastan
6830:Na-Dene
6818:Maiduan
6755:Caddoan
6729:America
6683:Wagiman
6681:(incl.
6652:Tangkic
6592:Garawan
6565:Bunuban
6526:Tambora
6493:Maybrat
6461:Abinomn
6384:Teberan
6345:Pauwasi
6335:Mairasi
6303:Kiwaian
6183:Tambora
6169:Shompen
6151:Kusunda
6144:Kenaboi
6130:Elamite
6102:Siangic
6084:Kho-Bwa
6078:Hrusish
5996:Kra–Dai
5980:Japonic
5889:Eurasia
5864:Sandawe
5847:Bangime
5812:Songhay
5486:Italics
5388:Peñasco
5353:Estetla
5249:Solteco
5219:El Alto
5156:Ocotlán
5151:Isthmus
5088:Central
4997:Choápam
4976:Yalálag
4961:Cajonos
4954:Cajonos
4919:Yavesía
4914:Aloápam
4887:Zapotec
4877:Chatino
4870:Chatino
4840:Mazatec
4835:Ixcatec
4814:Eastern
4722:Ojitlán
4530:Mazahua
4521:Otomian
4504:Western
4252:1262851
4215:1262748
3955:1263552
3829:21 July
3760:INEGI,
3499:**xeyA
3467:**siya
3425:**kiyɔ
3417:**tuwa
3385:**lawæ
3254:corncob
3241:**kyen
3134:to work
3129:**nʔta
3020:to bury
3012:opening
2879:**kVwa
2871:**kVwa
2756:to dawn
2730:Kaufman
2724:Lexicon
2688:Chatino
2641:Chatino
2494:Central
2452:Glides
2359:Glottal
2349:Palatal
2190:Zapotec
2119:Mazatec
2022:Morelos
1834:Chiapas
1799:Morelos
1682:Ocuilan
1666:Mazahua
1654:Hidalgo
1584:Cholula
1548:in the
1496:Amerind
1476:Chinese
1294:Ixcatec
1022:Mazahua
994:Otomian
925:isolate
851:Sapir's
741:Oaxaca
731:Oaxaca
717:Chatino
706:Zapotec
657:Ixcatec
639:Mazatec
585:Chiapas
447:Mazahua
318:Me'phaa
306:extinct
298:Ixcatec
291:Mazahua
279:Hidalgo
248:extinct
8733:Waroid
8589:Xincan
8530:Lencan
8493:Calusa
8486:Tunica
8363:Solano
8349:Naolan
8293:Tanoan
8207:Pomoan
8141:Coosan
8136:Alsean
8111:Molala
8071:Yokuts
8011:Siouan
7862:Pericú
7834:Cayuse
7599:BANZSL
7561:Yamana
7546:Trumai
7515:Movima
7469:Fulniô
7432:Aikanã
7346:Tupian
7241:Chonan
7165:Arauan
7103:Xincan
7055:Lencan
7008:Yokuts
6905:Yukian
6870:Tanoan
6865:Siouan
6848:Pomoan
6789:Coosan
6615:Mirndi
6508:Porome
6503:Pawaia
6357:Senagi
6329:Madang
6278:Eleman
6233:Border
6164:Nihali
6157:Minoan
6137:Hattic
6119:Basque
6090:Mijiic
6072:Digaro
6056:Uralic
6042:Turkic
5893:Europe
5750:Africa
5610:Xincan
5560:Lencan
5450:Trique
5318:Ayutla
5308:Apoala
5298:Mixtec
5275:Amuzgo
5242:Zaniza
5107:Petapa
5102:Guevea
5058:Coatec
5044:Xánica
4940:Rincón
4933:Rincón
4909:Ixtlán
4830:Chocho
4717:Lealao
4650:Pamean
4448:
4385:
4345:
4258:
4250:
4221:
4213:
4171:
4141:277126
4139:
4129:
4084:
4028:
3961:
3953:
3520:cotton
3512:squash
3504:coyote
3422:animal
3393:**ʔwæ
3390:market
3382:cactus
3350:yellow
3342:mother
3337:**tun
3329:**tun
3321:**yɔn
3313:**yɔn
3305:**yan
3289:**can
3273:**yən
3265:**xən
3230:to die
3222:Indian
3177:**-ku
3161:**lyɔ
3137:**ʔta
3087:**ʔte
3079:**seh
3044:slowly
3036:little
2999:**ʔɔn
2980:Indian
2903:**lih
2900:flower
2895:**lyɔ
2887:**lya
2868:rabbit
2863:**kʷa
2855:**kʷa
2844:to hit
2831:**nwa
2804:to die
2799:**hwe
2791:**xʷi
2783:**xʷə
2751:**hku
2748:to sit
2718:Amuzgo
2660:, and
2430:Nasals
2253:" or "
2251:upstep
2147:/tʃa˩/
2140:/tʃa˧/
2133:/tʃa˦/
2126:/tʃa˥/
2069:Oaxaca
2057:Amuzgo
2036:, the
2026:Sonora
1998:Puebla
1994:Oaxaca
1990:states
1978:Trique
1950:. The
1944:Oaxaca
1940:Oaxaca
1859:Puebla
1838:Mexico
1814:Mangue
1658:Puebla
1650:Mexico
1596:Nahuas
1582:, and
1405:Trique
1390:Mixtec
1365:Amuzgo
1255:Chocho
1077:Pamean
976:
972:
891:, and
821:Oaxaca
814:Trique
806:Oaxaca
788:Puebla
784:Oaxaca
777:Mixtec
759:Amuzgo
737:Soltec
691:Puebla
677:Oaxaca
671:Chocho
663:Oaxaca
645:Oaxaca
592:Mangue
517:Oaxaca
397:Groups
392:Family
275:Mexico
263:Oaxaca
240:Mexico
112:Amuzgo
47:Mexico
8742:Lists
8602:Huave
8536:Mayan
8412:Garza
8299:Keres
8265:Washo
8244:Karuk
8213:Yuman
8188:Hokan
8077:Utian
8030:Yuchi
7968:Mosan
7950:Yurok
7943:Wiyot
7934:Algic
7882:Aleut
7827:Bidai
7796:Haida
7556:Warao
7525:Nukak
7496:Kunza
7474:Guató
7463:Cofán
7443:Camsá
7236:Choco
7197:Boran
7146:South
7127:Huave
7062:Mayan
7013:Yuchi
6996:Washo
6946:Karuk
6941:Haida
6880:Utian
6812:Keres
6749:Alsea
6742:Algic
6727:North
6519:Taiap
6513:Sulka
6368:Sepik
6283:Engan
6024:Ongan
6007:Nivkh
5875:Shabo
5858:Jalaa
5852:Hadza
5806:Mande
5659:Hokan
5631:Huave
5566:Mayan
5463:Lists
5423:Tidaá
5383:Nuyoo
5378:Nuxaá
5212:Other
5184:Mitla
5172:Other
5138:Güilá
4990:Other
4981:Tabaá
4945:Yatee
4747:Usila
4553:Otomi
4436:(PDF)
4429:(PDF)
4329:–800.
4272:(PDF)
4256:S2CID
4248:JSTOR
4219:S2CID
4211:JSTOR
4169:S2CID
4103:(PDF)
4082:S2CID
3959:S2CID
3951:JSTOR
3572:Notes
3488:mouth
3480:white
3463:ixtle
3438:sharp
3401:**sæ
3377:**tæ
3369:**cæ
3366:to do
3361:**sæ
3353:**næ
3326:black
3318:thorn
3278:blood
3217:**to
3209:**co
3201:**ko
3193:**su
3185:**nu
3169:**nɔ
3153:**lɔ
3145:**kɔ
3125:nopal
3119:**na
3103:**nə
3095:**me
3092:elbow
3084:short
3071:**tɨ
3063:**kɨ
3055:**wi
3039:**ci
3023:**ʔA
3015:**ʔA
3007:**ʔO
2991:**sɔ
2975:**ci
2967:**cɔ
2948:teeth
2924:eight
2919:**ro
2823:**mA
2772:three
2767:**xi
2740:gloss
2646:*/kʷ/
2613:/, */
2609:/, */
2593:/, */
2587:/, */
2581:/, */
2575:/, */
2569:/, */
2563:/, */
2489:Front
2366:Stops
2354:Velar
2219:Otomi
2106:*/kʷ/
2055:Four
1646:Otomi
1600:Otomi
1484:Hokan
1007:Otomi
436:Otomi
287:Otomi
8434:Gulf
8306:Zuni
8272:Yana
8258:Seri
7916:Eyak
7813:Adai
7731:bold
7658:See
7594:Arab
7580:Sign
7531:Páez
7508:Maku
7502:Leco
7018:Zuni
7002:Yana
6956:Seri
6713:Tiwi
6533:Wiru
6498:Mpur
6488:Kuot
6471:Anêm
6466:Abun
6433:Yuat
6428:Yawa
6374:Skou
6351:Ramu
6202:and
6096:Miju
5918:Ainu
5898:Asia
5896:and
5869:Laal
5830:Kadu
5818:Ijaw
5781:Kx'a
5373:Ñumí
4444:2006
4383:ISBN
4343:ISBN
4137:OCLC
4127:ISBN
4026:ISBN
3831:2010
3552:nose
3430:foot
3406:corn
3334:oven
3294:nine
3286:hail
3262:deep
3238:seed
3206:milk
3150:this
3142:leaf
2996:word
2940:hand
2908:salt
2892:road
2860:deer
2852:bark
2820:root
2796:ripe
2716:and
2706:*/j/
2693:*/w/
2680:*/s/
2667:*/s/
2637:/tʃ/
2633:*/t/
2499:Back
2225:and
2217:and
2215:Pame
2090:tone
2067:and
2024:and
2000:and
1919:The
1824:and
1816:and
1808:The
1789:The
1769:The
1660:and
647:and
474:Pame
350:and
300:and
281:and
269:and
254:and
180:The
53:and
7777:of
6483:Kol
6477:Ata
6423:Yam
6288:Fas
5801:Tuu
5532:of
4452:KiB
4327:797
4304:doi
4240:doi
4203:doi
4161:doi
4074:doi
4000:doi
3943:doi
3680:doi
3446:ear
3166:net
3158:dog
3108:eye
3052:two
2964:bad
2956:and
2932:two
2710:/i/
2708:to
2697:/o/
2695:to
2686:in
2684:/t/
2682:to
2673:in
2671:/θ/
2669:to
2652:in
2650:/p/
2648:to
2639:in
2635:to
2621:/.
2305:CʔV
2301:CVʔ
2170:In
2144:cha
2137:cha
2130:cha
2123:cha
1992:of
1727:ISO
1688:of
610:(†)
595:(†)
580:(†)
558:(†)
339:.
184:or
133:omq
8781::
6685:)?
5644:?)
4381:.
4300:27
4294:.
4254:.
4246:.
4236:16
4234:.
4217:.
4209:.
4199:16
4197:.
4167:.
4157:32
4155:.
4135:.
4080:.
4070:20
4068:.
4043:.
4024:.
3994:.
3990:.
3979:23
3977:.
3957:.
3949:.
3939:26
3937:.
3860:^
3817:.
3799:,
3719:^
3676:11
3674:.
3670:.
3579:^
2988:up
2656:,
2619:au
2615:ea
2611:ai
2607:ia
2578:xʷ
2561:ts
2373:kʷ
2312::
2192:.
2108:.
1996:,
1897:.
1836:,
1656:,
1652:,
1552:.
927:.
887:,
880:.
857:.
494:,
346:,
277:,
221:iː
203:oʊ
197:oʊ
7767:e
7760:t
7753:v
7733:.
7643:?
7527:?
7486:?
7465:?
7434:?
7415:?
7409:?
7403:?
7397:?
7391:?
7385:?
7379:?
6648:?
6611:?
6574:?
6561:?
6528:?
6521:?
6515:?
6479:?
6473:?
6446:?
6440:?
6185:?
6171:?
6159:?
6146:?
6104:?
6098:?
6092:?
6086:?
6080:?
6074:?
5900:)
5891:(
5877:?
5871:?
5832:?
5826:?
5820:?
5814:?
5808:?
5797:?
5734:e
5727:t
5720:v
5640:(
5522:e
5515:t
5508:v
4489:e
4482:t
4475:v
4454:)
4446:.
4391:.
4364:.
4351:.
4312:.
4306::
4262:.
4242::
4225:.
4205::
4188:.
4175:.
4163::
4143:.
4088:.
4076::
4045:3
4034:.
4008:.
4002::
3996:6
3965:.
3945::
3833:.
3686:.
3682::
3116:I
2602:o
2596:m
2590:r
2584:l
2572:x
2566:θ
2544:a
2541:*
2528:e
2525:*
2518:u
2515:*
2508:i
2505:*
2468:j
2465:*
2458:w
2455:*
2439:n
2436:*
2416:s
2413:*
2399:ʔ
2396:*
2391:k
2388:*
2381:t
2378:*
2370:*
230:/
227:n
224:ə
218:ɡ
215:ŋ
212:æ
209:m
206:ˈ
200:t
194:ˌ
191:/
97:†
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
