2064:(amuzgo del norte, commonly known as Guerrero or (from its major town) Xochistlahuaca Amuzgo), Southern Amuzgo (amuzgo del sur, heretofore classified as a subdialect of Northern Amuzgo); Upper Eastern Amuzgo (amuzgo alto del este, commonly known as Oaxaca Amuzgo or San Pedro Amuzgos Amuzgo); Lower Eastern Amuzgo (amuzgo bajo del este, commonly known as Ipalapa Amuzgo). These varieties are very similar, but there is a significant difference between western varieties (Northern and Southern) and eastern varieties (Upper Eastern and Lower Eastern), as revealed by recorded text testing done in the 1970s.
838:'s classification of 1891 added Matlatzinca and Chichimeca Jonaz to Pimentel's Oto-Pamean group (which wasn't known by that name then), and he reclassified some languages of the previously included languages of the Oaxacan group. In 1920, Walther Lehmann included the Chiapanec–Mangue languages and correctly established the major subgroupings of the Oaxacan group. And in 1926, Schmidt coined the name Otomi–Mangue for a group consisting of the Oto-Pamean languages and Chiapanec–Mangue. The Oto-Pamean group and the Main Oaxacan group were not joined into one family until
1958:
145:
157:
2106:
however, are combinations of the register and contour systems. Tone as a distinguishing feature is entrenched in the structure of the Oto-Manguean languages and in no way a peripheral phenomenon as it is in some languages that are known to have acquired tone recently or which are in a process of losing it. In most Oto-Manguean languages tone serves to distinguish both between the meanings of roots and to indicate different grammatical categories. In
Chiquihuitlan
1901:
2185:
2033:. However, the dialects do not actually follow the geographic areas, and the precise historical relationships between the different varieties have not been worked out. The number of varieties of Mixtec depends in part on what the criteria are for grouping them, of course; at one extreme, government agencies once recognized no dialectal diversity. Mutual intelligibility surveys and local literacy programs have led
2222:
1622:
2614:
in both stops and fricatives. The voiced series of the Oto-Pamean languages have both fricative and stop allophones. Otomian also have full series of front, central and back vowels. Some analyses of
Mixtecan include a series of voiced prenasalised stops and affricates; these can also be analysed as consonant sequences but it would be the only consonant clusters known in the languages.
928:
the benefit of detailed sound correspondences and, consequently Brown argues that their reconstructions as well as Oto-Manguean itself are called into question. Nevertheless, Brown (2015) suggests that Oto-Manguean as
Sprachbund (language diffusion area) is a reasonable alternative hypothesis to the proposal of Oto-Manguean as a language family.
2192:
2613:
The Oto-Manguean languages have changed quite a lot from the very spartan phoneme inventory of Proto-Oto-Manguean. Many languages have rich inventories of both vowels and consonants. Many have a full series of fricatives, and some branches (particularly
Zapotecan and Chinantecan) distinguish voicing
927:
Brown (2015) evaluates evidence assembled in support of Oto-Manguean. He points out that vocabulary reconstructed for Proto-Oto-Manguean is not supported by regular sound correspondences. While scholars, including
Swadesh, Rensch, and Kaufman, have all reconstructed POM words, none have done so with
2228:
In some languages, stress influences tone. For example, in Pame, only stressed syllables have a tonal contrast. In
Mazahua, the opposite occurs, and all syllables except the final stressed one distinguish tone. In Tlapanec, stress is determined by the tonal contour of the words. Most languages have
2105:
The Oto-Manguean languages have a wide range of tonal systems, some with as many as 10 tone contrasts and others with only two. Some languages have a register system only distinguishing tones by the relative pitch. Others have a contour system that also distinguishes tones with gliding pitch. Most,
2233:
where the tones of a word or syllable are influenced by other tones in other syllables or words. Chinantec has no Sandhi rules, but Mixtec and
Zapotec have elaborate systems. For Mazatec, some dialects have elaborate Sandhi systems (e.g. Soyaltepec) and others do not (e.g. Huautla Mazatec). Some
923:
in completeness, but
Kaufman and Justeson (2009) reject this, lamenting the rudimentary reconstruction of Proto-Oto-Manguean lexicon (only c. 350 items have been reconstructed) and grammar. They call for a redoubling of the effort to document and reconstruct several important branches that have
2167:
2296:
are allowed. Many modern Oto-Manguean languages keep these restrictions in syllable structure but others, most notably the Oto-Pamean languages, now allow both final clusters and long syllable initial clusters. This example with three initial and three final consonants is from
1722:. Because of recent migratory patterns, small populations of Otomi speakers can be found in new locations throughout Mexico and in the United States. The Otomi languages are vigorous in some areas, with children acquiring the language through natural transmission (e.g. in the
2153:
3595:
Kaufman, Terrence, 1983 New
Perspectives on Comparative Otomanguean Phonology. Excerpts presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the American Anthropological Association, Chicago, 1983. Complete manuscript on file, Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh.
4330:. Sección de Obras de Historia (in Spanish). Translated by Nilda Mercado Baigorria (Translation of: "La famille Otomí-Pame du Mexique central", doctoral thesis ed.). México, D.F.: Centro de Estudios Mexicanos y Centroamericanos, Fondo de Cultura Económica.
1491:
in a "Central
Amerind" branch, apart from Tlapanec which, although it had by then been unequivocally linked to Oto-Manguean, he continued to classify as Hokan. No hypotheses including Oto-Manguean in any higher-level unit have been able to withstand scrutiny.
884:. Campbell and Poser writing in 2008 concluded that ""Tlapanec-Subtiaba proved not to belong to 'Hokan' as postulated by Sapir (1925a), but to be a branch of Otomanguean ..."" Nonetheless, a few studies have retained the inclusion in Hokan, particularly
1467:, because like Chinese the languages were tonal and mostly monosyllabic. This idea was quickly abandoned as it was discovered that tonal languages are common, and advances in the historical study of Chinese were made (including the discovery that
833:
in 1864; he also included Cuicatec, Chocho and Amuzgo in his grouping. In 1865, Pimentel added Mazatec, Popoloca, Chatino and Chinantec – he also posed a separate group of Pame, Otomi and Mazahua, the beginning of the Oto-Pamean subbranch.
2258:, where by whistling the tonal combinations of words and phrases, information can be transmitted over distances without using words. Whistled speech is particularly common in Chinantec, Mazatec and Zapotecan languages.
1786:. There are four principal varieties named after the communities where they are spoken: Acatepec, Azoyú, Malinaltepec and Tlacoapa. Recent labor migrations have introduced Tlapanec speaking communities to the state of
2021:. The Mixtec language is a complex set of regional varieties, many of which are not mutually intelligible. The varieties of Mixtec are sometimes grouped by geographic area, using designations such as those of the
316:, and the Proto-Oto-Manguean language is estimated to have been spoken some time before 2000 BCE. This means that at least for the past 4000 years Oto-Manguean languages have coexisted with the other languages of
899:
as either a part of the Mixtecan group or as forming its own branch from the proto-Oto-Manguean node has been discussed by Longacre, who argued for the latter, but the currently most accepted classification by
3762:
2000 census; the numbers are based on the number of total population for each group and the percentages of speakers given on the website of the Comisión Nacional para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas,
1920:(c. 23,000 speakers). They are all traditionally spoken in central and southern Oaxaca, but have been spread throughout Mexico and even into the United States through recent labor related migrations.
1522:, and although it is now in doubt whether Tehuacán was the original home of the Proto-Otomanguean people, it is agreed that the Tehuacán culture (5000 BCE–2300 BCE) were likely Oto-Mangue speakers.
1583:– and in the Post-Classic period the Mixtecs were prolific artesans and codex painters. During the postclassic the Oto-Manguean cultures of Central Mexico became marginalized by the intruding
1506:
This makes the Oto-Manguean family the language family of the Americas with the deepest time depth, as well as the oldest language family with evidence of tonal contrast in the proto-language.
4448:
Feist, Timothy, Matthew Baerman, Greville G. Corbett & Erich Round. 2019. Surrey Lexical Splits Visualisations (Chichimec). University of Surrey. Chichimec verb paradigm visualisations .
1923:
Zapotec languages and dialects fall into four broad geographic divisions: Zapoteco de la Sierra Norte (Northern Zapotec), Valley Zapotec, Zapoteco de la Sierra Sur (Southern Zapotec), and
312:
The Oto-Manguean language family is the most diverse and most geographically widespread language family represented in Mesoamerica. The internal diversity is comparable with that of
8737:
1710:
Otomi is traditionally described as a single language, although its many dialects are not all mutually intelligible. The language classification of the SIL International's
1500:
The Oto-Manguean family has existed in southern Mexico at least since 2000 BCE and probably several thousand years before, some estimates using the controversial method of
861:. The classification by Campbell 1997 was the first to present a unified view of the Oto-Manguean languages. In 1981, William Merrifield published a reconstruction of the
912:
as a separate branch within Oto-Manguean, but this inclusion has proved untenable as most of the cognates were loan-words from Zapotec. Huave is now considered an
282:
have over 500,000 speakers combined. In the linguistic world of Mesoamerica, the Otomanguean family stands out as the most diverse and extensively distributed.
293:
each have fewer than 250 speakers, most of whom are elderly. Other languages particularly of the Manguean branch which was spoken outside of Mexico have become
7763:
3803:
1935:, in the Southern Sierra Madre mountain ranges; Valley Zapotec languages are spoken in the Valley of Oaxaca, and Isthmus Zapotec languages are spoken in the
919:
Longacre (1968) considered Oto-Manguean to be among the most extensively studied language families of the world, with a level of reconstruction rivaling the
1533:. Kaufman also proposes that Oto-Manguean languages are an important candidate for being the source of many of the traits that have diffused into the other
872:
In spite of the lack of a full published reconstruction of proto-Oto-Manguean, the language family has now been widely accepted by specialists, including
858:
7754:
4476:
1718:
code to each of these nine varieties. Currently, Otomi varieties are spoken collectively by c. 239,000 speakers – some 5 to 6 percent of whom are
8747:
5509:
865:
of each of the Oto-Manguean branches and of Proto-Oto-Manguean. Unpublished reconstructions of Proto-Oto-Manguean grammar have also been made by
3598:
1988 Otomangean Tense/Aspect/Mood, Voice, and Nominalization Markers. Manuscript on file, Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh.)
8643:
7619:
1715:
331:
However Oto-Manguean also stands out from the other language families of Mesoamerica in several features. It is the only language family in
1965:
The Mixtecan branch includes the many different, mutually unintelligible varieties of Mixtec spoken by about 511,000 people as well as the
5721:
4414:
849:
From the 1950s on reconstructive work began to be done on individual Oto-Manguean language groups. Proto-Oto-Pamean was reconstructed by
8742:
4086:
4350:
1591:
saw themselves relocated from their ancient homes in the Valley of Mexico to the less fertile highlands on the rim of the valleys.
1525:
The long history of the Oto-Manguean family has resulted in considerable linguistic diversity between the branches of the family.
7747:
1479:
considered Oto-Manguean so aberrant from other Native American languages that it was the only accepted family (aside from the
7767:
4375:
4335:
4119:
4018:
1587:
and some, like the Chiapanec–Mangue speakers went south into Guerrero, Chiapas and Central America, while others such as the
1993:. Because of migration from this region the Mixtecan languages have expanded to Mexico's main urban areas, particularly the
1475:
phylum, but didn't classify the other Oto-Manguean languages in his famous 1929 classification. In his 1960 classification,
351:
structure than other Mesoamerican languages. Another typical trait of Oto-Manguean is that its members almost all show VSO (
7134:
6715:
4469:
1961:
Mixtec languages (in green) and its surrounding languages including Triqui, Cuicatec and Amuzgo within the state of Oaxaca.
224:
7244:
4007:
American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America (Oxford Studies in Anthropological Linguistics, 4)
1563:
Other Mesoamerican cultural centers which may have been wholly or partly Oto-Manguean include the late classical sites of
8616:
5502:
4690:
2446:
5301:
2163:, which has a mixed system, only three level tones but five tonal registers are distinguished within the contour tones.
2086:
2082:
6216:
5463:
3776:
See Josserand (1983) for one important attempt. Adaptations of Josserand's dialect maps are published in Macaulay 1996.
1931:, in the Northern Sierra Madre mountain ranges; Southern Zapotec languages and are spoken in the mountainous region of
8696:
7740:
7401:
3811:
2617:
These are some of the most simple sound changes that have served to divide the Oto-Manguean family into subbranches:
470:. Three varieties: Southern Pame (presumed to have no speakers), Central Pame (c. 5,000), Northern Pame (c. 5,000).
8752:
7377:
6616:
5131:
4028:
Fernández de Miranda, Mariá Teresa; Roberto J. Weitlaner (1961). "Sobre Algunas Relaciones de la Familia Mangue".
3625:
8778:
8773:
8146:
8115:
6535:
6471:
5714:
4462:
4268:
4174:
4103:
2516:
1743:
2002:
7148:
6390:
5495:
5458:
2292:). Syllable initial consonant clusters are very limited, usually only sibilant-CV, CyV, CwV, nasal-CV, ChV, or
2093:, particularly stops and those that do have labial stops normally have these as a reflex of Proto-Oto-Manguean
1600:
1463:
Some early classifications such as that by Brinton, considered that Oto-Manguean languages might be related to
364:
6899:
1685:
262:
languages, are spoken by almost 1.5 million people combined. In central Mexico, particularly in the states of
7732:
7614:
7261:
6396:
6221:
6007:
6001:
5925:
4219:
Newman, Stanley; Weitlaner, Roberto (1950b). "Central Otomian II:Primitive central otomian reconstructions".
7624:
7609:
7308:
6609:
6596:
6367:
6328:
5351:
2404:
1695:
spoken in the town of Santa María Acapulco (c. 4000 speakers), the extinct Southern Pame language, and the
1580:
1538:
325:
2698:
2694:
2685:
2681:
2672:
2668:
2659:
2655:
2638:
2634:
2625:
2621:
2590:
2584:
2578:
2572:
2566:
2560:
2554:
2302:
2293:
2289:
2135:
2128:
2121:
2114:
2094:
8464:
7604:
7598:
7383:
6656:
6574:
6547:
6251:
6241:
4695:
2496:
1572:
352:
1973:, spoken by about 15,000 people. The Mixtecan languages are traditionally spoken in the region known as
1529:
compares the diversity between the main branches of Oto-Manguean with that between the main branches of
8783:
8701:
8082:
7170:
6831:
6628:
6426:
6286:
6256:
6246:
6236:
5942:
5707:
5688:
4367:
2532:
2456:
2369:
2327:
2038:
1952:
1879:
1762:
are spoken by c. 93,000 people in Northern Oaxaca and Southern Veracruz in the districts of Cuicatlán,
320:
and have developed many traits in common with these, to such an extent that they are seen as part of a
7582:
7389:
7365:
7340:
7313:
7296:
6306:
6261:
6231:
6204:
5775:
5730:
5386:
5316:
4700:
4663:
4111:
2215:
1867:
1696:
475:
4586:
8711:
8562:
8544:
8207:
7790:
7629:
7436:
7073:
7061:
6893:
5955:
5948:
5764:
5657:
5579:
5566:
4833:
4730:
2506:
1998:
336:
5326:
4715:
6634:
6559:
5962:
5912:
4010:
3959:
2379:
2089:. Many Oto-Manguean languages have phonemic vowel nasalization. Many Oto-Manguean languages lack
2049:
1530:
313:
4710:
4182:
Newman, Stanley; Weitlaner, Roberto (1950a). "Central Otomian I:Proto-Otomian reconstructions".
2246:", causing a rise or drop in pitch level for the entire tonal register in subsequent syllables.
1575:, which may have been inhabited by Manguean peoples. And some propose an Oto-Pamean presence in
8496:
8305:
8271:
7989:
7648:
7496:
7291:
7020:
6650:
6567:
6226:
6210:
6018:
5919:
5782:
5758:
5518:
5401:
5053:
4611:
4392:
4315:
1936:
1658:
1534:
7286:
5121:
4421:
2544:
Rensch also reconstructs four tones for Proto-Oto-Manguean. A later revised reconstruction by
309:(Tlapanec), have been extinct longer and are only known from early 20th century descriptions.
8706:
8652:
8571:
8549:
8190:
8072:
7694:
7592:
7281:
7084:
6874:
6863:
6825:
6432:
6406:
6311:
6301:
5984:
5900:
5751:
5672:
5652:
5592:
4677:
2427:
1763:
1759:
1714:
considers Otomi to be a cover term for nine separate Otomi languages and assigns a different
1089:
830:
493:
73:
8604:
8597:
7395:
7120:
5630:
5624:
5426:
5058:
4307:
1870:(< 8 speakers). The Popolocan languages should not be confused with the languages called
1657:
spoken in the western part of the State of Mexico (c. 350,000 speakers), and the endangered
1480:
8531:
8379:
7945:
7911:
7669:
7426:
7234:
7207:
7190:
7158:
7056:
6770:
6695:
6622:
6401:
6378:
6350:
6281:
6192:
5973:
5560:
4747:
4624:
4500:
4408:
4398:
Feist, Timothy & Enrique L. Palancar. (2015). Oto-Manguean Inflectional Case Database.
2702:
2689:
2646:
2211:
2199:
1678:
1662:
1633:
branch are spoken in central and western Mexico. The group includes the Otomian languages:
1630:
1616:
1553:
1122:
1034:
962:
920:
523:
449:
418:
290:
78:
68:
7554:
2721:(1983). The reconstructions are tentative, and are hence marked using two asterisks (**).
8:
8716:
8555:
8513:
8453:
8432:
8226:
8162:
8105:
8053:
8038:
8011:
7979:
7795:
7446:
7350:
7250:
7239:
7201:
7180:
7078:
7037:
6812:
6794:
6788:
6763:
6756:
6749:
6662:
6645:
6384:
6050:
6037:
5931:
5881:
5738:
5667:
5585:
5543:
5391:
5311:
5105:
5037:
4850:
4840:
4828:
4810:
4725:
2107:
2030:
1909:
1895:
1859:
1750:, Veracruz). Monolingualism is normally significantly higher among women than among men.
1742:
state). In some municipalities the level of monolingualism in Otomi is as high as 22.3% (
1321:
1297:
1223:
1049:
908:
in considering Amuzgo to be a branch of Mixtecan. Swadesh (1960) and Rensch included the
892:. Writing in 1988, Leonardo Manrique still listed Tlapanec-Mangue as an isolated family.
862:
688:
673:
627:
621:
255:
250:
The highest number of speakers of Oto-Manguean languages today are found in the state of
94:
89:
5212:
5027:
5022:
3785:
1851:
1638:
457:. Two varieties: Ocuiltec–Tlahuica (c. 450) and Matlatzinca de San Francisco (c. 1,300)
8627:
8583:
8507:
8407:
8393:
8323:
8213:
8029:
7973:
7966:
7877:
7861:
7360:
7355:
7345:
7328:
7323:
7318:
7302:
7271:
7266:
7219:
7213:
7164:
7109:
7032:
6916:
6880:
6841:
6783:
6590:
6585:
6296:
6055:
6024:
5990:
5978:
5937:
5812:
5662:
5614:
5537:
5336:
5273:
5255:
5225:
5167:
5126:
5100:
5063:
5017:
4781:
4772:
4720:
4360:
4244:
4236:
4207:
4199:
4157:
4137:
4099:
4070:
3947:
3939:
2663:
2642:
2332:
2078:
2060:
by about 44,000 speakers. The four varieties recognized by the Mexican government are:
1843:
1818:
1806:
1798:
1700:
1693:
1682:
1568:
1408:
1365:
1258:
1174:
759:
741:
595:
565:
559:
298:
259:
232:
106:
83:
7850:
7457:
7420:
5144:
4985:
4964:
4907:
4902:
4581:
2085:
while others have up to five level tones. Many languages in addition have a number of
1994:
1673:) both spoken in the State of Mexico; And the Pamean group composed of the two living
1552:
with remains dated as early as 1000 BCE is believed to have been in continuous use by
484:
467:
135:
8691:
8633:
8386:
8369:
8344:
8330:
8185:
8048:
8043:
8005:
7888:
7371:
7276:
7256:
7195:
7175:
6886:
6847:
6818:
6806:
6743:
6689:
6667:
6640:
6580:
6553:
6372:
6333:
6323:
6291:
6164:
6090:
6072:
6066:
5968:
5886:
5800:
5416:
5406:
5331:
5281:
5182:
5177:
4875:
4762:
4756:
4619:
4509:
4371:
4331:
4323:
4308:
4248:
4211:
4161:
4125:
4115:
4074:
4014:
3951:
3919:
2347:
2337:
2255:
2174:
2034:
1970:
1943:
recognizes 57 varieties of Zapotec and 6 varieties of Chatino by distinct ISO codes.
1913:
1791:
1779:
1727:
1484:
1150:
1135:
982:
850:
788:
715:
694:
543:
529:
348:
306:
302:
7462:
7451:
7431:
5769:
5376:
5032:
4928:
4897:
4449:
1544:
Oto-Mangue speakers have been among the earliest to form highly complex cultures of
149:
Pre-contact distribution of the Oto-Manguean languages in Mexico and Central America
8721:
8666:
8659:
8577:
8518:
8446:
8439:
8358:
8316:
8281:
8239:
8220:
8195:
8156:
8135:
8129:
8092:
7999:
7897:
7843:
7836:
7829:
7808:
7679:
7539:
7529:
7524:
7478:
7472:
7441:
7334:
7229:
7153:
7091:
7043:
6978:
6971:
6964:
6957:
6950:
6939:
6923:
6858:
6853:
6836:
6777:
6671:
6603:
6514:
6481:
6449:
6345:
6317:
6266:
6187:
6171:
6157:
6139:
6132:
6118:
6078:
6060:
6044:
6030:
5852:
5835:
5598:
5548:
5487:
5431:
5421:
5361:
5346:
5291:
5220:
5187:
5149:
5012:
4959:
4954:
4912:
4865:
4823:
4705:
4638:
4596:
4531:
4526:
4518:
4292:
4228:
4191:
4149:
4082:
4062:
4050:
3988:
3931:
3668:
2718:
2676:
2629:
2545:
2178:
2146:
2090:
1917:
1863:
1723:
1654:
1526:
1501:
1476:
1464:
1393:
1378:
1282:
1010:
913:
905:
885:
877:
866:
705:
645:
435:
294:
286:
279:
267:
236:
179:
7519:
7467:
6459:
4969:
4297:
4280:
3657:"Otomanguean historical linguistics: Past, present, and prospects for the future'"
8524:
8481:
8474:
8351:
8337:
8287:
8201:
8176:
8099:
8065:
8059:
7956:
7922:
7822:
7784:
7674:
7549:
7534:
7503:
7224:
7185:
7050:
6996:
6868:
6730:
6496:
6491:
6356:
6271:
6152:
6145:
6125:
6107:
6012:
5995:
5794:
5647:
5554:
5438:
5396:
5381:
5356:
5321:
5286:
5263:
5237:
5207:
5139:
4949:
4818:
4788:
4735:
4556:
4550:
4053:; Justeson, John (2009). "Historical linguistics and pre-columbian Mesoamerica".
3764:
2650:
2342:
2142:
2061:
2045:
2006:
1966:
1957:
1924:
1883:
1855:
1802:
1642:
1472:
1353:
896:
843:
802:
765:
747:
725:
659:
580:
344:
340:
100:
56:
50:
43:
5411:
5366:
4257:
3962:(1886). "Notes on the Mangue; An Extinct Dialect Formerly Spoken in Nicaragua".
8590:
8422:
8400:
8253:
8232:
8124:
8018:
7938:
7931:
7870:
7815:
7684:
7544:
7513:
7484:
7115:
7001:
6984:
6934:
6929:
6800:
6737:
6507:
6501:
6421:
6416:
6362:
6339:
6084:
5906:
5863:
5846:
5840:
5818:
5806:
5619:
5478:
5341:
5230:
5095:
5090:
4571:
4566:
4541:
2354:
2235:
2207:
1978:
1634:
1557:
995:
909:
889:
854:
835:
454:
441:
424:
275:
263:
7762:
4066:
3993:
3976:
1726:
of Hidalgo and in the Highlands). However, three varieties are now considered
1576:
1549:
8767:
8294:
8260:
8246:
7904:
7801:
7568:
7508:
7490:
7006:
6990:
6944:
6701:
6521:
6486:
6476:
6454:
6411:
6276:
5857:
5789:
5306:
5296:
5172:
4933:
4657:
4651:
4646:
4601:
4591:
4576:
4403:
4002:
2482:
2361:
2298:
2203:
2160:
2018:
1882:
language family. The Mazatecan languages are known for their prolific use of
1674:
1584:
1065:
901:
881:
873:
462:
332:
5699:
4306:
Sicoli, Mark A. (2005). "Oto-Manguean languages". In Philipp Strazny (ed.).
3977:"Paleobiolinguistics of New World Crops and the Otomanguean Language Family"
2191:
829:
A genetic relationship between Zapotecan and Mixtecan was first proposed by
285:
Some Oto-Manguean languages are moribund or highly endangered; for example,
6465:
5371:
4561:
4276:
4258:"Classification of the Oto-Manguean Languages and the position of Tlapanec"
4045:. Nashville, Tennessee: Vanderbilt University Publications in Anthropology.
2387:
2202:
are small tonal systems with only two level tones and one contour, such as
2026:
2022:
1735:
1588:
1504:
suggest an approximate splitting date of Proto-Otomanguean at c. 4400 BCE.
1488:
924:
received little attention: principally Mixtecan, Popolocan and Oto-Pamean.
888:'s widely rejected 1987 classification, as well as its derivative works by
839:
4129:
271:
227:. All of the Oto-Manguean languages that are now spoken are indigenous to
121:
5522:
4454:
2477:
2230:
1719:
1545:
1519:
1468:
317:
144:
39:
4102:(1968). "Systemic Comparison and Reconstruction". In Norman A. McQuown;
4094:. Project for the Documentation of the Languages of Mesoamerica (PDLMA).
4027:
1862:
spoken in northern Oaxaca (c. 120,000 speakers), and the nearly extinct
1515:
156:
6112:
4240:
4203:
3943:
3672:
2487:
2418:
2288:
Proto-Oto-Manguean allowed only open syllables of the structure CV (or
2184:
1974:
1940:
1858:(c. 700 speakers) spoken in Northern Oaxaca state, and the 8 different
1842:
The Popolocan language group includes the seven different varieties of
1814:
1767:
1747:
1739:
1711:
1704:
1689:
1564:
603:
480:
321:
244:
1927:. Northern Zapotec languages are spoken in the mountainous region of
1900:
1854:
and Tepexi de Rodríguez (c. 30,000 speakers), and the closely related
4685:
4399:
2717:
The following lexical reconstructions of Proto-Oto-Manguean are from
2395:
1810:
1243:
588:
499:
240:
129:
115:
1518:
valley in connection with one of the earliest neolithic cultures of
4440:
4232:
4195:
4153:
4088:
Early Oto-Mangean homelands and cultures: some premature hypotheses
3935:
3656:
2243:
2221:
2053:
1990:
1875:
1871:
1783:
1731:
1666:
1650:
1579:. The Zapotecs are among the candidates to have invented the first
1511:
780:
637:
551:
535:
509:
1904:
The location of Zapotec dialect groups within the state of Oaxaca.
4041:
Josserand, J. Kathryn; Winter, Marcus; Hopkins, Nicholas (1984).
3571:
3569:
2313:
The following phonemes are reconstructed for Proto-Oto-Manguean.
2010:
1822:
1787:
1670:
1621:
573:
7708:
Families with question marks (?) are disputed or controversial.
7689:
7587:
4393:
Comparative Swadesh vocabulary lists for Oto-Manguean languages
2706:
2239:
2057:
2014:
1986:
1982:
1932:
1928:
1847:
1826:
1646:
1471:
was non-tonal). Edward Sapir included Subtiaba–Tlapanec in his
809:
794:
776:
772:
679:
665:
651:
633:
505:
251:
228:
223:
languages are a large family comprising several subfamilies of
35:
3566:
2166:
1665:(c. 1000 speakers in the town of San Francisco Oxtotilpa) and
209:
3451:
3113:
1669:(also called Ocuilteco) (c. 400 speakers in the municipio of
1625:
Map of the different dialect areas of Otomí in central Mexico
824:
369:
247:. Oto-Manguean is widely viewed as a proven language family.
4173:. International Museum of Cultures Publication, 11. Dallas:
3922:(October 1960). "Some revisions of Proto-Otomi consonants".
2152:
2110:, which has four tones, the following minimal pairs occur:
1829:
by a handful of speakers in the 1990s, but is now extinct.
212:
203:
191:
185:
4415:"Why you should study an endangered Oto-Manguean language"
1770:
recognizes 14 separate varieties with separate ISO codes.
16:
Language family of Mexico and, previously, Central America
1969:(or Triqui) languages, spoken by about 24,500 people and
274:, the languages of the Oto-Pamean branch are spoken: the
206:
200:
2173:
Many other systems have only three tone levels, such as
1794:
which was spoken in Nicaragua but which is now extinct.
1487:
family. However, in his 1987 revision he linked it with
372:
301:, which was declared extinct after 1990. Others such as
3711:
3709:
3626:
Marlett, Stephen. 2013. "Bibliografia del Me'phaa", SIL
1916:(c. 785,000 speakers of all varieties) and the related
1458:
4267:. Publications in Linguistics, Publication Number 55.
4265:
Two Studies in Middle American Comparative Linguistics
4040:
3903:
New perspectives on comparative Oto-Manguean phonology
1560:
is one of the earliest forms of Mesoamerican writing.
3835:
3718:
857:, Proto-Chiapanec–Mangue by Fernández de Miranda and
842:
classification in 1929, where it was included in the
374:
Genealogical classification of Oto-Manguean languages
215:
182:
5517:
3852:
3850:
3706:
3584:
Evidence for this grouping has never been published.
384:
188:
3874:
Reconstruction follows that given by Rensch (1977).
2472:Reconstructed vowel phonemes of Proto–Oto-Manguean
2145:, which has five level tones and no contour tones;
197:
194:
4359:
4450:https://lexicalsplits.surrey.ac.uk/chichimec.html
3964:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
3847:
8765:
4218:
4181:
4049:
2254:Several Oto-Manguean languages have systems of
1483:isolate) which he made a primary branch of his
396:Where spoken and approximate number of speakers
8463:
4140:(1966). "On Linguistic Affinities of Amuzgo".
3765:http://www.cdi.gob.mx/index.php?id_seccion=660
1817:at the beginning of the 20th century, and the
1684:being spoken in communities from the north of
7748:
5729:
5715:
5503:
4470:
4281:"The Hokan affinity of Subtiaba in Nicaragua"
4221:International Journal of American Linguistics
4184:International Journal of American Linguistics
4142:International Journal of American Linguistics
3924:International Journal of American Linguistics
3832:Egland, Bartholomew & Cruz Ramos, 1983:8.
2072:
2041:which have been assigned distinct ISO codes.
1594:
7718:Families with more than 30 languages are in
2234:languages (particularly Mixtecan) also have
2001:, to certain agricultural areas such as the
819:
8642:
4263:. In David Oltrogge; Calvin Rensch (eds.).
3918:
347:. It also stands out by having a much more
7755:
7741:
5722:
5708:
5510:
5496:
4484:
4477:
4463:
4168:
3730:
2218:only have the level tones and no contour.
2141:The language with the most level tones is
825:Internal classification and reconstruction
355:) in basic order of clausal constituents.
7764:Indigenous language families and isolates
4366:. Cambridge Language Surveys. Cambridge:
4322:
4296:
3992:
162:The Oto-Manguean languages within Mexico.
8368:
4328:La familia Otomí-Pame del México central
4136:
4098:
4001:
3892:Quoted from Campbell (1997, p. 157)
3654:
1956:
1899:
1620:
700:Central and eastern Oaxaca (c. 785,000)
394:
389:
379:
4351:Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México
4314:. New York: Fitzroy Dearborn. pp.
4081:
3958:
8766:
4508:
4357:
4344:
4305:
4255:
3841:
3724:
1734:state), Santiago Tilapa and Acazulco (
7736:
5703:
5491:
4458:
4275:
4043:Essays in Otomanguean Culture History
3974:
2283:
1699:spoken in Misión de Chichimecas near
1692:(c. 5500 speakers), and Central Pame
4110:. Vol. 5: Linguistics. Austin:
3810:(in Mexican Spanish). Archived from
1946:
1459:Inclusion in macro-family hypotheses
305:, which was most closely related to
254:where the two largest branches, the
225:indigenous languages of the Americas
4108:Handbook of Middle American Indians
1801:are all extinct. They included the
235:branch of the family, which is now
13:
5464:Classification of Mixtec languages
4400:https://oto-manguean.surrey.ac.uk/
4347:El tlapaneco como lengua Otomangue
2249:
2220:
2190:
2183:
2165:
2151:
1773:
1637:spoken primarily in the states of
14:
8795:
4386:
4362:The Mesoamerican Indian Languages
2531:
2515:
2505:
2495:
2455:
2445:
2426:
2403:
2386:
2378:
2368:
2360:
2261:
1832:
1782:is spoken by c. 75,000 people in
1605:
3792:web site, accessed 28 July 2008.
3786:"Ethnologue name language index"
3738:Unidad y diversidad de la lengua
3661:Language and Linguistics Compass
2594:/, and the vowel combinations */
2318:Reconstructed consonant phonemes
2077:All Oto-Manguean languages have
1878:, which belong to the unrelated
1790:. It was closely related to the
753:Oaxaca and Guerrero (c. 44,000)
178:
155:
143:
4269:Summer Institute of Linguistics
4175:Summer Institute of Linguistics
3895:
3886:
3877:
3868:
3859:
3826:
3795:
3779:
3770:
3756:
3743:
3697:
3688:
3679:
3575:Kaufman & Justeson 2009:227
2100:
1567:, which may have been built by
5459:List of Oto-Manguean languages
4169:Merrifield, William R (1981).
3648:
3639:
3630:
3619:
3610:
3601:
3593:Kaufman & Justeson 2009. (
3587:
3578:
1809:languages that were spoken in
1753:
1601:List of Oto-Manguean languages
1514:has been thought to be in the
771:central, southern and western
365:List of Oto-Manguean languages
1:
4409:SIL on the Oto-Manguean Stock
4298:10.1525/aa.1925.27.3.02a00040
3911:
1846:which are spoken in southern
1610:
1581:writing system of Mesoamerica
1495:
427:(Hñähñu) (several varieties)
368:
239:, was spoken as far south as
4445:, by Rosemary Beam de Azcona
4349:(in Spanish). México, D.F.:
3715:Campbell (1997, p. 159)
2067:
2048:varieties are spoken in the
1889:
1837:
1766:, Tuxtepec and Choapan. The
1548:: the archeological site of
1539:Mesoamerican linguistic area
430:Central Mexico (c. 212,000)
326:Mesoamerican Linguistic Area
7:
4310:Encyclopedia of Linguistics
4030:Anthropological Linguistics
3703:Kaufman & Justeson 2009
3616:Greenberg & Ruhlen 2008
2308:
2198:Particularly common in the
1112: Tlapanec–Mangue
358:
55:One of the world's primary
10:
8800:
5689:Mesoamerican language area
4368:Cambridge University Press
4291:(3, 4): 402–435, 491–527.
3655:Campbell, Eric W. (2017).
2712:
2548:adds the proto-phonemes */
2073:Common phonological traits
1953:List of Mixtecan languages
1950:
1912:subgroup is formed by the
1893:
1653:(c. 293,000 speakers) and
1614:
1598:
1595:Geography and demographics
609:
406:
401:
362:
8730:
8684:
8615:
8495:
8421:
8304:
8270:
8175:
8145:
8114:
8081:
8028:
7988:
7955:
7921:
7887:
7860:
7774:
7703:
7662:
7639:
7578:
7567:
7411:
7144:
7133:
7101:
7028:
7019:
6908:
6725:
6714:
6681:
6543:
6534:
6442:
6200:
6186:
6100:
5895:
5877:
5828:
5746:
5737:
5731:Primary language families
5681:
5640:
5607:
5529:
5472:
5451:
5272:
5254:
5200:
5160:
5114:
5083:
5076:
5046:
5005:
4998:
4978:
4942:
4921:
4890:
4883:
4874:
4858:
4849:
4809:
4802:
4771:
4746:
4691:Chiltepec-Tlacoatzintepec
4676:
4637:
4610:
4540:
4517:
4499:
4492:
4358:Suárez, Jorge A. (1983).
4345:Suárez, Jorge A. (1977).
4171:Proto Otomanguean kinship
4112:University of Texas Press
4067:10.1017/S0956536109990113
3994:10.14237/ebl.6.1.2015.436
3901:Kaufman, Terrence. 1983.
3883:Rensch (1977, p. 68)
3865:Suárez (1983, p. 41)
3856:Suaréz (1983, p. 51)
3767:, accessed 28 July 2008).
3291:night, dusk; dream, sleep
2273:
2268:
1977:, which is shared by the
1697:Chichimeca Jonaz language
1406:
1391:
1376:
1369:
1351:
1344:
1319:
1295:
1280:
1256:
1241:
1234:
1227:
1217:
1210:
1172:
1148:
1133:
1126:
1116:
1087:
1063:
1047:
1032:
1008:
993:
986:
976:
969:
953:
941:
820:History of classification
757:
734:
686:
619:
614:
557:
521:
516:
416:
411:
154:
142:
128:
114:
62:
51:Linguistic classification
49:
28:
23:
6548:Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan
5132:Western Tlacolula Valley
3975:Brown, Cecil H. (2015).
3560:
2052:region of the states of
1738:), and Cruz del Palmar (
278:and the closely related
7715:have no living members.
4285:American Anthropologist
4256:Rensch, Calvin (1977).
4011:Oxford University Press
3804:"Estadísticas por tema"
3751:Perfil sociodemográfico
2865:cocoa beans; edible pod
1874:spoken in the state of
8779:Oto-Manguean languages
8774:Mesoamerican languages
8748:Unclassified languages
7695:Unclassified languages
7649:list of sign languages
6617:Northeastern Tasmanian
5641:Proposed macrofamilies
4587:Estado de México Otomi
4486:Oto-Manguean languages
4402:University of Surrey.
2320:of Proto-Oto-Manguean
2277:Oto-Manguean languages
2274:Reconstruction of
2225:
2195:
2188:
2170:
2156:
2149:has a similar system.
2037:to identify more than
1962:
1937:Isthmus of Tehuantepec
1905:
1659:Matlatzincan languages
1626:
1206: Eastern OM
949: Western OM
403:Oto-Manguean languages
343:whose members are all
7670:Constructed languages
5530:Demonstrated families
5352:Mitlatongo-Yutanduchi
5302:Atatláhuca–San Miguel
4404:doi:10.15126/SMG.28/1
2224:
2194:
2187:
2169:
2155:
2081:: some have only two
1960:
1903:
1760:Chinantecan languages
1746:, Hidalgo) or 13.1% (
1629:The languages of the
1624:
863:kinship terminologies
853:, Proto-Zapotecan by
831:Manuel Orozco y Berra
805:(also called Triqui)
768:(around 30 variants)
697:(around 50 variants)
363:Further information:
6217:Binanderean–Goilalan
4114:. pp. 117–159.
3981:Ethnobiology Letters
3549:house; fence; church
2873:cure; medicine; herb
2017:, and even into the
1868:Santa María Ixcatlán
1821:which was spoken in
1730:: those of Ixtenco (
1617:Oto-Pamean languages
921:Indo-European family
750:(around 4 variants)
413:Oto-Pame–Chinantecan
297:; these include the
8697:Algonquian–Wakashan
7499:(Maku-Auari/Jukude)
7402:Tequiraca–Canichana
7245:Harákmbut–Katukinan
6008:Northwest Caucasian
6002:Northeast Caucasian
5926:Chukotko-Kamchatkan
4427:on 12 December 2006
4138:Longacre, Robert E.
4100:Longacre, Robert E.
4055:Ancient Mesoamerica
3905:. Draft manuscript.
3089:early evening; dark
2801:flattened; squashed
2777:to blow; to whistle
2732:Proto-Oto-Manguean
2473:
2321:
2210:. Some others like
2147:Chicahuaxtla Trique
2031:Mixteca de la Costa
1896:Zapotecan languages
1860:Mazatecan languages
1707:(c. 200 speakers).
1688:on the border with
1556:. The undeciphered
710:Oaxaca (c. 23,000)
616:Popolocan–Zapotecan
408:Western Oto-Mangue
353:verb–subject–object
8685:Proposed groupings
7775:Language families
7121:Tarascan/Purépecha
6610:Northern Tasmanian
6368:South Bougainville
6329:North Bougainville
5387:San Miguel Piedras
5317:Chayuco-Jamiltepec
5136:Extended Ocotepec
4324:Soustelle, Jacques
4271:. pp. 53–108.
3960:Brinton, Daniel G.
3920:Bartholomew, Doris
3673:10.1111/lnc3.12240
3049:hard; stone; metal
2471:
2317:
2284:Syllable structure
2269:Proto-Oto-Manguean
2238:where some tones "
2226:
2196:
2189:
2171:
2157:
1963:
1906:
1819:Chiapanec language
1799:Manguean languages
1701:San Luis de la Paz
1627:
937:Oto-Manguean
895:The status of the
611:Eastern Oto-Mangue
299:Chiapanec language
8784:Language families
8761:
8760:
8743:Extinct languages
8680:
8679:
8676:
8675:
8491:
8490:
8417:
8416:
8171:
8170:
8147:Takelma–Kalapuyan
7730:
7729:
7680:Language isolates
7658:
7657:
7563:
7562:
7129:
7128:
7015:
7014:
6710:
6709:
6657:Western Tasmanian
6575:Eastern Tasmanian
6530:
6529:
6252:East Geelvink Bay
6182:
6181:
5873:
5872:
5697:
5696:
5519:Language families
5485:
5484:
5479:extinct languages
5447:
5446:
5250:
5249:
5246:
5245:
5196:
5195:
5072:
5071:
4994:
4993:
4798:
4797:
4672:
4671:
4633:
4632:
4532:Michoacán Mazahua
4395:(from Wiktionary)
4377:978-0-521-22834-3
4337:978-968-16-4116-0
4121:978-0-292-73665-8
4083:Kaufman, Terrence
4051:Kaufman, Terrence
4020:978-0-19-509427-5
3694:Campbell 1997:211
3685:Campbell 1997:157
3645:Campbell 1997:161
3556:
3555:
3347:sing; pray; music
2701:before vowels in
2688:before vowels in
2541:
2540:
2467:
2466:
2281:
2280:
2200:Oto-Pamean branch
2091:labial consonants
2035:SIL International
1947:Mixtecan–Amuzgoan
1918:Chatino languages
1914:Zapotec languages
1792:Subtiaba language
1780:Tlapanec language
1510:The Oto-Manguean
1455:
1454:
1446:
1445:
1437:
1436:
1428:
1427:
1419:
1418:
1332:
1331:
1308:
1307:
1269:
1268:
1194:
1193:
1185:
1184:
1161:
1160:
1100:
1099:
1076:
1075:
1021:
1020:
851:Doris Bartholomew
816:
815:
167:
166:
57:language families
8791:
8753:Linguistic areas
8640:
8639:
8461:
8460:
8366:
8365:
8079:
8078:
7858:
7857:
7757:
7750:
7743:
7734:
7733:
7576:
7575:
7530:Huaorani/Waorani
7414:(extant in 2000)
7378:Esmeralda–Yaruro
7149:Andoque–Urequena
7142:
7141:
7026:
7025:
6832:Plateau Penutian
6723:
6722:
6698:(Northern Daly?)
6541:
6540:
6427:Northwest Papuan
6391:Trans–New Guinea
6257:East New Britain
6232:Central Solomons
6198:
6197:
5943:Great Andamanese
5893:
5892:
5744:
5743:
5724:
5717:
5710:
5701:
5700:
5682:Linguistic areas
5512:
5505:
5498:
5489:
5488:
5081:
5080:
5003:
5002:
4888:
4887:
4881:
4880:
4856:
4855:
4807:
4806:
4789:Chorotega/Mangue
4664:Chichimeca Jonaz
4597:Texcatepec Otomi
4515:
4514:
4506:
4505:
4497:
4496:
4479:
4472:
4465:
4456:
4455:
4444:
4436:
4434:
4432:
4426:
4420:. Archived from
4419:
4381:
4365:
4354:
4341:
4319:
4313:
4302:
4300:
4272:
4262:
4252:
4215:
4178:
4165:
4133:
4095:
4093:
4078:
4046:
4037:
4024:
3998:
3996:
3971:
3955:
3906:
3899:
3893:
3890:
3884:
3881:
3875:
3872:
3866:
3863:
3857:
3854:
3845:
3839:
3833:
3830:
3824:
3823:
3821:
3819:
3814:on 9 August 2011
3808:www.inegi.org.mx
3799:
3793:
3783:
3777:
3774:
3768:
3760:
3754:
3747:
3741:
3734:
3728:
3722:
3716:
3713:
3704:
3701:
3695:
3692:
3686:
3683:
3677:
3676:
3652:
3646:
3643:
3637:
3634:
3628:
3623:
3617:
3614:
3608:
3605:
3599:
3591:
3585:
3582:
3576:
3573:
2817:cloud; dew; rain
2726:
2725:
2700:
2696:
2687:
2683:
2674:
2670:
2661:
2657:
2640:
2636:
2627:
2623:
2592:
2586:
2580:
2574:
2568:
2562:
2556:
2546:Terrence Kaufman
2535:
2519:
2509:
2499:
2474:
2470:
2459:
2449:
2430:
2407:
2390:
2382:
2372:
2364:
2322:
2316:
2305:"their houses".
2304:
2295:
2291:
2266:
2265:
2216:Chichimeca Jonaz
2137:
2130:
2123:
2116:
2096:
1999:Federal District
1864:Ixcatec language
1764:Ixtlán de Juárez
1724:Mezquital Valley
1703:in the state of
1681:, Northern Pame
1527:Terrence Kaufman
1502:glottochronology
1477:Joseph Greenberg
1372:
1371:
1347:
1346:
1237:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1220:
1219:
1213:
1212:
1207:
1129:
1128:
1119:
1118:
1113:
989:
988:
979:
978:
972:
971:
966:
956:
955:
950:
944:
943:
938:
932:
931:
906:Terrence Kaufman
886:Joseph Greenberg
878:Terrence Kaufman
867:Terrence Kaufman
476:Chichimeca Jonaz
370:
222:
221:
218:
217:
214:
211:
208:
205:
202:
199:
196:
193:
190:
187:
184:
159:
147:
138:
124:
21:
20:
8799:
8798:
8794:
8793:
8792:
8790:
8789:
8788:
8764:
8763:
8762:
8757:
8726:
8672:
8638:
8620:linguistic area
8619:
8611:
8500:linguistic area
8499:
8487:
8459:
8413:
8364:
8309:linguistic area
8308:
8300:
8274:linguistic area
8273:
8266:
8167:
8141:
8110:
8077:
8024:
7984:
7951:
7917:
7883:
7856:
7776:
7770:
7761:
7731:
7726:
7725:
7699:
7685:Mixed languages
7654:
7635:
7570:
7559:
7413:
7407:
7262:Katembri–Taruma
7136:
7125:
7097:
7011:
6904:
6717:
6706:
6677:
6526:
6438:
6397:Turama–Kikorian
6307:Lower Mamberamo
6262:East Strickland
6190:
6178:
6096:
5884:
5879:
5869:
5824:
5733:
5728:
5698:
5693:
5677:
5636:
5603:
5525:
5516:
5486:
5481:
5468:
5443:
5402:Southern Puebla
5268:
5242:
5192:
5156:
5110:
5068:
5042:
4990:
4974:
4938:
4917:
4870:
4845:
4794:
4767:
4742:
4701:Lalana-Tepinapa
4668:
4629:
4606:
4582:Querétaro Otomi
4557:Mezquital Otomi
4551:Classical Otomi
4536:
4527:Central Mazahua
4488:
4483:
4438:
4430:
4428:
4424:
4417:
4413:
4389:
4384:
4378:
4338:
4260:
4122:
4091:
4021:
3970:(122): 238–257.
3914:
3909:
3900:
3896:
3891:
3887:
3882:
3878:
3873:
3869:
3864:
3860:
3855:
3848:
3840:
3836:
3831:
3827:
3817:
3815:
3802:
3800:
3796:
3784:
3780:
3775:
3771:
3761:
3757:
3748:
3744:
3735:
3731:
3723:
3719:
3714:
3707:
3702:
3698:
3693:
3689:
3684:
3680:
3653:
3649:
3644:
3640:
3635:
3631:
3624:
3620:
3615:
3611:
3606:
3602:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3588:
3583:
3579:
3574:
3567:
3563:
3525:wide; far; long
3485:mountain; cliff
2715:
2651:Isthmus Zapotec
2542:
2468:
2319:
2311:
2286:
2264:
2256:whistled speech
2252:
2250:Whistled speech
2177:and Texmelucan
2143:Usila Chinantec
2103:
2075:
2070:
2062:Northern Amuzgo
2007:Baja California
1995:State of México
1955:
1949:
1925:Isthmus Zapotec
1898:
1892:
1884:whistled speech
1856:Chocho language
1840:
1835:
1776:
1774:Tlapanec–Mangue
1756:
1679:San Luís Potosí
1619:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1597:
1498:
1461:
1456:
1447:
1438:
1429:
1420:
1333:
1309:
1270:
1208:
1205:
1195:
1186:
1162:
1114:
1111:
1101:
1077:
1022:
967:
960:
951:
948:
939:
936:
904:(1997) follows
897:Amuzgo language
827:
822:
817:
736:Amuzgo–Mixtecan
518:Tlapanec–Mangue
512:, (c. 224,000)
485:San Luis Potosí
468:San Luis Potosí
367:
361:
345:tonal languages
341:Central America
181:
177:
163:
160:
150:
134:
120:
44:Central America
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8797:
8787:
8786:
8781:
8776:
8759:
8758:
8756:
8755:
8750:
8745:
8740:
8738:Classification
8734:
8732:
8728:
8727:
8725:
8724:
8719:
8714:
8712:Macro-Chibchan
8709:
8704:
8699:
8694:
8688:
8686:
8682:
8681:
8678:
8677:
8674:
8673:
8671:
8670:
8663:
8656:
8648:
8646:
8637:
8636:
8631:
8623:
8621:
8613:
8612:
8610:
8609:
8601:
8594:
8587:
8580:
8575:
8568:
8567:
8566:
8559:
8547:
8545:Tequistlatecan
8542:
8535:
8528:
8521:
8516:
8511:
8503:
8501:
8493:
8492:
8489:
8488:
8486:
8485:
8478:
8470:
8468:
8458:
8457:
8450:
8443:
8436:
8428:
8426:
8419:
8418:
8415:
8414:
8412:
8411:
8404:
8397:
8390:
8383:
8375:
8373:
8363:
8362:
8355:
8348:
8341:
8334:
8327:
8320:
8312:
8310:
8302:
8301:
8299:
8298:
8291:
8284:
8278:
8276:
8268:
8267:
8265:
8264:
8257:
8250:
8243:
8236:
8229:
8224:
8217:
8210:
8208:Tequistlatecan
8205:
8198:
8193:
8188:
8182:
8180:
8173:
8172:
8169:
8168:
8166:
8165:
8160:
8152:
8150:
8143:
8142:
8140:
8139:
8132:
8127:
8121:
8119:
8112:
8111:
8109:
8108:
8103:
8096:
8088:
8086:
8076:
8075:
8070:
8069:
8068:
8063:
8051:
8046:
8041:
8035:
8033:
8026:
8025:
8023:
8022:
8015:
8008:
8003:
7995:
7993:
7986:
7985:
7983:
7982:
7977:
7970:
7962:
7960:
7953:
7952:
7950:
7949:
7942:
7935:
7927:
7925:
7919:
7918:
7916:
7915:
7908:
7901:
7893:
7891:
7885:
7884:
7882:
7881:
7874:
7866:
7864:
7855:
7854:
7847:
7840:
7833:
7826:
7819:
7812:
7805:
7798:
7793:
7788:
7780:
7778:
7772:
7771:
7760:
7759:
7752:
7745:
7737:
7728:
7727:
7724:
7723:
7716:
7709:
7705:
7704:
7701:
7700:
7698:
7697:
7692:
7687:
7682:
7677:
7672:
7666:
7664:
7660:
7659:
7656:
7655:
7653:
7652:
7643:
7641:
7637:
7636:
7634:
7633:
7627:
7622:
7617:
7612:
7610:Indo-Pakistani
7607:
7602:
7595:
7590:
7585:
7579:
7573:
7565:
7564:
7561:
7560:
7558:
7557:
7552:
7547:
7542:
7537:
7532:
7527:
7522:
7517:
7511:
7506:
7501:
7493:
7488:
7481:
7476:
7470:
7465:
7460:
7455:
7449:
7444:
7439:
7434:
7429:
7424:
7417:
7415:
7409:
7408:
7406:
7405:
7399:
7393:
7387:
7381:
7375:
7369:
7363:
7358:
7353:
7348:
7343:
7338:
7331:
7326:
7321:
7316:
7311:
7309:Piaroa–Saliban
7306:
7299:
7294:
7289:
7284:
7279:
7274:
7269:
7264:
7259:
7254:
7247:
7242:
7237:
7232:
7227:
7222:
7217:
7210:
7205:
7198:
7193:
7188:
7183:
7178:
7173:
7168:
7161:
7156:
7151:
7145:
7139:
7131:
7130:
7127:
7126:
7124:
7123:
7118:
7113:
7105:
7103:
7099:
7098:
7096:
7095:
7088:
7081:
7076:
7074:Tequistlatecan
7071:
7064:
7059:
7054:
7047:
7040:
7035:
7029:
7023:
7017:
7016:
7013:
7012:
7010:
7009:
7004:
6999:
6994:
6987:
6982:
6975:
6968:
6961:
6954:
6947:
6942:
6937:
6932:
6927:
6920:
6912:
6910:
6906:
6905:
6903:
6902:
6897:
6890:
6883:
6878:
6871:
6866:
6861:
6856:
6851:
6844:
6839:
6834:
6829:
6822:
6815:
6810:
6803:
6798:
6791:
6786:
6781:
6774:
6767:
6760:
6753:
6746:
6741:
6734:
6726:
6720:
6712:
6711:
6708:
6707:
6705:
6704:
6699:
6693:
6685:
6683:
6679:
6678:
6676:
6675:
6665:
6660:
6653:
6648:
6643:
6638:
6632:
6625:
6620:
6613:
6606:
6601:
6597:Marrku–Wurrugu
6593:
6588:
6583:
6578:
6571:
6564:
6556:
6551:
6544:
6538:
6532:
6531:
6528:
6527:
6525:
6524:
6519:
6511:
6505:
6499:
6494:
6489:
6484:
6479:
6474:
6469:
6463:
6457:
6452:
6446:
6444:
6440:
6439:
6437:
6436:
6430:
6424:
6419:
6414:
6409:
6404:
6399:
6394:
6387:
6382:
6375:
6370:
6365:
6360:
6353:
6348:
6343:
6336:
6331:
6326:
6321:
6314:
6309:
6304:
6299:
6294:
6289:
6284:
6279:
6274:
6269:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6244:
6239:
6234:
6229:
6224:
6219:
6214:
6207:
6201:
6195:
6184:
6183:
6180:
6179:
6177:
6176:
6168:
6161:
6155:
6150:
6142:
6137:
6129:
6122:
6115:
6110:
6104:
6102:
6098:
6097:
6095:
6094:
6088:
6082:
6076:
6070:
6064:
6058:
6053:
6048:
6041:
6034:
6027:
6022:
6015:
6010:
6005:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5981:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5959:
5956:Hurro-Urartian
5952:
5945:
5940:
5935:
5928:
5923:
5916:
5909:
5904:
5896:
5890:
5875:
5874:
5871:
5870:
5868:
5867:
5861:
5855:
5850:
5843:
5838:
5832:
5830:
5826:
5825:
5823:
5822:
5816:
5810:
5804:
5798:
5792:
5787:
5779:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5755:
5747:
5741:
5735:
5734:
5727:
5726:
5719:
5712:
5704:
5695:
5694:
5692:
5691:
5685:
5683:
5679:
5678:
5676:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5658:Macro-Chibchan
5655:
5650:
5644:
5642:
5638:
5637:
5635:
5634:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5611:
5609:
5605:
5604:
5602:
5601:
5596:
5589:
5582:
5580:Tequistlatecan
5577:
5570:
5563:
5558:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5533:
5531:
5527:
5526:
5515:
5514:
5507:
5500:
5492:
5483:
5482:
5473:
5470:
5469:
5467:
5466:
5461:
5455:
5453:
5449:
5448:
5445:
5444:
5442:
5441:
5436:
5435:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5327:Chigmecatitlán
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5284:
5278:
5276:
5270:
5269:
5267:
5266:
5260:
5258:
5252:
5251:
5248:
5247:
5244:
5243:
5241:
5240:
5235:
5234:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5215:
5210:
5204:
5202:
5198:
5197:
5194:
5193:
5191:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5164:
5162:
5158:
5157:
5155:
5154:
5153:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5118:
5116:
5115:Western Valley
5112:
5111:
5109:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5087:
5085:
5084:Trans-Yautepec
5078:
5074:
5073:
5070:
5069:
5067:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5054:Coatecas Altas
5050:
5048:
5044:
5043:
5041:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5009:
5007:
5000:
4996:
4995:
4992:
4991:
4989:
4988:
4982:
4980:
4976:
4975:
4973:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4946:
4944:
4940:
4939:
4937:
4936:
4931:
4925:
4923:
4919:
4918:
4916:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4894:
4892:
4885:
4878:
4872:
4871:
4869:
4868:
4862:
4860:
4853:
4847:
4846:
4844:
4843:
4838:
4837:
4836:
4826:
4821:
4815:
4813:
4804:
4800:
4799:
4796:
4795:
4793:
4792:
4785:
4777:
4775:
4769:
4768:
4766:
4765:
4760:
4752:
4750:
4744:
4743:
4741:
4740:
4739:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4682:
4680:
4674:
4673:
4670:
4669:
4667:
4666:
4661:
4654:
4649:
4643:
4641:
4635:
4634:
4631:
4630:
4628:
4627:
4622:
4616:
4614:
4608:
4607:
4605:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4572:Highland Otomi
4569:
4567:Acazulco Otomi
4564:
4559:
4554:
4546:
4544:
4538:
4537:
4535:
4534:
4529:
4523:
4521:
4512:
4503:
4494:
4490:
4489:
4482:
4481:
4474:
4467:
4459:
4453:
4452:
4446:
4411:
4406:
4396:
4388:
4387:External links
4385:
4383:
4382:
4376:
4355:
4342:
4336:
4320:
4303:
4287:. New Series.
4273:
4253:
4233:10.1086/464067
4216:
4196:10.1086/464056
4179:
4166:
4154:10.1086/464878
4134:
4120:
4096:
4079:
4061:(2): 221–231.
4047:
4038:
4025:
4019:
4003:Campbell, Lyle
3999:
3987:(1): 189–191.
3972:
3956:
3936:10.1086/464591
3930:(4): 317–329.
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3907:
3894:
3885:
3876:
3867:
3858:
3846:
3844:, p. 798.
3834:
3825:
3794:
3778:
3769:
3755:
3742:
3729:
3727:, p. 797.
3717:
3705:
3696:
3687:
3678:
3647:
3638:
3629:
3618:
3609:
3607:Greenberg 1987
3600:
3586:
3577:
3564:
3562:
3559:
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3557:
3554:
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3408:
3407:
3404:
3400:
3399:
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3336:
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3328:
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3311:
3308:
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3300:
3296:
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3256:
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3248:
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3240:
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3212:
3208:
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3200:
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3119:
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3026:
3022:
3021:
3018:
3014:
3013:
3010:
3006:
3005:
3002:
2998:
2997:
2994:
2990:
2989:
2986:
2982:
2981:
2978:
2974:
2973:
2970:
2966:
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2962:
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2898:
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2798:
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2778:
2774:
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2770:
2766:
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2714:
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2692:
2679:
2666:
2653:
2632:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2528:
2525:
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2522:
2520:
2511:
2510:
2502:
2500:
2491:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2469:
2465:
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2462:
2460:
2452:
2450:
2442:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2423:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2400:
2398:
2392:
2391:
2383:
2375:
2373:
2365:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2315:
2310:
2307:
2285:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2275:
2271:
2270:
2263:
2262:Proto-language
2260:
2251:
2248:
2236:tone terracing
2102:
2099:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
1951:Main article:
1948:
1945:
1894:Main article:
1891:
1888:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1833:Eastern branch
1831:
1775:
1772:
1755:
1752:
1675:Pame languages
1615:Main article:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1606:Western branch
1604:
1596:
1593:
1558:Zapotec script
1497:
1494:
1460:
1457:
1453:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1375:
1370:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1350:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1330:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1306:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1240:
1235:
1233:
1228:
1226:
1218:
1216:
1211:
1209:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1183:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1159:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1132:
1127:
1125:
1117:
1115:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1074:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1019:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1007:
1004:
1003:
1000:
999:
992:
987:
985:
977:
975:
970:
968:
959:
954:
952:
947:
942:
940:
935:
930:
910:Huave language
890:Merritt Ruhlen
855:Morris Swadesh
836:Daniel Brinton
826:
823:
821:
818:
814:
813:
806:
799:
798:
797:, (c. 18,500)
791:
785:
784:
769:
763:
755:
754:
751:
745:
738:
732:
731:
728:
722:
721:
718:
712:
711:
708:
702:
701:
698:
692:
684:
683:
682:, (c. 30,000)
676:
670:
669:
662:
656:
655:
648:
642:
641:
632:north-eastern
630:
625:
618:
613:
607:
606:
601:
592:
591:
586:
577:
576:
571:
563:
555:
554:
549:
540:
539:
533:
527:
520:
514:
513:
502:
497:
489:
488:
478:
472:
471:
465:
459:
458:
455:Mexico (state)
452:
446:
445:
442:Mexico (state)
439:
432:
431:
428:
422:
415:
410:
405:
399:
398:
393:
388:
383:
377:
376:
360:
357:
165:
164:
161:
152:
151:
148:
140:
139:
132:
126:
125:
118:
112:
111:
110:
109:
104:
97:
92:
87:
81:
76:
71:
64:
60:
59:
53:
47:
46:
32:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8796:
8785:
8782:
8780:
8777:
8775:
8772:
8771:
8769:
8754:
8751:
8749:
8746:
8744:
8741:
8739:
8736:
8735:
8733:
8729:
8723:
8720:
8718:
8715:
8713:
8710:
8708:
8705:
8703:
8700:
8698:
8695:
8693:
8690:
8689:
8687:
8683:
8669:
8668:
8664:
8662:
8661:
8657:
8655:
8654:
8650:
8649:
8647:
8645:
8641:
8635:
8632:
8630:
8629:
8625:
8624:
8622:
8618:
8614:
8607:
8606:
8602:
8600:
8599:
8595:
8593:
8592:
8588:
8586:
8585:
8581:
8579:
8576:
8574:
8573:
8569:
8565:
8564:
8560:
8558:
8557:
8553:
8552:
8551:
8548:
8546:
8543:
8541:
8540:
8536:
8534:
8533:
8529:
8527:
8526:
8522:
8520:
8517:
8515:
8512:
8510:
8509:
8505:
8504:
8502:
8498:
8494:
8484:
8483:
8479:
8477:
8476:
8472:
8471:
8469:
8466:
8465:Calusa–Tunica
8462:
8456:
8455:
8451:
8449:
8448:
8444:
8442:
8441:
8437:
8435:
8434:
8430:
8429:
8427:
8424:
8420:
8410:
8409:
8405:
8403:
8402:
8398:
8396:
8395:
8391:
8389:
8388:
8384:
8382:
8381:
8377:
8376:
8374:
8371:
8367:
8361:
8360:
8356:
8354:
8353:
8349:
8347:
8346:
8342:
8340:
8339:
8335:
8333:
8332:
8328:
8326:
8325:
8321:
8319:
8318:
8314:
8313:
8311:
8307:
8303:
8297:
8296:
8292:
8290:
8289:
8285:
8283:
8280:
8279:
8277:
8275:
8269:
8263:
8262:
8258:
8256:
8255:
8251:
8249:
8248:
8244:
8242:
8241:
8237:
8235:
8234:
8230:
8228:
8225:
8223:
8222:
8218:
8216:
8215:
8211:
8209:
8206:
8204:
8203:
8199:
8197:
8194:
8192:
8189:
8187:
8184:
8183:
8181:
8178:
8174:
8164:
8161:
8159:
8158:
8154:
8153:
8151:
8148:
8144:
8138:
8137:
8133:
8131:
8128:
8126:
8123:
8122:
8120:
8117:
8113:
8107:
8104:
8102:
8101:
8097:
8095:
8094:
8090:
8089:
8087:
8084:
8080:
8074:
8071:
8067:
8064:
8062:
8061:
8057:
8056:
8055:
8052:
8050:
8047:
8045:
8042:
8040:
8037:
8036:
8034:
8031:
8027:
8021:
8020:
8016:
8014:
8013:
8009:
8007:
8004:
8002:
8001:
7997:
7996:
7994:
7991:
7987:
7981:
7978:
7976:
7975:
7971:
7969:
7968:
7964:
7963:
7961:
7958:
7954:
7948:
7947:
7943:
7941:
7940:
7936:
7934:
7933:
7929:
7928:
7926:
7924:
7920:
7914:
7913:
7909:
7907:
7906:
7902:
7900:
7899:
7895:
7894:
7892:
7890:
7886:
7880:
7879:
7875:
7873:
7872:
7868:
7867:
7865:
7863:
7859:
7853:
7852:
7848:
7846:
7845:
7841:
7839:
7838:
7834:
7832:
7831:
7827:
7825:
7824:
7820:
7818:
7817:
7813:
7811:
7810:
7806:
7804:
7803:
7799:
7797:
7794:
7792:
7789:
7787:
7786:
7782:
7781:
7779:
7773:
7769:
7768:North America
7765:
7758:
7753:
7751:
7746:
7744:
7739:
7738:
7735:
7721:
7717:
7714:
7710:
7707:
7706:
7702:
7696:
7693:
7691:
7688:
7686:
7683:
7681:
7678:
7676:
7673:
7671:
7668:
7667:
7665:
7661:
7651:
7650:
7645:
7644:
7642:
7638:
7631:
7628:
7626:
7623:
7621:
7620:Original Thai
7618:
7616:
7613:
7611:
7608:
7606:
7603:
7601:
7600:
7596:
7594:
7591:
7589:
7586:
7584:
7581:
7580:
7577:
7574:
7572:
7566:
7556:
7553:
7551:
7548:
7546:
7543:
7541:
7538:
7536:
7533:
7531:
7528:
7526:
7523:
7521:
7518:
7515:
7512:
7510:
7507:
7505:
7502:
7500:
7498:
7494:
7492:
7489:
7487:
7486:
7482:
7480:
7477:
7474:
7471:
7469:
7466:
7464:
7461:
7459:
7456:
7453:
7450:
7448:
7445:
7443:
7440:
7438:
7435:
7433:
7430:
7428:
7425:
7422:
7419:
7418:
7416:
7410:
7403:
7400:
7397:
7394:
7391:
7388:
7385:
7384:Hibito–Cholón
7382:
7379:
7376:
7373:
7370:
7367:
7364:
7362:
7359:
7357:
7354:
7352:
7349:
7347:
7344:
7342:
7339:
7337:
7336:
7332:
7330:
7327:
7325:
7322:
7320:
7317:
7315:
7312:
7310:
7307:
7305:
7304:
7300:
7298:
7295:
7293:
7290:
7288:
7285:
7283:
7280:
7278:
7275:
7273:
7270:
7268:
7265:
7263:
7260:
7258:
7255:
7253:
7252:
7248:
7246:
7243:
7241:
7238:
7236:
7233:
7231:
7228:
7226:
7223:
7221:
7218:
7216:
7215:
7211:
7209:
7206:
7204:
7203:
7199:
7197:
7194:
7192:
7189:
7187:
7184:
7182:
7179:
7177:
7174:
7172:
7169:
7167:
7166:
7162:
7160:
7157:
7155:
7152:
7150:
7147:
7146:
7143:
7140:
7138:
7132:
7122:
7119:
7117:
7114:
7112:
7111:
7107:
7106:
7104:
7100:
7094:
7093:
7089:
7087:
7086:
7082:
7080:
7077:
7075:
7072:
7070:
7069:
7065:
7063:
7060:
7058:
7055:
7053:
7052:
7048:
7046:
7045:
7041:
7039:
7036:
7034:
7031:
7030:
7027:
7024:
7022:
7018:
7008:
7005:
7003:
7000:
6998:
6995:
6993:
6992:
6988:
6986:
6983:
6981:
6980:
6976:
6974:
6973:
6969:
6967:
6966:
6962:
6960:
6959:
6955:
6953:
6952:
6948:
6946:
6943:
6941:
6938:
6936:
6933:
6931:
6928:
6926:
6925:
6921:
6919:
6918:
6914:
6913:
6911:
6907:
6901:
6900:Yuman–Cochimí
6898:
6896:
6895:
6891:
6889:
6888:
6884:
6882:
6879:
6877:
6876:
6872:
6870:
6867:
6865:
6862:
6860:
6857:
6855:
6852:
6850:
6849:
6845:
6843:
6840:
6838:
6835:
6833:
6830:
6828:
6827:
6823:
6821:
6820:
6816:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6808:
6804:
6802:
6799:
6797:
6796:
6792:
6790:
6787:
6785:
6782:
6780:
6779:
6775:
6773:
6772:
6768:
6766:
6765:
6761:
6759:
6758:
6754:
6752:
6751:
6747:
6745:
6742:
6740:
6739:
6735:
6733:
6732:
6728:
6727:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6713:
6703:
6700:
6697:
6694:
6692:
6691:
6687:
6686:
6684:
6680:
6673:
6669:
6666:
6664:
6661:
6659:
6658:
6654:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6644:
6642:
6639:
6636:
6635:Southern Daly
6633:
6631:
6630:
6626:
6624:
6621:
6619:
6618:
6614:
6612:
6611:
6607:
6605:
6602:
6599:
6598:
6594:
6592:
6589:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6579:
6577:
6576:
6572:
6570:
6569:
6565:
6562:
6561:
6560:Darwin Region
6557:
6555:
6552:
6549:
6546:
6545:
6542:
6539:
6537:
6533:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6516:
6512:
6509:
6506:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6495:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6467:
6464:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6447:
6445:
6441:
6434:
6431:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6392:
6388:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6380:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6358:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6342:
6341:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6319:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6300:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6242:Demta–Sentani
6240:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6230:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6212:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6202:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6189:
6185:
6175:
6173:
6169:
6167:
6166:
6162:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6147:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6134:
6130:
6128:
6127:
6123:
6121:
6120:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6105:
6103:
6099:
6092:
6089:
6086:
6083:
6080:
6077:
6074:
6071:
6068:
6065:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6046:
6042:
6040:
6039:
6035:
6033:
6032:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6020:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6003:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5986:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5964:
5963:Indo-European
5960:
5958:
5957:
5953:
5951:
5950:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5933:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5921:
5917:
5915:
5914:
5913:Austroasiatic
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5902:
5898:
5897:
5894:
5891:
5888:
5883:
5876:
5865:
5862:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5848:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5833:
5831:
5827:
5820:
5817:
5814:
5811:
5808:
5805:
5802:
5799:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5785:
5784:
5780:
5778:
5777:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5760:
5756:
5754:
5753:
5749:
5748:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5736:
5732:
5725:
5720:
5718:
5713:
5711:
5706:
5705:
5702:
5690:
5687:
5686:
5684:
5680:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5645:
5643:
5639:
5632:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5612:
5610:
5606:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5594:
5590:
5588:
5587:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5575:
5571:
5569:
5568:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5556:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5539:
5535:
5534:
5532:
5528:
5524:
5520:
5513:
5508:
5506:
5501:
5499:
5494:
5493:
5490:
5480:
5476:
5471:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5456:
5454:
5450:
5440:
5437:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5289:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5279:
5277:
5275:
5271:
5265:
5262:
5261:
5259:
5257:
5253:
5239:
5236:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5218:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5205:
5203:
5199:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5165:
5163:
5159:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5137:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5119:
5117:
5113:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5088:
5086:
5082:
5079:
5075:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5051:
5049:
5045:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5010:
5008:
5004:
5001:
4997:
4987:
4984:
4983:
4981:
4977:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4947:
4945:
4941:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4926:
4924:
4920:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4895:
4893:
4891:Sierra Juárez
4889:
4886:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4873:
4867:
4864:
4863:
4861:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4848:
4842:
4839:
4835:
4832:
4831:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4816:
4814:
4812:
4808:
4805:
4801:
4791:
4790:
4786:
4784:
4783:
4779:
4778:
4776:
4774:
4770:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4758:
4754:
4753:
4751:
4749:
4745:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4688:
4687:
4684:
4683:
4681:
4679:
4675:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4659:
4658:Southern Pame
4655:
4653:
4652:Northern Pame
4650:
4648:
4645:
4644:
4642:
4640:
4636:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4617:
4615:
4613:
4609:
4603:
4602:Ixtenco Otomi
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4592:Temoaya Otomi
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4577:Tenango Otomi
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4552:
4548:
4547:
4545:
4543:
4539:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4524:
4522:
4520:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4498:
4495:
4491:
4487:
4480:
4475:
4473:
4468:
4466:
4461:
4460:
4457:
4451:
4447:
4442:
4423:
4416:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4394:
4391:
4390:
4379:
4373:
4369:
4364:
4363:
4356:
4352:
4348:
4343:
4339:
4333:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4312:
4311:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4277:Sapir, Edward
4274:
4270:
4266:
4259:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4090:
4089:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4026:
4022:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3916:
3904:
3898:
3889:
3880:
3871:
3862:
3853:
3851:
3843:
3838:
3829:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3801:2005 census;
3798:
3791:
3787:
3782:
3773:
3766:
3759:
3752:
3746:
3739:
3733:
3726:
3721:
3712:
3710:
3700:
3691:
3682:
3674:
3670:
3667:(4): e12240.
3666:
3662:
3658:
3651:
3642:
3636:Longacre 1966
3633:
3627:
3622:
3613:
3604:
3590:
3581:
3572:
3570:
3565:
3551:
3548:
3547:
3544:**syi (n)yɨn
3543:
3540:
3539:
3535:
3533:infant; small
3532:
3531:
3527:
3524:
3523:
3519:
3516:
3515:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3503:
3500:
3499:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3479:
3476:
3475:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3464:**(n)seʔə(n)
3463:
3460:
3459:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3449:
3445:
3442:
3441:
3438:**l/y-ɔkɔ(n)
3437:
3434:
3433:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3422:**c/l-a(h)ku
3421:
3418:
3417:
3413:
3410:
3409:
3405:
3402:
3401:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3325:
3322:
3321:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3309:
3306:
3305:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3277:
3274:
3273:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3245:
3242:
3241:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3221:
3218:
3217:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3141:
3138:
3137:
3133:
3130:
3129:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3083:
3080:
3079:
3075:
3072:
3071:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3059:
3056:
3055:
3051:
3048:
3047:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2708:
2704:
2693:
2691:
2680:
2678:
2667:
2665:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2633:
2631:
2620:
2619:
2618:
2615:
2611:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2587:
2581:
2575:
2569:
2563:
2557:
2551:
2547:
2537:
2534:
2529:
2527:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2513:
2512:
2508:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2493:
2492:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2389:
2384:
2381:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2366:
2363:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2323:
2314:
2306:
2300:
2299:Northern Pame
2276:
2272:
2267:
2259:
2257:
2247:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2232:
2223:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2193:
2186:
2182:
2180:
2176:
2168:
2164:
2162:
2161:Copala Triqui
2154:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2127:
2124:"difficult",
2120:
2113:
2109:
2098:
2092:
2088:
2087:contour tones
2084:
2080:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2019:United States
2016:
2012:
2009:and parts of
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1959:
1954:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1902:
1897:
1887:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1795:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1751:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1708:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1623:
1618:
1602:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1531:Indo-European
1528:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1493:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1451:
1450:
1442:
1441:
1433:
1432:
1424:
1423:
1415:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1341:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1328:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1304:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1203:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1190:
1189:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1157:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1146:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1109:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1072:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1061:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1030:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1017:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1006:
1005:
1002:
1001:
998:
997:
991:
990:
984:
981:
980:
974:
973:
964:
958:
957:
946:
945:
934:
933:
929:
925:
922:
917:
915:
911:
907:
903:
898:
893:
891:
887:
883:
882:William Poser
879:
875:
874:Lyle Campbell
870:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
847:
845:
841:
837:
832:
811:
807:
804:
801:
800:
796:
792:
790:
787:
786:
783:(c. 511,000)
782:
778:
774:
770:
767:
764:
762:
761:
756:
752:
749:
746:
744:
743:
739:
737:
733:
729:
727:
724:
723:
719:
717:
714:
713:
709:
707:
704:
703:
699:
696:
693:
691:
690:
685:
681:
677:
675:
672:
671:
667:
663:
661:
658:
657:
653:
649:
647:
644:
643:
640:(c. 206,000)
639:
635:
631:
629:
626:
624:
623:
617:
612:
608:
605:
602:
600:
597:
594:
593:
590:
587:
585:
582:
579:
578:
575:
572:
570:
567:
564:
562:
561:
556:
553:
550:
548:
545:
542:
541:
537:
534:
531:
528:
526:
525:
519:
515:
511:
508:and southern
507:
503:
501:
498:
496:
495:
491:
490:
486:
482:
479:
477:
474:
473:
469:
466:
464:
461:
460:
456:
453:
451:
448:
447:
444:(c. 350,000)
443:
440:
437:
434:
433:
429:
426:
423:
421:
420:
414:
409:
404:
400:
397:
392:
387:
382:
378:
375:
371:
366:
356:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
333:North America
329:
327:
323:
319:
315:
314:Indo-European
310:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
283:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
248:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
220:
176:
172:
158:
153:
146:
141:
137:
133:
131:
127:
123:
119:
117:
113:
108:
105:
103:
102:
98:
96:
93:
91:
88:
85:
82:
80:
77:
75:
72:
70:
67:
66:
65:
61:
58:
54:
52:
48:
45:
41:
38:; previously
37:
33:
27:
22:
19:
8702:Aztec–Tanoan
8665:
8658:
8653:Guanahatabey
8651:
8644:Pre-Arawakan
8626:
8603:
8596:
8589:
8582:
8570:
8561:
8554:
8539:Oto-Manguean
8538:
8537:
8530:
8523:
8506:
8497:Mesoamerican
8480:
8473:
8452:
8445:
8438:
8431:
8406:
8399:
8392:
8385:
8378:
8357:
8350:
8343:
8336:
8329:
8322:
8315:
8306:Coahuiltecan
8293:
8286:
8259:
8252:
8245:
8238:
8231:
8219:
8212:
8200:
8155:
8134:
8116:Coast Oregon
8098:
8091:
8058:
8017:
8010:
7998:
7990:Macro-Siouan
7972:
7965:
7944:
7937:
7930:
7910:
7903:
7896:
7876:
7869:
7849:
7842:
7835:
7828:
7821:
7814:
7807:
7800:
7783:
7777:and isolates
7719:
7712:
7711:Families in
7646:
7597:
7495:
7483:
7333:
7301:
7292:Pano-Tacanan
7249:
7212:
7200:
7171:Arutani–Sape
7163:
7108:
7090:
7083:
7068:Oto-Manguean
7067:
7066:
7049:
7042:
6989:
6977:
6970:
6963:
6956:
6949:
6922:
6915:
6892:
6885:
6873:
6846:
6824:
6817:
6805:
6793:
6776:
6769:
6762:
6755:
6748:
6736:
6729:
6688:
6655:
6651:Western Daly
6629:Pama–Nyungan
6627:
6615:
6608:
6595:
6573:
6568:Eastern Daly
6566:
6558:
6513:
6389:
6377:
6355:
6338:
6316:
6287:Kaure–Kosare
6247:Doso–Turumsa
6237:Chimbu–Wahgi
6227:Bulaka River
6211:Austronesian
6209:
6170:
6163:
6144:
6131:
6124:
6117:
6043:
6036:
6029:
6019:Sino-Tibetan
6017:
6000:
5983:
5961:
5954:
5947:
5930:
5920:Austronesian
5918:
5911:
5899:
5845:
5783:Nilo-Saharan
5781:
5774:
5759:Austronesian
5757:
5750:
5591:
5584:
5574:Oto-Manguean
5573:
5572:
5565:
5553:
5536:
5474:
5392:Silacayoapan
5312:Cacaloxtepec
5006:Cis-Yautepec
4787:
4780:
4755:
4656:
4647:Central Pame
4612:Matlatzincan
4562:Tilapa Otomi
4549:
4485:
4429:. Retrieved
4422:the original
4361:
4346:
4327:
4309:
4288:
4284:
4264:
4227:(2): 73–81.
4224:
4220:
4187:
4183:
4170:
4148:(1): 46–49.
4145:
4141:
4107:
4087:
4058:
4054:
4042:
4033:
4029:
4009:. New York:
4006:
3984:
3980:
3967:
3963:
3927:
3923:
3902:
3897:
3888:
3879:
3870:
3861:
3837:
3828:
3816:. Retrieved
3812:the original
3807:
3797:
3789:
3781:
3772:
3758:
3750:
3745:
3740:, pp. 19–25.
3737:
3732:
3720:
3699:
3690:
3681:
3664:
3660:
3650:
3641:
3632:
3621:
3612:
3603:
3589:
3580:
3552:**(n)ku ʔwa
3517:cotton cloth
2716:
2616:
2612:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2589:
2583:
2577:
2571:
2565:
2559:
2553:
2549:
2543:
2312:
2287:
2253:
2227:
2197:
2172:
2158:
2140:
2138:"he talks".
2132:
2125:
2118:
2111:
2104:
2101:Tone systems
2076:
2043:
2039:50 varieties
2027:Mixteca Baja
2023:Mixteca Alta
1964:
1922:
1907:
1880:Mixe–Zoquean
1841:
1796:
1777:
1757:
1736:Mexico state
1709:
1628:
1569:Matlatzincas
1562:
1543:
1524:
1509:
1505:
1499:
1489:Aztec-Tanoan
1462:
1407:
1392:
1377:
1352:
1320:
1296:
1281:
1257:
1242:
1173:
1149:
1134:
1088:
1064:
1048:
1033:
1009:
994:
926:
918:
894:
871:
848:
844:Hokan family
828:
812:(c. 23,000)
779:and eastern
758:
740:
735:
687:
668:(< 1000)
620:
615:
610:
598:
583:
568:
558:
546:
538:(c. 75,000)
522:
517:
492:
417:
412:
407:
402:
395:
390:
385:
380:
373:
330:
311:
284:
249:
174:
171:Oto-Manguean
170:
168:
99:
63:Subdivisions
31:distribution
24:Oto-Manguean
18:
8707:Macro-Mayan
8572:Uto-Aztecan
8550:Totozoquean
8380:Coahuilteco
8191:Palaihnihan
8073:Tsimshianic
7605:Germanosign
7509:Mura-Pirahã
7390:Lule–Vilela
7366:Bora-Witoto
7341:Uru–Chipaya
7314:Ticuna–Yuri
7297:Peba–Yaguan
7282:Nambikwaran
7085:Uto-Aztecan
7021:Mesoamerica
6875:Uto-Aztecan
6864:Tsimshianic
6826:Palaihnihan
6696:Malak-Malak
6433:Papuan Gulf
6407:West Papuan
6312:Lower Sepik
6302:Lakes Plain
6205:Arai–Samaia
6193:the Pacific
5901:Afroasiatic
5776:Niger–Congo
5752:Afroasiatic
5673:Totozoquean
5653:Macro-Mayan
5593:Uto-Aztecan
5523:Mesoamerica
5427:Yoloxóchitl
5337:Cuyamecalco
5122:Chichicápam
5106:Quiavicuzas
5038:Tlacolulita
4731:Tepetotutla
4678:Chinantecan
4625:Matlatzinca
4439:(82.9
4431:30 December
4190:(1): 1–19.
4104:R. Wauchope
3842:Sicoli 2005
3725:Sicoli 2005
3528:**si (n)tU
3480:**c/l-oʔwɔ
3461:guts; heart
3446:**ryi(+)ne
3443:blood; meat
3259:ear of corn
3238:**l/c-ɔxen
3057:to defecate
2804:**(ʔ)ma(h)
2753:fire; fever
2748:**(n)xə(n)
2231:tone sandhi
2229:systems of
2212:Matlatzinca
2131:"his hand"
2083:level tones
2050:Costa Chica
2003:San Quintín
1850:state near
1754:Chinantecan
1720:monolingual
1663:Matlatzinca
1577:Teotihuacán
1550:Monte Albán
1546:Mesoamerica
1520:Mesoamerica
1469:Old Chinese
1035:Matlatzinca
793:Cuicatlán,
775:; southern
654:(< 100)
494:Chinantecan
487:(c. 1,500)
450:Matlatzinca
337:Mesoamerica
324:called the
318:Mesoamerica
291:Matlatzinca
175:Otomanguean
74:Chinantecan
40:Mesoamerica
8768:Categories
8563:Mixe–Zoque
8532:Misumalpan
8454:Chitimacha
7946:Algonquian
7912:Athabaskan
7791:Yuki–Wappo
7599:Francosign
7447:Chiquitano
7427:Alacalufan
7235:Guaicuruan
7208:Chapacuran
7191:Cahuapanan
7159:Araucanian
7062:Mixe–Zoque
7057:Misumalpan
6771:Comecrudan
6623:Nyulnyulan
6402:Upper Yuat
6379:Torricelli
6351:Senu River
6282:Foja Range
6188:New Guinea
6113:Burushaski
5974:Kartvelian
5949:Hmong–Mien
5765:Khoe–Kwadi
5567:Mixe–Zoque
5561:Misumalpan
5417:Tilantongo
5407:Soyaltepec
5332:Coatzospan
5226:Texmelucan
5168:Albarradas
5101:Lachiguiri
5064:Ozolotepec
5059:Miahuatlán
5018:Quiegolani
4748:Tlapanecan
4501:Oto-Pamean
4036:(7): 1–99.
3912:References
3790:Ethnologue
3520:**lyɔ tyE
3512:**syi lyɔ
3496:**(n)aʔyu
3403:skin, bark
3203:just, only
3163:fingernail
3036:**(h,n)wi
2993:turkey hen
2961:grindstone
2905:sugar cane
2396:Fricatives
2328:Labiovelar
2117:"I talk",
2029:, and the
2005:valley in
1975:La Mixteca
1941:Ethnologue
1866:spoken in
1815:Costa Rica
1768:Ethnologue
1748:Texcatepec
1740:Guanajuato
1712:Ethnologue
1705:Guanajuato
1690:Tamaulipas
1661:including
1631:Oto-Pamean
1611:Oto-Pamean
1599:See also:
1565:Xochicalco
1496:Prehistory
1123:Tlapanecan
1050:Chichimeca
963:Oto-Pamean
604:Costa Rica
532:(Me'phaa)
524:Tlapanecan
481:Guanajuato
419:Oto-Pamean
322:sprachbund
245:Costa Rica
231:, but the
79:Tlapanecan
69:Oto-Pamean
34:Currently
29:Geographic
8717:Tolatecan
8617:Caribbean
8605:Alagüilac
8598:Purépecha
8584:Cuitlatec
8556:Totonacan
8514:Jicaquean
8433:Muskogean
8408:Mamulique
8394:Comecrudo
8324:Karankawa
8227:Jicaquean
8214:Chimariko
8163:Kalapuyan
8106:Sahaptian
8054:Yok-Utian
8039:Chinookan
8012:Iroquoian
7980:Chimakuan
7796:Chumashan
7630:Tanzanian
7571:languages
7468:Hodï/Joti
7412:Isolates
7351:Yanomaman
7287:Otomákoan
7251:Jirajaran
7240:Guajiboan
7202:Catacaoan
7181:Barbacoan
7110:Cuitlatec
7079:Totonacan
7038:Jicaquean
6917:Chimariko
6813:Muskogean
6795:Kalapuyan
6789:Iroquoian
6764:Chumashan
6757:Chinookan
6750:Chimakuan
6668:Yangmanic
6663:Worrorran
6646:Wagaydyic
6536:Australia
6385:Trans-Fly
6051:Yeniseian
6038:Tyrsenian
5932:Dravidian
5668:Tolatecan
5631:Alagüilac
5625:Purépecha
5615:Cuitlatec
5586:Totonacan
5544:Jicaquean
5477:indicate
5432:Zacatepec
5422:Tututepec
5347:Ixtayutla
5292:Amoltepec
5217:Papabuco
5183:Ayoquezco
5178:Antequera
4851:Zapotecan
4841:Popolocan
4834:varieties
4811:Popolocan
4782:Chiapanec
4726:Sochiapam
4686:Chinantec
4326:(1993) .
4249:143618683
4212:144486505
4162:143879066
4075:163094506
3952:144874022
3536:**weʔ ne
3398:**sæ(n)ʔ
3270:**yən(h)
3235:corndough
3214:**Hwi(n)
3179:water jug
3171:cornfield
3065:butterfly
2948:**ʔ(Y)ne
2940:**ʔ(Y)nu
2916:**(h)Nye
2836:**(n)pah
2769:to choose
2606:/, and */
2303:/nlʔospt/
2068:Phonology
1910:Zapotecan
1890:Zapotecan
1838:Popolocan
1811:Nicaragua
1807:Chorotega
1744:Huehuetla
1686:Río Verde
1535:languages
1481:Purépecha
1322:Zapotecan
1298:Mazatecan
1224:Popolocan
1090:Chinantec
859:Weitlaner
689:Zapotecan
678:Southern
674:Popolocan
664:northern
650:northern
622:Popolocan
596:Chorotega
589:Nicaragua
566:Chiapanec
504:northern
500:Chinantec
438:(Hñatho)
391:Languages
272:Querétaro
256:Zapotecan
241:Nicaragua
130:Glottolog
116:ISO 639-5
95:Zapotecan
90:Popolocan
8628:Arawakan
8508:Chibchan
8387:Cotoname
8345:Quinigua
8331:Maratino
8030:Penutian
7974:Wakashan
7967:Salishan
7878:Eskimoan
7862:Eskaleut
7663:See also
7640:Isolates
7615:Japanese
7555:Yuracaré
7437:Candoshi
7396:Macro-Jê
7361:Zaparoan
7356:Zamucoan
7346:Witotoan
7329:Tucanoan
7324:Tiniguan
7319:Timotean
7303:Quechuan
7272:Matacoan
7267:Mascoian
7257:Jivaroan
7220:Chibchan
7214:Charruan
7165:Arawakan
7102:Isolates
7033:Chibchan
6909:Isolates
6881:Wakashan
6842:Salishan
6784:Eskaleut
6690:Giimbiyu
6682:Isolates
6591:Jarrakan
6586:Iwaidjan
6443:Isolates
6297:Kutubuan
6165:Sumerian
6101:Isolates
6056:Yukaghir
6025:Tungusic
5991:Mongolic
5979:Koreanic
5938:Eskaleut
5829:Isolates
5813:Ubangian
5663:Penutian
5608:Isolates
5538:Chibchan
5397:Sindihui
5382:Pinotepa
5357:Mixtepec
5322:Chazumba
5282:Cuicatec
5274:Mixtecan
5256:Amuzgoan
5221:Elotepec
5213:Lachixío
5188:Quiatoni
5150:Zaachila
5028:Xanaguía
5023:Lapaguía
5013:Mixtepec
4999:Southern
4960:Yatzachi
4955:Zoogocho
4913:Abejones
4884:Northern
4773:Manguean
4763:Tlapanec
4757:Subtiaba
4721:Palantla
4716:Ozumacín
4696:Highland
4620:Tlahuica
4279:(1925).
4106:(eds.).
4085:(2015).
4005:(1997).
3753:, p. 70.
3736:Lastra,
3504:**lɔken
3472:**tyuwa
3430:**cɪʔyə
3387:to bathe
3363:to dance
3334:**co(n)
3299:honeybee
3286:**Xa(n)
3246:**re(n)
3222:**tɨ(n)
3187:to close
3100:**(n)tə
3020:**(n)pi
3017:to shake
2972:**sa(n)
2932:**(n)ya
2924:**(n)yU
2900:**re(n)
2828:**(n)wa
2825:to weave
2796:**(h)wə
2764:**hɔ(n)
2703:Oto-Pame
2690:Oto-Pame
2664:Mixtecan
2647:Oto-Pame
2643:Manguean
2588:/ and */
2333:Alveolar
2309:Phonemes
2244:downstep
2175:Tlapanec
2054:Guerrero
1997:and the
1991:Guerrero
1971:Cuicatec
1876:Veracruz
1872:Popoluca
1852:Tehuacán
1844:Popoloca
1784:Guerrero
1732:Tlaxcala
1728:moribund
1667:Tlahuica
1651:Veracruz
1554:Zapotecs
1516:Tehuacán
1512:urheimat
1409:Cuicatec
1366:Mixtecan
1342:?
1259:Popoloca
1175:Manguean
1151:Subtiaba
1136:Tlapanec
1052:(Jonaz)
902:Campbell
808:western
789:Cuicatec
781:Guerrero
760:Mixtecan
742:Amuzgoan
716:Papabuco
638:Veracruz
560:Manguean
552:Honduras
544:Subtiaba
536:Guerrero
530:Tlapanec
510:Veracruz
359:Overview
349:analytic
303:Subtiaba
260:Mixtecan
233:Manguean
136:otom1299
107:Mixtecan
84:Manguean
8692:Amerind
8667:Ciguayo
8660:Macorix
8634:Cariban
8608: ?
8467: ?
8447:Atakapa
8440:Natchez
8425: ?
8372: ?
8370:Pakawan
8359:Tonkawa
8317:Aranama
8272:Pueblo
8240:Salinan
8221:Esselen
8186:Shastan
8179: ?
8157:Takelma
8149: ?
8136:Siuslaw
8118: ?
8093:Klamath
8085: ?
8083:Plateau
8049:Maiduan
8044:Wintuan
8032: ?
8006:Caddoan
7992: ?
7959: ?
7898:Tlingit
7889:Na-Dene
7844:Waikuri
7837:Timucua
7830:Kutenai
7809:Beothuk
7713:italics
7690:Pidgins
7675:Creoles
7625:Swedish
7593:Chinese
7540:Urarina
7525:Puinave
7479:Itonama
7473:Irantxe
7442:Chimane
7372:Chimuan
7277:Nadahup
7196:Cariban
7176:Aymaran
7137:America
6979:Waikuri
6972:Tonkawa
6965:Timucua
6958:Takelma
6951:Siuslaw
6940:Kutenai
6924:Esselen
6887:Wintuan
6848:Shastan
6819:Na-Dene
6807:Maiduan
6744:Caddoan
6718:America
6672:Wagiman
6670:(incl.
6641:Tangkic
6581:Garawan
6554:Bunuban
6515:Tambora
6482:Maybrat
6450:Abinomn
6373:Teberan
6334:Pauwasi
6324:Mairasi
6292:Kiwaian
6172:Tambora
6158:Shompen
6140:Kusunda
6133:Kenaboi
6119:Elamite
6091:Siangic
6073:Kho-Bwa
6067:Hrusish
5985:Kra–Dai
5969:Japonic
5878:Eurasia
5853:Sandawe
5836:Bangime
5801:Songhay
5475:Italics
5377:Peñasco
5342:Estetla
5238:Solteco
5208:El Alto
5145:Ocotlán
5140:Isthmus
5077:Central
4986:Choápam
4965:Yalálag
4950:Cajonos
4943:Cajonos
4908:Yavesía
4903:Aloápam
4876:Zapotec
4866:Chatino
4859:Chatino
4829:Mazatec
4824:Ixcatec
4803:Eastern
4711:Ojitlán
4519:Mazahua
4510:Otomian
4493:Western
4241:1262851
4204:1262748
3944:1263552
3818:21 July
3749:INEGI,
3488:**xeyA
3456:**siya
3414:**kiyɔ
3406:**tuwa
3374:**lawæ
3243:corncob
3230:**kyen
3123:to work
3118:**nʔta
3009:to bury
3001:opening
2868:**kVwa
2860:**kVwa
2745:to dawn
2719:Kaufman
2713:Lexicon
2677:Chatino
2630:Chatino
2483:Central
2441:Glides
2348:Glottal
2338:Palatal
2179:Zapotec
2108:Mazatec
2011:Morelos
1823:Chiapas
1788:Morelos
1671:Ocuilan
1655:Mazahua
1643:Hidalgo
1573:Cholula
1537:in the
1485:Amerind
1465:Chinese
1283:Ixcatec
1011:Mazahua
983:Otomian
914:isolate
840:Sapir's
730:Oaxaca
720:Oaxaca
706:Chatino
695:Zapotec
646:Ixcatec
628:Mazatec
574:Chiapas
436:Mazahua
307:Me'phaa
295:extinct
287:Ixcatec
280:Mazahua
268:Hidalgo
237:extinct
8722:Waroid
8578:Xincan
8519:Lencan
8482:Calusa
8475:Tunica
8352:Solano
8338:Naolan
8282:Tanoan
8196:Pomoan
8130:Coosan
8125:Alsean
8100:Molala
8060:Yokuts
8000:Siouan
7851:Pericú
7823:Cayuse
7588:BANZSL
7550:Yamana
7535:Trumai
7504:Movima
7458:Fulniô
7421:Aikanã
7335:Tupian
7230:Chonan
7154:Arauan
7092:Xincan
7044:Lencan
6997:Yokuts
6894:Yukian
6859:Tanoan
6854:Siouan
6837:Pomoan
6778:Coosan
6604:Mirndi
6497:Porome
6492:Pawaia
6346:Senagi
6318:Madang
6267:Eleman
6222:Border
6153:Nihali
6146:Minoan
6126:Hattic
6108:Basque
6079:Mijiic
6061:Digaro
6045:Uralic
6031:Turkic
5882:Europe
5739:Africa
5599:Xincan
5549:Lencan
5439:Trique
5307:Ayutla
5297:Apoala
5287:Mixtec
5264:Amuzgo
5231:Zaniza
5096:Petapa
5091:Guevea
5047:Coatec
5033:Xánica
4929:Rincón
4922:Rincón
4898:Ixtlán
4819:Chocho
4706:Lealao
4639:Pamean
4437:
4374:
4334:
4247:
4239:
4210:
4202:
4160:
4130:277126
4128:
4118:
4073:
4017:
3950:
3942:
3509:cotton
3501:squash
3493:coyote
3411:animal
3382:**ʔwæ
3379:market
3371:cactus
3339:yellow
3331:mother
3326:**tun
3318:**tun
3310:**yɔn
3302:**yɔn
3294:**yan
3278:**can
3262:**yən
3254:**xən
3219:to die
3211:Indian
3166:**-ku
3150:**lyɔ
3126:**ʔta
3076:**ʔte
3068:**seh
3033:slowly
3025:little
2988:**ʔɔn
2969:Indian
2892:**lih
2889:flower
2884:**lyɔ
2876:**lya
2857:rabbit
2852:**kʷa
2844:**kʷa
2833:to hit
2820:**nwa
2793:to die
2788:**hwe
2780:**xʷi
2772:**xʷə
2740:**hku
2737:to sit
2707:Amuzgo
2649:, and
2419:Nasals
2242:" or "
2240:upstep
2136:/tʃa˩/
2129:/tʃa˧/
2122:/tʃa˦/
2115:/tʃa˥/
2058:Oaxaca
2046:Amuzgo
2025:, the
2015:Sonora
1987:Puebla
1983:Oaxaca
1979:states
1967:Trique
1939:. The
1933:Oaxaca
1929:Oaxaca
1848:Puebla
1827:Mexico
1803:Mangue
1647:Puebla
1639:Mexico
1585:Nahuas
1571:, and
1394:Trique
1379:Mixtec
1354:Amuzgo
1244:Chocho
1066:Pamean
965:
961:
880:, and
810:Oaxaca
803:Trique
795:Oaxaca
777:Puebla
773:Oaxaca
766:Mixtec
748:Amuzgo
726:Soltec
680:Puebla
666:Oaxaca
660:Chocho
652:Oaxaca
634:Oaxaca
581:Mangue
506:Oaxaca
386:Groups
381:Family
264:Mexico
252:Oaxaca
229:Mexico
101:Amuzgo
36:Mexico
8731:Lists
8591:Huave
8525:Mayan
8401:Garza
8288:Keres
8254:Washo
8233:Karuk
8202:Yuman
8177:Hokan
8066:Utian
8019:Yuchi
7957:Mosan
7939:Yurok
7932:Wiyot
7923:Algic
7871:Aleut
7816:Bidai
7785:Haida
7545:Warao
7514:Nukak
7485:Kunza
7463:Guató
7452:Cofán
7432:Camsá
7225:Choco
7186:Boran
7135:South
7116:Huave
7051:Mayan
7002:Yuchi
6985:Washo
6935:Karuk
6930:Haida
6869:Utian
6801:Keres
6738:Alsea
6731:Algic
6716:North
6508:Taiap
6502:Sulka
6357:Sepik
6272:Engan
6013:Ongan
5996:Nivkh
5864:Shabo
5847:Jalaa
5841:Hadza
5795:Mande
5648:Hokan
5620:Huave
5555:Mayan
5452:Lists
5412:Tidaá
5372:Nuyoo
5367:Nuxaá
5201:Other
5173:Mitla
5161:Other
5127:Güilá
4979:Other
4970:Tabaá
4934:Yatee
4736:Usila
4542:Otomi
4425:(PDF)
4418:(PDF)
4318:–800.
4261:(PDF)
4245:S2CID
4237:JSTOR
4208:S2CID
4200:JSTOR
4158:S2CID
4092:(PDF)
4071:S2CID
3948:S2CID
3940:JSTOR
3561:Notes
3477:mouth
3469:white
3452:ixtle
3427:sharp
3390:**sæ
3366:**tæ
3358:**cæ
3355:to do
3350:**sæ
3342:**næ
3315:black
3307:thorn
3267:blood
3206:**to
3198:**co
3190:**ko
3182:**su
3174:**nu
3158:**nɔ
3142:**lɔ
3134:**kɔ
3114:nopal
3108:**na
3092:**nə
3084:**me
3081:elbow
3073:short
3060:**tɨ
3052:**kɨ
3044:**wi
3028:**ci
3012:**ʔA
3004:**ʔA
2996:**ʔO
2980:**sɔ
2964:**ci
2956:**cɔ
2937:teeth
2913:eight
2908:**ro
2812:**mA
2761:three
2756:**xi
2729:gloss
2635:*/kʷ/
2602:/, */
2598:/, */
2582:/, */
2576:/, */
2570:/, */
2564:/, */
2558:/, */
2552:/, */
2478:Front
2355:Stops
2343:Velar
2208:Otomi
2095:*/kʷ/
2044:Four
1635:Otomi
1589:Otomi
1473:Hokan
996:Otomi
425:Otomi
276:Otomi
8423:Gulf
8295:Zuni
8261:Yana
8247:Seri
7905:Eyak
7802:Adai
7720:bold
7647:See
7583:Arab
7569:Sign
7520:Páez
7497:Maku
7491:Leco
7007:Zuni
6991:Yana
6945:Seri
6702:Tiwi
6522:Wiru
6487:Mpur
6477:Kuot
6460:Anêm
6455:Abun
6422:Yuat
6417:Yawa
6363:Skou
6340:Ramu
6191:and
6085:Miju
5907:Ainu
5887:Asia
5885:and
5858:Laal
5819:Kadu
5807:Ijaw
5770:Kx'a
5362:Ñumí
4433:2006
4372:ISBN
4332:ISBN
4126:OCLC
4116:ISBN
4015:ISBN
3820:2010
3541:nose
3419:foot
3395:corn
3323:oven
3283:nine
3275:hail
3251:deep
3227:seed
3195:milk
3139:this
3131:leaf
2985:word
2929:hand
2897:salt
2881:road
2849:deer
2841:bark
2809:root
2785:ripe
2705:and
2695:*/j/
2682:*/w/
2669:*/s/
2656:*/s/
2626:/tʃ/
2622:*/t/
2488:Back
2214:and
2206:and
2204:Pame
2079:tone
2056:and
2013:and
1989:and
1908:The
1813:and
1805:and
1797:The
1778:The
1758:The
1649:and
636:and
463:Pame
339:and
289:and
270:and
258:and
243:and
169:The
42:and
7766:of
6472:Kol
6466:Ata
6412:Yam
6277:Fas
5790:Tuu
5521:of
4441:KiB
4316:797
4293:doi
4229:doi
4192:doi
4150:doi
4063:doi
3989:doi
3932:doi
3669:doi
3435:ear
3155:net
3147:dog
3097:eye
3041:two
2953:bad
2945:and
2921:two
2699:/i/
2697:to
2686:/o/
2684:to
2675:in
2673:/t/
2671:to
2662:in
2660:/θ/
2658:to
2641:in
2639:/p/
2637:to
2628:in
2624:to
2610:/.
2294:CʔV
2290:CVʔ
2159:In
2133:cha
2126:cha
2119:cha
2112:cha
1981:of
1716:ISO
1677:of
599:(†)
584:(†)
569:(†)
547:(†)
328:.
173:or
122:omq
8770::
6674:)?
5633:?)
4370:.
4289:27
4283:.
4243:.
4235:.
4225:16
4223:.
4206:.
4198:.
4188:16
4186:.
4156:.
4146:32
4144:.
4124:.
4069:.
4059:20
4057:.
4032:.
4013:.
3983:.
3979:.
3968:23
3966:.
3946:.
3938:.
3928:26
3926:.
3849:^
3806:.
3788:,
3708:^
3665:11
3663:.
3659:.
3568:^
2977:up
2645:,
2608:au
2604:ea
2600:ai
2596:ia
2567:xʷ
2550:ts
2362:kʷ
2301::
2181:.
2097:.
1985:,
1886:.
1825:,
1645:,
1641:,
1541:.
916:.
876:,
869:.
846:.
483:,
335:,
266:,
210:iː
192:oʊ
186:oʊ
7756:e
7749:t
7742:v
7722:.
7632:?
7516:?
7475:?
7454:?
7423:?
7404:?
7398:?
7392:?
7386:?
7380:?
7374:?
7368:?
6637:?
6600:?
6563:?
6550:?
6517:?
6510:?
6504:?
6468:?
6462:?
6435:?
6429:?
6174:?
6160:?
6148:?
6135:?
6093:?
6087:?
6081:?
6075:?
6069:?
6063:?
5889:)
5880:(
5866:?
5860:?
5821:?
5815:?
5809:?
5803:?
5797:?
5786:?
5723:e
5716:t
5709:v
5629:(
5511:e
5504:t
5497:v
4478:e
4471:t
4464:v
4443:)
4435:.
4380:.
4353:.
4340:.
4301:.
4295::
4251:.
4231::
4214:.
4194::
4177:.
4164:.
4152::
4132:.
4077:.
4065::
4034:3
4023:.
3997:.
3991::
3985:6
3954:.
3934::
3822:.
3675:.
3671::
3105:I
2591:o
2585:m
2579:r
2573:l
2561:x
2555:θ
2533:a
2530:*
2517:e
2514:*
2507:u
2504:*
2497:i
2494:*
2457:j
2454:*
2447:w
2444:*
2428:n
2425:*
2405:s
2402:*
2388:ʔ
2385:*
2380:k
2377:*
2370:t
2367:*
2359:*
219:/
216:n
213:ə
207:ɡ
204:ŋ
201:æ
198:m
195:ˈ
189:t
183:ˌ
180:/
86:†
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