1413:, developed the idea of an authoritarian and largely static organization of a corporate society directed against parliamentary democracy and the labor movement alike. The estates, which were conceived as compulsory professional organizations, were given extensive state sovereign rights and the workers were subject to the rule of the "business leaders". His positions mediated “between the intellectual tradition of socially conservative ideologies and the practice of fascist mass movements. … The conglomerate of clerico-romantic and German-nationalist ideologemes,” according to historian Willibald Holzer, “as it was based on Spann’s recourse to both romantic-clerical and national-imperialist traditions, is essential to Spann’s turn to Italian fascism, the German National Socialists, and all three Austrian fascisms favored and its integrative function within the Austrian right made possible in the first place." and closely tied to the traditions of political Catholicism from Seipel to Dollfuss.
1317:. Pfahl-Traughber counts Spann as part of this intellectual current because of his positions, specifically as a representative of the young conservatives. According to Pfahl-Traughber, unlike many other conservative revolutionaries, Spann's corporate state theory provided a "concrete and comprehensive counter-proposal to the rejected democratic constitutional state". As an intellectual living and working in Austria, he only played a limited role in the formation and development of the Conservative Revolution, but his thinking also helped shape its main protagonists such as Edgar Julius Jung. Karl Bruckschwaiger (2005) assigns Othmar Spann's thinking to the Conservative Revolution, as defined in Rolf Peter Sieferle's work.
1205:. In it he developed a “social model based on medieval guilds, structured by estates and characterized by hierarchy, which, instead of equal voting rights for the citizens, knew the election of a supreme leader by the leaders of the diverse, structured masses and associations.” According to Spann, the people were neither constituted by the state, nor by race or language, but only through a "spiritual community". Spann saw this in the Germans in their ethnic “people” and their “people’s property”. This universalistic-idealistic social doctrine was directed against rationalism, liberalism, materialism and Marxism and called for a reorganization of state and society on a professional basis (corporate state).
1389: Robert Kriechbaumer states in a similar way(2005) that Spann became “the eloquent and influential prophet of political neo-romanticism” in Austria’s First Republic, whose corporate-authoritarian, anti-liberal ideas influenced academic youth “to a considerable extent.” Stefan Breuer (1995) describes Spann as the "leader of the Catholic Right". Emmerich Tálos (2013) attests Spann to have “theoretically underpinned the criticism of the parliamentary representative system and of the parties as well as the efforts made in connection with the economic crisis to find an authoritarian solution for mediating state and social interests.”
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1406:. Spann's close associate Walter Heinrich became head of the federal organization of the Austrian Home Guard in 1930 and is considered the author of the Korneuburg Oath. Hans Riehl (social scientist), another student of Spann, also served as propaganda director for the federal association. Heinrich founded the Comradeship Association for national and socio-political education (KB), through which Spann's teachings decisively shaped the political movement of the Sudeten Germans before 1938. Its members were also known as the Spannkreis .
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388:. In 1921 the lectures were published in book form under the same title. In his work, he developed a holistic theory based on Adam Heinrich Müller. The anti-democratic and anti-Marxist ideas propagated in it were particularly popular with German nationalist and conservative Catholic student groups in Austria and the Sudetenland and he quickly rose to a cult figure.
380:. The city of Vienna was considered a stronghold of Austro-Marxist positions, and at the law faculty they represented the dominant university philosophy. With the appointment of Spann, the Christian-social teaching administration aimed to create an ideological bulwark against Austrian social democracy and Bolshevism. With his 1920 lecture series entitled
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superior to it", the hierarchically structured social unit took precedence over the individual. Spann thought of the economic system in a tiered structure with the world economy at the top, which is further subdivided in descending order into national economies, regional economies, business associations, companies and individual economists.
292:, Austria. He had three siblings and after the early death of his mother, his father was no longer able to provide for the family. From the age of 12 Spann therefore grew up with his maternal grandmother, whose husband was a former sergeant and whose military-oriented lifestyle was in contrast to that of his father. He attended a
1367:. Helmut Woll also sees Spann in contrast to German Nazism. Woll argues that Spann "proclaimed a more than hundred-year-old Counter-Reformation through his universalism." According to Woll, Spann “essentially only aimed against atheistic individualism, not against Christianity”. Spann used the term
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Spann was popular with students, not only for his lectures which would spill out into the hallways at the
University, but also for mid-summer festivals which he would hold in the woods where he would teach that "the ability to intuit essences was nurtured by jumping over the fire..." (Caldwell 2004,
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In relation to his biography, the historian and ÖVP politician
Geraldario regards Spann as an atypical representative of the Austrian intelligentsia in the 20th century: “He had resisted being taken over by the corporate state and the Nazi dictatorship, but despite the physical injuries he suffered
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was also able to have a certain influence on German political
Catholicism. In particular, the Catholic Academic Association declared Spann's teaching to be its doctrine. According to Walter Euchner et al. (2000), Spann had "considerable influence " on Catholicism in German-speaking countries.
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in the sense
Aristotle understood: "The whole is greater than the sum of its parts." In contrast, according to Alfred Rosenberg, Nazism was directed against the individual in general and demanded the "primacy of race" - for the Nazis, "race" was the universal. "Although Spann and Rosenberg used the
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also count among the social romantics. In doing so, Spann rose with his direction in the interwar period "to the decisive exponent of the socio-romantic world of ideas". Jonas
Hagedorn (2016) emphasizes that Spann's authoritarian-corporatist model of society is only one of a total of three variants
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The universalist teachings of Spann did not describe the world as an atomistic structure in the sense of market theory, but as an organic structure in the sense of structure theory. Within this organic whole, in which "each individual member could only be adequately defined in relation to the unit
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According to
Reinhold Knoll (2005), Spann never identified himself as a fascist or Nazi. He had become the “central figure” of a “new Catholic”, “conservative right” in Germany and Austria. According to Knoll, Spann had the ambition to become the “ideologue of a 'new Germany'” but was clearly
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which was closely related to Nazism. He supported the burning of books, but not the extent of anti-Semitism. Beginning in 1935, his ideas were increasingly attacked by Nazi organs. Between 1936 and 1938, when the NSDAP was banned in
Austria, there was an illegal printing shop in his castle in
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which allowed him to teach and collect fees from students. As early as 1908, Spann began working as the full-time imperial-royal vice-secretary of the statistic central commission in Vienna. He was given the position of creating a new census for
Austria between 1909 and 1910.
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On
October 17, 1906, Spann married the poet Erika Spann-Rheinsch (1880–1967), with whom he had sons Adalbert Spann (1907–1942) and Rafael Spann (1909–1983). The grave of Othmar Spann and his wife has been preserved at the local cemetery in Bergwerk.
365:, Ukraine) on 27 August 1914. When he recovered he was first a commander of a company of Russian prisoners and then until later in 1918 he was given a position on the "scientific committee for wartime economy" with the war Ministry in Vienna.
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in the concentration camp impairments – he was considered persona non grata in the Second
Republic. This manifests an atypical career: Spann managed to be unpopular in three consecutive different phases of Austrian politics."
323:. He was responsible for empirical studies of this population of workers. By the end of 1904 Spann, along with Hermann Beck and Hanns Dorn founded a newspaper called "Critical Pages for the whole Social Sciences".
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has not been implemented in Austria in terms of realpolitik, but has "contributed significantly" to the content of the estate discussion. In this way, Spann had an indirect influence on the Home Guard and, via
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was essentially based on Plato's theory of ideas, medieval German mysticism, Hegel's idealism and the philosophy of romanticism. He published works from these schools of thought in his multi-volume anthology
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Living as a recluse till the end of the war, Spann tried to get his university post back in 1945, aged 67. However, he was not allowed to resume his teaching and died in 1950, disappointed and embittered.
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From 1929, Spann was close to the Home Guard, especially the Styrian Homeland Security Service, with whose leader Walter Pfrimer he also appeared at events and whose publishing house published his essay
1177:) was based on an ontological metaphysics that Spann created by connecting various lines of thought from politics, social science and economics. In terms of the history of ideas, his
1512:"Moral decay in Liberalism, cultural paralysis through Democracy, and final degradation by Socialism", are inevitable. Polanyi, K., "The Essence of Fascism" (1933-4, p. 362, n.1.).
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of corporatism represented by political Catholicism. In sharp contrast to anti-democratic and centralist universalism were the variants of free corporatism, represented by the
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In 1909 he was appointed to the German Technical University in Brno as an extraordinary professor, and from 1911 to 1919 as a full professor of economics and statistics.
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in “overcoming individualistic social and economic theory”. During his academic career, Spann wrote numerous socio-political writings, of which his work
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According to Helmut Woll (1994), Othmar Spann is considered "the most influential economist of the Weimar period". Woll attributes Spann's
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between democracy and Marxism. However, due to differences with the organization’s leadership, he was expelled from the Kampfbund in 1931.
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Umbrüche und Kontinuitäten. Politische Wechsellagen und Karriereverläufe in Österreich nach 1918 – eine unvollständige Gedankenskizze
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Lebenserneuerung – Karl Metzners Erziehungsprogramm für den Deutschböhmischen Wandervogel und die Freie Schulgemeinde Leitmeritz
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Geschichte der sozialen Ideen in Deutschland. Sozialismus – Katholische Soziallehre – Protestantische Sozialethik. Ein Handbuch.
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1996:„Konservative Revolution“ und „Neue Rechte“. Rechtsextremistische Intellektuelle gegen den demokratischen Verfassungsstaat.
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Spann's corporative-authoritarian doctrine also exerted a "great attraction" on the clerical-nationalist party wing of the
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Anthony Carty: "Alfred Verdross and Othmar Spann: German Romantic Nationalism, National Socialism and International Law"
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Othmar Spann was the son of Josef Spann, a manufacturer and inventor. He grew up in Altmannsdorf, a suburban area of
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Kapitalismuskritik im Christentum. Positionen und Diskurse in der Weimarer Republik und der frühen Bundesrepublik.
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Kapitalismuskritik im Christentum. Positionen und Diskurse in der Weimarer Republik und der frühen Bundesrepublik.
1936:
Kapitalismuskritik im Christentum. Positionen und Diskurse in der Weimarer Republik und der frühen Bundesrepublik.
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Geschichte der sozialen Ideen in Deutschland. Sozialismus – Katholische Soziallehre – Protestantische Sozialethik.
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Kapitalismuskritik im Christentum. Positionen und Diskurse in der Weimarer Republik und der frühen Bundesrepublik.
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Kapitalismuskritik im Christentum. Positionen und Diskurse in der Weimarer Republik und der frühen Bundesrepublik.
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currents within political Catholicism, all of which represented "more or less backward-looking, oriented towards
1105:(KfdK).The first public event of the Kampfbund took place on February 23, 1929 in the auditorium maximum of the
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Ludwigstein: Annäherungen an die Geschichte der Burg, Band 11 von Jugendbewegung und Jugendkulturen – Jahrbuch.
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1882:„Konservative Revolution“ und „Neue Rechte“. Rechtsextremistische Intellektuelle gegen den Verfassungsstaat.
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Fašizmus náš slovenský. Korene, podoby a reflexie politickej kultúry fašizmu na Slovensku (1919–1945)
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Fašizmus náš slovenský. Korene, podoby a reflexie politickej kultúry fašizmu na Slovensku (1919–1945)
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Rezeption der nationalsozialistischen Familienpolitik: Eine Analyse über die Auseinandersetzung.
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Rezeption der nationalsozialistischen Familienpolitik: Eine Analyse über die Auseinandersetzung.
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Jonas Hagedorn (2016) judges that Spann's apprenticeship intellectually paved the way for the
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Repeatedly, Spann tried to draw the ruling powers' attention to his authoritarian theory of a
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1769:Österreich-Bild – 80 Jahre Burgenland, ORF vom 26. Januar 2001 12:00, Gestalter: Günter Unger
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Verdrängter Humanismus – verzögerte Aufklärung, Band V. Philosophie in Österreich 1920–1951.
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Verdrängter Humanismus – verzögerte Aufklärung, Band V. Philosophie in Österreich 1920–1951.
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Verdrängter Humanismus – verzögerte Aufklärung, Band V. Philosophie in Österreich 1920–1951.
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Erich Preiser: Wirken und wirtschaftspolitische Wirkungen eines deutschen Nationalökonomen.
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Dritter Weg und wahrer Staat. Othmar Spann - Ideengeber der Konservativen Revolution
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courses, helped antagonise political factions in Austria during the interwar years.
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Kapitalismuskritische Richtungen im deutschen Katholizismus der Zwischenkriegszeit.
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Kapitalismuskritische Richtungen im deutschen Katholizismus der Zwischenkriegszeit.
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Kapitalismuskritische Richtungen im deutschen Katholizismus der Zwischenkriegszeit.
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Kapitalismuskritische Richtungen im deutschen Katholizismus der Zwischenkriegszeit.
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Kapitalismuskritische Richtungen im deutschen Katholizismus der Zwischenkriegszeit.
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1441:. The state ideology of the Slovak State, as formulated by party ideologist
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term universalism," Woll states, "they mean completely different things by it."
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From 1903 to 1907, Spann worked for the "Center for Private Welfare Service" in
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in 1939 and 1941, was inspired to a significant extent by Spann's teachings.
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Othmar Spann: Ein österreichischer Vertreter der konservativen Revolution?
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2214:. Bratislava 2014, S. 137–152 (online 137–156), hier S. 144 (slowakisch).
1437:(“The Inauguration”) and then also represented by the later party leader
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Das Völkische – das Ende der Aufklärung oder der Anfang der Ideologie?.
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In 1938 he was arrested and allegedly interned for four months in the
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Austriaca, n° spécial – Deux fois l'Autriche après 1918 et après 1945
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In 1907, Spann wrote his "Habilitation in Political Economy" for the
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2., durchgesehene und aktualisierte Auflage, Darmstadt 1995, S. 109.
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its first comprehensive philosophical system, and that his idea of
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In 1919, at the instigation of the Austrian Minister of Education
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Die Politik des Dritten Reiches gegenüber der Slowakei 1939–1945.
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Endreß, Martin; Lichtblau, Klaus; Moebius, Stephan, eds. (2015).
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Das austrofaschistische Herrschaftssystem. Österreich 1933–1938.
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In: Michael Benedikt, Reinhold Knoll, Cornelius Zehetner (Hg.):
2011:
In: Michael Benedikt, Reinhold Knoll, Cornelius Zehetner (Hg.):
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In: Michael Benedikt, Reinhold Knoll, Cornelius Zehetner (Hg.):
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and graduated in 1898. Afterwards, he studied philosophy at the
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1782:(1935). Lewis, John; Polanyi, Karl; Kitchin, Donald K. (eds.).
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The Parish Republic: Hlinka's Slovak People's Party 1939–1945.
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In: Matthias Casper, Karl Gabriel, Hans-Richard Reuter (Hg.):
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In: Matthias Casper, Karl Gabriel, Hans-Richard Reuter (Hg.):
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In: Matthias Casper, Karl Gabriel, Hans-Richard Reuter (Hg.):
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In: Matthias Casper, Karl Gabriel, Hans-Richard Reuter (Hg.):
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In: Matthias Casper, Karl Gabriel, Hans-Richard Reuter (Hg.):
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Aufklärung durch Erinnerung. Selbstvergewisserung und Kritik.
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In: Frauke A. Kurbacher, Karel Novotný, Karin Wendt (Hrsg.):
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Spann began to set the direction for his corporatist theory,
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Austrian philosopher, sociologist and economist. His radical
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Hayek's Challenge: An Intellectual Biography of F.A. Hayek.
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312:. He received his doctorate in political science from the
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New York/ London 1976, S. 51 u. 85; Anton Hruboň et al.:
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Die Soziologie und der Nationalsozialismus in Österreich.
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Othmar Spann and the Ideology Austrian Corporate State
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2., durchgesehene Auflage, München/ Wien 1994, S. 70.
1972:
2., durchgesehene Auflage, München/ Wien 1994, S. 67.
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Spann's authoritarian-corporate holistic doctrine of
1790:. London: Victor Gollancz Limited. pp. 359–394.
1680:Bollmus, Reinhard; Mommsen, Hans (1 January 2006).
1325:The universalists around Spann are assigned to the
1197:of 1921 is considered the most important. The term
51:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4235:Austro-Hungarian military personnel of World War I
2121:. University of Georgia Press, Athens/Georgia 1978
2035:Frankfurt am Main 2016, S. 111–141, hier S. 112 f.
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1487:Religionsphilosophie auf geschichtlicher Grundlage
338:. From 1907 to 1909, he was given the position of
2270:Dooyeweerd, Spann, and the Philosophy of Totality
1610:, Göttingen: V&R Unipress, pp. 147–158,
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2208:Štátna ideológia a jej vplyv na charakter režimu
2082:Frankfurt am Main 2016, S. 111–141, hier S. 115.
1938:Frankfurt am Main 2016, S. 111–141, hier S. 123.
1825:Frankfurt am Main 2016, S. 111–141, hier S. 112.
1808:Frankfurt am Main 2016, S. 111–141, hier S. 132.
1321:Placement and influence in political Catholicism
16:Austrian philosopher, sociologist and economist
2063:Die Wirtschaftslehre des deutschen Faschismus.
1970:Die Wirtschaftslehre des deutschen Faschismus.
1679:
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2275:A Historical Tour of the University of Vienna
2212:Slovenský štát 1939–1945: Predstavy a reality
1493:Die Haupttheorien der Volkswirtschafts' Lehre
1101:In 1928 he also became a board member of the
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2828:
2119:The Heimwehr and Austrian Politics 1918–1936
1604:"Reinhold as Mediator of Kantian Philosophy"
1240:Although to a large degree in tune with the
1026:
2764:
1947:Andreas Kranebitter, Christoph Reinprecht:
4255:Militant League for German Culture members
2329:
2315:
2180:. Bratislava 2021, S. 100 f. (slowakisch).
2046:Die „verdrängte“ Soziologie: Othmar Spann.
1849:Die „verdrängte“ Soziologie: Othmar Spann.
1089:
1075:
133:
2206:. Bratislava 2021, S. 103; Martin Pekár:
1918:, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht 2015, S. 340
1644:
111:Learn how and when to remove this message
2336:
2151:. In: Stefan Karner, Lorenz Mikoletzky:
1914:, In:Eckart Conze, Susanne Rappe-Weber,
1838:2. Auflage, Wiesbaden 2005 , S. 716–720.
1601:
1420:
1382:Austrian Dollfuss-Schuschnigg government
1235:
1161:
276:et al. and popularized in his books and
3912:Reflections on the Revolution in France
2155:. Studienverlag, Innsbruck u. a. 2008,
1778:
1602:Schaller, Philipp (15 September 2015),
1375:
4202:
2294:Newspaper clippings about Othmar Spann
2093:Anatomie der konservativen Revolution.
1983:Anatomie der konservativen Revolution.
1788:Christianity and the Social Revolution
1657:10.7591/cornell/9780801452871.001.0001
1531:
1529:
1495:(Heidelberg: Quelle & Meyer 1949).
395:
2310:
2284:European Journal of International Law
2245:, Edizioni Nuova Cultura, Roma 2012.
2052:Wien 2005, S. 460–466, hier S. 465 f.
2023:
2021:
2015:Wien 2005, S. 467–474, hier S. 467 f.
1926:
1924:
1863:
1861:
1189:Spann saw the most important task of
256:(1 October 1878 – 8 July 1950) was a
2243:Othmar Spann. La scienza dell'intero
1901:Würzburg 2007, S. 23–32, hier S. 29.
1871:2. Auflage, Wiesbaden 2005 , S. 716.
1535:
1346:in the social-democratic concept of
49:adding citations to reliable sources
20:
4022:The End of History and the Last Man
3932:Elements of the Philosophy of Right
2132:Faschismus in Österreich 1918–1938.
1951:transcript Verlag, Bielefeld 2019,
1855:Wien 2005, S. 460–466, hier S. 463.
1526:
1252:, he was briefly imprisoned by the
1212:
268:views, based on early 19th century
13:
2018:
1921:
1858:
1686:. Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag.
1683:Das Amt Rosenberg und seine Gegner
1358:Relationship to Fascism and Nazism
1158:had become its guiding principle.
1111:the cultural crisis of the present
852:Alliance for the Future of Austria
14:
4271:
2263:
1398:, on the Christian Social Party.
681:Envy: A Theory of Social Behavior
3992:The Open Society and Its Enemies
1645:Wasserman, Janek (3 July 2014).
1264:, which he had held since 1919.
1226:, winner of the 1974 Nobel prize
1056:
1044:
421:
178:Neustift bei Schlaining, Austria
25:
2799:Family as a model for the state
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1300:Austrian representative of the
1256:and eventually barred from his
1124:From 1933 he was editor of the
1109:, where he gave a speech about
36:needs additional citations for
4149:Separation of church and state
4047:Collectivism and individualism
4002:The Origins of Totalitarianism
2241:Giovanni Franchi (a cura di),
2210:. In: Martina Fiamová et al.:
1760:Springer Verlag, 2000, S. 314.
1750:
1737:
1724:
1673:
1638:
1595:
1560:
1469:Der Schöpfungsgang des Geistes
1448:
1409:Spann, especially in his book
1363:inferior to his Nazi opponent
929:Identitäre Bewegung Österreich
353:From 1914 to 1918, during the
1:
4250:Austrian political scientists
4189:Category:Political philosophy
4062:Critique of political economy
2153:Österreich. 90 Jahre Republik
1732:Die Kunst im Deutschen Reich.
1721:F. Enke Verlag, 1992, S. 187.
1519:
1115:authoritarian corporate state
1103:Kampfbund für deutsche Kultur
1012:German nationalism in Austria
283:
4087:Institutional discrimination
4082:History of political thought
2814:Negative and positive rights
1747:F. Enke Verlag, 1992, S. 42.
1651:. Cornell University Press.
1283:
1278:
7:
4097:Justification for the state
3882:Two Treatises of Government
2298:20th Century Press Archives
2259:. Regin-Verlag, Kiel, 2010.
2236:University of Chicago Press
1734:DuMont Verlag, 1983, S. 88.
1150:wrote that Spann had given
1126:Ständisches Leben magazine,
10:
4276:
2767:Bellum omnium contra omnes
2163:, S. 331–343, hier S. 342.
1616:10.14220/9783737004817.147
1404:Die Irrungen des Marxismus
862:Christian Party of Austria
4184:
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3184:
3064:
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2344:
2138:, vol. 1/3 (Juillet 1978)
1985:Darmstadt 1995, S. 193 f.
1579:10.1007/978-3-658-03960-8
1269:Dachau concentration camp
247:
235:
207:
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187:
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167:
141:
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125:
3972:The Revolt of the Masses
1784:"The Essence of Fascism"
1499:
1475:Gesellschaftsphilosophie
894:The Reform Conservatives
867:Freedom Party of Austria
579:Federal State of Austria
481:Catholic social teaching
448:Conservative corporatism
4260:Conservatism in Austria
3952:The Communist Manifesto
2878:Tyranny of the majority
2789:Consent of the governed
1994:Armin Pfahl-Traughber:
1880:Armin Pfahl-Traughber:
1867:Walter Euchner et al.:
1314:Conservative Revolution
1302:Conservative Revolution
1051:Conservatism portal
1007:Conservatism in Germany
879:Catholic People's Party
857:Austrian People's Party
414:Conservatism in Austria
192:20th-century philosophy
2829:
2779:Clash of civilizations
2765:
2286:Vol.6, No.1 (see also
2172:Yeshayahu A. Jelinek:
1998:Opladen 1998, S. 62 f.
1536:Haag, John J. (1966).
1459:(The True State, 1921)
1027:
962:Salzburger Nachrichten
884:Christian Social Party
703:von Coudenhove-Kalergi
314:University of Tübingen
4245:Austrian philosophers
2794:Divine right of kings
2202:Anton Hruboň et al.:
2007:Karl Bruckschwaiger:
1692:10.1524/9783486595543
1421:Influence in Slovakia
1309:Armin Pfahl-Traughber
1236:Removal from teaching
917:Black-Yellow Alliance
526:Political Catholicism
4230:People from Meidling
3942:Democracy in America
3321:political philosophy
3304:political philosophy
3119:political philosophy
2948:political philosophy
2858:Separation of powers
2819:Night-watchman state
2804:Monopoly on violence
2338:Political philosophy
1884:Opladen 1998, S. 63.
1376:Influence in Austria
1337:, Joseph Eberle and
1262:University of Vienna
1107:University of Munich
969:Tiroler Tageszeitung
627:von Kuehnelt-Leddihn
458:Liberal conservatism
438:Austrian nationalism
374:University of Vienna
298:University of Vienna
227:Political philosophy
45:improve this article
4240:Austrian economists
4220:Writers from Vienna
4132:Right-wing politics
4012:A Theory of Justice
3982:The Road to Serfdom
3902:The Social Contract
2609:Christian democracy
2117:C. Earl Edmondson:
1756:Detlef J. Blesgen:
1344:Catholic socialists
486:Class collaboration
443:Christian democracy
396:Activism and career
272:ideas expressed by
4144:Political violence
4139:Political theology
4122:Left-wing politics
4117:Political spectrum
2130:Willibald Holzer:
2108:Wien 2013, S. 9 f.
1348:economic democracy
1292:to the history of
1156:anti-individualism
1145:social philosopher
1063:Austria portal
574:Congress of Vienna
559:Austrian Civil War
453:Green conservatism
302:political sciences
202:Western Philosophy
4197:
4196:
4107:Philosophy of law
4052:Conflict theories
3892:The Spirit of Law
3799:
3798:
2848:Original position
2147:Gerald Schöpfer:
1957:978-3-8394-4733-8
1730:Reinhard Merker:
1701:978-3-486-59554-3
1666:978-0-8014-5287-1
1625:978-3-8471-0481-0
1588:978-3-658-03959-2
1339:Ernst Karl Winter
1219:Oskar Morgenstern
1201:is also used for
1099:
1098:
1002:Austrian nobility
671:Sex and Character
584:Habsburg monarchy
359:Battle of Lemberg
251:
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242:Corporate statism
222:Social philosophy
121:
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2760:Balance of power
2734:Social democracy
2729:Social Darwinism
2704:Multiculturalism
2649:Environmentalism
2624:Communitarianism
2331:
2324:
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2308:
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2255:Sebastian Maaß,
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2074:Jonas Hagedorn:
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1443:Štefan Polakovič
1384:. Spann's
1365:Alfred Rosenberg
1213:Notable students
1142:Austro-Hungarian
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2868:State of nature
2863:Social contract
2843:Ordered liberty
2831:Noblesse oblige
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2228:Caldwell, Bruce
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1456:Der wahre Staat
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554:Austria-Hungary
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382:The True State,
370:Emerich Czermak
355:First World War
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4067:Egalitarianism
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990:
987:
986:
979:
976:Wiener Zeitung
972:
965:
958:
951:
948:Kleine Zeitung
943:
940:
939:
936:
935:
932:
931:
926:
919:
913:
910:
909:
906:
905:
902:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
870:
869:
864:
859:
854:
845:
842:
841:
838:
837:
834:
833:
828:
823:
818:
812:
809:
808:
805:
804:
801:
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
775:
770:
765:
763:de Paula Maria
760:
758:von Metternich
755:
750:
745:
740:
735:
730:
725:
720:
715:
710:
705:
699:
696:
695:
692:
691:
688:
687:
677:
666:
663:
662:
659:
658:
655:
654:
649:
644:
639:
634:
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
604:
598:
595:
594:
591:
590:
587:
586:
581:
576:
571:
566:
561:
556:
550:
547:
546:
543:
542:
539:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
472:
469:
468:
465:
464:
461:
460:
455:
450:
445:
440:
434:
431:
430:
427:
426:
418:
417:
409:
408:
397:
394:
378:Austro-Marxism
300:, followed by
285:
282:
266:anti-socialist
249:
248:
245:
244:
239:
236:
233:
232:
230:
229:
224:
219:
213:
211:
209:Main interests
208:
205:
204:
199:
195:
194:
189:
185:
184:
181:
180:
177:
175:(aged 71)
169:
165:
164:
155:Altmannsdorf,
154:
152:1 October 1878
143:
139:
138:
130:
129:
126:
119:
118:
60:"Othmar Spann"
33:
31:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4272:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4207:
4205:
4190:
4187:
4186:
4183:
4177:
4176:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4119:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4092:Jurisprudence
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4039:
4037:
4033:
4024:
4023:
4019:
4014:
4013:
4009:
4004:
4003:
3999:
3994:
3993:
3989:
3984:
3983:
3979:
3974:
3973:
3969:
3964:
3963:
3959:
3954:
3953:
3949:
3944:
3943:
3939:
3934:
3933:
3929:
3924:
3923:
3922:Rights of Man
3919:
3914:
3913:
3909:
3904:
3903:
3899:
3894:
3893:
3889:
3884:
3883:
3879:
3874:
3873:
3869:
3864:
3863:
3859:
3854:
3853:
3849:
3844:
3843:
3839:
3834:
3833:
3832:De re publica
3829:
3824:
3823:
3819:
3814:
3813:
3809:
3808:
3806:
3802:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3452:20th and 21st
3450:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3322:
3319:
3318:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3185:18th and 19th
3183:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3063:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3041:Nizam al-Mulk
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2982:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2885:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2751:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2724:Republicanism
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2585:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2514:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2332:
2327:
2325:
2320:
2318:
2313:
2312:
2309:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2292:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2258:
2254:
2252:
2251:9788861348042
2248:
2244:
2240:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2199:
2193:1969, S. 187.
2192:
2186:
2179:
2175:
2169:
2162:
2161:3-7065-4664-7
2158:
2154:
2150:
2144:
2137:
2133:
2127:
2120:
2114:
2107:
2101:
2094:
2088:
2081:
2077:
2071:
2064:
2061:Helmut Woll:
2058:
2051:
2047:
2041:
2034:
2030:
2024:
2022:
2014:
2010:
2004:
1997:
1991:
1984:
1978:
1971:
1968:Helmut Woll:
1965:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1944:
1937:
1933:
1927:
1925:
1917:
1913:
1907:
1900:
1896:
1890:
1883:
1877:
1870:
1864:
1862:
1854:
1850:
1844:
1837:
1831:
1824:
1820:
1814:
1807:
1803:
1797:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1780:Polanyi, Karl
1775:
1766:
1759:
1753:
1746:
1740:
1733:
1727:
1720:
1714:
1712:
1703:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1684:
1676:
1668:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1649:
1641:
1627:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1598:
1590:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1571:
1563:
1548:
1541:
1540:
1532:
1530:
1525:
1509:
1505:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1453:
1452:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1418:
1414:
1412:
1407:
1405:
1399:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1383:
1373:
1370:
1366:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1340:
1336:
1335:Karl Lugmayer
1332:
1328:
1318:
1316:
1315:
1310:
1307:According to
1303:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1276:
1272:
1270:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1258:professorship
1255:
1251:
1250:
1245:
1244:
1231:
1230:Eric Voegelin
1228:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1210:
1206:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1185:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1165:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1130:
1127:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1092:
1087:
1085:
1080:
1078:
1073:
1072:
1070:
1069:
1064:
1054:
1052:
1042:
1041:
1040:
1039:
1031:
1030:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1017:Pan Germanism
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
999:
993:
992:
985:
984:
980:
978:
977:
973:
971:
970:
966:
964:
963:
959:
957:
956:
952:
950:
949:
945:
944:
938:
937:
930:
927:
925:
924:
920:
918:
915:
914:
911:Organisations
908:
907:
900:
899:Team Stronach
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
876:
875:
874:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
849:
848:
840:
839:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
813:
807:
806:
799:
798:von Vogelsang
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
733:von Hohenwart
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
700:
694:
693:
683:
682:
678:
673:
672:
668:
667:
661:
660:
653:
652:von Vogelsang
650:
648:
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
599:
596:Intellectuals
593:
592:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
551:
545:
544:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
501:Family values
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
473:
467:
466:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
435:
429:
428:
424:
420:
419:
416:
411:
410:
406:
402:
401:
393:
389:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
366:
364:
360:
356:
351:
348:
345:
343:
337:
333:
328:
324:
322:
317:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
281:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
246:
243:
240:
237:Notable ideas
234:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
214:
212:
206:
203:
200:
196:
193:
190:
186:
182:
170:
166:
162:
158:
144:
140:
136:
131:
124:
115:
112:
104:
101:February 2017
93:
90:
86:
83:
79:
76:
72:
69:
65:
62: –
61:
57:
56:Find sources:
50:
46:
40:
39:
34:This article
32:
28:
23:
22:
19:
4173:
4072:Elite theory
4020:
4010:
4000:
3990:
3980:
3970:
3960:
3950:
3940:
3930:
3920:
3910:
3900:
3890:
3880:
3870:
3860:
3850:
3840:
3830:
3820:
3810:
3755:
3109:Guicciardini
3065:Early modern
2888:Philosophers
2838:Open society
2774:Body politic
2644:Distributism
2634:Conservatism
2629:Confucianism
2548:Gerontocracy
2538:Dictatorship
2492:Sovereignty
2482:Ruling class
2372:Emancipation
2357:Citizenship
2283:
2256:
2242:
2231:
2222:Bibliography
2211:
2207:
2203:
2198:
2190:
2185:
2177:
2173:
2168:
2152:
2148:
2143:
2135:
2131:
2126:
2118:
2113:
2105:
2100:
2092:
2087:
2079:
2075:
2070:
2062:
2057:
2049:
2045:
2040:
2032:
2028:
2012:
2008:
2003:
1995:
1990:
1982:
1977:
1969:
1964:
1948:
1943:
1935:
1931:
1915:
1911:
1906:
1898:
1894:
1889:
1881:
1876:
1868:
1852:
1848:
1843:
1835:
1830:
1822:
1818:
1813:
1805:
1801:
1796:
1787:
1774:
1765:
1757:
1752:
1744:
1739:
1731:
1726:
1718:
1682:
1675:
1648:Black Vienna
1647:
1640:
1631:12 September
1629:, retrieved
1607:
1597:
1569:
1562:
1550:. Retrieved
1538:
1508:
1492:
1486:
1480:
1474:
1468:
1462:
1454:
1434:
1424:
1415:
1410:
1408:
1403:
1400:
1396:Ignaz Seipel
1391:Universalism
1390:
1386:universalism
1385:
1379:
1369:universalism
1368:
1361:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1330:
1326:
1324:
1312:
1306:
1301:
1290:universalism
1289:
1287:
1273:
1266:
1247:
1241:
1239:
1207:
1203:universalism
1202:
1198:
1194:
1191:universalism
1190:
1188:
1183:
1179:universalism
1178:
1174:
1171:universalism
1170:
1168:
1164:universalism
1163:
1155:
1148:Karl Polanyi
1131:
1125:
1123:
1118:
1110:
1100:
1029:Überfremdung
981:
974:
967:
960:
953:
946:
921:
872:
871:
846:
723:von Habsburg
679:
669:
646:
531:Subsidiarity
390:
386:universalism
385:
381:
367:
352:
349:
342:Privatdozent
339:
329:
325:
318:
294:Bürgerschule
293:
287:
262:anti-liberal
258:conservative
254:Othmar Spann
253:
252:
173:(1950-07-08)
127:Othmar Spann
107:
98:
88:
81:
74:
67:
55:
43:Please help
38:verification
35:
18:
4215:1950 deaths
4210:1878 births
3946:(1835–1840)
3826:(c. 350 BC)
3816:(c. 375 BC)
3433:Tocqueville
3398:Saint-Simon
3363:Montesquieu
3214:Bolingbroke
3146:Machiavelli
3026:Ibn Khaldun
2991:Alpharabius
2984:Middle Ages
2809:Natural law
2784:Common good
2709:Nationalism
2669:Imperialism
2639:Corporatism
2614:Colonialism
2594:Agrarianism
2573:Technocracy
2553:Meritocracy
2533:Bureaucracy
2523:Aristocracy
2288:nationalism
1545:. Houston:
1449:Major works
1352:solidarists
1350:and by the
1331:romanticism
1119:“third way”
1022:Remigration
788:Starhemberg
753:Schuschnigg
697:Politicians
506:Imperialism
491:Clericalism
274:Adam Müller
171:8 July 1950
4204:Categories
4154:Separatism
3962:On Liberty
3862:The Prince
3591:Huntington
3094:Campanella
3021:al-Ghazali
2970:Thucydides
2928:Lactantius
2873:Statolatry
2699:Monarchism
2679:Liberalism
2604:Capitalism
2587:Ideologies
2568:Plutocracy
2516:Government
2472:Revolution
2457:Propaganda
2407:Legitimacy
2382:Government
1520:References
1439:Jozef Tiso
1138:Nazi Party
1129:Bergwerk.
983:Österreich
831:Tschugguel
773:Rosenkranz
664:Literature
521:Organicism
511:Monarchism
470:Principles
432:Ideologies
332:Hochschule
284:Early life
148:1878-10-01
71:newspapers
3872:Leviathan
3852:Monarchia
3846:(c. 1274)
3681:Oakeshott
3626:Mansfield
3621:Luxemburg
3606:Kropotkin
3501:Bernstein
3454:centuries
3368:Nietzsche
3311:Jefferson
3239:Condorcet
3187:centuries
3166:Pufendorf
3031:Marsilius
2918:Confucius
2903:Aristotle
2896:Antiquity
2824:Noble lie
2744:Third Way
2739:Socialism
2664:Feudalism
2619:Communism
2599:Anarchism
2578:Theocracy
2563:Oligarchy
2543:Democracy
2528:Autocracy
2442:Pluralism
2427:Obedience
2392:Hierarchy
2352:Authority
1959:, S. 28f.
1429:party in
1284:Economics
1279:Reception
1249:Anschluss
1243:Zeitgeist
1162:Spannian
821:Schönfeld
810:Activists
718:von Gentz
617:von Hayek
612:von Gentz
536:Tradition
321:Frankfurt
316:in 1903.
217:Economics
4127:Centrism
3822:Politics
3812:Republic
3781:Voegelin
3761:Spengler
3746:Shariati
3721:Rothbard
3676:Nussbaum
3576:Habermas
3551:Fukuyama
3541:Foucault
3466:Ambedkar
3443:Voltaire
3413:de Staël
3388:Rousseau
3269:Franklin
3244:Constant
3204:Beccaria
3036:Muhammad
3016:Gelasius
3001:Averroes
2975:Xenophon
2955:Polybius
2908:Chanakya
2753:Concepts
2719:Populism
2689:Localism
2674:Islamism
2659:Feminism
2558:Monarchy
2462:Property
2452:Progress
2417:Monopoly
2387:Hegemony
1570:Zyklos 1
1431:Slovakia
1199:spannism
1175:Spannism
923:Heimwehr
778:Schüssel
748:Nehammer
708:Dollfuss
632:Mannheim
405:a series
403:Part of
270:Romantic
4164:Statism
4077:Elitism
4035:Related
3836:(51 BC)
3766:Strauss
3741:Scruton
3736:Schmitt
3726:Russell
3646:Michels
3641:Maurras
3636:Marcuse
3596:Kautsky
3566:Gramsci
3561:Gentile
3531:Dworkin
3521:Du Bois
3516:Dmowski
3511:Chomsky
3506:Burnham
3491:Benoist
3461:Agamben
3428:Thoreau
3418:Stirner
3408:Spencer
3353:Mazzini
3343:Maistre
3338:Madison
3333:Le Play
3264:Fourier
3229:Carlyle
3209:Bentham
3199:Bastiat
3194:Bakunin
3171:Spinoza
3161:Müntzer
3131:Leibniz
3104:Grotius
3084:Bossuet
3051:Plethon
2996:Aquinas
2965:Sun Tzu
2933:Mencius
2923:Han Fei
2694:Marxism
2654:Fascism
2487:Society
2412:Liberty
2397:Justice
2377:Freedom
2300:of the
2296:in the
1608:Detours
1552:29 July
1489:(1947).
1483:(1937).
1477:(1932).
1471:(1928).
1465:(1924).
1260:at the
1152:Fascism
873:Defunct
843:Parties
826:Sellner
783:Stadler
642:Schoeck
548:History
392:138-9)
361:, (now
278:lecture
85:scholar
4026:(1992)
4016:(1971)
4006:(1951)
3996:(1945)
3986:(1944)
3976:(1929)
3966:(1859)
3956:(1848)
3936:(1820)
3926:(1791)
3916:(1790)
3906:(1762)
3896:(1748)
3886:(1689)
3876:(1651)
3866:(1532)
3856:(1313)
3786:Walzer
3776:Taylor
3731:Sartre
3696:Popper
3691:Pareto
3686:Ortega
3671:Nozick
3661:Mouffe
3611:Laclau
3571:Guénon
3556:Gandhi
3496:Berlin
3486:Bauman
3481:Badiou
3471:Arendt
3438:Tucker
3328:Le Bon
3289:Herder
3279:Haller
3274:Godwin
3259:Fichte
3254:Engels
3249:Cortés
3219:Bonald
3176:Suárez
3151:Milton
3141:Luther
3114:Hobbes
3099:Filmer
3089:Calvin
3074:Boétie
3067:period
3046:Ockham
2913:Cicero
2714:Nazism
2502:Utopia
2477:Rights
2467:Regime
2437:People
2422:Nation
2249:
2238:. 2004
2159:
1955:
1698:
1663:
1622:
1585:
1435:Nástup
847:Active
793:Taaffe
728:Haider
685:(1966)
675:(1903)
637:Müller
607:Burger
602:Berger
306:Zürich
290:Vienna
198:Region
157:Vienna
87:
80:
73:
66:
58:
4175:Index
3804:Works
3791:Weber
3756:Spann
3751:Sorel
3716:Röpke
3711:Rawls
3666:Negri
3656:Mosca
3651:Mises
3616:Lenin
3586:Hoppe
3581:Hayek
3546:Fromm
3536:Evola
3526:Dugin
3423:Taine
3403:Smith
3383:Renan
3378:Paine
3299:Iqbal
3284:Hegel
3234:Comte
3224:Burke
3136:Locke
3126:James
3079:Bodin
3011:Dante
3006:Bruni
2960:Shang
2943:Plato
2497:State
2447:Power
2432:Peace
2367:Elite
2345:Terms
1543:(PDF)
1500:Notes
1427:Ludak
1294:dogma
1254:Nazis
1117:as a
941:Media
816:Feigl
738:Klaus
647:Spann
336:Brünn
92:JSTOR
78:books
3706:Rand
3701:Qutb
3601:Kirk
3476:Aron
3393:Sade
3373:Owen
3358:Mill
3348:Marx
3316:Kant
3294:Hume
3156:More
3056:Wang
2938:Mozi
2362:Duty
2247:ISBN
2234:The
2157:ISBN
2134:In:
1953:ISBN
1696:ISBN
1661:ISBN
1633:2022
1620:ISBN
1583:ISBN
1554:2020
768:Raab
743:Kurz
713:Figl
496:Duty
363:Lviv
310:Bern
308:and
264:and
168:Died
142:Born
64:news
3771:Sun
3631:Mao
2507:War
2402:Law
2302:ZBW
1688:doi
1653:doi
1612:doi
1575:doi
334:in
304:of
188:Era
47:by
4206::
2282:,
2230:.
2020:^
1923:^
1860:^
1786:.
1710:^
1694:.
1659:.
1618:,
1606:,
1581:.
1573:.
1528:^
1354:.
1296:.
1186:.
407:on
159:,
2330:e
2323:t
2316:v
2290:)
1704:.
1690::
1669:.
1655::
1614::
1591:.
1577::
1556:.
1090:e
1083:t
1076:v
344:"
340:"
150:)
146:(
114:)
108:(
103:)
99:(
89:·
82:·
75:·
68:·
41:.
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