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Nevertheless, lecturing is not the most effective method for promoting student thought, changing attitudes, or teaching behavioral skills. Bligh summarises research on memory to show the significance of the meaningfulness of material on retention (Marks and Miller 1964) and the importance of immediate rehearsal of information (Bassey 1968). He relates his own research on arousal during lectures to suggest a decrement in attention during the first 25 minutes. Lloyd (1968) and Scerbo et al. (1992) showed that students take less and less notes as lectures proceed. Bligh shows that after a short break filled by buzz group discussion, attention will recover somewhat. The largest section of Bligh's book is devoted to lecturing technique, particularly the organisation of lectures, how to make a point, the effectiveness of taking notes, the use of handouts, and ways of obtaining feedback. Early editions of the book contained a reply paid evaluation card. This research showed that the section on alternative teaching methods within lectures was the most highly praised.
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Lecturing also permits the dissemination of unpublished or not readily available material. Another advantage would be for the lecturer to attract students. A vivid personality with a kind and respectful attitude in the classroom may help to recruit prospective Master and PhD students for a lecturer's own academic research.
371:
237:). Many lecturers were, and still are, accustomed to simply reading their own notes from the lectern for exactly that purpose. Nevertheless, modern lectures generally incorporate additional activities, e.g. writing on a chalk-board, exercises, class questions and discussions, or student presentations.
335:
There has been much debate as to whether or not lecturing actually improves student learning in the classroom. Commonly cited disadvantages of lecture include: placing students in a passive (rather than an active) role, encouraging one-way communication, requiring significant out-of-class time for
298:
in which teachers who know give knowledge to students who do not and are therefore supposed to have nothing worth contributing." Based on his review of numerous studies, he concludes that lecturing is as effective, but not more effective, as any other teaching method in transmitting information.
302:
The conception of the lecture as needing to be a didactic event has been challenged by
Meltzer and Manivannan (2002) and Sandry (2005) who maintain that lectures can involve active learning. However, Elliot (2005) sees difficulties in the encouragement of active learning with phenomena such as
211:
was for the instructor to read from an original source to a class of students who took notes on the lecture. The reading from original sources evolved into the reading of glosses on an original and then more generally to lecture notes. Throughout much of history, the diffusion of knowledge via
326:
The effectiveness of traditional lecture is and has been debated. Some advantages of lecturing include: quick exposure to new material, greater teacher control in the classroom, an engaging format, which may complement and clarify course material, and facilitating large-class communication.
248:
has changed the form of lectures, e.g. video, graphics, websites, or prepared exercises may be included. Most commonly, however, only outlines composed of "bullet points" are presented. Critics such as
103:, or even a business person's sales presentation may be similar in form to a lecture. Usually the lecturer will stand at the front of the room and recite information relevant to the lecture's content.
480:
during the mid-19th century. It referred to the custom of inviting noted speakers to deliver private lectures, which were typically hosted in the parlors of wealthy and socially influential families.
129:
Lectures have a significant role outside the classroom, as well. Academic and scientific awards routinely include a lecture as part of the honor, and academic conferences often center on "
229:
Even in the twentieth century, the lecture notes taken by students, or prepared by a scholar for a lecture, have sometimes achieved wide circulation (see, for example, the genesis of
110:, universities have not yet found practical alternative teaching methods for the large majority of their courses. Critics point out that lecturing is mainly a one-way method of
859:
559:
Marks L.E. and Miller G.A. The role of semantic and syntactic constraints in memorization of
English sentences. Journal of verbal learning and verbal behavior 1964 3(1)
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While lecturing is generally accepted as an effective form of instruction, there have been some prominent educators who have succeeded without the help of lectures.
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A lecture at the
University of Bologna in Italy in the mid-fourteenth century. The lecturer reads from a text on the lectern while students in the back sleep.
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causing audience members to be reluctant to participate. A possible solution to the encouragement of audience involvement in lectures is the use of an
157:, and other organizations have hosted lectures in furtherance of their missions or their constituents' interests. Lectures represent a continuation of
773:
Newton, Philip (2016). "Academic integrity: a quantitative study of confidence and understanding in students at the start of their higher education".
318:
Shoufan (2020) argues that with a proper usage of learning technology, the lecture can be omitted and completely replaced by learning activities.
347:
College is a place where a professor’s lecture notes go straight to the students’ lecture notes, without passing through the brains of either.
199:" is from the 16th century. The verb "to lecture" is attested from 1590. The noun "lectern" refers to the reading desk used by lecturers.
99:. Lectures are used to convey critical information, history, background, theories, and equations. A politician's speech, a minister's
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892:
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390:, or laboratory experiment sessions as a means of further actively involving students. Often these supplemental sections are led by
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A modified lecture format, generally presented in 5 to 15 minute short segments, is now commonly presented as video, for example in
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145:, for instance, historically have hosted numerous free and public lectures on a wide variety of matters. Similarly, churches,
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contend that this style of lecture bombards the audience with unnecessary and possibly distracting or confusing graphics.
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Michael Bassey
Learning methods in tertiary education. Internal paper Nottingham Regional College of Technology 1968.
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122:. Lectures delivered by talented speakers can be highly stimulating; at the very least, lectures have survived in
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as a quick, cheap, and efficient way of introducing large numbers of students to a particular field of study.
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195:"to read." Its subsequent meaning as "oral discourse on a given subject before an audience for purposes of
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students to engage with the material, and requiring the speaker to possess effective speaking skills.
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The noun "lecture" dates from 14th century, meaning "action of reading, that which is read," from the
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562:
Scerbo W.M. Warm J.S. Dember W.N. and Grasha A.E. The role of time and cueing in a college lecture.
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in contrast to textual communication in books and other media. Lectures may be considered a type of
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intended to present information or teach people about a particular subject, for example by a
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Shoufan, Abdulhadi (2020). "Lecture-Free
Classroom: Fully Active Learning on Moodle".
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The criticisms of lectures are often summarized by a quote generally misattributed to
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650:"Grey Literature - GreySource, A Selection of Web-based Resources in Grey Literature"
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courses relying on lectures supplement them with smaller discussion sections,
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624:"Lecturing: Advantages and Disadvantages of the Traditional Lecture Method"
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885:"The Professor's Lecture Notes Go Straight to the Students' Lecture Notes"
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that does not involve significant audience participation but relies upon
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handwritten lecture notes was an essential element of academic life.
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The
Cognitive Style of PowerPoint: Pitching Out Corrupts Within
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which allows audience members to participate anonymously.
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Jane
Mackworth Vigilance and habituation. Penguin 1970
1034:(The Chronicle of Higher Education, June 20, 2008)
705:
410:. Those other forms of academic teaching include
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1032:Short and sweet: Technology shrinks the lecture
775:Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education
118:. Therefore, lecturing is often contrasted to
879:
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742:(5th ed.). Intellect Books. p. 316.
852:"Advantages & Disadvantages of Lecturing"
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137:has a long history in the sciences and in
964:Paul, Annie Murphy (September 12, 2015).
686:What we're learning from online education
106:Though lectures are much criticised as a
712:Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning
472:lecture" gained currency throughout the
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224:The Anatomy Lecture of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp
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294:, argues that lectures "represent a
985:Worthen, Molly (October 17, 2015).
909:is more likely the original writer.
564:Contemporary Educational Psychology
260:(MOOCs) or in programs such as the
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949:13th Networked Learning Conference
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630:from the original on 11 March 2014
14:
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862:from the original on 2 April 2015
593:The Cognitive Style of PowerPoint
180:lecturing using a projected slide
895:from the original on May 2, 2013
376:Tampere University of Technology
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32:Australian Defence Force Academy
1009:The Lecture in College Teaching
941:Fuller, Steve (April 8, 2014).
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966:"Are College Lectures Unfair?"
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244:presentation software such as
235:Cours de linguistique générale
1:
787:10.1080/02602938.2015.1024199
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321:
905:. This source suggests that
858:. South Alabama University.
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7:
739:What's the use of lectures?
706:J. Scott Armstrong (2012).
512:What's the Use of Lectures?
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292:What's the Use of Lectures?
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258:massive open online courses
19:For the academic rank, see
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360:Civil lecture at Budapest
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1006:Bane, Charles L. (1930).
430:, practical application,
478:United States of America
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309:evaluation apprehension
296:conception of education
133:", i.e., lectures. The
1063:Educational psychology
1012:. Boston: Gorham Press
951:. Edinburgh University
755:Ch.1 and Ch. 3 reprint
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584:, 2006, 2nd edition).
566:1992 17(4) pp 312–328.
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919:Gaskell's Compendium
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207:The practice in the
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406:rather than senior
400:teaching assistants
209:medieval university
1058:Oral communication
924:2008-12-02 at the
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