126:
985:, suggesting that the genus may once have had a wider range of foods. In a study of the boring morphological diversity of Osedax, it was shown that the species difference of bone-boring is highly variable; within the same species, the boring morphology is only consistent in a particular bone, but not consistent in different bones. It was also suggested that multiple species of Osedax can co-exist in the same bone and in an incomplete spatial
507:, were not observed in the spawned oocytes, which suggests that they are acquired after the worms settle on the bones. In the adult, the bacteria are localised in the root-like structures that grow into the whale bone. This worm appears to be highly fecund and reproduces continuously. This may help explain why
917:
2605:
Moggioli, Giacomo; Panossian, Balig; Sun, Yanan; Thiel, Daniel; Martín-Zamora, Francisco M.; Tran, Martin; Clifford, Alexander M.; Goffredi, Shana K.; Rimskaya-Korsakova, Nadezhda; Jékely, Gáspár; Tresguerres, Martin; Qian, Pei-Yuan; Qiu, Jian-Wen; Rouse, Greg W.; Henry, Lee M. (May 17, 2023).
960:
have also been observed colonizing terrestrial mammal bones mixed in with galley waste from a surface vessel. Other scientists have countered this hypothesis by pointing out how the cow bone experiment does not match any natural habitat and also the low probability of terrestrial mammal bones
550:
carcass that had been washed ashore had been sunk to a depth of 120 m (390 ft) and monitored for several months. Biologists were surprised to find that, unlike the previous discoveries, the new species, colloquially known as "bone-eating snot flower" after its scientific name
433:
skin by absorbing harmful acid. Another potential function of the mucus sheath is that it could inhibit the breakdown of the worm's bone matrix. This is significant because the bone matrix is integral in maintaining the worm's position while in direct contact with a bone.
339:
are colorful tubeworms that have no mouth, anus, or gut. The body is divided into different regions: trunk, ovisac, and root. They range in length between 2.5 to 7 cm (1 to 3 inches), although this varies between species (cite). Sexual dimorphism is observed in
442:
Osedax males are notably smaller than their female counterparts. Between 50 and 100 microscopic dwarf males live inside the tube surrounding a single female and never develop past the larval stage and produce sperm. Male dwarfism prevents competition with female
3020:
Alfaro-Lucas, Joan M.; Shimabukuro, Maurício; Ferreira, Giulia D.; Kitazato, Hiroshi; Fujiwara, Yoshihiro; Sumida, Paulo Y.G. (December 2017). "Bone-eating Osedax worms (Annelida: Siboglinidae) regulate biodiversity of deep-sea whale-fall communities".
469:
lack the frequently observed sexual size dimorphism, and males have similar size to females. This results in competition for space and food. These male worms are able to produce more sperm. However, sexual size dimorphism is still observed in
750:
has suggested an evolved dependency on its endosymbionts. This is revealed by genomic streamlining, where increased functional groups were observed despite the loss of some gene families. Six incomplete pathways were discovered in the
428:
roots are covered by a mucus sheath that helps protect the worm's trunk. Some studies support the theory that this sheath plays a role in dissolving the bone. This sheath could also play an important role in reducing the damage to
2523:
Goffredi, Shana K.; Panossian, Balig; Brzechffa, Camille; Field, Naomi; King, Chad; Moggioli, Giacomo; Rouse, Greg W.; Martín-Durán, José M.; Henry, Lee M. (June 29, 2023). Dubilier, Nicole (ed.).
604:
1 day after settling on bones, larvae use two pairs of chaetae to attach to the substrate. Juvenile worms begin to secrete mucus and develop two ventral palps on the dorsal side of the prostomium.
1432:
Higgs, Nicholas D.; Glover, Adrian G.; Dahlgren, Thomas G.; Smith, Craig R.; Fujiwara, Yoshihiro; Pradillon, Florence; Johnson, Shannon B.; Vrijenhoek, Robert C.; Little, Crispin T. S. (2014).
1102:
1093:
could have had negative impact in preserving fossil record because its appearance at the shelf-depth combined with its ability to efficiently break down marine vertebrates skeletons.
952:
are able to colonize a variety of vertebrate remains besides whalebones. This hypothesis is supported by an experiment involving cow bones suspended above the sea floor. A variety of
522:
are microscopic dwarfs that live as "harems" inside the lumen of the gelatinous tube that surrounds each female. An individual female can house hundreds of these males in her tube.
104:
1433:
1913:
Goffredi, S. K.; Orphan, V. J.; Rouse, G. W.; Jahnke, L.; Embaye, T.; Turk, K.; Lee, R.; Vrijenhoek, R. C. (2005). "Evolutionary innovation: a bone-eating marine symbiosis".
328:, at a depth of 2,893 m (9,491 ft). Over one million dollars have been donated to the Monterey Bay Aquarium for the bone worm, and over one million bones .
1242:
1154:
399:
The epidermis also plays key roles in bone deterioration and nutrient uptake. This process of bone deterioration occurs through a symbiotic relationship with an
2741:"Genetic mechanisms of bone digestion and nutrient absorption in the bone-eating worm Osedax japonicus inferred from transcriptome and gene expression analyses"
3437:
407:
root region are responsible for the secretion of digestive enzymes. The epidermis also has an expanded microvillus border which increases the surface area.
1196:
1118:
1866:
G. W. Rouse; N. G. Wilson; S. K. Goffredi; S. B. Johnson; T. Smart; C. Widmer; C. M. Young & R. C. Vrijenhoek (2009). "Spawning and development in
961:
arriving at the ocean floor in significant quantities. They also point out other cases of food falls in which the remains disappeared too swiftly for
1278:
1144:
3589:
1200:
503:
at a time. They are already fertilized when they are released from the female worm. The worms' endosymbionts, species of bacteria in the order
3602:
3442:
2445:
Goffredi, Shana K; Yi, Hana; Zhang, Qingpeng; Klann, Jane E; Struve, Isabelle A; Vrijenhoek, Robert C; Brown, C Titus (November 14, 2013).
2930:
Kaplan, Matt (2010). "Bone-boring worm once had a taste for birds. Osedax worms might have had a more-rounded diet 30 million years ago".
904:
genes that encode enzymes to oxidize and assimilate sulfide. These reactions prevent the host from absorbing toxic by-products across the
3419:
998:
594:
Larvae then begin to swim in the water column. This is called the trochophore stage. The larvae settle on whale bones and begin crawling.
825:
species, and play a major role in accelerating the degradation process of bones, as well as facilitating nutrient uptake for the
2676:"Genetic Diversity and Potential Function of Microbial Symbionts Associated with Newly Discovered Species of Osedax Polychaete Worms"
301:
itself by making holes in the whale's skeletal structure. These holes can also serve as a form of protection from nearby predators.
289:, on which they rely for sustenance. They utilize specialized root tissues for bone-boring. It is possible that multiple species of
3563:
305:
601:
settle on the tubes of the females, where they are metamorphosed into dwarf males, which can be inside or outside the female tube.
558:
In
November 2009, researchers reported finding as many as 15 species of boneworms living in Monterey Bay on the California coast.
566:
Annelid sex is typically determined by genetic factors, however models of environmental sex determination have been proposed for
1762:"Bone-Boring Worms: Characterizing the Morphology, Rate, and Method of Bioerosion by Osedax mucofloris (Annelida, Siboglinidae)"
1082:
likely persisted on the bones of sea turtles after the extinction of most large marine reptiles at the end of the
Cretaceous.
1018:
worms break down bone and lipid layers, fauna take advantage and colonize these bone matrices. Overall, the borings made by
359:
species of bacteria that aid in the digestion of whale proteins and lipids and release nutrients that the worms can absorb.
525:
Following its discovery in 2002 by researchers at the
Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, the genus was announced in
607:
2 days after settling, the palps elongate and the heart starts to beat. The roots attach to the bones begin to digest.
948:
has a broad biogeographic range and is surprisingly diverse. One hypothesis advanced to explain this paradox is that
383:. This process works with a demineralization mechanism in which oxygen is carried from seawater to the roots and HCO
3651:
3607:
3178:"An inordinate fondness for Osedax (Siboglinidae: Annelida): Fourteen new species of bone worms from California"
936:
is a specialist on whalebones while others think that it is more of a generalist. This controversy is due to a
616:
10 days post settlement, the juvenile worms have 4 palps with pinnules, an oviduct, and a distinct root system.
610:
4 days after settling, the trunk and ventral palps elongate, where symbiotic bacteria are detected in the root.
1509:
683:
species use collagen, which is the primary organic component in bone. Collagen is degraded using a family of
2608:"Distinct genomic routes underlie transitions to specialised symbiotic lifestyles in deep-sea annelid worms"
795:
lower trunk subepidermal connective tissue, and there are additional genes in the bacteriocytes that encode
3225:
Fujiwara, Yoshihiro; Jimi, Naoto; Sumida, Paulo Y. G.; Kawato, Masaru; Kitazato, Hiroshi (August 1, 2019).
371:
secrete acid (rather than rely on teeth) to bore into bone to access the nutrients. High concentrations of
3524:
1963:
896:
worms from potentially harmful by-products produced at >140 months of the whale fall degradation. The
3529:
3227:"New species of bone-eating worm Osedax from the abyssal South Atlantic Ocean (Annelida, Siboglinidae)"
2447:"Genomic versatility and functional variation between two dominant heterotrophic symbionts of deep-sea
634:
3656:
901:
3164:
3176:
Rouse, Greg W.; Goffredi, Shana K.; Johnson, Shannon B.; Vrijenhoek, Robert C. (February 5, 2018).
2806:
Rouse, Greg W.; Goffredi, Shana K.; Johnson, Shannon B.; Vrijenhoek, Robert C. (October 23, 2011).
1760:
Higgs, Nicholas D.; Glover, Adrian G.; Dahlgren, Thomas G.; Little, Crispin T. S. (December 2011).
688:
125:
1086:
have the generalist ability to feed on different vertebrates (fishes, marine birds, whale bones).
418:
were hemi-ellipsoidal in shape. Boring depths varied depending on which bone was colonized by the
871:
genus members colonize at ~50 months, during the transitional stages of organic carbon breakdown.
760:
674:
3633:
1715:"The skin of Osedax (Siboglinidae, Annelida): An ultrastructural investigation of its epidermis"
1599:
3454:
1541:
Rouse, Greg W.; Wilson, Nerida G.; Worsaae, Katrine; Vrijenhoek, Robert C. (January 19, 2015).
570:, in which larvae that settle on bones mature into females, while larvae that settle on female
379:
This serves as evidence of a common bioerosion mechanism in which secreted acid is produced by
3594:
1826:. Michael T. Ghiselin. University of California Press,. Berkeley,. 1974. xii, 346 pp. $ 12.95"
1034:
is that it speeds up the process of erosion, therefore only allowing this new fauna their new
591:
worms spawn eggs into the mucus attached to their tubes, where the embryos develop for 3 days.
3643:
3628:
986:
670:
411:
380:
3620:
2739:
Miyamoto, Norio; Yoshida, Masa-aki; Koga, Hiroyuki; Fujiwara, Yoshihiro (January 13, 2017).
736:
order have then been observed to further process the collagen using collagenolytic enzymes.
3550:
3501:
3234:
3129:
3030:
2752:
2687:
2619:
2392:
2332:
2277:
2222:
2161:
2148:
Rouse, Greg W.; Wilson, Nerida G.; Worsaae, Katrine; Vrijenhoek, Robert C. (January 2015).
2051:
1922:
1879:
1554:
1448:
1387:
2264:
Miyamoto, Norio; Yamamoto, Tomoko; Yusa, Yoichi; Fujiwara, Yoshihiro (February 27, 2013).
965:
colonization and the lack of any observed colonization in similar cases. The true role of
932:
in the degradation of marine vertebrate remains controversial. Some scientists think that
8:
1055:
662:
3238:
3133:
3034:
3002:
2756:
2691:
2648:
2623:
2607:
2557:
2524:
2396:
2336:
2281:
2226:
2165:
2055:
1926:
1883:
1558:
1452:
1391:
3679:
3404:
3379:
3361:
3336:
3318:
3293:
3257:
3226:
3207:
3093:
3060:
2979:
2954:
2907:
2882:
2840:
2807:
2783:
2740:
2716:
2675:
2483:
2125:
2094:
2075:
2020:
2004:
1895:
1797:
1742:
1687:
1662:
1464:
1411:
1172:
1027:
921:
372:
120:
2525:"A dynamic epibiont community associated with the bone-eating polychaete genus Osedax"
2380:
2319:
Miyamoto, Norio; Yamamoto, Tomoko; Yusa, Yoichi; Fujiwara, Yoshihiro (March 1, 2013).
3615:
3537:
3366:
3323:
3262:
3199:
3147:
3098:
3080:
2984:
2912:
2845:
2827:
2788:
2770:
2721:
2703:
2653:
2635:
2562:
2544:
2488:
2470:
2416:
2408:
2356:
2348:
2301:
2293:
2246:
2238:
2187:
2179:
2130:
2067:
2063:
2012:
1938:
1934:
1845:
1789:
1781:
1734:
1692:
1607:
1580:
1572:
1403:
1298:
1232:
1106:
837:
817:
732:
527:
504:
3211:
2079:
2042:
females and their 'harems' of dwarf males are recruited from a common larval pool".
1899:
1801:
1746:
1468:
1415:
3542:
3492:
3399:
3391:
3356:
3348:
3313:
3305:
3252:
3242:
3189:
3137:
3088:
3072:
3038:
2974:
2966:
2935:
2902:
2894:
2835:
2819:
2778:
2760:
2711:
2695:
2643:
2627:
2552:
2536:
2478:
2462:
2400:
2340:
2285:
2230:
2169:
2120:
2110:
2059:
2024:
1996:
1977:
1930:
1887:
1837:
1773:
1726:
1682:
1674:
1562:
1456:
1395:
1190:
867:
768:
535:
3427:
3337:"On the role of bone-eating worms in the degradation of marine vertebrate remains"
3118:"Traces of the bone-eating annelid Osedax in Oligocene whale teeth and fish bones"
1865:
1821:
969:
in the degradation of marine vertebrate remains is important to marine vertebrate
649:
through the root tips. There is ongoing debate in the literature over whether the
1841:
1483:
1059:
880:
genus dominates at >140 months, and are key players in its symbiosis with the
492:
325:
170:
3377:
1976:
Rouse, G. W.; Worsaae, K.; Johnson, S.; Jones, W. J.; Vrijenhoek, R. C. (2008).
1633:
3506:
3334:
3292:
Jones, W. J; Johnson, S. B; Rouse, G. W; Vrijenhoek, R. C (February 22, 2008).
3042:
2631:
2265:
1663:"How to get into bones: proton pump and carbonic anhydrase in Osedax boneworms"
1252:
739:
422:. Deeper borings were found in radius bone compared to the ulna and vertebrae.
3247:
3194:
3177:
3142:
3117:
2970:
2765:
2344:
2289:
2174:
2149:
1891:
1567:
1542:
1460:
447:
worms for food and space. Conditions that favour dwarfism in male Osedax are:
3673:
3477:
3291:
3151:
3084:
2831:
2774:
2707:
2674:
Goffredi, Shana K.; Johnson, Shannon B.; Vrijenhoek, Robert C. (April 2007).
2639:
2548:
2474:
2412:
2352:
2297:
2242:
2206:
2183:
1849:
1785:
1611:
1576:
1434:"The morphological diversity of Osedax worm borings (Annelida: Siboglinidae)"
1288:
1066:(c.2 100 million years old) sediments and a rib and costal plate from a
978:
755:
worm genome which were supplemented by the endosymbionts. In particular, the
684:
112:
61:
2404:
2320:
2234:
1399:
3438:
A Motley
Collection of Boneworms – Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute
3395:
3370:
3352:
3327:
3309:
3266:
3203:
3102:
3076:
2988:
2916:
2898:
2849:
2823:
2792:
2725:
2657:
2566:
2492:
2466:
2420:
2360:
2305:
2250:
2191:
2134:
2115:
2071:
2016:
1942:
1793:
1761:
1738:
1696:
1678:
1584:
1407:
1051:
1023:
937:
876:
788:
776:
723:
658:
400:
320:, in February 2002. The worms were found living on the bones of a decaying
313:
203:
3516:
2939:
2540:
1777:
1714:
3576:
3486:
2881:
Rouse, GW; Goffredi, SK; Johnson, SB; Vrijenhoek, RC (October 23, 2011).
2699:
2446:
1484:"Study Finds Osedax Worms Use Bone-Melting Acid | Biology | Sci-News.com"
1373:
1075:
547:
36:
2008:
638:
578:
in particular has showcased an environmental form of sex determination.
3568:
3019:
1955:
1730:
1071:
1067:
982:
941:
905:
859:
796:
772:
512:
321:
317:
254:
251:
183:
81:
46:
3279:
Fujikura, Fujiwara & Kawato. ZOOLOGICAL SCIENCE 23: 733–740 (2006)
3581:
3061:"Bone-eating Osedax worms lived on Mesozoic marine reptile deadfalls"
2000:
1960:
Extraordinary
Animals: An Encyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals
1010:
1004:
970:
916:
650:
539:
356:
193:
137:
86:
3448:
2321:"Postembryonic development of the bone-eating worm Osedax japonicus"
2266:"Postembryonic development of the bone-eating worm Osedax japonicus"
1101:
3471:
1978:"Acquisition of dwarf male 'harems' by recently settled females of
1661:
Tresguerres, Martin; Katz, Sigrid; Rouse, Greg W. (June 22, 2013).
1283:
Amon, Wiklund, Dahlgren, Copley, Smith, Jamieson & Glover, 2014
1247:
Amon, Wiklund, Dahlgren, Copley, Smith, Jamieson & Glover, 2014
1149:
Amon, Wiklund, Dahlgren, Copley, Smith, Jamieson & Glover, 2014
784:
700:
298:
277:
for "bone-eater". The name alludes to how the worms bore into the
76:
71:
56:
51:
41:
2379:
Rouse, G. W.; Goffredi, S. K.; Vrijenhoek, R. C. (July 30, 2004).
2205:
Rouse, G. W.; Goffredi, S. K.; Vrijenhoek, R. C. (July 30, 2004).
2038:
Vrijenhoek, R. C.; Johnson, S.; Rouse, G. W. (2008). "Bone-eating
1441:
Journal of the Marine
Biological Association of the United Kingdom
833:
are known for their ability to degrade complex organic compounds.
3116:
Kiel, Steffen; Kahl, Wolf-Achim; Goedert, James L. (March 2013).
2883:"Not whale-fall specialists, Osedax worms also consume fishbones"
2808:"Not whale-fall specialists, Osedax worms also consume fishbones"
1035:
804:
800:
226:
157:
91:
66:
613:
7 days after settlement, pinnules extend from the ventral palps.
103:
3380:"Bone-eating marine worms: habitat specialists of generalists?"
2522:
1713:
Katz, Sigrid; Klepal, Waltraud; Bright, Monika (October 2010).
1063:
747:
704:
543:
500:
147:
3555:
3335:
A. G. Glover; K. M. Kemp; C. R. Smith; T. G. Dahlgren (2008).
3175:
2880:
2862:
Glover et al. 2005; Dahlgren et al. 2006; Fujijura et al. 2006
2805:
846:
759:
worm lacks specific gene families involved in bone lipid and
712:
286:
282:
274:
247:
2318:
2263:
2147:
1540:
1374:
G. W. Rouse; S. K. Goffredi & R. C. Vrijenhoek (2004). "
730:
worm to source extracellular collagen. The symbionts in the
669:
and its accompanying bacteria may be transferred either via
367:
and unusual root-like structures that absorb nutrients. The
2953:
Kiel, Steffen; Kahl, Wolf-Achim; Goedert, James L. (2010).
2738:
630:
364:
278:
3023:
Deep Sea
Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography
719:, or transported to the symbionts for further catabolism.
538:
resulted in the discovery of a species of the worm in the
458:
Sessile lifestyle: attach to and rely on females for food,
3378:
R. C. Vrijenhoek, P. Collins and C. L. Van Dover (2008).
2673:
2604:
2381:"Osedax : Bone-Eating Marine Worms with Dwarf Males"
1912:
1759:
3224:
2093:
Vrijenhoek, R. C.; Johnson, S. B.; Rouse, G. W. (2009).
1975:
1431:
3298:
Proceedings of the Royal
Society B: Biological Sciences
2378:
2204:
1667:
Proceedings of the Royal
Society B: Biological Sciences
863:
genus are the primary early colonizers (<24 months).
783:
are then able to take up and store the end products as
715:. Once dissolved, the nutrients are either used by the
2092:
2037:
645:
membrane and facilitate recurrent infections of adult
474:
where most males are one-third the volume of females.
1293:
Rouse, Worsaae, Johnson, Jones & Vrijenhoek, 2008
771:
to catabolize nutrients from whale bones and convert
625:
Symbionts are the primary providers of nutrition for
2444:
1660:
1159:
Taboada, Cristobo, Avila, Wiklund & Glover, 2013
1046:
The oldest trace fossils on bones characteristic of
940:
paradox: despite the rarity and ephemeral nature of
853:
at different points during the whale’s degradation:
821:
symbionts are found in the specialized roots of all
2211: : Bone-Eating Marine Worms with Dwarf Males"
3059:Danise, Silvia; Higgs, Nicholas D. (April 2015).
1510:"Osedax : The Whale-Bone-Eating Zombie Worm"
1074:(100–93 million years ago) aged sediments of the
344:with females >20,000 times larger than males.
3671:
3443:Discovered in the deep: the worm that eats bones
3294:"Marine worms (genus Osedax) colonize cow bones"
1712:
996:and their borings welcome other species such as
3115:
2952:
1089:In terms of evolutionary history research, the
1026:and the worms should, therefore, be considered
691:, which facilitates nutrient absorption by the
511:is such a diverse genus, despite the rarity of
451:Eliminates competition between male and female
363:have colorful feathery plumes that also act as
2095:"A remarkable diversity of bone-eating worms (
1824:The Economy of Nature and the Evolution of Sex
1378:: Bone-Eating Marine Worms with Dwarf Males".
1030:. The downside of the deterioration caused by
414:technology, scans showed that borings made by
1237:Glover, Kallstrom, Smith & Dahlgren, 2005
726:lack secreted M9 peptidase, they rely on the
2955:"Osedax borings in fossil marine bird bones"
2150:"A Dwarf Male Reversal in Bone-Eating Worms"
1634:"Bone-eating 'zombie' worms drill with acid"
1543:"A Dwarf Male Reversal in Bone-Eating Worms"
956:species successfully colonized these bones.
574:do not fully develop and mature into males.
495:both in the wild and in laboratory aquaria.
403:bacteria. The cells in the epidermis of the
3058:
973:. Burrows closely similar to those made by
1369:
1367:
102:
3403:
3360:
3317:
3256:
3246:
3193:
3141:
3092:
2978:
2906:
2839:
2782:
2764:
2715:
2647:
2556:
2482:
2173:
2124:
2114:
1686:
1566:
1351:Rouse, Goffredi, Johnson & Vrijenhoek
1343:Rouse, Goffredi, Johnson & Vrijenhoek
1335:Rouse, Goffredi, Johnson & Vrijenhoek
1327:Rouse, Goffredi, Johnson & Vrijenhoek
1319:Rouse, Goffredi, Johnson & Vrijenhoek
1311:Rouse, Goffredi, Johnson & Vrijenhoek
1273:Rouse, Goffredi, Johnson & Vrijenhoek
1265:Rouse, Goffredi, Johnson & Vrijenhoek
1227:Rouse, Goffredi, Johnson & Vrijenhoek
1219:Rouse, Goffredi, Johnson & Vrijenhoek
1211:Rouse, Goffredi, Johnson & Vrijenhoek
1185:Rouse, Goffredi, Johnson & Vrijenhoek
1167:Rouse, Goffredi, Johnson & Vrijenhoek
1139:Rouse, Goffredi, Johnson & Vrijenhoek
331:
1131:Fujiwara, Jimi, Sumida, Kawato, Kitazato
1100:
977:species have been found in the bones of
915:
306:Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute
2600:
2598:
2596:
1820:Trivers, Robert L. (November 8, 1974).
1819:
1364:
803:and aid in digestion and absorption of
763:. This function is complemented by the
555:), lived in relatively shallow waters.
534:In late 2005, an experiment by Swedish
461:Decreases difficulty in finding a mate.
3672:
3420:Press release describing discovery of
2929:
2680:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
2669:
2667:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2502:
1631:
1597:
1481:
1303:Rouse, Goffredi & Vrijenhoek, 2004
1177:Rouse, Goffredi & Vrijenhoek, 2004
629:However, these symbionts also possess
3453:
3452:
3054:
3052:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2374:
2372:
2370:
1870:boneworms (Siboglinidae, Annelida)".
1861:
1859:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1598:Marlow, Jeffrey (February 18, 2019).
1507:
845:according to a 2023 study. Different
665:. The symbiotic relationship between
1708:
1706:
1656:
1654:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1508:Admin, L. L. S. (February 2, 2022).
1427:
1425:
1123:Glover, Wiklund & Dahlgren, 2013
841:are abundant along the trunk of the
711:to dissolve and absorb collagen and
561:
437:
297:worms are also known to feed on the
3430:– link to story about discovery of
3003:"Zombie worms ate plesiosaur bones"
2664:
2573:
2499:
347:
13:
3384:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
3341:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
3285:
3049:
2427:
2367:
1856:
1808:
1482:Lazaro, Enrico de (July 5, 2012).
900:bacteria house the type II and IV
597:During the trocophore stage, male
14:
3691:
3413:
1703:
1651:
1527:
1475:
1422:
892:genus in particular protects the
2064:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2008.03937.x
1982:n. sp. (Siboglinidae; Annelida)"
1935:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2005.00824.x
1822:"Sexuality: Costs and Benefits:
810:
689:matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)
124:
34:
3273:
3218:
3169:
3158:
3109:
3013:
2995:
2946:
2923:
2874:
2865:
2856:
2799:
2732:
2312:
2257:
2198:
2141:
2086:
2031:
1969:
1949:
1906:
1753:
1488:Sci.News: Breaking Science News
477:
396:is secreted into the seawater.
1632:Davies, Ella (June 29, 2012).
1625:
1591:
1501:
902:sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase
482:
312:first discovered the genus in
1:
1356:
767:symbionts, which utilize the
581:
3122:Paläontologische Zeitschrift
1842:10.1126/science.186.4163.525
1041:
620:
285:carcasses to reach enclosed
7:
849:in this order are found in
10:
3696:
3043:10.1016/j.dsr2.2017.04.011
2632:10.1038/s41467-023-38521-6
2099:; Siboglinidae; Annelida)"
1915:Environmental Microbiology
1096:
375:are found in the roots of
3461:
3248:10.3897/zookeys.814.28869
3195:10.11646/zootaxa.4377.4.1
3143:10.1007/s12542-012-0158-9
2971:10.1007/s00114-010-0740-5
2766:10.1186/s12862-016-0844-4
2345:10.1007/s00114-013-1024-7
2290:10.1007/s00114-013-1024-7
2175:10.1016/j.cub.2014.11.032
1892:10.1007/s00227-008-1091-z
1568:10.1016/j.cub.2014.11.032
1461:10.1017/S0025315414000770
491:worms have been observed
455:as resources are limited,
293:reside in the same bone.
232:
225:
121:Scientific classification
119:
110:
101:
23:
2745:BMC Evolutionary Biology
1038:for a temporary period.
911:
699:express high amounts of
308:using the submarine ROV
2405:10.1126/science.1098650
2235:10.1126/science.1098650
1766:The Biological Bulletin
1400:10.1126/science.1098650
761:carbohydrate metabolism
703:and carbonic anhydrase
675:horizontal transmission
546:. In the experiment, a
3434:worms in the North Sea
3396:10.1098/rspb.2008.0350
3353:10.1098/rspb.2008.0177
3310:10.1098/rspb.2007.1437
3077:10.1098/rsbl.2015.0072
2899:10.1098/rsbl.2011.0202
2824:10.1098/rsbl.2011.0202
2467:10.1038/ismej.2013.201
2116:10.1186/1741-7007-7-74
1679:10.1098/rspb.2013.0625
1110:
1022:have shown to enhance
925:
542:off the west coast of
499:can spawn hundreds of
332:Anatomy and physiology
16:Genus of annelid worms
3629:Paleobiology Database
2940:10.1038/news.2010.651
2612:Nature Communications
2541:10.1128/mbio.03140-22
1778:10.1086/bblv221n3p307
1719:Journal of Morphology
1600:"A Whale's Afterlife"
1243:Osedax nordenskjoeldi
1155:Osedax deceptionensis
1104:
987:niche differentiation
919:
381:anaerobic respiration
2700:10.1128/AEM.01986-06
979:ancient marine birds
304:Scientists from the
3390:(1646): 1963–1964.
3347:(1646): 1959–1961.
3239:2019ZooK..814...53F
3165:WoRMS, Genus Osedax
3134:2013PalZ...87..161K
3035:2017DSRII.146....4A
2959:Naturwissenschaften
2757:2017BMCEE..17...17M
2692:2007ApEnM..73.2314G
2624:2023NatCo..14.2814M
2397:2004Sci...305..668R
2337:2013NW....100..285M
2325:Naturwissenschaften
2282:2013NW....100..285M
2270:Naturwissenschaften
2227:2004Sci...305..668R
2166:2015CBio...25..236R
2056:2008MolEc..17.4535V
1989:Biological Bulletin
1927:2005EnvMi...7.1369G
1884:2009MarBi.156..395R
1559:2015CBio...25..236R
1453:2014JMBUK..94.1429H
1392:2004Sci...305..668R
1348:Osedax westernflyer
1128:Osedax braziliensis
1056:Cambridge Greensand
1028:ecosystem engineers
791:are present in the
707:, which allows the
695:. The roots of the
410:Through the use of
1731:10.1002/jmor.10873
1673:(1761): 20130625.
1514:Learn Life Science
1262:Osedax packardorum
1257:Rouse et al., 2014
1173:Osedax frankpressi
1164:Osedax docricketts
1119:Osedax antarcticus
1113:Selected species:
1111:
1058:, England, likely
926:
922:Osedax frankpressi
906:epithelial barrier
373:carbonic anhydrase
257:, commonly called
220:Rouse et al., 2004
3667:
3666:
3616:Open Tree of Life
3455:Taxon identifiers
3304:(1633): 387–391.
3009:. April 15, 2015.
2871:Jones et al. 2008
2391:(5684): 668–671.
2221:(5684): 668–671.
2050:(20): 4535–4544.
2044:Molecular Ecology
1836:(4163): 525–526.
1725:(10): 1272–1280.
1386:(5684): 668–671.
1359:
1352:
1344:
1336:
1328:
1320:
1312:
1304:
1299:Osedax rubiplumus
1294:
1284:
1274:
1266:
1258:
1248:
1238:
1233:Osedax mucofloris
1228:
1220:
1212:
1204:
1186:
1178:
1168:
1160:
1150:
1140:
1132:
1124:
1107:Osedax rubiplumus
1054:humerus from the
838:Campylobacterales
831:Oceanospirillales
818:Oceanospirillales
765:Oceanospirillales
733:Oceanospirillales
641:that disrupt the
635:secretion systems
562:Sex determination
553:Osedax mucofloris
536:marine biologists
505:Oceanospirillales
497:Osedax rubiplumus
438:Sexual dimorphism
416:Osedax mucofloris
267:bone-eating worms
239:
238:
221:
3687:
3660:
3659:
3647:
3646:
3637:
3636:
3624:
3623:
3611:
3610:
3598:
3597:
3585:
3584:
3572:
3571:
3559:
3558:
3546:
3545:
3533:
3532:
3520:
3519:
3510:
3509:
3497:
3496:
3495:
3482:
3481:
3480:
3450:
3449:
3409:
3407:
3374:
3364:
3331:
3321:
3280:
3277:
3271:
3270:
3260:
3250:
3222:
3216:
3215:
3197:
3173:
3167:
3162:
3156:
3155:
3145:
3113:
3107:
3106:
3096:
3056:
3047:
3046:
3017:
3011:
3010:
2999:
2993:
2992:
2982:
2950:
2944:
2943:
2927:
2921:
2920:
2910:
2878:
2872:
2869:
2863:
2860:
2854:
2853:
2843:
2803:
2797:
2796:
2786:
2768:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2719:
2686:(7): 2314–2323.
2671:
2662:
2661:
2651:
2602:
2571:
2570:
2560:
2520:
2497:
2496:
2486:
2455:The ISME Journal
2442:
2425:
2424:
2376:
2365:
2364:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2177:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2128:
2118:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2035:
2029:
2028:
2001:10.2307/25066661
1986:
1973:
1967:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1921:(9): 1369–1378.
1910:
1904:
1903:
1863:
1854:
1853:
1817:
1806:
1805:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1710:
1701:
1700:
1690:
1658:
1649:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1570:
1538:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1479:
1473:
1472:
1447:(7): 1429–1439.
1438:
1429:
1420:
1419:
1371:
1357:
1350:
1342:
1334:
1326:
1324:Osedax talkovici
1318:
1310:
1302:
1292:
1282:
1272:
1264:
1256:
1246:
1236:
1226:
1218:
1210:
1194:
1191:Osedax japonicus
1184:
1176:
1166:
1158:
1148:
1138:
1130:
1122:
992:The function of
868:Sulfurospirillum
807:into the roots.
769:glyoxylate cycle
395:
394:
393:
390:
348:Digestive system
219:
129:
128:
106:
96:
33:
29:Temporal range:
21:
20:
3695:
3694:
3690:
3689:
3688:
3686:
3685:
3684:
3670:
3669:
3668:
3663:
3655:
3650:
3642:
3640:
3632:
3627:
3619:
3614:
3606:
3601:
3593:
3588:
3580:
3575:
3567:
3562:
3554:
3549:
3541:
3536:
3528:
3523:
3515:
3513:
3505:
3500:
3491:
3490:
3485:
3476:
3475:
3470:
3457:
3416:
3288:
3286:Further reading
3283:
3278:
3274:
3223:
3219:
3174:
3170:
3163:
3159:
3114:
3110:
3071:(4): 20150072.
3065:Biology Letters
3057:
3050:
3018:
3014:
3001:
3000:
2996:
2951:
2947:
2928:
2924:
2887:Biology Letters
2879:
2875:
2870:
2866:
2861:
2857:
2812:Biology Letters
2804:
2800:
2737:
2733:
2672:
2665:
2603:
2574:
2535:(4): e0314022.
2521:
2500:
2443:
2428:
2377:
2368:
2317:
2313:
2262:
2258:
2203:
2199:
2154:Current Biology
2146:
2142:
2091:
2087:
2036:
2032:
1984:
1974:
1970:
1964:Greenwood Press
1954:
1950:
1911:
1907:
1864:
1857:
1818:
1809:
1758:
1754:
1711:
1704:
1659:
1652:
1642:
1640:
1630:
1626:
1616:
1614:
1596:
1592:
1547:Current Biology
1539:
1528:
1518:
1516:
1506:
1502:
1492:
1490:
1480:
1476:
1436:
1430:
1423:
1372:
1365:
1361:
1316:Osedax sigridae
1099:
1044:
1014:gastropods. As
914:
857:Members of the
813:
623:
584:
564:
485:
480:
465:Interestingly,
440:
391:
388:
386:
385:
384:
350:
334:
326:Monterey Canyon
218:
171:Pleistoannelida
123:
97:
95:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
39:
31:
30:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3693:
3683:
3682:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3661:
3648:
3638:
3625:
3612:
3599:
3586:
3573:
3560:
3547:
3534:
3521:
3511:
3498:
3483:
3467:
3465:
3459:
3458:
3447:
3446:
3445:– The Guardian
3440:
3435:
3425:
3415:
3414:External links
3412:
3411:
3410:
3375:
3332:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3281:
3272:
3233:(814): 53–69.
3217:
3188:(4): 451–489.
3168:
3157:
3128:(1): 161–167.
3108:
3048:
3012:
2994:
2945:
2922:
2893:(5): 736–739.
2873:
2864:
2855:
2818:(5): 736–739.
2798:
2731:
2663:
2572:
2498:
2461:(4): 908–924.
2426:
2366:
2331:(3): 285–289.
2311:
2276:(3): 285–289.
2256:
2197:
2160:(2): 236–241.
2140:
2085:
2030:
1968:
1948:
1905:
1878:(3): 395–405.
1872:Marine Biology
1855:
1807:
1772:(3): 307–316.
1752:
1702:
1650:
1624:
1604:The New Yorker
1590:
1553:(2): 236–241.
1526:
1500:
1474:
1421:
1362:
1360:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1345:
1340:Osedax ventana
1337:
1332:Osedax tiburon
1329:
1321:
1313:
1305:
1295:
1285:
1279:Osedax rogersi
1275:
1267:
1259:
1253:Osedax priapus
1249:
1239:
1229:
1221:
1216:Osedax lehmani
1213:
1205:
1187:
1179:
1169:
1161:
1151:
1145:Osedax crouchi
1141:
1133:
1125:
1098:
1095:
1043:
1040:
913:
910:
886:
885:
872:
864:
812:
809:
685:endopeptidases
622:
619:
618:
617:
614:
611:
608:
605:
602:
595:
592:
587:Mature female
583:
580:
563:
560:
515:in the ocean.
484:
481:
479:
476:
467:Osedax priapus
463:
462:
459:
456:
439:
436:
349:
346:
333:
330:
237:
236:
230:
229:
223:
222:
211:
207:
206:
201:
197:
196:
191:
187:
186:
181:
174:
173:
168:
161:
160:
155:
151:
150:
145:
141:
140:
135:
131:
130:
117:
116:
108:
107:
99:
98:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
40:
35:
32:Albian–Present
28:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3692:
3681:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3658:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3639:
3635:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3512:
3508:
3503:
3499:
3494:
3488:
3484:
3479:
3473:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3451:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3433:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3423:
3418:
3417:
3406:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3290:
3289:
3276:
3268:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3221:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3172:
3166:
3161:
3153:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3112:
3104:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3055:
3053:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3016:
3008:
3004:
2998:
2990:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2949:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2926:
2918:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2877:
2868:
2859:
2851:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2802:
2794:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2735:
2727:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2670:
2668:
2659:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2568:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2494:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2450:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2315:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2260:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2210:
2201:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2144:
2136:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2098:
2089:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2034:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1983:
1981:
1980:Osedax roseus
1972:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1909:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1862:
1860:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1825:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1756:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1709:
1707:
1698:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1657:
1655:
1639:
1635:
1628:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1594:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1515:
1511:
1504:
1489:
1485:
1478:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1435:
1428:
1426:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1370:
1368:
1363:
1349:
1346:
1341:
1338:
1333:
1330:
1325:
1322:
1317:
1314:
1309:
1308:Osedax ryderi
1306:
1301:
1300:
1296:
1291:
1290:
1289:Osedax roseus
1286:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1270:Osedax randyi
1268:
1263:
1260:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1245:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1225:
1224:Osedax lonnyi
1222:
1217:
1214:
1209:
1208:Osedax knutei
1206:
1202:
1198:
1193:
1192:
1188:
1183:
1180:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1162:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1137:
1136:Osedax bryani
1134:
1129:
1126:
1121:
1120:
1116:
1115:
1114:
1109:
1108:
1103:
1094:
1092:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1039:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1012:
1007:
1006:
1001:
1000:
995:
990:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
938:biogeographic
935:
931:
924:
923:
918:
909:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
883:
879:
878:
873:
870:
869:
865:
862:
861:
856:
855:
854:
852:
848:
844:
840:
839:
834:
832:
828:
824:
820:
819:
811:Endosymbionts
808:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
789:Bacteriocytes
786:
782:
778:
777:carbohydrates
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
749:
745:
741:
737:
735:
734:
729:
725:
724:endosymbionts
720:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
615:
612:
609:
606:
603:
600:
596:
593:
590:
586:
585:
579:
577:
573:
569:
559:
556:
554:
549:
545:
541:
537:
532:
530:
529:
523:
521:
516:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
475:
473:
468:
460:
457:
454:
450:
449:
448:
446:
435:
432:
427:
423:
421:
420:O. mucofloris
417:
413:
408:
406:
402:
401:endosymbiotic
397:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
345:
343:
338:
329:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
302:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
253:
249:
245:
244:
235:
231:
228:
224:
217:
216:
212:
209:
208:
205:
202:
199:
198:
195:
192:
189:
188:
185:
182:
179:
176:
175:
172:
169:
166:
163:
162:
159:
156:
153:
152:
149:
146:
143:
142:
139:
136:
133:
132:
127:
122:
118:
115:
114:
113:Osedax roseus
109:
105:
100:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
38:
26:
22:
19:
3462:
3431:
3421:
3387:
3383:
3344:
3340:
3301:
3297:
3275:
3230:
3220:
3185:
3181:
3171:
3160:
3125:
3121:
3111:
3068:
3064:
3026:
3022:
3015:
3006:
2997:
2965:(1): 51–55.
2962:
2958:
2948:
2931:
2925:
2890:
2886:
2876:
2867:
2858:
2815:
2811:
2801:
2748:
2744:
2734:
2683:
2679:
2615:
2611:
2532:
2528:
2458:
2454:
2448:
2388:
2384:
2328:
2324:
2314:
2273:
2269:
2259:
2218:
2214:
2208:
2200:
2157:
2153:
2143:
2106:
2102:
2096:
2088:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2033:
1995:(1): 67–82.
1992:
1988:
1979:
1971:
1959:
1951:
1918:
1914:
1908:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1833:
1829:
1823:
1769:
1765:
1755:
1722:
1718:
1670:
1666:
1641:. Retrieved
1637:
1627:
1617:February 20,
1615:. Retrieved
1603:
1593:
1550:
1546:
1517:. Retrieved
1513:
1503:
1491:. Retrieved
1487:
1477:
1444:
1440:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1347:
1339:
1331:
1323:
1315:
1307:
1297:
1287:
1277:
1269:
1261:
1251:
1241:
1231:
1223:
1215:
1207:
1189:
1182:Osedax jabba
1181:
1171:
1163:
1153:
1143:
1135:
1127:
1117:
1112:
1105:
1090:
1088:
1083:
1079:
1047:
1045:
1031:
1024:biodiversity
1019:
1015:
1009:
1003:
997:
993:
991:
974:
966:
962:
957:
953:
949:
945:
933:
929:
928:The role of
927:
920:
898:Sulfurimonas
897:
893:
890:Sulfurimonas
889:
887:
881:
877:Sulfurimonas
875:
866:
858:
850:
842:
836:
835:
830:
826:
822:
816:
814:
792:
780:
764:
756:
752:
743:
738:
731:
727:
721:
716:
708:
696:
692:
680:
679:
666:
654:
646:
642:
626:
624:
598:
588:
576:O. japonicus
575:
571:
567:
565:
557:
552:
533:
526:
524:
519:
517:
508:
496:
488:
486:
478:Reproduction
471:
466:
464:
452:
444:
441:
430:
425:
424:
419:
415:
409:
404:
398:
376:
368:
360:
352:
351:
341:
336:
335:
314:Monterey Bay
309:
303:
294:
290:
270:
266:
263:zombie worms
262:
258:
250:of deep-sea
242:
241:
240:
233:
214:
213:
204:Siboglinidae
177:
164:
111:
24:
18:
3577:iNaturalist
3487:Wikispecies
3428:BBC website
2618:(1): 2814.
2103:BMC Biology
1956:Piper, Ross
1078:, England.
1076:Chalk Group
1050:are from a
1008:crabs, and
1002:amphipods,
983:plesiosaurs
942:whale falls
797:amino acids
773:fatty acids
663:mutualistic
548:minke whale
513:whale falls
483:Discoveries
255:polychaetes
1638:BBC Nature
1358:References
1195:Fujikura,
1072:Cenomanian
1068:sea turtle
1062:from late
1052:plesiosaur
860:Arcobacter
740:Sequencing
582:Life cycle
472:O. priapus
322:gray whale
318:California
252:siboglinid
234:See text.
184:Sedentaria
3680:Sabellida
3152:0031-0220
3085:1744-9561
2832:1744-9561
2775:1471-2148
2751:(1): 17.
2708:0099-2240
2640:2041-1723
2549:2150-7511
2475:1751-7362
2413:0036-8075
2353:1432-1904
2298:0028-1042
2243:0036-8075
2184:0960-9822
1850:0036-8075
1786:0006-3185
1612:0028-792X
1577:0960-9822
1070:found in
1042:Evolution
1011:Rubyspira
1005:Paralomis
999:Stephonyx
971:taphonomy
659:commensal
657:roots is
651:symbiosis
621:Symbiosis
540:North Sea
531:in 2004.
357:symbiotic
259:boneworms
194:Sabellida
144:Kingdom:
138:Eukaryota
3674:Category
3514:BioLib:
3472:Wikidata
3371:18505721
3328:18077256
3267:30651712
3212:13854107
3204:29690036
3103:25878047
3029:: 4–12.
3007:BBC News
2989:21103978
2917:21490008
2850:21490008
2793:28086748
2726:17277220
2658:37198188
2649:10192322
2567:37382438
2558:10470745
2493:24225886
2421:15286372
2361:23443811
2306:23443811
2251:15286372
2192:25496962
2135:19903327
2080:19247165
2072:18986498
2017:18258777
2009:25066661
1958:(2007),
1943:16104860
1900:84177994
1802:32725146
1794:22186919
1747:10697873
1739:20672365
1697:23760644
1643:June 17,
1585:25496962
1519:April 9,
1493:April 9,
1469:52246559
1416:34883310
1408:15286372
1197:Fujiwara
1060:reworked
1036:habitats
805:proteins
785:glycogen
701:V-ATPase
671:vertical
493:spawning
412:X-ray CT
355:rely on
299:collagen
200:Family:
158:Annelida
154:Phylum:
148:Animalia
134:Domain:
3644:4628960
3595:1050443
3569:2307354
3478:Q287253
3405:2596361
3362:2596369
3319:2596828
3258:6333729
3235:Bibcode
3231:ZooKeys
3182:Zootaxa
3130:Bibcode
3094:4424620
3031:Bibcode
2980:3018246
2908:3169056
2841:3169056
2784:5237233
2753:Bibcode
2717:1855680
2688:Bibcode
2620:Bibcode
2484:3960542
2393:Bibcode
2385:Science
2333:Bibcode
2278:Bibcode
2223:Bibcode
2215:Science
2162:Bibcode
2126:2780999
2052:Bibcode
2025:8457281
1923:Bibcode
1880:Bibcode
1830:Science
1688:3652447
1555:Bibcode
1449:Bibcode
1388:Bibcode
1380:Science
1097:Species
801:glucose
742:of the
722:As the
705:enzymes
687:called
627:Osedax.
528:Science
501:oocytes
487:Female
377:Osedax.
324:in the
310:Tiburon
227:Species
210:Genus:
190:Order:
3657:265008
3641:uBio:
3634:245276
3621:631829
3608:283775
3517:402720
3507:Osedax
3493:Osedax
3463:Osedax
3432:Osedax
3422:Osedax
3402:
3369:
3359:
3326:
3316:
3265:
3255:
3210:
3202:
3150:
3101:
3091:
3083:
2987:
2977:
2932:Nature
2915:
2905:
2848:
2838:
2830:
2791:
2781:
2773:
2724:
2714:
2706:
2656:
2646:
2638:
2565:
2555:
2547:
2491:
2481:
2473:
2451:worms"
2449:Osedax
2419:
2411:
2359:
2351:
2304:
2296:
2249:
2241:
2209:Osedax
2190:
2182:
2133:
2123:
2109:: 74.
2097:Osedax
2078:
2070:
2040:Osedax
2023:
2015:
2007:
1941:
1898:
1868:Osedax
1848:
1800:
1792:
1784:
1745:
1737:
1695:
1685:
1610:
1583:
1575:
1467:
1414:
1406:
1376:Osedax
1203:, 2006
1201:Kawato
1199:&
1091:Osedax
1084:Osedax
1080:Osedax
1064:Albian
1048:Osedax
1032:Osedax
1020:Osedax
1016:Osedax
994:Osedax
975:Osedax
967:Osedax
963:Osedax
958:Osedax
954:Osedax
950:Osedax
946:Osedax
934:Osedax
930:Osedax
894:Osedax
882:Osedax
851:Osedax
847:genera
843:Osedax
827:Osedax
823:Osedax
793:Osedax
781:Osedax
779:. The
757:Osedax
753:Osedax
748:genome
744:Osedax
728:Osedax
717:Osedax
713:lipids
709:Osedax
697:Osedax
693:Osedax
681:Osedax
667:Osedax
655:Osedax
647:Osedax
643:Osedax
639:toxins
637:, and
599:Osedax
589:Osedax
572:Osedax
568:Osedax
544:Sweden
520:Osedax
509:Osedax
489:Osedax
453:Osedax
445:Osedax
431:Osedax
426:Osedax
405:Osedax
392:
369:Osedax
361:Osedax
353:Osedax
342:Osedax
337:Osedax
295:Osedax
291:Osedax
287:lipids
271:Osedax
243:Osedax
215:Osedax
25:Osedax
3652:WoRMS
3590:IRMNG
3582:63596
3556:49241
3543:84S22
3530:81205
3208:S2CID
2076:S2CID
2021:S2CID
2005:JSTOR
1985:(PDF)
1896:S2CID
1798:S2CID
1743:S2CID
1465:S2CID
1437:(PDF)
1412:S2CID
912:Niche
884:host.
775:into
746:worm
631:genes
518:Male
365:gills
283:whale
279:bones
275:Latin
265:, or
248:genus
246:is a
178:Clade
165:Clade
3603:NCBI
3564:GBIF
3525:BOLD
3367:PMID
3324:PMID
3263:PMID
3200:PMID
3186:4377
3148:ISSN
3099:PMID
3081:ISSN
2985:PMID
2913:PMID
2846:PMID
2828:ISSN
2789:PMID
2771:ISSN
2722:PMID
2704:ISSN
2654:PMID
2636:ISSN
2563:PMID
2545:ISSN
2529:mBio
2489:PMID
2471:ISSN
2417:PMID
2409:ISSN
2357:PMID
2349:ISSN
2302:PMID
2294:ISSN
2247:PMID
2239:ISSN
2188:PMID
2180:ISSN
2131:PMID
2068:PMID
2013:PMID
1939:PMID
1846:ISSN
1790:PMID
1782:ISSN
1735:PMID
1693:PMID
1645:2024
1619:2019
1608:ISSN
1581:PMID
1573:ISSN
1521:2024
1495:2024
1404:PMID
981:and
888:The
874:The
815:The
799:and
37:PreꞒ
3551:EoL
3538:CoL
3502:ADW
3400:PMC
3392:doi
3388:275
3357:PMC
3349:doi
3345:275
3314:PMC
3306:doi
3302:275
3253:PMC
3243:doi
3190:doi
3138:doi
3089:PMC
3073:doi
3039:doi
3027:146
2975:PMC
2967:doi
2936:doi
2903:PMC
2895:doi
2836:PMC
2820:doi
2779:PMC
2761:doi
2712:PMC
2696:doi
2644:PMC
2628:doi
2553:PMC
2537:doi
2479:PMC
2463:doi
2401:doi
2389:305
2341:doi
2329:100
2286:doi
2274:100
2231:doi
2219:305
2170:doi
2121:PMC
2111:doi
2060:doi
1997:doi
1993:214
1931:doi
1888:doi
1876:156
1838:doi
1834:186
1774:doi
1770:221
1727:doi
1723:271
1683:PMC
1675:doi
1671:280
1563:doi
1457:doi
1396:doi
1384:305
673:or
661:or
653:in
281:of
273:is
3676::
3654::
3631::
3618::
3605::
3592::
3579::
3566::
3553::
3540::
3527::
3504::
3489::
3474::
3398:.
3386:.
3382:.
3365:.
3355:.
3343:.
3339:.
3322:.
3312:.
3300:.
3296:.
3261:.
3251:.
3241:.
3229:.
3206:.
3198:.
3184:.
3180:.
3146:.
3136:.
3126:87
3124:.
3120:.
3097:.
3087:.
3079:.
3069:11
3067:.
3063:.
3051:^
3037:.
3025:.
3005:.
2983:.
2973:.
2963:98
2961:.
2957:.
2934:.
2911:.
2901:.
2889:.
2885:.
2844:.
2834:.
2826:.
2814:.
2810:.
2787:.
2777:.
2769:.
2759:.
2749:17
2747:.
2743:.
2720:.
2710:.
2702:.
2694:.
2684:73
2682:.
2678:.
2666:^
2652:.
2642:.
2634:.
2626:.
2616:14
2614:.
2610:.
2575:^
2561:.
2551:.
2543:.
2533:14
2531:.
2527:.
2501:^
2487:.
2477:.
2469:.
2457:.
2453:.
2429:^
2415:.
2407:.
2399:.
2387:.
2383:.
2369:^
2355:.
2347:.
2339:.
2327:.
2323:.
2300:.
2292:.
2284:.
2272:.
2268:.
2245:.
2237:.
2229:.
2217:.
2213:.
2186:.
2178:.
2168:.
2158:25
2156:.
2152:.
2129:.
2119:.
2105:.
2101:.
2074:.
2066:.
2058:.
2048:17
2046:.
2019:.
2011:.
2003:.
1991:.
1987:.
1962:,
1937:.
1929:.
1917:.
1894:.
1886:.
1874:.
1858:^
1844:.
1832:.
1828:.
1810:^
1796:.
1788:.
1780:.
1768:.
1764:.
1741:.
1733:.
1721:.
1717:.
1705:^
1691:.
1681:.
1669:.
1665:.
1653:^
1636:.
1606:.
1602:.
1579:.
1571:.
1561:.
1551:25
1549:.
1545:.
1529:^
1512:.
1486:.
1463:.
1455:.
1445:94
1443:.
1439:.
1424:^
1410:.
1402:.
1394:.
1382:.
1366:^
989:.
944:,
908:.
829:.
787:.
677:.
633:,
316:,
269:.
261:,
180::
167::
87:Pg
3408:.
3394::
3373:.
3351::
3330:.
3308::
3269:.
3245::
3237::
3214:.
3192::
3154:.
3140::
3132::
3105:.
3075::
3045:.
3041::
3033::
2991:.
2969::
2942:.
2938::
2919:.
2897::
2891:7
2852:.
2822::
2816:7
2795:.
2763::
2755::
2728:.
2698::
2690::
2660:.
2630::
2622::
2569:.
2539::
2495:.
2465::
2459:8
2423:.
2403::
2395::
2363:.
2343::
2335::
2308:.
2288::
2280::
2253:.
2233::
2225::
2207:"
2194:.
2172::
2164::
2137:.
2113::
2107:7
2082:.
2062::
2054::
2027:.
1999::
1966:.
1945:.
1933::
1925::
1919:7
1902:.
1890::
1882::
1852:.
1840::
1804:.
1776::
1749:.
1729::
1699:.
1677::
1647:.
1621:.
1587:.
1565::
1557::
1523:.
1497:.
1471:.
1459::
1451::
1418:.
1398::
1390::
551:(
389:3
387:−
92:N
82:K
77:J
72:T
67:P
62:C
57:D
52:S
47:O
42:Ꞓ
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
