576:
some 1,912 parish and corporation workhouses had been established in
England and Wales, housing almost 100,000 paupers. Perhaps one million people were receiving some kind of parish poor relief by the end of the century. Although many parishes and pamphlet writers expected to earn money from the labour of the poor in workhouses, the vast majority of people obliged to take up residence in workhouses were ill, elderly, or children whose labour proved largely unprofitable. The demands, needs and expectations of the poor also ensured that workhouses came to take on the character of general social policy institutions, combining the functions of creche, and night shelter, geriatric ward and orphanage. In 1782,
930:. Despite the aspirations of the reformers, the New Poor Law was unable to make the Workhouse as bad as life outside. The primary problem was that in order to make the diet of the workhouse inmates "less eligible" than what they could expect outside, it would be necessary to starve the inmates beyond an acceptable level. It was for this reason that other ways were found to deter entrance to the workhouses. These measures ranged from the introduction of prison-style uniforms to the segregation of inmates into separate yards for men, women, boys, and girls.
604:
266:
then sworn to return to the place in which he was authorised to beg. An able-bodied beggar was to be whipped, and sworn to return to the place where he was born, or last dwelt for the space of three years, and there put himself to labour. Still no provision was made, though, for the healthy man simply unable to find work. All able-bodied unemployed were put into the same category. Those unable to find work had a stark choice: starve or break the law. In 1535, a bill was drawn up calling for the creation of a system of
683:
4792:
1088:
33:
171:, when an estimated 30–40% of the population died. The decline in population left surviving workers in great demand in the agricultural economy. Landowners had to face the choice of raising wages to compete for workers or letting their lands go unused. Wages for labourers rose, and this forced up prices across the economy as goods became more expensive to produce. An attempt to rein in prices, the ordinance (and subsequent acts, such the
986:
414:
770:(relief given outside of a workhouse) should be abolished – was never implemented. The report recommended separate workhouses for the aged, infirm, children, able-bodied females and able-bodied males. The report also stated that parishes should be grouped into unions in order to spread the cost of workhouses and a central authority should be established in order to enforce these measures. The
144:
729:, which subsidised low wages without relief. The report concluded that the existing Poor Laws undermined the prosperity of the country by interfering with the natural laws of supply and demand, that the existing means of poor relief allowed employers to force down wages, and, that poverty itself was inevitable.
1163:
these workers were provided with outdoor relief. One aspect of the Poor Law that continued to cause resentment was that the burden of poor relief was not shared equally by rich and poor areas but, rather, fell most heavily on those areas in which poverty was at its worst. This was a central issue in the
1474:
presents the first revisionist analysis of the Poor Law in "The Myth of the Old Poor Law and the making of the New", commenting that the Old Poor Law did not reduce the efficiency of agricultural workers, lower wages, depress rents or compound the burden on rate payers. Blaug argues that Old Poor Law
331:
called for offenders to be burned through the ear for a first offence, and that persistent beggars should be hanged; however, the Act also made the first clear distinction between the "professional beggar" and those unemployed through no fault of their own. Early in her reign, Elizabeth I also passed
175:
of 1351) required that everyone who could work did; that wages were kept at pre-plague levels; and that food was not overpriced. Workers saw these shortage conditions as an opportunity to flee employers and become freemen, so Edward III passed additional laws to provide for the punishment of the wave
286:
in 1552 on the condition that the citizens of London pay for their maintenance. However, the city was unable to raise enough revenue from voluntary contributions, so it instituted the first definite compulsory Poor Rate in 1547, which replaced Sunday collections in church with a mandatory collection
575:
through
Parliament in 1723. The act gave legislative authority for the establishment of parochial workhouses, by both single parishes and as joint ventures between two or more parishes. More importantly, the act helped to publicise the idea of establishing workhouses to a national audience. By 1776
528:
A pauper applicant had to prove a settlement. If he could not, he was removed to the parish nearest to his birthplace, or where he prove some connection; some paupers were moved hundreds of miles. Although the parishes he passed through en route had no responsibility for him, they were supposed to
310:
was passed that subjected vagrants to some of the more extreme provisions of the criminal law, namely two years servitude and branding with a "V" as the penalty for the first offence, and death for the second. Justices of the Peace were reluctant to apply the full penalty. In 1552, Edward VI passed
1333:
also resulted in opposition. Some who gave evidence to the Royal
Commission into the Operation of the Poor Laws suggested that the existing system had proved adequate and was more adaptable to local needs. This argument was strongest in the industrial North of England and in the textile industries
1162:
there is evidence that some workhouses were used as makeshift hospitals for wounded servicemen. Numbers using the Poor Law system increased during the interwar years and between 1921 and 1938 despite the extension of unemployment insurance to virtually all workers except the self-employed. Many of
265:
to assign to the impotent poor an area within which they were to beg. Generally, the licences to beg for the impotent poor were limited to the disabled, sick, and elderly. An impotent person begging out of his area was to be imprisoned for two days and nights in the stocks, on bread and water, and
1050:
as destroying the self-reliance of the poor. The effect of this renewed effort to deter outdoor relief was to reduce claimants by a third and to increase numbers in the work house by 12–15%. County councils were formed in 1888, and district councils in 1894. This meant that public housing, unlike
885:
was in some cases impossible without starving paupers, and the high cost of building workhouses incurred by rate payers meant that outdoor relief continued to be a popular alternative. Despite efforts to ban outdoor relief, parishes continued to offer it as a more cost-effective method of dealing
245:
where he last dwelled, is best known, or was born and there remain upon the pain aforesaid." Although this returned the burden of caring for the jobless to the communities producing more children than they could employ, it offered no immediate remedy to the problem of poverty; it was merely swept
516:
was set up in each county. However, this system was separate from the 1601 system which distinguished between the settled poor and 'vagrants'. There was much variation in the application of the law and there was a tendency for the destitute to migrate towards the more generous parishes, usually
1372:
was published and was aimed at creating opposition to the workhouse system. and pamphlets were published spreading rumour and propaganda about Poor Law
Commissioners and alleged infanticide inside of workhouses. Opposition to the Poor Law yielded some successes in delaying the development of
457:
has stated that
England suffered rapid inflation at this time caused by population growth, the debasement of coinage and the inflow of American silver. Poor harvests in the period between 1595 and 1598 caused the numbers in poverty to increase, while charitable giving had decreased after the
1263:
336:
required all parish residents with ability to contribute to poor collections. Those who "of his or their forward willful mind shall obstinately refuse to give weekly to the relief of the poor according to his or their abilities" could be bound over to justices of the peace and fined £10.
496:, but as they would know their paupers, they were considered able to differentiate between the deserving and undeserving poor, making the system both more humane and initially more efficient. The population was then small enough for everyone to know everyone else's circumstances, so the
1475:
was a device "for dealing with the problems of structural unemployment and substandard wages in the lagging rural sector of a rapidly growing but still underdeveloped economy". Other areas of Poor Law which have concerned historians include the extent to which the Second
529:
supply food and drink and shelter for at least one night. An act of 1697 required beggars to wear a badge of red or blue cloth on the right shoulder with an embroidered letter "P" and the initial of their parish. However, this practice soon fell into disuse.
511:
or outdoor relief. Neither method was then deemed harsh. The act was intended to deal with beggars who were considered a threat to civil order. The act was passed at a time when poverty was considered necessary as fear of poverty made people work. In 1607 a
95:, passed in 1834, which significantly modified the system of poor relief. The New Poor Law altered the system from one which was administered haphazardly at a local parish level to a highly centralised system which encouraged the large-scale development of
341:
required towns to create "a competent stock of wool, hemp, flax, iron and other stuff" for the poor to work on and houses of correction for those who refused to work where recalcitrant or careless workers could be forced to work and punished accordingly.
366:& want, as they could be content to hazard their lives, and to sere one yeere for meat, drinke and apparell only, without wages, in hope thereby to amend their estates." With this, he may have been the first to suggest what became the institution of
525:. Unfortunately, the laws reduced the mobility of labour and discouraged the pauper from leaving his parish to find work. They also encouraged industry to create short contracts (e.g. 364 days) that did not make an employee eligible for poor relief.
1469:
has passed through several distinct phases. The "traditionalist" or "orthodox" account of the Poor Laws focuses upon the deficiencies of the Old Poor Law. This early historiography was influential in successfully overhauling the system.
1029:
was passed in order to make the financial burden of pauperism be placed upon the whole unions rather than individual parishes. Most boards of guardians were middle class and committed to keeping poor rates as low as possible. After the
858:
and the building of workhouses in each union for the giving of poor relief. Although the legislation sought to reduce costs to rate payers, one area not reformed was the system's continued financing via "poor rates" on property owners.
657:"to authorise the issue of Exchequer Bills and the Advance of Money out of the Consolidated Fund, to a limited Amount, for the carrying on of Public Works and Fisheries in the United Kingdom and Employment of the Poor in Great Britain"
337:
Additionally, the 1572 Act further enabled
Justices of the Peace to survey and register the impotent poor, determine how much money was required for their relief, and then assess parish residents weekly for the appropriate amount. The
382:
to "Bees...led out by their
Captaines to swarme abroad"; he recommends "deducting" the poor out of the realm. Hakluyt also broadens the scope and additionally recommends to empty the prisons and send them off to the New World.
1126:
was set up to investigate what changes could be made to the Poor Law. The commission produced two conflicting reports but both investigations were largely ignored by the
Liberal government when implementing their own scheme of
210:
had been the primary source of poor relief, but their dissolution resulted in poor relief moving from a largely voluntary basis to a compulsory tax that was collected at a parish level. Early legislation was concerned with
4534:
315:
which designated a position of "Collector of Alms" in each parish and created a register of licensed poor. Under the assumption that parish collections would now relieve all poor, begging was completely prohibited.
1385:, the Poor Law Commission granted some boards the right to continue providing relief under the Old Poor Law. However, the movement against the New Poor Law was short-lived, leading many to instead turn towards
2334:
765:
When the act was introduced however it had been partly watered down. The workhouse test and the idea of "less eligibility" were never mentioned themselves and the recommendation of the royal commission that
667:
and a decline in industries such as wool spinning and lace making. Boyer also contends that farmers were able to take advantage of the poor law system to shift some of their labour costs onto the tax payer.
544:, some twelve further towns and cities established similar corporations in the next two decades. As these corporations required private acts, they were unsuitable for smaller towns and individual parishes.
257:, a proclamation was issued, describing idleness as the "mother and root of all vices" and ordering that whipping should replace the stocks as the punishment for vagabonds. This change was confirmed in the
433:
was called to deal with the issues of increased poverty and vagrancy, among other things. This session culminated in the passage of several Acts referred to as the "Poor Laws of 1598". Among them were the
277:
In London, there was a great massing of the poor, and the
Reformation threatened to eliminate some of the infrastructure used to provide for the poor. As a result, King Henry VIII consented to re-endow
1350:. The New Poor Law was seen as interference from Londoners with little understanding of local affairs. Opposition was unusually strong because committees had already been formed in opposition to the
1431:
was the first attempt to put control of the destitute and responsibility for their welfare on a statutory basis. Due to exceptional overcrowding, workhouses in
Ireland stopped admissions during the
1326:, the overseer at Southwell, was to become a Poor Law Commissioner in the reformed system. The 1817 Report of the Select Committee on the Poor Laws condemned the Poor Law as causing poverty itself.
663:
workhouses were already being built to reduce the spiraling cost of poor relief. Boyer suggests several possible reasons for the gradual increase in relief given to able-bodied males, including the
901:(an area the law had never considered during reviews), the system failed catastrophically as many found themselves temporarily unemployed, due to recessions or a fall in stock demands (so-called '
846:
reforming legislation of the period". The act aimed to reduce the burden on rate payers and can be seen as an attempt by the Whig government to win the votes of the classes enfranchised by the
1059:
and mentally ill and children became more humane. This was in part due to the expense of providing "mixed workhouses" as well as changing attitudes regarding the causes and nature of poverty.
5048:
623:
cheap grain into Britain which resulted in the price of bread increasing. As wages did not also increase, many agricultural labourers were plunged into poverty. Following peace in 1814, the
1995:
Lewis C. Vollmar, Jr., "The Effect of Epidemics on the Development of English Law from the Black Death Through the Industrial Revolution," Journal of Legal Medicine, vol. 15 (1994), p. 385
1074:
600:. The work would go on to three subsequent editions in Nolan's lifetime (Nolan was elected an MP for Barnstaple in 1820), and stoked the discussion both within and outside of Parliament.
4135:
1319:
1123:
485:
was relatively unusual, and most workhouses developed later. The 1601 Law made parents and children responsible for each other, so elderly parents would live with their children.
390:
system of indentured service would be fully developed, and subsequent colonies would adopt the method with modifications suitable to their different conditions and times. English
4434:
3429:
592:
which prevented non-settled persons from being moved on unless they had applied for relief. An investigation of the history and current state of the Poor Laws was made by
3682:
584:
that established poor houses solely for the aged and infirm and introduced a system of outdoor relief for the able-bodied. This was the basis for the development of the
3484:
241:
for three days and three nights and have none other sustenance but bread and water and then shall be put out of Town. Every beggar suitable to work shall resort to the
2219:
555:
in 1714 several dozen small towns and individual parishes established their own institutions without any specific legal authorization. These were concentrated in the
4922:
694:
677:
1937:
1306:, several reformers altered the function of the "poorhouse" into the model for a deterrent workhouse. The first of the deterrent workhouses in this period was at
5063:
492:
was a parish-based system; there were around 15,000 such parishes based upon the area around a parish church. The system allowed for despotic behaviour from the
874:. Conditions in workhouses were to be made harsh to discourage people from claiming. Workhouses were to be built in every parish, or in poor law unions. The
287:
for the poor. In 1555, London became increasingly concerned with the number of poor who could work, but yet could not find work, so it established the first
83:
laws dealing with the problems caused by vagrants and beggars. The history of the Poor Law in England and Wales is usually divided between two statutes: the
1843:
1151:
were developed during the inter-war period, not as part of the Poor Law, but as part of the attempt to offer relief that was not affected by the stigma of
643:. Social attitudes to poverty began to change after 1815 and overhauls of the system were considered. The Poor Law system was criticized as distorting the
504:. The system provided social stability yet by 1750 needed to be adapted to cope with population increases, greater mobility and regional price variations.
3400:
1115:
encouraged the Local Government Board to set up work projects when unemployment rates were high rather than use workhouses. The Conservatives passed the
355:
1516:
194:
The origins of the English Poor Law system can be traced back to late medieval statutes dealing with beggars and vagrancy, but it was only during the
4630:
4536:
No Part of the Mother Country, but Distinct Dominions – Law, State Formation and Governance in England, Massachusetts und South Carolina, 1630–1769
1108:
790:
in 1834. The few who opposed the bill were more concerned about the centralisation which it would bring rather than the underpinning philosophy of
564:
358:, a new method to alleviate the condition of the poor would be suggested and utilised considerably over time. Merchant and colonisation proponent
1821:
838:
is considered to be one of the most "far-reaching pieces of legislation of the entire Nineteenth Century" and "classic example of the fundamental
3547:
453:
The more immediate origins of the Elizabethan Poor Law system were deteriorating economic circumstances in sixteenth-century England. Historian
3586:
Lees, Lynn Hollen. The Solidarities of Strangers: The English Poor Laws and the People, 1770–1948. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
17:
4543:
4343:
1776:
4459:
4418:
4158:
3574:"Mike Royden's Local History Pages The 19th Century Poor Law in Liverpool and its Hinterland: Towards the Origins of the Workhouse Infirmary"
3179:
465:
created a system administered at parish level, paid for by levying local rates on rate payers. Relief for those too ill or old to work, the '
246:
from sight, or moved from town to town. Moreover, no distinction was made between vagrants and the jobless; both were simply categorised as "
4498:
5035:
3214:
1068:
1651:
1543:
1111:
meant that people who had accessed medical care funded by the poor rate were no longer disqualified from voting in elections. In 1886 the
1034:
there was increasing welfare legislation. As this legislation required local authorities' support the Poor Law Board was replaced with a
4709:
4561:
3652:
1582:
4906:
3461:
1155:. According to Lees by slowly dismantling the system the Poor Law was "to die by attrition and surgical removals of essential organs".
4612:
477:, though these were usually private charitable institutions. Meanwhile, able-bodied beggars who had refused work were often placed in
283:
1443:
was sometimes used by landlords as a method of keeping the cost of poor relief down and removing surplus labour. Reforms after the
4621:
2855:
3436:
639:
artificially high. 1815 saw great social unrest as the end of the French Wars saw industrial and agricultural depression and high
507:
The 1601 act sought to deal with 'settled' poor who had found themselves temporarily out of work—it was assumed they would accept
5096:
4639:
4489:
1506:
1013:
and the criticism of Henry Parker who was responsible for the Andover union as well as the tensions in Somerset House caused by
4992:
966:
68:
that developed out of the codification of late-medieval and Tudor-era laws in 1587–1598. The system continued until the modern
4579:
4482:
Enclosures, Common Rights, and Women: The Proletarianization of Families in the Late Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries
760:. The reformed workhouses were to be uninviting, so that anyone capable of coping outside them would choose not to be in one.
4552:
4473:
4428:
4372:
4353:
2272:
2237:
1229:
had been absorbed into this scheme. By 1936 only 13% of people were still receiving poor relief in some form of institution.
1186:
4718:
4641:
Household and Family among the Poor: The Case of Two Essex Communities in the Late Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries
4525:
4062:
106:
The Poor Law system fell into decline at the beginning of the 20th century owing to factors such as the introduction of the
1135:
of the Liberal government made several provisions to provide social services without the stigma of the Poor Law, including
831:
4388:
3617:
3525:
4972:
3343:
1941:
1299:". The effect of poor relief, in the view of the reformers, was to undermine the position of the "independent labourer".
1257:
567:
began to promote the idea of parochial workhouses. The society published several pamphlets on the subject, and supported
279:
3548:"The National Archives Learning Curve | Britain 1906–18 | Achievements of Liberal Reforms: Gallery Background"
5106:
4745:
4589:
4570:
1980:
1194:
778:
took a year to write its report, the recommendations passed easily through Parliament support by both main parties the
749:
should have to enter a workhouse with conditions worse than that of the poorest free labourer outside of the workhouse.
568:
4507:
4362:
2335:"How Elizabethan law once protected the poor from the high cost of living – and led to unrivalled economic prosperity"
3984:
3851:
3782:
3720:
3244:
1511:
1171:
and others in 1921. Lansbury had in 1911 written a provocative attack on the workhouse system in a pamphlet entitled
834:
and largely implemented the findings of the royal commission which had presented its findings two years earlier. The
540:
which combined housing and care of the poor with a house of correction for petty offenders. Following the example of
379:
2144:
870:, it stated that no able-bodied person was to receive money or other help from the Poor Law authorities except in a
5111:
4962:
4596:‘The Nineteenth century Poor Law in Liverpool and its Hinterland: Towards the Origins of the Workhouse Infirmary’,
1241:
1095:
which were implemented outside of the Poor Law system and paved the way for the eventual abolition of the Poor Law.
891:
813:
783:
624:
5091:
4312:
Boyer, George R. (1997). "Poor Relief, Informal Assistance, and Short Time during the Lancashire Cotton Famine".
1503:, government programs that seek to provide a minimum level of income, service or other support for certain people
1460:
1143:, and from that period fewer people were covered by the system. From 1911, the term "workhouse" was replaced by "
941:
Union workhouse were found to be inhumane and dangerous, prompted a government review and the replacement of the
533:
4629:
Smith, Richard (1996). “Charity, Self-interest and Welfare: Reflections from Demographic and Family History” in
1025:
which formed in 1858 highlighted conditions in workhouses and led to workhouses being inspected more often. The
949:. Now, a committee of Parliament was to administer the Poor Law, with a cabinet minister as head. Despite this
5085:
5020:
4810:
3807:
Huzel, James, ”Malthus, the Poor Law, and Population in Early Nineteenth-Century England”, University of Kent,
3404:
1428:
1323:
950:
839:
443:
234:
199:
5116:
3488:
1218:
430:
75:
English Poor Law legislation can be traced back as far as 1536, when legislation was passed to deal with the
3368:
Margaret Anne Crowther, The workhouse system, 1834–1929: the history of an English social institution, p. 69
167:, issued in 1349 and revised in 1350. The ordinance was issued in response to the 1348–1350 outbreak of the
5068:
5025:
4932:
4781:
2587:
1424:
1043:
1026:
854:
to oversee the national operation of the system. This included the forming together of small parishes into
850:. Despite being labelled an "amendment act" it completely overhauled the existing system and established a
721:
were undermining the position of the independent labourer. Two practices were of particular concern: the "
123:
3128:
274:, to be funded by a tax on income and capital. A law passed a year later allowed vagabonds to be whipped.
4927:
4845:
4835:
1861:
1420:
1279:
was felt to be too costly and was considered in academic circles as encouraging the underlying problems.
1222:
1182:
1116:
1082:
803:
775:
660:
581:
577:
92:
41:
4604:
Shaw-Taylor, Leigh. "Parliamentary Enclosure and the Emergence of an English Agricultural Proletariat."
3401:"The collection of Local Government Board held at the British Library of Political and Economic Science"
151:(pictured), when labour was in short supply, were concerned with making the able-bodied work.(also see:
5139:
5058:
5053:
4465:
1315:
1099:
The Poor Law system began to decline with the availability of other forms of assistance. The growth of
1022:
3551:
3187:
2609:
1051:
health and income maintenance, developed outside the scope of the Poor Law. Poor Law policy after the
481:
or even subjected to beatings to mend their attitudes. Provision for the many able-bodied poor in the
5015:
4957:
4088:
1874:
Sidney & Beatrice Webb, English Local Government: English Poor Law History Part 1, pp. 1–2, 24–25
1444:
1202:
1010:
934:
887:
809:
521:, which allowed relief only to established residents of a parish; mainly through birth, marriage and
359:
242:
362:
noted the then-current domestic conditions; "there are at this day great numbers which live in such
4696:
3783:"Social Science and the 1834 Poor Law: The Theories that Smith, Bentham, Malthus and Owen made Law"
1780:
1655:
1343:
1338:
as well as being a more cost-effective method. Poor Law commissioners faced greatest opposition in
1311:
1307:
652:
647:
and in 1816 a parliamentary select committee looked into altering the system which resulted in the
421:
is sometimes referred to as the "43rd Elizabeth" as it was passed in the 43rd year of the reign of
4411:
The Labour Market and the Continuity of Social Policy after 1834: The Case of the Eastern Counties
4110:
5043:
4595:
3573:
3210:
1245:
1237:
1174:
1132:
1092:
1078:
922:
648:
395:
107:
4791:
4400:
4162:
2565:
394:
would be implemented soon afterwards, and evolve into a subsidized government endeavor with the
5010:
4738:
4382:
1749:"Five Hundred Years of English Poor Laws, 1349–1834:Regulating the Working and Nonworking Poor"
1547:
1480:
1359:
1164:
1039:
1035:
994:
980:
875:
863:
733:
548:
469:', was in the form of a payment or items of food ('the parish loaf') or clothing also known as
422:
351:
320:
299:
where poor could receive shelter and work at cap-making, feather-bed making, and wire drawing.
203:
168:
160:
2443:
2161:
905:') and were reluctant to enter a workhouse, despite its being the only method of gaining aid.
4442:
3656:
3102:
2687:
1972:
1586:
1335:
1018:
902:
702:
686:
589:
407:
254:
164:
122:
which bypassed the Poor Law system. The Poor Law system was not formally abolished until the
3256:
3076:
2969:
2947:
2811:
2254:
2115:
Sidney & Beatrice Webb, English Local Government: English Poor Law History Part 1, p. 52
2090:
Sidney & Beatrice Webb, English Local Government: English Poor Law History Part 1, p. 51
2063:
Sidney & Beatrice Webb, English Local Government: English Poor Law History Part 1, p. 50
2054:
Sidney & Beatrice Webb, English Local Government: English Poor Law History Part 1, p. 48
2045:
Sidney & Beatrice Webb, English Local Government: English Poor Law History Part 1, p. 47
4855:
4840:
4830:
4825:
4820:
3299:
3153:
2736:
2709:
2621:
1613:
1288:
1144:
1112:
588:, which made financial provision for low-paid workers. Settlement Laws were altered by the
518:
493:
462:
447:
435:
418:
391:
303:
262:
230:
177:
172:
84:
80:
4692:
Annotated text of an Act of 1598 of which the 1601 Act was a revision (scroll down to (H))
3321:
2512:
2421:
1915:
1893:
532:
The workhouse movement began at the end of the 17th century with the establishment of the
8:
5000:
4891:
4850:
4675:
4450:
3954:
3932:
3910:
3016:
2994:
2925:
2859:
2643:
1681:
1378:
1347:
1271:
criticized the New Poor Law's workhouses for splitting mothers and their infant children.
1190:
1002:
972:
942:
851:
771:
726:
585:
513:
478:
450:. Together, these Acts of 1598 and 1601 came to be known as "The Elizabethan Poor Laws."
288:
4703:
4659:
4300:
4018:
3888:
3863:
3283:
3047:
2903:
2608:
E. P. Thompson, The Making of the English Working Class, at 147. Full text available at
2468:
2196:
1283:
argued for a disciplinary, punitive approach to social problems, whilst the writings of
4982:
4952:
4771:
4066:
4040:
3821:
3618:
http://www.museumofreading.org.uk/collections/album/pdfs/battle%20hospital%20-%2070.pdf
2833:
2775:
2399:
2308:
1398:
1351:
1206:
1185:
was responsible for several measures which largely killed off the Poor Law system. The
1140:
1100:
938:
779:
664:
593:
572:
439:
406:"Old Poor Law" redirects here. For the Old Poor Law of Scotland between 1574-1845, see
387:
367:
350:
In the early 1580s, with the development of English colonisation schemes, initially in
328:
307:
258:
1232:
In 1948 the Poor Law system was finally abolished with the introduction of the modern
4766:
4731:
4585:
4469:
4424:
4368:
4349:
3980:
3847:
3716:
3678:
3596:
3455:
3240:
2665:
2377:
2268:
2233:
2174:
1976:
1965:
1862:"BBC - History - British History in depth: Black Death: Political and Social Changes"
1837:
1416:
1296:
894:
were both issued to try to prevent people receiving relief outside of the workhouse.
324:
127:
65:
4420:
Governing Rural England: Tradition and Transformation in Local Government, 1780–1840
3996:
3751:
3683:"George Lansbury: at the heart of Old Labour by John Shepherd – Reviews, Books"
2145:
Redemptioners and indentured servants in the colony and commonwealth of Pennsylvania
909:
also was allowed an exemption from the law and continued to provide outdoor relief.
4937:
4901:
4329:
4321:
4306:
2767:
2490:
2260:
2225:
1476:
1448:
1267:
1226:
917:
882:
847:
817:
742:
682:
603:
296:
111:
5101:
4815:
4776:
4723:
4446:
2881:
2229:
2162:
Mercantilism Reimagined: Political Economy in Early Modern Britain and Its Empire
1402:
1355:
1303:
1168:
1159:
1136:
1031:
913:
616:
552:
371:
189:
4691:
4390:
Farm Wages and Living Standards in the Industrial Revolution: England, 1670–1869
2024:
2006:
1709:
332:
laws directly aimed at providing relief for the poor. For example, in 1563, her
180:, passed in 1388, placed restrictions on the movement of labourers and beggars.
5005:
4977:
4967:
4947:
4886:
4649:'Poor Relief and English Economic Development before the Industrial Revolution'
1484:
1436:
1368:
1284:
1280:
1210:
1047:
1014:
1006:
990:
976:
946:
867:
855:
791:
767:
753:
706:
628:
556:
522:
470:
100:
4500:
The Solidarities of Strangers: The English Poor Laws and the People, 1770–1948
3378:
3347:
1736:
The Solidarities of Strangers: The English Poor Laws and the People, 1770–1948
1119:
which provided for temporary employment for workers in times of unemployment.
5133:
4509:
Poor Relief before the Welfare State: Britain versus the Continent, 1780–1880
2534:
2124:
2099:
1292:
1233:
714:
517:
situated in the towns. This led to the Settlement Act 1662 also known as the
508:
466:
338:
333:
312:
247:
152:
76:
69:
2264:
1748:
1447:
resulted in the abolition of Boards of Guardians in the jurisdiction of the
1103:
provided help for its members without recourse to the Poor Law system. Some
697:
was set up following the widespread destruction and machine breaking of the
4870:
4356:
4325:
1488:
1432:
1382:
1363:
1330:
1276:
1052:
954:
835:
787:
718:
710:
640:
489:
454:
271:
267:
237:, ordering that "vagabonds, idle and suspected persons shall be set in the
226:
195:
44:, some had already been built under the existing system. This workhouse in
3786:
2948:"The 1832 Royal Commission of Inquiry into the operation of the Poor Laws"
2812:"The 1832 Royal Commission of Inquiry into the operation of the Poor Laws"
1275:
Opposition to the Poor Law grew at the beginning of the 19th century. The
912:
The abuses and shortcomings of the system are documented in the novels of
4896:
4865:
2148:
1104:
1021:. The Poor Law had been altered in 1834 because of increasing costs. The
927:
698:
644:
536:, founded by the Bristol Poor Act in 1696. The corporation established a
220:
216:
207:
148:
115:
88:
61:
3129:"Administrative Units Typology | Status definition: Poor Law Union"
2312:
2218:
McIntosh, Marjorie Kensington (2011). "The Poor Laws of 1598 and 1601".
2779:
2296:
2128:
1471:
1440:
1339:
1198:
1148:
906:
843:
474:
302:
For the able-bodied poor, life became even tougher during the reign of
4334:
2358:
Slack, Paul. The English Poor Law, 1531–1782. London: Macmillan, 1990.
881:
Various reasons prevented the application of some of the act's terms.
4942:
4860:
2103:
1374:
1152:
1087:
878:
were to be responsible for overseeing the implementation of the act.
871:
821:
757:
725:" system, where overseers hired out paupers as cheap labour, and the
722:
632:
537:
501:
497:
482:
292:
96:
37:
32:
4648:
4516:
4480:
4409:
4291:
4282:
4270:
4136:"The Irish poor law | Public Record Office of Northern Ireland"
2771:
3154:"Savings on the poor rates made by the 1834 Poor Law Amendment Act"
2610:
https://libcom.org/library/making-english-working-class-ep-thompson
1466:
1408:
1386:
985:
212:
130:. c. 29), with parts of the law remaining on the books until 1967.
49:
45:
2758:
Flinn, M. W. (1 January 1961). "The Poor Employment Act of 1817".
2072:
R. O. Bucholz, Newton Key, Early modern England, 1485–1714, p. 176
413:
4566:, edited by R.M. Hartwell. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1970.
4491:
Poverty and Welfare in England, 1700–1850: A Regional Perspective
4394:
3811:
Volume 22 Issue 3, pp. 430–52, Published Online: 11 February 2008
1500:
1419:
although Irish legislation was heavily influenced by the English
1412:
1334:
where outdoor relief was a more effective method of dealing with
1262:
1221:
was set up in 1934 to deal with those not covered by the earlier
1128:
1056:
898:
541:
363:
4258:
3630:
3180:"Did the treatment of the poor improve after the 1834 Poor Law?"
1075:
Royal Commission on the Poor Laws and Relief of Distress 1905–09
709:
as Secretary. The royal commission's primary concerns were with
219:
work, especially while labour was in short supply following the
4702:
4379:
Welfare's forgotten past: a socio-legal history of the poor law
3772:
Jones, Kathleen, The making of social policy in Britain, p. 122
1214:
746:
620:
261:
the following year, with one important change: it directed the
238:
119:
4717:
A famous depiction of women in the Victorian workhouse –
4560:
Rose, Michael E. “The New Poor Law in an Industrial Area”. in
4089:"History – Beneath the Surface: A Country of Two Nations"
3512:
Poverty and Poor Law Reform in 19th Century Britain, 1834–1914
2904:"The burdens and evils associated with the existing Poor Laws"
897:
When the new amendment was applied to the industrial North of
598:
Treatise of the Laws for the Relief and Settlement of the Poor
229:
attempts to tackle the problem originated during the reign of
4276:
701:. The report was prepared by a commission of nine, including
636:
608:
607:
Advertisement for builders to build a new Workhouse in north
560:
3933:"Richard Oastler's opposition to the Poor Law Amendment Act"
143:
4578:
Royden, Mike, 'The Poor Law and Workhouse in Liverpool' in
4464:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1934 (reissued by
2555:
Knott, John, Popular opposition to the 1834 Poor Law, p. 21
2297:"The Elizabethan Poor Laws and the Stage in the Late 1590s"
2535:"Key dates in Poor Law and Relief Great Britain 1300–1899"
997:
was one reason for an overhaul of Poor Law administration.
4518:
English Poor Law Policy and the Crusade Against Outrelief
3474:
Rees, Rosmary, Poverty and Public Health, 1815–1948, p. 8
3037:
Rees, Rosmary, Poverty and Public Health 1815–1948, p. 30
695:
1832 Royal Commission into the Operation of the Poor Laws
689:
argued for greater centralization of the Poor Law system.
678:
1832 Royal Commission into the Operation of the Poor Laws
110:
and the availability of other sources of assistance from
4393:
Economic History Review, 2nd series 54 (2001): 477–505.
1415:
were distinct from the English Poor Law system covering
4661:
Religion and the Rise of Capitalism: A Historical Study
4405:
Journal of Economic History 61 (2001): 1009–36. UCDavis
4367:. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1978.
671:
4632:
Charity, Self-Interest and Welfare in the English Past
4545:
Women Workers and the Industrial Revolution, 1750–1850
4345:
An Economic History of the English Poor Law, 1750–1850
4293:
Unemployment and Poor Law Relief in Manchester, 1845–5
4272:
The Myth of the Old Poor Law and the Making of the New
4198:
An economic history of the English poor law, 1750–1850
4185:
An economic history of the English poor law, 1750–1850
3844:
An economic history of the English poor law, 1750–1850
2795:
An Economic History of the English Poor Law, 1750–1850
1777:"Timeline – Poor Laws, Workhouses, and Social Support"
1423:. In Scotland the Poor Law system was reformed by the
1366:
became the leaders of the Anti-Poor Law campaign. The
1042:
led a crusade against outdoor relief supported by the
4713:. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 74–80.
4512:
European Review of Economic History 2 (1998): 101–40.
4461:
The Treatment of Poverty in Cambridgeshire, 1597–1834
4414:
Economic History Review, 2nd series 28 (1975): 69–83.
2081:
Paul Slack, The English Poor Law 1531-1782, pp. 59–60
458:
dissolution of the monasteries and religious guilds.
4697:
Workhouse records on The National Archives' website.
4287:
Journal of Economic History (1964) 24: 229–45. JSTOR
3526:"GCSE Bitesize – The Liberal reforms 1906–1914"
1967:
The Oxford History of the Laws of England: 1483–1558
1654:. Institutions.org.uk. 6 August 2007. Archived from
1346:
where in 1837 there was high unemployment during an
442:. These laws were further refined and formalized by
27:
Laws regarding poverty in England, 16th–19th century
4041:"Attack on the Workhouse at Stockport (1842 Riots)"
3706:
3704:
1771:
1769:
1244:came into force in 1948 and created the modern day
953:occurred over inhumane treatment of paupers in the
473:. Some aged people might be accommodated in parish
4753:
4669:English Poor Law History. Part I: The Old Poor Law
3955:"The state of the Huddersfield Union (April 1838)"
3485:"Britain 1906–18 | Gallery 2 | Timeline"
1964:
1851:, Cardiff University. Retrieved on April 11, 2009.
1822:"What was the Economy Like After the Black Death?"
1646:
1644:
1517:History of the welfare state in the United Kingdom
1451:and their replacement by County Boards of Health.
198:that the Poor Law system was codified. Before the
5131:
4598:Journal of the Liverpool Medical History Society
4494:. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2000.
4130:
4128:
4063:"Research: Guide to the records of the Poor Law"
3883:
3881:
3701:
3071:
3069:
2806:
2804:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2688:"Causes of the Discontent and Distress, 1812–22"
2224:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 273–293.
1842:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1766:
1704:
1702:
1109:Medical Relief Disqualification Removal Act 1885
565:Society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge
4275:Journal of Economic History 23 (1963): 151–84.
4212:Blaug, Mark, "The Poor Law Report Reexamined",
4019:"Printed attacks on the Poor Law Amendment Act"
2989:
2987:
2737:"Changing attitudes towards poverty after 1815"
2463:
2461:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2364:
1641:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1532:
756:", that relief should only be available in the
651:being passed. 1817 also saw the passing of the
4614:Poverty and Policy in Tudor and Stuart England
4521:Journal of Economic History 47 (1987): 603–25.
4503:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
4348:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990
4156:
3628:
3597:"Ss Mary & John Churchyard::the workhouse"
3213:. The Workhouse: The story of an institution.
3208:
2834:"Rural Unrest in the 1830s: the "Swing" riots"
2259:. London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 38–41.
1679:
4739:
4125:
3878:
3822:"Principles of a sound system of Poor Relief"
3066:
2970:"Principles of a sound system of Poor Relief"
2801:
2724:
2400:"A Short Explanation of the English Poor Law"
2288:
2211:
1886:
1883:Byrne, Joseph Patrick, The black death, p. 66
1824:. Archived from the original on 30 April 2007
1738:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998
1699:
1675:
1673:
713:(or "bastardy"), reflecting the influence of
4257:
4208:
4206:
3077:"The Poor Law Amendment Act: 14 August 1834"
2984:
2458:
2361:
1601:
1562:
1529:
1377:was attacked by a crowd of rioters. As many
1354:, leaders of the Ten Hours campaign such as
1069:Decline and abolition of the Poor Law system
4402:Common Rights to Land in England, 1475–1839
2590:. Freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com
2301:Medieval & Renaissance Drama in England
736:be governed by two overarching principles:
4907:Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor
4746:
4732:
4575:. Newton Abbot: David & Charles, 1971.
4436:The New Poor Law in the Nineteenth Century
4242:. Newton Abbot: David & Charles, 1971.
4111:"Ennistymon Union – The Poor Law Act"
3424:
3422:
3322:"The Huddersfield workhouse scandal: 1848"
1940:. Probertencyclopaedia.com. Archived from
1808:. New York: Barnes & Noble. pp. 32–46.
1800:
1798:
1670:
1107:also provided help for their members. The
500:would be unable to claim on the parishes'
345:
4455:. London: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1911.
4333:
4216:, Vol. 24, No. 2 (June 1964), pp. 229–45.
4203:
3509:
2566:"History of St Peter's Hospital, Bristol"
2256:Identity and Agency in England, 1500–1800
2139:
2137:
1716:. Economic History Foundation. 7 May 2002
1183:Poverty in the interwar years (1918–1939)
960:
717:, and the fear that the practices of the
4719:'A scene in the Westminster Union, 1878'
3710:
2858:. Homepage.newschool.edu. Archived from
2797:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2294:
2217:
2004:
1634:G. R. Elton, "An Early Tudor Poor Law",
1261:
1225:passed by the Liberals, and by 1937 the
1086:
1062:
984:
830:was passed in 1834 by the government of
681:
602:
412:
142:
31:
5097:Timeline of the English Poor Law system
4530:. 2nd edition. London: Macmillan, 1985.
4296:Social History 15 (1990): 217–28. JSTOR
4161:. www.workhouses.org.uk. Archived from
3977:Popular Opposition to the 1834 Poor Law
3419:
3346:. Swallowcliffehall.com. Archived from
3300:"The Andover Workhouse scandal, 1845–6"
2332:
1816:
1814:
1795:
1507:Timeline of the English poor law system
1392:
571:in his successful efforts to steer the
159:The earliest medieval Poor Law was the
14:
5132:
4557:, 2nd edition. London: Longmans, 1986.
3677:
3550:. Learningcurve.gov.uk. Archived from
3487:. Learningcurve.gov.uk. Archived from
3460:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
3281:
2710:"The Battle of Waterloo: 18 June 1815"
2491:"Population Growth in the Age of Peel"
2252:
2160:Philip J. Stern, Carl Wennerlind Eds.
2134:
1381:were determined to continue under the
967:Poor Law policy after the New Poor Law
176:of escapee workers. In addition, the
147:The Poor Laws in the aftermath of the
4727:
4554:Poverty and Vagrancy in Tudor England
4311:
4065:. Nationalarchives.ie. Archived from
3403:. Library-2.lse.ac.uk. Archived from
3257:"Unemployment in Nottingham (1837–8)"
2792:
2757:
2177:. Elizabethan-era.org.uk. 17 May 2007
1962:
1187:Board of Guardians (Default) Act 1926
1091:David Lloyd George, architect of the
659:. By 1820, before the passing of the
327:, was also inclined to severity. The
138:
4227:Poverty and Public Health, 1815–1948
4021:. Historyhome.co.uk. 19 January 2009
3999:. Historyhome.co.uk. 19 January 2009
3957:. Historyhome.co.uk. 19 January 2009
3935:. Historyhome.co.uk. 19 January 2009
3913:. Historyhome.co.uk. 19 January 2009
3891:. Historyhome.co.uk. 19 January 2009
3866:. Historyhome.co.uk. 19 January 2009
3754:. Thepotteries.org. 30 November 2008
3655:. Eh.net. 7 May 2002. Archived from
3302:. Victorianweb.org. 12 November 2002
3217:from the original on 28 October 2021
3211:"The 1842 Outdoor Labour Test Order"
3019:. Historyhome.co.uk. 19 January 2009
2997:. Historyhome.co.uk. 19 January 2009
2906:. Historyhome.co.uk. 19 January 2009
2836:. Historyhome.co.uk. 19 January 2009
2739:. Victorianweb.org. 12 November 2002
2712:. Historyhome.co.uk. 19 January 2009
2690:. Historyhome.co.uk. 19 January 2009
2624:. Victorianweb.org. 12 November 2002
2515:. Victorianweb.org. 12 November 2002
2493:. Historyhome.co.uk. 19 January 2009
2471:. Historyhome.co.uk. 19 January 2009
2424:. Victorianweb.org. 12 November 2002
2380:. Historyhome.co.uk. 19 January 2009
1896:. Victorianweb.org. 12 November 2002
1811:
1585:. Eh.net. 7 May 2002. Archived from
672:The Royal Commission on the Poor Law
2950:. Victorianweb.org. 8 November 2002
2928:. Victorianweb.org. 7 November 2002
2884:. Victorianweb.org. 14 October 2002
2814:. Victorianweb.org. 8 November 2002
2668:. Victorianweb.org. 11 October 2002
2446:. Victorianweb.org. 1 November 2002
1971:. Oxford University Press. p.
1918:. Witheridge-historical-archive.com
1616:. Victorianweb.org. 8 November 2002
1258:Opposition to the English Poor Laws
79:, although there were much earlier
24:
5107:List of poor law unions in England
4399:Clark, Gregory and Anthony Clark.
4302:The Aged Poor in England and Wales
4249:
4043:. Victorianweb.org. 5 October 2006
3048:"The Poor Law Amendment Act, 1834"
3017:"The New Poor Law, 14 August 1834"
2972:. Victorianweb.org. 22 August 2002
2469:"Justifying the relief of poverty"
1779:. Kingsnorton.info. Archived from
1763:Akron Law Review 30 (1996): 73–128
1291:, and the growth of illegitimacy.
40:developed in the period after the
25:
5151:
4685:
4423:. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994.
3735:
3653:"Encyclopedia: English Poor Laws"
2221:Poor Relief in England, 1350-1600
1583:"Encyclopedia: English Poor Laws"
1544:"British social policy 1601–1948"
1512:Social care in the United Kingdom
1454:
1373:workhouses, and one workhouse in
1201:were officially abolished by the
1193:supporting the miners during the
580:finally succeeded in passing the
233:. In 1495, Parliament passed the
183:
5112:List of poor law unions in Wales
4963:Outdoor Relief Prohibitory Order
4790:
4674:Webb, Sidney and Beatrice Webb.
4667:Webb, Sidney and Beatrice Webb.
4314:Explorations in Economic History
4232:
4219:
4190:
4177:
4150:
4103:
4081:
4055:
4033:
4011:
3989:
3969:
3947:
3925:
3903:
3856:
3836:
3824:. Historyhome.co.uk. 4 July 2009
3814:
3801:
3775:
3766:
3744:
3729:
3671:
3379:"William Morris: Life and Times"
3133:A Vision of Britain through Time
2646:. Victorianweb.org. 4 March 2002
2444:"Parishes in southern Yorkshire"
1242:National Health Service Act 1946
892:Outdoor Relief Prohibitory Order
814:Outdoor Relief Prohibitory Order
250:", to be punished and moved on.
5092:Historiography of the Poor Laws
4623:The English Poor Law, 1531–1782
4572:The English Poor Law, 1780–1930
4452:The Village Labourer, 1760–1832
4284:The Poor Law Report Re-examined
4240:The English Poor Law, 1780–1930
4214:The Journal of Economic History
3713:The workhouse system, 1834–1929
3711:Crowther, M.A. (2 March 1983).
3645:
3622:
3611:
3589:
3580:
3566:
3540:
3518:
3503:
3477:
3468:
3393:
3371:
3362:
3336:
3324:. History Home. 19 January 2009
3314:
3292:
3275:
3249:
3229:
3202:
3172:
3146:
3121:
3095:
3040:
3031:
3009:
2962:
2940:
2918:
2896:
2874:
2848:
2826:
2786:
2751:
2702:
2680:
2658:
2636:
2614:
2602:
2580:
2558:
2549:
2527:
2505:
2483:
2436:
2422:"The 1601 Elizabethan Poor Law"
2414:
2392:
2352:
2326:
2246:
2189:
2167:
2154:
2118:
2109:
2093:
2084:
2075:
2066:
2057:
2048:
2039:
2017:
1998:
1989:
1956:
1930:
1908:
1894:"The 1601 Elizabethan Poor Law"
1877:
1868:
1854:
1804:Cartwright, Frederick F. 1991.
1461:Historiography of the Poor Laws
1189:was passed in response to some
1046:, an organization which viewed
797:
534:Bristol Corporation of the Poor
401:
5086:Christmas Day in the Workhouse
5021:Huddersfield workhouse scandal
4811:Vagabonds and Beggars Act 1494
4754:Poor laws of the British Isles
4364:The Making of the New Poor Law
2333:Szreter, Simon (6 June 2022).
2151:, Vol. X, No. 2, August, 1901.
1741:
1728:
1628:
1429:Poor Relief (Ireland) Act 1838
444:the next session of Parliament
334:Act for the Relief of the Poor
323:, Edward VI's successor after
200:Dissolution of the Monasteries
18:Origins of the Poor Law system
13:
1:
5117:List of Irish poor law unions
4655:, 2nd series 48 (1995): 1–22.
4381:(Routledge-Cavendish, 2009).
1963:Baker, John Hamilton (2003).
1522:
1435:and increasingly resorted to
1251:
1219:Unemployment Assistance Board
253:In 1530, during the reign of
5069:National Assistance Act 1948
4933:Poor Law (Scotland) Act 1845
4539:, Berlin: LIT, 2013: 149–59.
4265:. London: John Murray. 1920.
4138:. Proni.gov.uk. 21 July 2009
3889:"The Anti-Poor Law Movement"
2378:"The Old Poor Law 1795–1834"
2295:McDonald, Marcia A. (1995).
2230:10.1017/CBO9781139057547.014
1546:. .rgu.ac.uk. Archived from
1487:was abolished following the
1425:Poor Law (Scotland) Act 1845
1302:In the period following the
1205:, and between 1929 and 1930
1055:concerning the elderly, the
1044:Charity Organisation Society
1027:Union Chargeability Act 1865
732:The commission proposed the
547:Starting with the parish of
270:to deal with the problem of
124:National Assistance Act 1948
7:
4928:Poor Law Amendment Act 1834
4846:Relief of the Poor Act 1782
4836:Relief of the Poor Act 1696
4606:Journal of Economic History
4527:The Old Poor Law, 1795–1834
4305:. London: MacMillan, 1894.
3809:The Economic History Review
3785:. Mdx.ac.uk. Archived from
2760:The Economic History Review
1494:
1421:Poor Law Amendment Act 1834
1223:National Insurance Act 1911
1117:Unemployed Workmen Act 1905
1083:Interwar poverty in Britain
804:Poor Law Amendment Act 1834
661:Poor Law Amendment Act 1834
87:passed during the reign of
72:emerged in the late 1940s.
10:
5156:
5049:Royal Commission (1905–09)
4664:. London: J. Murray, 1926.
4626:. London: Macmillan, 1990.
4584:, (2017) Creative Dreams,
4548:. London: Routledge, 1930.
4466:Cambridge University Press
4439:. London: Macmillan, 1976.
2147:, p. 5. Supplement to the
1465:The historiography of the
1458:
1396:
1295:argued that there was an "
1255:
1072:
1066:
1023:Workhouse Visiting Society
1009:. This was because of the
970:
964:
937:, where conditions in the
807:
801:
675:
563:. From the late 1710s the
405:
297:King's Palace at Bridewell
280:St. Bartholomew's Hospital
187:
133:
5077:
5034:
5016:Andover workhouse scandal
4991:
4958:Outdoor Labour Test Order
4915:
4879:
4803:
4788:
4759:
4671:. London: Longmans, 1927.
4617:. London: Longmans, 1988.
4563:The Industrial Revolution
3237:From Pauperism to Poverty
3103:"The Poor Law Commission"
2926:"The Speenhamland System"
2793:Boyer, George R. (1990).
2513:"The 1662 Settlement Act"
2197:"Regions & Districts"
1445:Irish War of Independence
1203:Local Government Act 1929
1011:Andover workhouse scandal
935:Andover workhouse scandal
888:Outdoor Labour Test Order
866:did not ban all forms of
810:Outdoor Labour Test Order
235:Vagabonds and Beggars Act
4159:"The Workhouse Web Site"
3631:"The Workhouse Web Site"
1614:"The Poor Law: overview"
1483:and the extent to which
1407:The Poor Law systems of
1344:West Riding of Yorkshire
1329:The introduction of the
1318:, now maintained by the
1308:Bingham, Nottinghamshire
36:Although many deterrent
5044:Liberal welfare reforms
5026:Union Chargeability Act
4923:Royal commission (1832)
4710:Encyclopædia Britannica
4677:English poor law policy
4653:Economic History Review
4433:Fraser, Derek, editor.
3633:. www.workhouses.org.uk
3599:. Ssmjchurchyard.org.uk
3285:The People of the Abyss
2856:"Nassau William Senior"
2265:10.1057/9780230523104_2
2143:Karl Frederick Geiser,
2005:Rathbone, Mark (2005).
1636:Economic History Review
1246:National Health Service
1238:National Assistance Act
1236:and the passing of the
1175:Smash Up the Workhouse!
1093:Liberal welfare reforms
1079:Liberal welfare reforms
923:The People of the Abyss
619:it became difficult to
431:a session of Parliament
396:Transportation Act 1717
346:A new colonial solution
118:, as well as piecemeal
108:Liberal welfare reforms
5011:Local Government Board
4760:Poor laws by territory
4326:10.1006/exeh.1996.0663
3911:"The Factory Question"
3510:Englander, D. (1998).
2622:"Gilbert's Act (1782)"
2253:Hindle, Steve (2004).
2013:. History Today: 8–13.
1849:The Plague and England
1686:The Workhouse Web Site
1481:Poor Law Amendment Act
1360:Joseph Rayner Stephens
1272:
1165:Poplar Rates Rebellion
1096:
1040:Local Government Board
1036:Local Government Board
998:
995:Poor Law Commissioners
981:Local Government Board
961:After the New Poor Law
876:Poor Law Commissioners
864:Poor Law Amendment Act
828:Poor Law Amendment Act
763:
690:
612:
582:Relief of the Poor Act
426:
423:Elizabeth I of England
169:Black Death in England
161:Ordinance of Labourers
156:
53:
5036:Decline and abolition
4377:Charlesworth, Lorie.
4091:. BBC. 1 January 2001
3864:"The Good Old System"
3282:London, Jack (1903).
3186:. BBC. Archived from
2568:. Buildinghistory.org
1397:Further information:
1336:cyclical unemployment
1287:focused attention on
1265:
1090:
1073:Further information:
1063:Decline and abolition
1019:Poor Law Commissioner
988:
971:Further information:
903:cyclical unemployment
808:Further information:
738:
703:Nassau William Senior
687:Nassau William Senior
685:
635:to keep the price of
606:
590:Poor Removal Act 1795
569:Sir Edward Knatchbull
559:and in the county of
494:overseers of the poor
416:
408:Old Scottish Poor Law
263:justices of the peace
146:
35:
4856:Overseer of the poor
4841:Poor Relief Act 1722
4831:Poor Relief Act 1662
4826:Poor Relief Act 1601
4821:Poor Relief Act 1597
4581:Tales from the 'Pool
4157:Peter Higginbotham.
3681:(26 November 2002).
3629:Peter Higginbotham.
3209:Peter Higginbotham.
2027:. Localhistories.org
1680:Peter Higginbotham.
1393:Scotland and Ireland
1145:Poor Law Institution
1113:Chamberlain Circular
1017:failure to become a
1005:was replaced with a
886:with pauperism. The
649:Sturges-Bourne's Act
519:Poor Relief Act 1662
479:Houses of Correction
463:Poor Relief Act 1601
448:Poor Relief Act 1601
436:Poor Relief Act 1597
419:Poor Relief Act 1601
392:penal transportation
374:, in his preface to
370:. At the same time
291:(predecessor to the
284:St. Thomas' Hospital
178:Statute of Cambridge
173:Statute of Labourers
91:(1558–1603) and the
5001:Poor Law Commission
4851:House of correction
4497:Lees, Lynn Hollen.
4361:Brundage, Anthony.
3738:The right to strike
3554:on 20 November 2008
3350:on 6 September 2009
3160:. 17 September 2002
3083:. 23 September 2002
1806:Disease and History
1734:Lees, Lynn Hollen.
1714:EH.net Encyclopedia
1710:"English Poor Laws"
1479:contributed to the
1379:Boards of Guardians
1348:economic depression
1217:" disappeared. The
1191:Boards of Guardians
1003:Poor Law Commission
989:Infighting between
973:Poor Law Commission
943:Poor Law Commission
852:Poor Law Commission
772:Poor Law Commission
727:Speenhamland system
653:Poor Employment Act
586:Speenhamland system
514:House of Correction
446:, primarily in the
289:House of Correction
4993:Changes after 1834
4983:Scottish poorhouse
4953:Board of guardians
4797:Nantwich workhouse
4608:61 (2001): 640–62.
4601:, Volume 11 (2000)
4506:Lindert, Peter H.
4260:The Slippery Slope
3109:. 12 November 2002
2995:"Less eligibility"
2537:. Thepotteries.org
2339:History and Policy
1916:"Poor Law Origins"
1682:"The New Poor Law"
1399:Scottish poor laws
1352:Ten Hours Movement
1312:Becher's workhouse
1273:
1207:Poor Law Guardians
1141:National Insurance
1101:friendly societies
1097:
999:
786:. The bill gained
691:
665:enclosure movement
613:
573:Workhouse Test Act
440:Vagabonds Act 1597
427:
368:indentured service
329:Vagabonds Act 1572
319:The government of
308:Vagabonds Act 1547
259:Vagabonds Act 1530
157:
139:Medieval Poor Laws
128:11 & 12 Geo. 6
112:friendly societies
54:
52:, dates from 1780.
5140:English Poor Laws
5125:
5124:
4798:
4767:England and Wales
4647:Solar, Peter M. "
4569:Rose, Michael E.
4515:MacKinnon, Mary.
4479:Humphries, Jane.
4474:978-1-108-00234-9
4429:978-0-19-820481-7
4417:Eastwood, David.
4373:978-0-8135-0855-9
4354:978-0-521-36479-9
4342:Boyer, George R.
4238:Rose, Michael E.
4069:on 5 October 2006
3679:Morgan, Kenneth O
3659:on 5 January 2010
3263:. 7 November 2002
3261:The Victorian Web
3235:Williams, Karel,
3190:on 28 August 2008
3158:The Victorian Web
3107:The Victorian Web
3081:The Victorian Web
3054:. 19 January 2009
2862:on 6 January 2011
2588:"Edward Reynolds"
2274:978-0-230-52310-4
2239:978-1-107-01508-1
1589:on 5 January 2010
1427:. In Ireland the
1417:England and Wales
1310:. The second was
1297:iron law of wages
1131:legislation. The
202:during the Tudor
66:England and Wales
60:were a system of
58:English Poor Laws
16:(Redirected from
5147:
5064:Interwar poverty
4938:Less eligibility
4796:
4794:
4748:
4741:
4734:
4725:
4724:
4714:
4706:
4704:"Poor Law"
4638:Sokoll, Thomas.
4542:Pinchbeck, Ivy.
4387:Clark, Gregory.
4383:author's summary
4339:
4337:
4307:Internet Archive
4299:Booth, Charles.
4266:
4264:
4243:
4236:
4230:
4223:
4217:
4210:
4201:
4194:
4188:
4181:
4175:
4174:
4172:
4170:
4154:
4148:
4147:
4145:
4143:
4132:
4123:
4122:
4120:
4118:
4107:
4101:
4100:
4098:
4096:
4085:
4079:
4078:
4076:
4074:
4059:
4053:
4052:
4050:
4048:
4037:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4026:
4015:
4009:
4008:
4006:
4004:
3997:"Book of Murder"
3993:
3987:
3973:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3962:
3951:
3945:
3944:
3942:
3940:
3929:
3923:
3922:
3920:
3918:
3907:
3901:
3900:
3898:
3896:
3885:
3876:
3875:
3873:
3871:
3860:
3854:
3840:
3834:
3833:
3831:
3829:
3818:
3812:
3805:
3799:
3798:
3796:
3794:
3779:
3773:
3770:
3764:
3763:
3761:
3759:
3748:
3742:
3741:
3736:Ewing, Keith D.
3733:
3727:
3726:
3708:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3694:
3675:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3664:
3649:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3638:
3626:
3620:
3615:
3609:
3608:
3606:
3604:
3593:
3587:
3584:
3578:
3577:
3570:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3559:
3544:
3538:
3537:
3535:
3533:
3522:
3516:
3515:
3507:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3496:
3481:
3475:
3472:
3466:
3465:
3459:
3451:
3449:
3447:
3441:
3435:. Archived from
3434:
3426:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3412:
3407:on 28 March 2004
3397:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3375:
3369:
3366:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3355:
3340:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3329:
3318:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3307:
3296:
3290:
3289:
3279:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3268:
3253:
3247:
3233:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3222:
3206:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3195:
3176:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3165:
3150:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3125:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3099:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3073:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3044:
3038:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3013:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3002:
2991:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2977:
2966:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2944:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2922:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2900:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2882:"Edwin Chadwick"
2878:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2852:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2830:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2808:
2799:
2798:
2790:
2784:
2783:
2755:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2733:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2706:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2684:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2644:"Lord Liverpool"
2640:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2618:
2612:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2562:
2556:
2553:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2487:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2465:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2440:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2418:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2374:
2359:
2356:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2292:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2199:. Nhshistory.net
2193:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2171:
2165:
2158:
2152:
2141:
2132:
2122:
2116:
2113:
2107:
2097:
2091:
2088:
2082:
2079:
2073:
2070:
2064:
2061:
2055:
2052:
2046:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2002:
1996:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1970:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1938:"Sturdy Beggars"
1934:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1890:
1884:
1881:
1875:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1858:
1852:
1847:
1841:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1818:
1809:
1802:
1793:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1773:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1753:
1745:
1739:
1732:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1706:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1677:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1648:
1639:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1610:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1579:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1550:on 30 April 2009
1540:
1477:Great Reform Act
1449:Irish Free State
1227:able-bodied poor
1213:" and the term "
1137:old age pensions
1124:royal commission
918:Frances Trollope
883:Less eligibility
848:Great Reform Act
818:Less eligibility
743:less eligibility
705:, and served by
380:English planters
21:
5155:
5154:
5150:
5149:
5148:
5146:
5145:
5144:
5130:
5129:
5126:
5121:
5102:Poor Relief Act
5073:
5059:Minority Report
5054:Majority Report
5030:
4987:
4968:Poor law unions
4911:
4875:
4816:Tudor poor laws
4799:
4795:
4786:
4755:
4752:
4701:
4688:
4683:
4594:Royden, Mike,
4533:Nagl, Dominik.
4524:Marshall, J.D.
4447:Barbara Hammond
4256:
4252:
4250:Further reading
4247:
4246:
4237:
4233:
4225:Rees, Rosmary,
4224:
4220:
4211:
4204:
4196:Boyer, George,
4195:
4191:
4183:Boyer, George,
4182:
4178:
4168:
4166:
4155:
4151:
4141:
4139:
4134:
4133:
4126:
4116:
4114:
4113:. Clare Library
4109:
4108:
4104:
4094:
4092:
4087:
4086:
4082:
4072:
4070:
4061:
4060:
4056:
4046:
4044:
4039:
4038:
4034:
4024:
4022:
4017:
4016:
4012:
4002:
4000:
3995:
3994:
3990:
3974:
3970:
3960:
3958:
3953:
3952:
3948:
3938:
3936:
3931:
3930:
3926:
3916:
3914:
3909:
3908:
3904:
3894:
3892:
3887:
3886:
3879:
3869:
3867:
3862:
3861:
3857:
3842:Boyer, George.
3841:
3837:
3827:
3825:
3820:
3819:
3815:
3806:
3802:
3792:
3790:
3789:on 15 June 2007
3781:
3780:
3776:
3771:
3767:
3757:
3755:
3750:
3749:
3745:
3734:
3730:
3723:
3709:
3702:
3692:
3690:
3687:The Independent
3676:
3672:
3662:
3660:
3651:
3650:
3646:
3636:
3634:
3627:
3623:
3616:
3612:
3602:
3600:
3595:
3594:
3590:
3585:
3581:
3572:
3571:
3567:
3557:
3555:
3546:
3545:
3541:
3531:
3529:
3524:
3523:
3519:
3508:
3504:
3494:
3492:
3483:
3482:
3478:
3473:
3469:
3453:
3452:
3445:
3443:
3442:on 19 July 2011
3439:
3432:
3430:"Archived copy"
3428:
3427:
3420:
3410:
3408:
3399:
3398:
3394:
3384:
3382:
3381:. Agreg-ink.net
3377:
3376:
3372:
3367:
3363:
3353:
3351:
3344:"The workhouse"
3342:
3341:
3337:
3327:
3325:
3320:
3319:
3315:
3305:
3303:
3298:
3297:
3293:
3280:
3276:
3266:
3264:
3255:
3254:
3250:
3234:
3230:
3220:
3218:
3207:
3203:
3193:
3191:
3178:
3177:
3173:
3163:
3161:
3152:
3151:
3147:
3137:
3135:
3127:
3126:
3122:
3112:
3110:
3101:
3100:
3096:
3086:
3084:
3075:
3074:
3067:
3057:
3055:
3046:
3045:
3041:
3036:
3032:
3022:
3020:
3015:
3014:
3010:
3000:
2998:
2993:
2992:
2985:
2975:
2973:
2968:
2967:
2963:
2953:
2951:
2946:
2945:
2941:
2931:
2929:
2924:
2923:
2919:
2909:
2907:
2902:
2901:
2897:
2887:
2885:
2880:
2879:
2875:
2865:
2863:
2854:
2853:
2849:
2839:
2837:
2832:
2831:
2827:
2817:
2815:
2810:
2809:
2802:
2791:
2787:
2772:10.2307/2591355
2756:
2752:
2742:
2740:
2735:
2734:
2725:
2715:
2713:
2708:
2707:
2703:
2693:
2691:
2686:
2685:
2681:
2671:
2669:
2666:"The Corn Laws"
2664:
2663:
2659:
2649:
2647:
2642:
2641:
2637:
2627:
2625:
2620:
2619:
2615:
2607:
2603:
2593:
2591:
2586:
2585:
2581:
2571:
2569:
2564:
2563:
2559:
2554:
2550:
2540:
2538:
2533:
2532:
2528:
2518:
2516:
2511:
2510:
2506:
2496:
2494:
2489:
2488:
2484:
2474:
2472:
2467:
2466:
2459:
2449:
2447:
2442:
2441:
2437:
2427:
2425:
2420:
2419:
2415:
2405:
2403:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2383:
2381:
2376:
2375:
2362:
2357:
2353:
2343:
2341:
2331:
2327:
2317:
2315:
2293:
2289:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2251:
2247:
2240:
2216:
2212:
2202:
2200:
2195:
2194:
2190:
2180:
2178:
2173:
2172:
2168:
2164:, p. 166 (2013)
2159:
2155:
2142:
2135:
2123:
2119:
2114:
2110:
2098:
2094:
2089:
2085:
2080:
2076:
2071:
2067:
2062:
2058:
2053:
2049:
2044:
2040:
2030:
2028:
2023:
2022:
2018:
2003:
1999:
1994:
1990:
1983:
1961:
1957:
1947:
1945:
1944:on 16 June 2008
1936:
1935:
1931:
1921:
1919:
1914:
1913:
1909:
1899:
1897:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1882:
1878:
1873:
1869:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1835:
1834:
1827:
1825:
1820:
1819:
1812:
1803:
1796:
1786:
1784:
1783:on 13 July 2012
1775:
1774:
1767:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1747:
1746:
1742:
1733:
1729:
1719:
1717:
1708:
1707:
1700:
1690:
1688:
1678:
1671:
1661:
1659:
1650:
1649:
1642:
1633:
1629:
1619:
1617:
1612:
1611:
1602:
1592:
1590:
1581:
1580:
1563:
1553:
1551:
1542:
1541:
1530:
1525:
1497:
1463:
1457:
1405:
1403:Irish poor laws
1395:
1356:Richard Oastler
1324:George Nicholls
1304:Napoleonic Wars
1260:
1254:
1169:George Lansbury
1160:First World War
1133:welfare reforms
1085:
1071:
1065:
1032:Reform Act 1867
1001:After 1847 the
983:
969:
963:
951:another scandal
914:Charles Dickens
856:poor law unions
824:
806:
800:
680:
674:
617:Napoleonic Wars
553:Buckinghamshire
411:
404:
372:Richard Hakluyt
348:
215:and making the
192:
190:Tudor poor laws
186:
165:King Edward III
141:
136:
101:poor law unions
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5153:
5143:
5142:
5123:
5122:
5120:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5081:
5079:
5075:
5074:
5072:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5040:
5038:
5032:
5031:
5029:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5006:Poor Law Board
5003:
4997:
4995:
4989:
4988:
4986:
4985:
4980:
4978:Book of Murder
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4948:Workhouse test
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4919:
4917:
4913:
4912:
4910:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4887:Outdoor relief
4883:
4881:
4880:Relief systems
4877:
4876:
4874:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4807:
4805:
4801:
4800:
4789:
4787:
4785:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4763:
4761:
4757:
4756:
4751:
4750:
4743:
4736:
4728:
4722:
4721:
4715:
4699:
4694:
4687:
4686:External links
4684:
4682:
4681:
4672:
4665:
4656:
4645:
4636:
4627:
4618:
4609:
4602:
4592:
4590:978-0993552410
4576:
4567:
4558:
4549:
4540:
4531:
4522:
4513:
4504:
4495:
4488:King, Steven.
4486:
4485:(1990): 17–42.
4477:
4458:Hampson, E.M.
4456:
4443:Hammond, J. L.
4440:
4431:
4415:
4406:
4397:
4385:
4375:
4359:
4340:
4309:
4297:
4288:
4279:
4267:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4245:
4244:
4231:
4218:
4202:
4189:
4176:
4165:on 5 June 2011
4149:
4124:
4102:
4080:
4054:
4032:
4010:
3988:
3968:
3946:
3924:
3902:
3877:
3855:
3835:
3813:
3800:
3774:
3765:
3752:"The Poor Law"
3743:
3728:
3721:
3700:
3670:
3644:
3621:
3610:
3588:
3579:
3565:
3539:
3517:
3502:
3476:
3467:
3418:
3392:
3370:
3361:
3335:
3313:
3291:
3274:
3248:
3228:
3201:
3184:Learning Curve
3171:
3145:
3120:
3094:
3065:
3039:
3030:
3008:
2983:
2961:
2939:
2917:
2895:
2873:
2847:
2825:
2800:
2785:
2750:
2723:
2701:
2679:
2657:
2635:
2613:
2601:
2579:
2557:
2548:
2526:
2504:
2482:
2457:
2435:
2413:
2391:
2360:
2351:
2325:
2287:
2273:
2245:
2238:
2210:
2188:
2175:"The Poor Law"
2166:
2153:
2133:
2117:
2108:
2092:
2083:
2074:
2065:
2056:
2047:
2038:
2016:
2011:History Review
1997:
1988:
1982:978-0198258179
1981:
1955:
1929:
1907:
1885:
1876:
1867:
1853:
1810:
1794:
1765:
1740:
1727:
1698:
1669:
1652:"The Poor Law"
1640:
1627:
1600:
1561:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1496:
1493:
1485:outdoor relief
1459:Main article:
1456:
1455:Historiography
1453:
1437:outdoor relief
1394:
1391:
1369:Book of Murder
1320:National Trust
1289:overpopulation
1285:Thomas Malthus
1281:Jeremy Bentham
1256:Main article:
1253:
1250:
1211:workhouse test
1195:General Strike
1067:Main article:
1064:
1061:
1048:outdoor relief
1007:Poor Law Board
991:Edwin Chadwick
977:Poor Law Board
965:Main article:
962:
959:
947:Poor Law Board
868:outdoor relief
832:Lord Melbourne
802:Main article:
799:
796:
792:utilitarianism
768:outdoor relief
762:
761:
754:workhouse test
750:
707:Edwin Chadwick
676:Main article:
673:
670:
629:Lord Liverpool
627:government of
578:Thomas Gilbert
557:South Midlands
523:apprenticeship
471:outdoor relief
403:
400:
376:Divers Voyages
360:George Peckham
347:
344:
248:sturdy beggars
188:Main article:
185:
184:Tudor Poor Law
182:
140:
137:
135:
132:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5152:
5141:
5138:
5137:
5135:
5128:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5087:
5083:
5082:
5080:
5076:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5041:
5039:
5037:
5033:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4998:
4996:
4994:
4990:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4920:
4918:
4914:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4884:
4882:
4878:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4808:
4806:
4802:
4793:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4764:
4762:
4758:
4749:
4744:
4742:
4737:
4735:
4730:
4729:
4726:
4720:
4716:
4712:
4711:
4705:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4689:
4679:
4678:
4673:
4670:
4666:
4663:
4662:
4658:Tawney, R.H.
4657:
4654:
4650:
4646:
4643:
4642:
4637:
4634:
4633:
4628:
4625:
4624:
4620:Slack, Paul.
4619:
4616:
4615:
4611:Slack, Paul.
4610:
4607:
4603:
4600:
4599:
4593:
4591:
4587:
4583:
4582:
4577:
4574:
4573:
4568:
4565:
4564:
4559:
4556:
4555:
4551:Pound, John.
4550:
4547:
4546:
4541:
4538:
4537:
4532:
4529:
4528:
4523:
4520:
4519:
4514:
4511:
4510:
4505:
4502:
4501:
4496:
4493:
4492:
4487:
4484:
4483:
4478:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4462:
4457:
4454:
4453:
4448:
4444:
4441:
4438:
4437:
4432:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4421:
4416:
4413:
4412:
4408:Digby, Anne.
4407:
4404:
4403:
4398:
4396:
4392:
4391:
4386:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4365:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4310:
4308:
4304:
4303:
4298:
4295:
4294:
4289:
4286:
4285:
4281:Blaug, Mark.
4280:
4278:
4274:
4273:
4269:Blaug, Mark.
4268:
4263:
4261:
4255:
4254:
4241:
4235:
4228:
4222:
4215:
4209:
4207:
4199:
4193:
4186:
4180:
4164:
4160:
4153:
4137:
4131:
4129:
4112:
4106:
4090:
4084:
4068:
4064:
4058:
4042:
4036:
4020:
4014:
3998:
3992:
3986:
3985:0-7099-1532-2
3982:
3978:
3972:
3956:
3950:
3934:
3928:
3912:
3906:
3890:
3884:
3882:
3865:
3859:
3853:
3852:0-521-36479-5
3849:
3845:
3839:
3823:
3817:
3810:
3804:
3788:
3784:
3778:
3769:
3753:
3747:
3740:. p. 93.
3739:
3732:
3724:
3722:0-416-36090-4
3718:
3714:
3707:
3705:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3674:
3658:
3654:
3648:
3632:
3625:
3619:
3614:
3598:
3592:
3583:
3575:
3569:
3553:
3549:
3543:
3527:
3521:
3513:
3506:
3491:on 6 May 2009
3490:
3486:
3480:
3471:
3463:
3457:
3438:
3431:
3425:
3423:
3406:
3402:
3396:
3380:
3374:
3365:
3349:
3345:
3339:
3323:
3317:
3301:
3295:
3287:
3286:
3278:
3262:
3258:
3252:
3246:
3245:0-7100-0698-5
3242:
3238:
3232:
3216:
3212:
3205:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3175:
3159:
3155:
3149:
3134:
3130:
3124:
3108:
3104:
3098:
3082:
3078:
3072:
3070:
3053:
3049:
3043:
3034:
3018:
3012:
2996:
2990:
2988:
2971:
2965:
2949:
2943:
2927:
2921:
2905:
2899:
2883:
2877:
2861:
2857:
2851:
2835:
2829:
2813:
2807:
2805:
2796:
2789:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2754:
2738:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2711:
2705:
2689:
2683:
2667:
2661:
2645:
2639:
2623:
2617:
2611:
2605:
2589:
2583:
2567:
2561:
2552:
2536:
2530:
2514:
2508:
2492:
2486:
2470:
2464:
2462:
2445:
2439:
2423:
2417:
2401:
2395:
2379:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2355:
2340:
2336:
2329:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2291:
2276:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2257:
2249:
2241:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2222:
2214:
2198:
2192:
2176:
2170:
2163:
2157:
2150:
2146:
2140:
2138:
2130:
2126:
2125:Poor Act 1575
2121:
2112:
2105:
2101:
2100:Poor Act 1562
2096:
2087:
2078:
2069:
2060:
2051:
2042:
2026:
2025:"Poor Tudors"
2020:
2012:
2008:
2001:
1992:
1984:
1978:
1974:
1969:
1968:
1959:
1943:
1939:
1933:
1917:
1911:
1895:
1889:
1880:
1871:
1863:
1857:
1850:
1845:
1839:
1823:
1817:
1815:
1807:
1801:
1799:
1782:
1778:
1772:
1770:
1750:
1744:
1737:
1731:
1715:
1711:
1705:
1703:
1687:
1683:
1676:
1674:
1658:on 4 May 2009
1657:
1653:
1647:
1645:
1637:
1631:
1615:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1588:
1584:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1549:
1545:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1528:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1492:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1462:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1404:
1400:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1371:
1370:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1293:David Ricardo
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1270:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1234:welfare state
1230:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1170:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1070:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1038:in 1871. The
1037:
1033:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
996:
992:
987:
982:
978:
974:
968:
958:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
933:In 1846, the
931:
929:
925:
924:
920:and later in
919:
915:
910:
908:
904:
900:
895:
893:
889:
884:
879:
877:
873:
869:
865:
862:Although the
860:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
823:
819:
815:
811:
805:
795:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
759:
755:
751:
748:
744:
740:
739:
737:
735:
730:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
688:
684:
679:
669:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
610:
605:
601:
599:
595:
594:Michael Nolan
591:
587:
583:
579:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
545:
543:
539:
535:
530:
526:
524:
520:
515:
510:
509:indoor relief
505:
503:
499:
495:
491:
486:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
467:impotent poor
464:
459:
456:
451:
449:
445:
441:
437:
432:
424:
420:
415:
409:
399:
397:
393:
389:
384:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
356:North America
354:and later in
353:
343:
340:
339:Poor Act 1575
335:
330:
326:
322:
317:
314:
313:Poor Act 1551
309:
305:
300:
298:
294:
290:
285:
281:
275:
273:
269:
264:
260:
256:
251:
249:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
222:
218:
214:
209:
205:
201:
197:
191:
181:
179:
174:
170:
166:
162:
154:
153:Sturdy beggar
150:
145:
131:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
104:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
77:impotent poor
73:
71:
70:welfare state
67:
63:
59:
51:
47:
43:
39:
34:
30:
19:
5127:
5084:
4916:New Poor Law
4892:Speenhamland
4871:Buttock mail
4804:Old Poor Law
4708:
4676:
4668:
4660:
4652:
4640:
4631:
4622:
4613:
4605:
4597:
4580:
4571:
4562:
4553:
4544:
4535:
4526:
4517:
4508:
4499:
4490:
4481:
4460:
4451:
4435:
4419:
4410:
4401:
4389:
4378:
4363:
4357:Google Books
4344:
4317:
4313:
4301:
4292:
4283:
4271:
4259:
4239:
4234:
4226:
4221:
4213:
4197:
4192:
4184:
4179:
4167:. Retrieved
4163:the original
4152:
4140:. Retrieved
4115:. Retrieved
4105:
4093:. Retrieved
4083:
4071:. Retrieved
4067:the original
4057:
4045:. Retrieved
4035:
4023:. Retrieved
4013:
4001:. Retrieved
3991:
3976:
3971:
3959:. Retrieved
3949:
3937:. Retrieved
3927:
3915:. Retrieved
3905:
3893:. Retrieved
3868:. Retrieved
3858:
3843:
3838:
3826:. Retrieved
3816:
3808:
3803:
3791:. Retrieved
3787:the original
3777:
3768:
3756:. Retrieved
3746:
3737:
3731:
3712:
3691:. Retrieved
3686:
3673:
3661:. Retrieved
3657:the original
3647:
3635:. Retrieved
3624:
3613:
3601:. Retrieved
3591:
3582:
3568:
3556:. Retrieved
3552:the original
3542:
3530:. Retrieved
3520:
3511:
3505:
3493:. Retrieved
3489:the original
3479:
3470:
3444:. Retrieved
3437:the original
3409:. Retrieved
3405:the original
3395:
3383:. Retrieved
3373:
3364:
3352:. Retrieved
3348:the original
3338:
3326:. Retrieved
3316:
3304:. Retrieved
3294:
3284:
3277:
3265:. Retrieved
3260:
3251:
3236:
3231:
3219:. Retrieved
3204:
3192:. Retrieved
3188:the original
3183:
3174:
3162:. Retrieved
3157:
3148:
3136:. Retrieved
3132:
3123:
3111:. Retrieved
3106:
3097:
3085:. Retrieved
3080:
3056:. Retrieved
3052:History Home
3051:
3042:
3033:
3021:. Retrieved
3011:
2999:. Retrieved
2974:. Retrieved
2964:
2952:. Retrieved
2942:
2930:. Retrieved
2920:
2908:. Retrieved
2898:
2886:. Retrieved
2876:
2864:. Retrieved
2860:the original
2850:
2838:. Retrieved
2828:
2816:. Retrieved
2794:
2788:
2766:(1): 82–92.
2763:
2759:
2753:
2741:. Retrieved
2714:. Retrieved
2704:
2692:. Retrieved
2682:
2670:. Retrieved
2660:
2648:. Retrieved
2638:
2626:. Retrieved
2616:
2604:
2592:. Retrieved
2582:
2570:. Retrieved
2560:
2551:
2539:. Retrieved
2529:
2517:. Retrieved
2507:
2495:. Retrieved
2485:
2473:. Retrieved
2448:. Retrieved
2438:
2426:. Retrieved
2416:
2404:. Retrieved
2402:. Mdlp.co.uk
2394:
2382:. Retrieved
2354:
2342:. Retrieved
2338:
2328:
2316:. Retrieved
2304:
2300:
2290:
2278:. Retrieved
2255:
2248:
2220:
2213:
2201:. Retrieved
2191:
2179:. Retrieved
2169:
2156:
2120:
2111:
2095:
2086:
2077:
2068:
2059:
2050:
2041:
2029:. Retrieved
2019:
2010:
2000:
1991:
1966:
1958:
1946:. Retrieved
1942:the original
1932:
1920:. Retrieved
1910:
1898:. Retrieved
1888:
1879:
1870:
1856:
1848:
1826:. Retrieved
1805:
1785:. Retrieved
1781:the original
1755:. Retrieved
1743:
1735:
1730:
1718:. Retrieved
1713:
1689:. Retrieved
1685:
1660:. Retrieved
1656:the original
1635:
1630:
1618:. Retrieved
1591:. Retrieved
1587:the original
1552:. Retrieved
1548:the original
1489:New Poor Law
1464:
1433:Irish famine
1406:
1367:
1364:John Fielden
1331:New Poor Law
1328:
1301:
1274:
1266:
1231:
1181:
1172:
1157:
1121:
1105:trade unions
1098:
1053:New Poor Law
1000:
955:Huddersfield
932:
921:
911:
896:
880:
861:
836:New Poor Law
827:
825:
798:New Poor Law
788:royal assent
764:
745:": that the
731:
719:Old Poor Law
711:illegitimacy
692:
656:
641:unemployment
614:
597:
596:in his 1805
546:
531:
527:
506:
490:Old Poor Law
487:
460:
455:George Boyer
452:
428:
402:Old Poor Law
385:
375:
349:
318:
301:
282:in 1544 and
276:
272:unemployment
268:public works
252:
225:
196:Tudor period
193:
158:
116:trade unions
105:
93:New Poor Law
85:Old Poor Law
74:
57:
55:
42:New Poor Law
29:
4897:Labour Rate
4866:Poor relief
4782:Isle of Man
4290:Boot, H.M.
4187:, Chapter 2
3715:. Methuen.
2307:: 121–144.
2149:Yale Review
2007:"Vagabond!"
1787:20 December
1720:24 December
1277:1601 system
1158:During the
1149:Means tests
957:workhouse.
928:Jack London
715:Malthusians
699:Swing Riots
645:free market
631:passed the
615:During the
475:alms houses
425:(pictured).
321:Elizabeth I
221:Black Death
217:able-bodied
208:monasteries
204:Reformation
149:Black Death
89:Elizabeth I
81:Plantagenet
62:poor relief
4973:Opposition
4335:1813/75967
3975:Knott, J,
3221:9 December
2129:18 Eliz. 1
1523:References
1472:Mark Blaug
1441:Emigration
1383:old system
1340:Lancashire
1252:Opposition
1199:Workhouses
1122:In 1905 a
1015:Chadwick's
993:and other
907:Nottingham
844:Benthamite
774:set up by
388:Virginia's
255:Henry VIII
97:workhouses
38:workhouses
4943:Workhouse
4902:Roundsman
4861:Poor rate
4320:: 56–76.
4169:18 August
4142:18 August
4117:18 August
4095:18 August
4073:18 August
3979:, p. 95,
3846:, p. 58,
3663:18 August
3637:18 August
3603:18 August
3354:18 August
3239:, p. 64,
2104:5 Eliz. 1
1467:Poor Laws
1375:Stockport
1316:Southwell
1153:pauperism
872:workhouse
822:Workhouse
776:Earl Grey
758:workhouse
723:roundsman
633:Corn Laws
538:workhouse
502:poor rate
498:idle poor
483:workhouse
429:In 1597,
378:, likens
304:Edward VI
295:) in the
293:workhouse
231:Henry VII
5134:Category
4772:Scotland
4468:, 2009;
3689:. London
3456:cite web
3215:Archived
2344:26 March
2318:26 March
2313:24322412
2280:26 March
1838:cite web
1828:30 April
1495:See also
1409:Scotland
1387:Chartism
1342:and the
782:and the
438:and the
386:By 1619
213:vagrants
50:Cheshire
46:Nantwich
4777:Ireland
4644:. 1993.
4395:UCDavis
4229:, p. 33
4200:, p. 51
3828:22 July
3446:18 July
3164:22 July
2976:22 July
2954:22 July
2780:2591355
2428:22 July
2131:. c. 3)
2106:. c. 3)
2031:22 July
1948:22 July
1922:22 July
1757:22 July
1501:Welfare
1413:Ireland
1209:, the "
1167:led by
1129:welfare
945:with a
939:Andover
899:England
734:New Law
542:Bristol
364:penurie
352:Ireland
243:Hundred
134:History
120:reforms
4680:(1910)
4588:
4472:
4427:
4371:
4352:
4262:
4047:17 May
4025:17 May
4003:17 May
3983:
3961:17 May
3939:17 May
3917:17 May
3895:17 May
3870:17 May
3850:
3793:17 May
3758:17 May
3719:
3693:17 May
3558:17 May
3532:17 May
3495:17 May
3411:17 May
3385:17 May
3328:17 May
3306:17 May
3267:17 May
3243:
3194:17 May
3138:17 May
3113:17 May
3087:17 May
3058:17 May
3023:17 May
3001:17 May
2932:17 May
2910:17 May
2888:17 May
2866:17 May
2840:17 May
2818:17 May
2778:
2743:17 May
2716:17 May
2694:17 May
2672:17 May
2650:17 May
2628:17 May
2594:17 May
2572:17 May
2541:17 May
2519:17 May
2497:17 May
2475:17 May
2450:17 May
2406:17 May
2384:17 May
2311:
2271:
2236:
2203:17 May
2181:17 May
1979:
1900:17 May
1691:17 May
1662:17 May
1638:, 1953
1620:17 May
1593:17 May
1554:17 May
1240:. The
1215:pauper
1081:, and
979:, and
820:, and
784:Tories
747:pauper
621:import
611:, 1829
325:Mary I
306:. The
239:stocks
5078:Other
4277:JSTOR
3528:. BBC
3440:(PDF)
3433:(PDF)
2776:JSTOR
2309:JSTOR
1752:(PDF)
1268:Punch
780:Whigs
752:the "
637:grain
609:Wales
561:Essex
549:Olney
227:Tudor
4586:ISBN
4470:ISBN
4445:and
4425:ISBN
4369:ISBN
4350:ISBN
4171:2009
4144:2009
4119:2009
4097:2009
4075:2009
4049:2009
4027:2009
4005:2009
3981:ISBN
3963:2009
3941:2009
3919:2009
3897:2009
3872:2009
3848:ISBN
3830:2009
3795:2009
3760:2009
3717:ISBN
3695:2009
3665:2009
3639:2009
3605:2009
3560:2009
3534:2009
3497:2009
3462:link
3448:2009
3413:2009
3387:2009
3356:2009
3330:2009
3308:2009
3269:2009
3241:ISBN
3223:2021
3196:2009
3166:2009
3140:2009
3115:2009
3089:2009
3060:2009
3025:2009
3003:2009
2978:2009
2956:2009
2934:2009
2912:2009
2890:2009
2868:2009
2842:2009
2820:2009
2745:2009
2718:2009
2696:2009
2674:2009
2652:2009
2630:2009
2596:2009
2574:2009
2543:2009
2521:2009
2499:2009
2477:2009
2452:2009
2430:2009
2408:2009
2386:2009
2346:2024
2320:2024
2282:2024
2269:ISBN
2234:ISBN
2205:2009
2183:2009
2033:2009
1977:ISBN
1950:2009
1924:2009
1902:2009
1844:link
1830:2007
1789:2010
1759:2009
1722:2019
1693:2009
1664:2009
1622:2009
1595:2009
1556:2009
1411:and
1401:and
1362:and
1139:and
1057:sick
916:and
890:and
840:Whig
826:The
693:The
625:Tory
488:The
461:The
417:The
311:the
114:and
56:The
4651:."
4330:hdl
4322:doi
2768:doi
2261:doi
2226:doi
1314:in
1147:".
926:by
163:of
99:by
64:in
5136::
4707:.
4449:.
4328:.
4318:34
4316:.
4205:^
4127:^
3880:^
3703:^
3685:.
3458:}}
3454:{{
3421:^
3259:.
3182:.
3156:.
3131:.
3105:.
3079:.
3068:^
3050:.
2986:^
2803:^
2774:.
2764:14
2762:.
2726:^
2460:^
2363:^
2337:.
2303:.
2299:.
2267:.
2232:.
2136:^
2009:.
1975:.
1973:97
1840:}}
1836:{{
1813:^
1797:^
1768:^
1712:.
1701:^
1684:.
1672:^
1643:^
1603:^
1564:^
1531:^
1491:.
1439:.
1389:.
1358:,
1322:.
1248:.
1197:.
1179:.
1077:,
975:,
816:,
812:,
794:.
655:,
551:,
398:.
223:.
206:,
103:.
48:,
4747:e
4740:t
4733:v
4635:.
4476:)
4338:.
4332::
4324::
4173:.
4146:.
4121:.
4099:.
4077:.
4051:.
4029:.
4007:.
3965:.
3943:.
3921:.
3899:.
3874:.
3832:.
3797:.
3762:.
3725:.
3697:.
3667:.
3641:.
3607:.
3576:.
3562:.
3536:.
3514:.
3499:.
3464:)
3450:.
3415:.
3389:.
3358:.
3332:.
3310:.
3288:.
3271:.
3225:.
3198:.
3168:.
3142:.
3117:.
3091:.
3062:.
3027:.
3005:.
2980:.
2958:.
2936:.
2914:.
2892:.
2870:.
2844:.
2822:.
2782:.
2770::
2747:.
2720:.
2698:.
2676:.
2654:.
2632:.
2598:.
2576:.
2545:.
2523:.
2501:.
2479:.
2454:.
2432:.
2410:.
2388:.
2348:.
2322:.
2305:7
2284:.
2263::
2242:.
2228::
2207:.
2185:.
2127:(
2102:(
2035:.
1985:.
1952:.
1926:.
1904:.
1864:.
1846:)
1832:.
1791:.
1761:.
1724:.
1695:.
1666:.
1624:.
1597:.
1558:.
1177:"
1173:"
842:–
741:"
410:.
155:)
126:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.