34:
329:. There were around 1,500 such parishes based upon the area around a parish church. This system allowed greater sensitivity towards paupers, but also made tyrannical behaviour from overseers possible. Overseers of the poor would know their paupers and so be able to differentiate between the "deserving" and "undeserving" poor. The Elizabethan Poor Law operated at a time when the population was small enough for everyone to know everyone else, so people's circumstances would be known and the idle poor would be unable to claim on the parishes' poor rate.
318:, though these were usually private charitable institutions. Meanwhile, able-bodied beggars who had refused work were often placed in houses of correction (indoor relief). However, provision for the many able-bodied poor in the workhouse, which provided accommodation at the same time as work, was relatively unusual, and most workhouses developed later. The 1601 Law said that poor parents and children were responsible for each other – elderly parents would live with their children.
1171:
475:, founded by act of parliament in 1696. The corporation established a workhouse which combined housing and care of the poor with a house of correction for petty offenders. Following the example of Bristol, twelve more towns and cities established similar corporations in the next two decades. Because these corporations required a private act, they were not suitable for smaller towns and individual parishes.
639:, the numbers claiming outdoor relief increased. The increasing numbers of people claiming relief peaked after the economic dislocation caused by the French Wars when it was 12 shillings per head of population. During this period strain was also put on the system by a population increase from 9 million to 14 million in the time period indicated by the graph.
613:
to protect
British farmers. Imports could not occur until prices had reached 80 shillings a quarter. This aimed to prevent both grain prices and wages from fluctuating. However, this kept prices artificially high and made more people claim poor relief. Returning soldiers further added to pressures on
517:
in 1723. The act gave legislative authority for the establishment of parochial workhouses, by both single parishes and as joint ventures between two or more parishes. More importantly, the Act helped to publicise the idea of establishing workhouses to a national audience. The
Workhouse Test Act made
365:
were able to obtain by-laws which established their control onto several of the urban parishes within their jurisdiction. Bristol gained a private Act of
Parliament in 1696 which allowed the city to create a 'manufactory' so that the profits from the paupers' work could be used for maintenance of the
449:
The Act stated that workhouses, poorhouses and houses of correction should be built for the different types of pauper. However, it was not cost-effective to build these different types of buildings. For this reason parishes such as
Bristol combined these institutions so that the profits paupers made
380:
Outdoor relief continued to be the most popular form of relief for the able-bodied poor even though the law described that "the poor should be set to work". In 1795 the
Speenhamland system was introduced as a system of outdoor relief. Again, there was variation within the system with some parishes
521:
By 1776 some 1,912 parish and corporation workhouses had been established in
England and Wales, housing almost 100,000 paupers. Although many parishes and pamphlet writers expected to earn money from the labour of the poor in workhouses, the vast majority of people obliged to take up residence in
352:
There was much variation in the application of the law and there was a tendency for the destitute to migrate towards the more generous parishes, usually situated in the towns. There was wide variation in the amount of poor relief given out. As the parish was the administrative unit of the system
335:
The 1601 Act sought to deal with "settled" poor who had found themselves temporarily out of work – it was assumed they would accept indoor relief or outdoor relief. Neither method of relief was at this time in history seen as harsh. The act was supposed to deal with beggars who were considered a
433:
The Act was criticised in later years for its distortion of the labour market, through the power given to parishes to let them remove 'undeserving' poor. Another criticism of the Act was that it applied to rated land not personal or movable wealth, therefore benefiting commercial and business
424:
Individual parishes were keen to keep costs of poor relief as low as possible and there are examples of paupers in some cases being shunted back and forth between parishes. The
Settlement Laws allowed strangers to a parish to be removed after 40 days if they were not working, but the cost of
420:
which allowed relief only to established residents of a parish – mainly through birth, marriage and apprenticeship. A pauper applicant had to prove a 'settlement’. If unable to, they were removed to the next parish that was nearest to the place of their birth, or where they might prove some
522:
workhouses were ill, elderly, or children whose labour proved largely unprofitable. The demands, needs and expectations of the poor also ensured that workhouses came to take on the character of general social policy institutions, combining the functions of
626:
were established. These were committees set up in each parish which were responsible for Poor Law administration. There were concerns over corruption within the system as contracts for supplying food and beer often went to local traders or these vestries.
3696:
558:
The 1601 system was for a pre-industrial society and the massive population increases after the
Industrial Revolution strained the existing system. Mechanisation meant that unemployment was increasing, therefore poor relief costs could not be met.
544:
Gilbert's Act was passed in 1782 to combat the excessive costs of outdoor relief. It promoted indoor alternatives and allowed parishes to combine to support the impotent poor. However, outdoor relief was still used to help the able-bodied poor.
415:
The 1601 Act states that each individual parish was responsible for its 'own' poor. Arguments over which parish was responsible for a pauper's poor relief and concerns over migration to more generous parishes led to the passing of the
244:
The origins of the Old Poor Law extend back into the 15th century with the decline of the monasteries and the breakdown of the medieval social structure. Charity was gradually replaced with a compulsory land tax levied at parish level.
518:
workhouses a deterrent as conditions were to be regulated to make them worse than outside of the workhouse. However, during this period outdoor relief was still the most popular method of poor relief as it was easier to administer.
310:, relief in a form outside a workhouse. This could come in the form of money, food or even clothing. As the cost of building the different workhouses was great, outdoor relief continued to be the main form of relief in this period.
425:
removing such people meant that they were often left until they tried to claim poor relief. In 1697 Settlement Laws were tightened when people could be barred from entering a parish unless they produced a
Settlement certificate.
313:
Relief for those too ill or old to work, the so-called "impotent poor", was in the form of a payment or items of food ("the parish loaf") or clothing also known as outdoor relief. Some aged people might be accommodated in parish
458:
The system's reliance on the parish can be seen as both a strength and a weakness. It could be argued it made the system more humane and sensitive, but a local crisis such as a poor harvest could be a great burden on the local
421:
connection. Some paupers were moved hundreds of miles. Although each parish that they passed through was not responsible for them, they were supposed to supply food and drink and shelter for at least one night.
486:
in 1714, several dozen small towns and individual parishes established their own institutions without any specific legal authorization. These were concentrated in the South
Midlands and in the county of
332:
The act levied a poor rate on each parish which overseers of the poor were able to collect. Those who had to pay this rate were property owners, or rather, in most cases, occupiers including tenants.
1989:
1427:
728:
has defended the Old Poor Law system and criticised the Poor Law Amendment Act. Evidence to the 1837 Committee on the Poor Law Amendment Act also found some support for the existing system.
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remained high. Farmers also had to pay war-time taxes. Resulting bankruptcies caused rural workers to become unemployed, and many farmers that survived lowered their workers' wages.
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In 1607 a house of correction was set up in each county. However, this system was separate from the 1601 system which distinguished between the settled poor and "vagrants".
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argued that there was an "iron law of wages". The effect of poor relief, in the view of the reformers, was to undermine the position of the "independent labourer".
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there was great diversity in the system. Since there were no administrative standards, parishes were able to interpret the law as they wished. Some cities, such as
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threat to civil order. The act was passed at a time when poverty was considered necessary as it was thought that only fear of poverty made people work.
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legislation. The 1601 act saw a move away from the more obvious forms of punishing paupers under the Tudor system towards methods of "correction".
192:. The "Old Poor Law" was not one law but a collection of laws passed between the 16th and 18th centuries. The system's administrative unit was the
635:
The cost of the current system was increasing from the late 18th century into the 19th century. Although outdoor relief was cheaper than building
3821:
1077:
953:
3777:
3724:
1414:
1082:
907:
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subsidising with food and others with money. Some parishes were more generous than others so there was no uniformity to the system. The
3760:
2190:
1285:
3765:
1528:
442:
The building of different types of workhouses was expensive. The Workhouse Act of 1772 allowed parishes to combine and apply for a
838:
These words are printed against this Act in the second column of Schedule 1 to the Short Titles Act 1896, which is headed "Title".
1475:
118:
1371:
56:
3865:
614:
the Poor Law system. Further poor harvests in 1818 and 1819 meant that the costs of poor relief hit £8m during this period.
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1351:
185:
3719:
2518:
1485:
1124:
510:
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165:. c. 2) was an Act of the Parliament of England. The Act for the Relief of the Poor 1601, popularly known as the
3744:
1464:
1399:
1189:
266:. The law offered relief to people who were unable to work: mainly those who were "lame, impotent, old, blind".
239:
696:
wrote a report stating the changes which needed to be made to the poor. These changes were implemented in the
3848:
1495:
113:
273:
were to be set to work in a house of industry. Materials were to be provided for the poor to be set to work.
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1521:
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1404:
1311:
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1306:
1224:
1214:
957:
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697:
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1604:
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1045:
668:
471:
The 18th-century workhouse movement began at the end of the 17th century with the establishment of the
196:. It was not a centralised government policy but a law which made individual parishes responsible for
3843:
1537:
1394:
1336:
568:
2206:
1551:
203:
Several amending pieces of legislation can be considered part of the Old Poor Law. These include:
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1422:
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822:
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46:
38:
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1234:
1219:
1209:
1199:
1087:
978:
871:
410:
208:
189:
1062:
939:
927:
893:
591:. The blockades coupled with poor harvests in 1813 and 1814 kept the price of bread high.
8:
3756:
2092:
1379:
1270:
1229:
855:
587:
which prevented Britain from importing large amounts of grain, thus raising the price of
417:
382:
281:
1097:
1067:
676:
argued for a disciplinary, punitive approach to social problems, whilst the writings of
292:
3667:
1361:
1331:
1150:
576:
504:
215:
825:. Due to the repeal of those provisions, it is now authorised by section 19(2) of the
3710:
1976:
1571:
1145:
1110:
737:
680:
focused attention on the problem of overpopulation, and the growth of illegitimacy.
394:
174:
1092:
3858:
3813:
3794:
1316:
1280:
270:
221:
184:
distribution in England and Wales and is generally considered a refinement of the
3853:
1480:
1194:
1155:
1102:
911:
742:
572:
483:
398:
147:
712:
The whole Act was repealed by section 117 of, and Part I of Schedule 14 to, the
575:
occurred in 1792–1797, 1798–1801, 1805–1807, and 1813–1814, and ended after the
169:, the "43rd Elizabeth", or the "Old Poor Law", was passed in 1601 and created a
3683:
1384:
1356:
1346:
1326:
1265:
677:
673:
610:
443:
375:
307:
146:"Elizabethan Poor Law" redirects here. For pre-1601 Elizabethan poor laws, see
3880:
747:
681:
648:
647:
One reason for changing the system was to prevent unrest or even revolution.
303:
255:
1249:
787:
227:
84:
777:
So called because the law was passed in the 43rd year of Elizabeth's reign
1561:
1275:
1244:
818:
752:
656:
594:
After the war cheap imports returned. Many farmers went bankrupt because
397:, a mobile population, a series of bad harvests during the 1790s and the
390:
181:
3735:
1033:
From Reformation to Improvement: Public Welfare in Early Modern England
1028:
725:
636:
595:
315:
162:
61:
509:
The Society published several pamphlets on the subject, and supported
1321:
1239:
602:
527:
460:
386:
362:
277:
263:
259:
652:
580:
523:
197:
170:
513:
in his successful efforts to steer the Workhouse Test Act through
1506:
393:
were used. The system was designed for a pre-industrial society,
354:
923:
921:
919:
882:
623:
358:
326:
322:
302:
Relief under the Old Poor Law could take on one of two forms –
193:
128:
916:
588:
488:
606:
995:
Masterless Men: The Vagrancy Problem in England, 1560–1640
694:
1832 Royal Commission into the Operation of the Poor Laws
579:
in 1815. The wars meant that there were periods of trade
1093:
An Educational game relating to the Elizabethan Poor Law
867:
865:
850:
848:
846:
844:
704:
and aimed at restricting intervention to indoor relief.
821:
was authorised by section 1 of, and Schedule 1 to, the
662:
446:, where conditions were made worse than those outside.
450:
were plunged back into the maintenance of the system.
862:
841:
659:
highlighted the possibility of agricultural unrest.
385:
was popular in the south of England. Elsewhere the
3811:
1016:
The State and Social Change in Early Modern England
1002:
The Problem of the Poor in Tudor and Stuart England
495:began to promote the idea of parochial workhouses.
325:" as the administrative unit of the system was the
1132:
759:History of the welfare state in the United Kingdom
3878:
493:Society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge
258:(people who can't work) were to be cared for in
1088:Evidence of support for the old poor law system
401:tested the old poor law to the breaking point.
347:
883:www.workhouses.org.uk – The Workhouse Web Site
428:
248:
3892:Acts of the Parliament of England (1485–1603)
2525:Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
1522:
1118:
342:
3725:Church of England Assembly (Powers) Act 1919
466:
3761:Measures of the National Assembly for Wales
150:. For post-1601 Elizabethan poor laws, see
3785:Acts of the Parliament of Northern Ireland
1529:
1515:
1286:Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor
1125:
1111:
1009:Disorder & Rebellion in Tudor England
453:
321:The 1601 Poor Law could be described as "
287:Pauper children would become apprentices.
2523:Great Britain and Ireland and the United
1476:Timeline of the English Poor Law system
790:", which ended with the passage of the
119:Statute Law Revision (Ireland) Act 1872
3879:
1063:Vicrtorianwebs article on the 1601 Act
655:passed to prevent possible riots. The
3773:Acts of the Northern Ireland Assembly
1510:
1106:
1023:Poverty and Vagrancy in Tudor England
293:Reginae Elizabethae Anno 43 Chapter 2
51:An Acte for the Releife of the Poore.
3844:United Kingdom statutory instruments
813:
811:
663:Criticism from leading intellectuals
553:
526:, night shelter, geriatric ward and
1040:Poverty and Policy in Tudor England
786:as the law which began the era of "
498:
186:Act for the Relief of the Poor 1597
180:It formalised earlier practices of
13:
1536:
1486:List of poor law unions in England
987:
280:and vagrants were to be sent to a
14:
3908:
1098:Text of the Act in Modern English
1056:
817:The citation of this Act by this
808:
719:
369:
1491:List of poor law unions in Wales
1342:Outdoor Relief Prohibitory Order
1169:
1083:British social policy, 1601–1948
533:
306:, relief inside a workhouse, or
32:
3745:Acts of the Scottish Parliament
1471:Historiography of the Poor Laws
972:
946:
940:"The 1601 Elizabethan Poor Law"
932:
905:British social policy 1601–1948
473:Bristol Corporation of the Poor
3849:Scottish statutory instruments
1465:Christmas Day in the Workhouse
1400:Huddersfield workhouse scandal
1190:Vagabonds and Beggars Act 1494
1133:Poor laws of the British Isles
898:
887:
876:
832:
780:
771:
562:
297:
240:Origins of the Poor Law system
1:
3866:Church of England instruments
1545:Pre-parliamentary legislation
1496:List of Irish poor law unions
979:In praise of the old Poor Law
954:"The Old Poor Law in England"
928:The 1601 Elizabethan Poor Law
801:
617:
404:
114:Statute Law Revision Act 1863
1576:the Kingdom of Great Britain
1448:National Assistance Act 1948
1312:Poor Law (Scotland) Act 1845
478:Starting with the parish of
348:Implementation and variation
7:
1307:Poor Law Amendment Act 1834
1225:Relief of the Poor Act 1782
1215:Relief of the Poor Act 1696
1078:The Old Poor Law in England
792:Poor Law Amendment Act 1834
731:
698:Poor Law Amendment Act 1834
548:
540:Relief of the Poor Act 1782
491:. From the late 1710s the
429:Effect on the labour market
249:Main points of the 1601 Act
10:
3913:
1428:Royal Commission (1905–09)
1073:A history of the Poor Laws
669:Opposition to the Poor Law
666:
537:
502:
408:
373:
343:Criticisms of the 1601 Act
237:
233:
145:
18:United Kingdom legislation
3834:
3793:
3733:
3709:
2517:
2488:
2204:Acts of Parliament of the
2203:
2183:
1582:
1570:
1544:
1456:
1413:
1395:Andover workhouse scandal
1370:
1337:Outdoor Labour Test Order
1294:
1258:
1182:
1167:
1138:
707:
700:, popularly known as the
687:
642:
630:
569:French Revolutionary Wars
467:Variation from the system
137:
127:
106:
101:
93:
83:
78:
68:
55:
45:
31:
26:
2521:of the United Kingdom of
2207:Kingdom of Great Britain
1552:List of English statutes
764:
70:Territorial extent
1990:Interregnum (1642–1660)
1423:Liberal welfare reforms
1405:Union Chargeability Act
1302:Royal commission (1832)
894:The 1662 Settlement Act
827:Interpretation Act 1978
437:
2184:Parliament of Scotland
1390:Local Government Board
1139:Poor laws by territory
872:The Poor Law: overview
651:was suspended and the
454:Reliance on the parish
3836:Secondary legislation
2491:Parliament of Ireland
1583:Parliament of England
1415:Decline and abolition
823:Short Titles Act 1896
714:General Rate Act 1967
511:Sir Edward Knatchbull
190:overseers of the poor
152:Elizabethan Poor Laws
133:General Rate Act 1967
39:Parliament of England
3757:Acts of Senedd Cymru
3688:European Communities
1557:Charter of Liberties
1235:Overseer of the poor
1220:Poor Relief Act 1722
1210:Poor Relief Act 1662
1205:Poor Relief Act 1601
1200:Poor Relief Act 1597
794:(the "New Poor Law")
411:Poor Relief Act 1662
366:poor relief system.
209:Poor Relief Act 1662
167:Elizabethan Poor Law
159:Poor Relief Act 1601
22:Poor Relief Act 1601
3887:1601 in English law
3662:Halsbury's Statutes
1574:of states preceding
1572:Acts of parliaments
1380:Poor Law Commission
1230:House of correction
1068:The text of the Act
605:were passed by the
418:Settlement Act 1662
383:Speenhamland system
282:house of correction
23:
3668:Legislation.gov.uk
2519:Acts of Parliament
1372:Changes after 1834
1362:Scottish poorhouse
1332:Board of guardians
1176:Nantwich workhouse
910:2007-07-20 at the
856:"The Old Poor Law"
577:Battle of Waterloo
505:Workhouse Test Act
216:Workhouse Test Act
21:
3897:English Poor Laws
3874:
3873:
3859:Acts of Adjournal
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3822:1972–2009/2015–16
3795:Orders in Council
3711:Church of England
3705:
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2066:Habeas Corpus Act
1977:Petition of Right
1504:
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1177:
1146:England and Wales
738:English poor laws
554:Industrialisation
395:industrialisation
211:(Settlement Acts)
188:that established
175:England and Wales
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102:Other legislation
74:England and Wales
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1317:Less eligibility
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291:Text of the Act
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139:Status: Repealed
89:19 December 1601
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2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2202:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2182:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1607:
1606:Temp. incert.
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1581:
1578:
1573:
1569:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1532:
1527:
1525:
1520:
1518:
1513:
1512:
1509:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1466:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1412:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1181:
1172:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1128:
1123:
1121:
1116:
1114:
1109:
1108:
1105:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1051:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1037:
1034:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1020:
1017:
1013:
1010:
1006:
1003:
999:
996:
992:
991:
980:
975:
959:
955:
949:
941:
935:
929:
924:
922:
920:
913:
909:
906:
901:
895:
890:
884:
879:
873:
868:
866:
857:
851:
849:
847:
845:
835:
828:
824:
820:
814:
812:
807:
793:
789:
783:
774:
770:
760:
757:
754:
751:
749:
748:UK labour law
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
735:
729:
727:
717:
715:
705:
703:
699:
695:
685:
683:
682:David Ricardo
679:
675:
670:
660:
658:
654:
650:
649:Habeas Corpus
640:
638:
628:
625:
615:
612:
608:
604:
599:
597:
592:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
560:
546:
541:
534:Gilbert's Act
531:
529:
525:
519:
516:
512:
506:
496:
494:
490:
485:
481:
476:
474:
464:
462:
451:
447:
445:
435:
426:
422:
419:
412:
402:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
377:
367:
364:
360:
356:
340:
337:
333:
330:
328:
324:
319:
317:
311:
309:
305:
304:indoor relief
295:
294:
286:
283:
279:
275:
272:
268:
265:
261:
257:
256:impotent poor
253:
252:
246:
241:
229:
225:
223:
222:Gilbert's Act
219:
217:
213:
210:
206:
205:
204:
201:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
178:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
153:
149:
136:
132:
130:
126:
120:
117:
115:
112:
111:
109:
105:
100:
96:
92:
88:
86:
82:
77:
73:
67:
63:
60:
58:
54:
50:
48:
44:
40:
30:
25:
16:
3803:1994 to date
3738:institutions
3697:1972 to date
3673:Short titles
3660:
2489:Acts of the
1988:
1605:
1463:
1295:New Poor Law
1271:Speenhamland
1250:Buttock mail
1204:
1183:Old Poor Law
1049:
1039:
1038:Paul Slack,
1032:
1022:
1015:
1008:
1007:N. Fellows,
1001:
994:
993:A.L. Beier,
974:
962:. Retrieved
958:the original
948:
934:
900:
889:
878:
834:
788:Old Poor Law
782:
773:
723:
711:
702:New Poor Law
701:
691:
672:
646:
634:
621:
600:
593:
566:
557:
543:
520:
508:
477:
470:
457:
448:
441:
432:
423:
414:
379:
351:
338:
334:
331:
320:
312:
301:
290:
243:
228:Speenhamland
202:
179:
166:
158:
156:
85:Royal assent
15:
1562:Magna Carta
1276:Labour Rate
1245:Poor relief
1161:Isle of Man
1000:A.L. Beier,
819:short title
755:, worldwide
753:Poor relief
657:Swing Riots
563:French Wars
434:interests.
391:Labour rate
316:alms houses
298:Description
182:poor relief
173:system for
129:Repealed by
3881:Categories
3686:(formerly
1352:Opposition
1029:Paul Slack
802:References
726:Mark Blaug
637:workhouses
618:Corruption
515:Parliament
405:Settlement
163:43 Eliz. 1
107:Amended by
62:43 Eliz. 1
47:Long title
2509:1751–1800
2504:1701–1750
2300:1760–1764
2295:1755–1759
2290:1750–1754
2285:1745–1749
2280:1740–1744
2275:1735–1739
2270:1730–1734
2265:1725–1729
2260:1720–1724
2255:1715–1719
1632:1422–1460
1627:1413–1421
1622:1399–1411
1617:1377–1397
1612:1327–1376
1600:1308–1325
1595:1275–1307
1590:1225–1267
1322:Workhouse
1281:Roundsman
1240:Poor rate
603:Corn Laws
596:poor rate
581:blockades
528:orphanage
461:poor rate
387:Roundsman
363:Liverpool
323:parochial
278:idle poor
264:poorhouse
260:almshouse
3736:devolved
3713:measures
1151:Scotland
908:Archived
732:See also
653:Six Acts
624:vestries
549:Overhaul
198:Poor Law
171:poor law
94:Repealed
57:Citation
2499:to 1700
2191:to 1707
1156:Ireland
585:Britain
355:Bristol
234:Origins
226:1795 –
220:1782 –
214:1723 –
207:1662 –
1052:(1979)
1042:(1988)
1035:(1998)
1025:(1971)
1018:(2000)
1011:(2001)
1004:(1983)
997:(1985)
708:Repeal
688:Reform
643:Unrest
524:crèche
359:Exeter
327:parish
194:parish
64:. c. 2
1457:Other
964:2 May
765:Notes
589:bread
489:Essex
480:Olney
262:or a
79:Dates
3812:for
3778:List
3766:List
3759:and
3750:List
3720:List
3653:2024
3648:2023
3643:2022
3638:2021
3633:2020
3628:2019
3623:2018
3618:2017
3613:2016
3608:2015
3603:2014
3598:2013
3593:2012
3588:2011
3583:2010
3578:2009
3573:2008
3568:2007
3563:2006
3558:2005
3553:2004
3548:2003
3543:2002
3538:2001
3533:2000
3525:1999
3520:1998
3515:1997
3510:1996
3505:1995
3500:1994
3495:1993
3490:1992
3485:1991
3480:1990
3475:1989
3470:1988
3465:1987
3460:1986
3455:1985
3450:1984
3445:1983
3440:1982
3435:1981
3430:1980
3425:1979
3420:1978
3415:1977
3410:1976
3405:1975
3400:1974
3395:1973
3390:1972
3385:1971
3380:1970
3375:1969
3370:1968
3365:1967
3360:1966
3355:1965
3350:1964
3345:1963
3340:1962
3335:1961
3330:1960
3325:1959
3320:1958
3315:1957
3310:1956
3305:1955
3300:1954
3295:1953
3290:1952
3285:1951
3280:1950
3275:1949
3270:1948
3265:1947
3260:1946
3255:1945
3250:1944
3245:1943
3240:1942
3235:1941
3230:1940
3225:1939
3220:1938
3215:1937
3210:1936
3205:1935
3200:1934
3195:1933
3190:1932
3185:1931
3180:1930
3175:1929
3170:1928
3165:1927
3160:1926
3155:1925
3150:1924
3145:1923
3140:1922
3135:1921
3130:1920
3125:1919
3120:1918
3115:1917
3110:1916
3105:1915
3100:1914
3095:1913
3090:1912
3085:1911
3080:1910
3075:1909
3070:1908
3065:1907
3060:1906
3055:1905
3050:1904
3045:1903
3040:1902
3035:1901
3030:1900
3022:1899
3017:1898
3012:1897
3007:1896
3002:1895
2997:1894
2992:1893
2987:1892
2982:1891
2977:1890
2972:1889
2967:1888
2962:1887
2957:1886
2952:1885
2947:1884
2942:1883
2937:1882
2932:1881
2927:1880
2922:1879
2917:1878
2912:1877
2907:1876
2902:1875
2897:1874
2892:1873
2887:1872
2882:1871
2877:1870
2872:1869
2867:1868
2862:1867
2857:1866
2852:1865
2847:1864
2842:1863
2837:1862
2832:1861
2827:1860
2822:1859
2817:1858
2812:1857
2807:1856
2802:1855
2797:1854
2792:1853
2787:1852
2782:1851
2777:1850
2772:1849
2767:1848
2762:1847
2757:1846
2752:1845
2747:1844
2742:1843
2737:1842
2732:1841
2727:1840
2722:1839
2717:1838
2712:1837
2707:1836
2702:1835
2697:1834
2692:1833
2687:1832
2682:1831
2677:1830
2672:1829
2667:1828
2662:1827
2657:1826
2652:1825
2647:1824
2642:1823
2637:1822
2632:1821
2627:1820
2622:1819
2617:1818
2612:1817
2607:1816
2602:1815
2597:1814
2592:1813
2587:1812
2582:1811
2577:1810
2572:1809
2567:1808
2562:1807
2557:1806
2552:1805
2547:1804
2542:1803
2537:1802
2532:1801
2480:1800
2475:1799
2470:1798
2465:1797
2460:1796
2455:1795
2450:1794
2445:1793
2440:1792
2435:1791
2430:1790
2425:1789
2420:1788
2415:1787
2410:1786
2405:1785
2400:1784
2395:1783
2390:1782
2385:1781
2380:1780
2375:1779
2370:1778
2365:1777
2360:1776
2355:1775
2350:1774
2345:1773
2340:1772
2335:1771
2330:1770
2325:1769
2320:1768
2315:1767
2310:1766
2305:1765
2250:1714
2245:1713
2240:1712
2235:1711
2230:1710
2225:1709
2220:1708
2215:1707
2175:1706
2170:1705
2165:1704
2160:1703
2155:1702
2150:1701
2145:1700
2140:1698
2135:1697
2130:1696
2125:1695
2120:1694
2115:1693
2110:1692
2105:1691
2100:1690
2088:1689
2083:1688
2078:1685
2073:1680
2061:1679
2056:1678
2051:1677
2046:1675
2041:1672
2036:1670
2031:1667
2026:1666
2021:1665
2016:1664
2011:1663
2006:1662
2001:1661
1996:1660
1984:1640
1972:1627
1967:1625
1962:1623
1957:1620
1952:1609
1947:1606
1942:1605
1937:1603
1932:1601
1927:1597
1922:1592
1917:1588
1912:1586
1907:1584
1902:1580
1897:1575
1892:1572
1887:1571
1882:1566
1877:1562
1872:1558
1867:1557
1862:1555
1857:1554
1852:1553
1847:1551
1842:1549
1837:1548
1832:1547
1827:1546
1822:1545
1817:1543
1812:1542
1807:1541
1802:1540
1797:1539
1792:1536
1787:1535
1782:1534
1777:1533
1772:1532
1767:1531
1762:1530
1757:1529
1752:1523
1747:1515
1742:1514
1737:1513
1732:1512
1727:1511
1722:1509
1717:1503
1712:1496
1707:1495
1702:1491
1697:1488
1692:1487
1687:1485
1682:1483
1677:1482
1672:1477
1667:1474
1662:1472
1657:1468
1652:1467
1647:1464
1642:1463
1637:1461
966:2007
692:The
631:Cost
607:Tory
601:The
571:and
567:The
438:Cost
389:and
361:and
276:The
269:The
254:The
157:The
97:1967
583:on
3883::
1048:,
1031:,
918:^
864:^
843:^
810:^
716:.
530:.
482:,
463:.
357:,
177:.
3690:)
1530:e
1523:t
1516:v
1126:e
1119:t
1112:v
968:.
942:.
858:.
829:.
161:(
154:.
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