908:
195:
of individual parishes, which varied widely in their size, populations, financial resources, rateable values and requirements. From 1834 the parishes were grouped into unions, jointly responsible for the administration of poor relief in their areas and each governed by a
447:(as workhouses were generally known in Scotland) were organised at parish level. The Act permitted, but did not require, parishes to join to build and operate poorhouses. A union of parishes operating a single poorhouse was known as a Combination.
200:. A parish large enough to operate independently of a union was known as a poor law parish. Collectively, poor law unions and poor law parishes were known as poor law districts. The grouping of the parishes into unions caused larger centralised
733:
1164:
252:
has argued that the Poor Law system provided "a welfare state in miniature, relieving the elderly, widows, children, the sick, the disabled, and the unemployed and underemployed".
270:
Some parishes, many in the metropolitan area of London, were able to avoid amalgamation into unions because of earlier local acts that regulated their poor law administration. The
1263:
1038:
707:
1179:
395:, the impoverished west was redrawn to create more unions for easier administration and for computation of where suffering was most endemic. When the Irish
419:, poor law unions and rural districts were abolished in 1925 and the powers of boards of guardians transferred to the county councils' Board of Health. In
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466:
1022:
424:
1258:
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708:"History & Heritage > Poor Law Union > Poor Law Unions and their Records > The Establishment of the Poor Law System"
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399:
was established in 1864, each union became a superintendent registrar's district, thus electoral divisions together formed a
387:. Electoral divisions returned members (guardians) to the board of guardians, to which ratepayers who paid higher rates had
1088:
412:
404:
204:
to be built to replace smaller facilities in each parish. Poor law unions were later used as a basis for the delivery of
1222:
861:
408:
312:
371:(ratings of rate payers). The name "union" was adopted from the English model although boundaries were unrelated to
1227:
1078:
587:
1207:
331:
289:
along with other members elected by rate-payers, with higher rate-payers having more votes. JPs were removed and
415:, with each rural district corresponding to the non-urban portion of a poor law union within the county. In the
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were set up based on the sanitary districts (and therefore indirectly on the unions). In 1930, under the
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184:
67:
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271:
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213:
94:
359:, three Poor Law Commissioners divided Ireland into poor law unions, in which paupers would receive
683:
605:"History & Heritage > Poor Law Union > Poor Law Unions and their Records > The Union"
1159:
734:"Browse > Census > 1871 > Ireland > Alphabetical index to townlands of Ireland, 1871"
583:
396:
129:
907:
758:
1126:
854:
518:
392:
810:
630:
O'Brien, Gerard (November 1982). "The
Establishment of Poor-Law Unions in Ireland, 1838–43".
539:
Blaug, Mark. "The Poor Law Report Re-examined." Journal of
Economic History (1964) 24: 229–45
470:
368:
286:
205:
176:
was a geographical territory, and early local government unit, in Great
Britain and Ireland.
124:
558:
548:
Poverty and Poor Law Reform in
Nineteenth-Century Britain, 1834–1914, David Englander (2013)
971:
956:
946:
941:
936:
492:
319:, the poor law unions were finally abolished and their responsibilities transferred to the
8:
1116:
1007:
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179:
Poor law unions existed in
England and Wales from 1834 to 1930 for the administration of
677:
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stopped in 1894, but nobody actually receiving poor relief was allowed to vote.
1121:
1093:
1063:
1002:
324:
320:
308:
279:
679:
A History of the Irish Poor Law: In
Connexion with the Condition of the People
643:
375:. A union was named after the town on which it was centred, usually where its
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245:
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outside urban areas from 1875. Poor law unions were abolished by the
201:
384:
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of all births, marriages and deaths which became law from 1837 and
192:
296:
Their areas were espoused for other functional districts, such as
255:
The functions of poor law unions were exercised by boards of
702:
700:
697:
1264:Defunct types of subdivision in the United Kingdom
869:
1245:
461:
459:
425:Northern Ireland Health and Social Care Service
759:"Adaptation Of Children's Act 1908 Order 1925"
855:
456:
16:Early local government unit in UK and Ireland
666:
629:
1023:Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor
862:
848:
638:(90). Cambridge University Press: 97–120.
1269:1834 establishments in the United Kingdom
835:Poor Law Unions at visionofbritain.org.uk
808:
785:
672:
379:stood. Unions were defined as groups of
1213:Timeline of the English Poor Law system
586:). Enacted on 31 July 1838. Act of the
220:to county and county borough councils.
216:, which transferred responsibility for
1254:Local government in the United Kingdom
1246:
285:Until 1894 the guardians consisted of
248:after the Second World War. Historian
843:
423:, poor law unions survived until the
282:to include these parishes in unions.
561:. Victorianweb.org. 12 November 2002
559:"The implementation of the Poor Law"
469:. Eh.net. 7 May 2002. Archived from
223:
495:. Victorianweb.org. 8 November 2002
405:Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898
13:
1223:List of poor law unions in England
584:1 & 2 Vict., c. 56 of 1838
244:until the emergence of the modern
14:
1280:
828:
515:"British social policy 1601–1948"
467:"Encyclopedia: English Poor Laws"
1228:List of poor law unions in Wales
1079:Outdoor Relief Prohibitory Order
906:
1259:Poor Law in Britain and Ireland
1208:Historiography of the Poor Laws
802:
779:
751:
726:
332:List of English Poor Law Unions
1202:Christmas Day in the Workhouse
1137:Huddersfield workhouse scandal
927:Vagabonds and Beggars Act 1494
870:Poor laws of the British Isles
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580:Poor Relief (Ireland) Act 1838
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357:Poor Relief (Ireland) Act 1838
191:was the responsibility of the
1:
1233:List of Irish poor law unions
450:
403:or registrar's district. The
351:List of Irish poor law unions
336:List of Welsh Poor Law Unions
1185:National Assistance Act 1948
1049:Poor Law (Scotland) Act 1845
714:. An Chomhairle Leabharlanna
611:. An Chomhairle Leabharlanna
517:. .rgu.ac.uk. Archived from
441:Poor Law (Scotland) Act 1845
381:poor law electoral divisions
367:extracted by local poor law
7:
1044:Poor Law Amendment Act 1834
962:Relief of the Poor Act 1782
952:Relief of the Poor Act 1696
788:"The Workhouse in Scotland"
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185:Poor Law Amendment Act 1834
68:Poor Law Amendment Act 1834
10:
1285:
1165:Royal Commission (1905–09)
344:
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272:Metropolitan Poor Act 1867
187:the administration of the
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1132:Andover workhouse scandal
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1074:Outdoor Labour Test Order
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644:10.1017/S0021121400017545
413:urban and rural districts
317:Local Government Act 1929
214:Local Government Act 1929
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95:Local Government Act 1929
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813:. The Workhouse Web Site
811:"Poorhouses in Scotland"
790:. The Workhouse Web Site
632:Irish Historical Studies
493:"The Poor Law: overview"
302:rural sanitary districts
1160:Liberal welfare reforms
1142:Union Chargeability Act
1039:Royal commission (1832)
409:administrative counties
397:General Register Office
391:. During and after the
232:laid out the system of
130:Rural sanitary district
1127:Local Government Board
876:Poor laws by territory
118:Additional status
1152:Decline and abolition
809:Higginbotham, Peter.
786:Higginbotham, Peter.
682:. J. Murray. p.
590:. Retrieved from
304:established in 1875.
287:justices of the peace
263:, but also including
125:Registration district
972:Overseer of the poor
957:Poor Relief Act 1722
947:Poor Relief Act 1662
942:Poor Relief Act 1601
937:Poor Relief Act 1597
439:was reformed by the
437:Poor Law in Scotland
383:, in turn groups of
259:, partly elected by
1117:Poor Law Commission
967:House of correction
594: on 6 May 2016.
1109:Changes after 1834
1099:Scottish poorhouse
1069:Board of guardians
913:Nantwich workhouse
764:Irish Statute Book
592:Irish Statute Book
298:civil registration
278:c. 6) allowed the
240:from the reign of
198:board of guardians
146:Board of guardians
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883:England and Wales
473:on 5 January 2010
276:30 & 31 Vict.
238:England and Wales
230:English Poor Laws
224:England and Wales
218:public assistance
189:English Poor Laws
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88:Abolished by
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35:Poor law district
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345:Main articles:
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313:urban districts
309:rural districts
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208:from 1837, and
183:. Prior to the
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1008:Speenhamland
987:Buttock mail
920:Old Poor Law
815:. Retrieved
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471:the original
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393:Great Famine
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162:Civil parish
155:Subdivisions
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898:Isle of Man
738:HISTPOP.ORG
361:poor relief
265:magistrates
242:Elizabeth I
234:poor relief
181:poor relief
1248:Categories
1089:Opposition
451:References
445:Poorhouses
401:dispensary
389:more votes
369:valuations
355:Under the
330:See also:
261:ratepayers
250:Mark Blaug
210:sanitation
202:workhouses
139:Government
1059:Workhouse
1018:Roundsman
977:Poor rate
660:163411266
427:in 1948.
385:townlands
377:workhouse
365:poor rate
257:guardians
104:Abolished
888:Scotland
676:(1856).
652:30008402
565:14 March
525:14 March
499:14 March
477:14 March
431:Scotland
407:divided
307:In 1894
193:vestries
54:Location
43:Category
893:Ireland
817:7 March
794:7 March
341:Ireland
74:Created
658:
650:
47:Ad hoc
1194:Other
771:6 May
743:6 May
718:6 May
689:6 May
656:S2CID
648:JSTOR
615:6 May
411:into
49:board
819:2011
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567:2010
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435:The
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80:1834
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640:doi
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