636:
2922:
2910:
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3401:
3469:
3306:
2946:
2934:
140:
1378:
116:. Organochlorides are the most common industrially used organohalides, although the other organohalides are used commonly in organic synthesis. Except for extremely rare cases, organohalides are not produced biologically, but many pharmaceuticals are organohalides. Notably, many pharmaceuticals such as
262:
are estimated to be produced by marine organisms annually. Most of the halocarbons encountered in everyday life – solvents, medicines, plastics – are man-made. The first synthesis of halocarbons was achieved in the early 1800s. Production began accelerating when their useful properties as solvents
560:; these are rarely found outside chemical processing. The widespread uses of halocarbons were often driven by observations that most of them were more stable than other substances. They may be less affected by acids or alkalis; they may not burn as readily; they may not be attacked by
363:
This treatment is seldom used today as a stand-alone therapy despite the rapid improvement of patients immediately following administration. The major disadvantage of iodide treatment lies in the fact that excessive stores of TH accumulate, slowing the onset of action of
287:
containing compounds. Several thousand complex halocarbons are known to be produced mainly by marine species. Although chlorine compounds are the majority of the discovered compounds, bromides, iodides and fluorides have also been found in nature.
322:, are similar in structure to organochlorine and organobromine compounds, but the C-I bond is weaker. Many organic iodides are known, but few are of major industrial importance. Iodide compounds are mainly produced as nutritional supplements.
368:(TH synthesis blockers). In addition, the functionality of iodides fades after the initial treatment period. An "escape from block" is also a concern, as extra stored TH may spike following discontinuation of treatment.
663:, some of them also halocarbons. These concerns were amplified when in 1966 Danish chemist Soren Jensen reported widespread residues of PCBs among Arctic and sub-Arctic fish and birds (
263:
and anesthetics were discovered. Development of plastics and synthetic elastomers has led to greatly expanded scale of production. A substantial percentage of drugs are halocarbons.
2646:
2822:
2490:
1240:
2663:
1199:
2099:
1925:
2094:
1962:
1304:
1089:
576:
The stability of halocarbons tended to encourage beliefs that they were mostly harmless, although in the mid-1920s physicians reported workers in
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1899:
1341:
1231:
1067:
1608:
1841:
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1984:
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1979:
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1915:
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1410:
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1507:
1252:
1147:
Molina, M.J.; Rowland, F.S. (1974), "Stratospheric sink for chlorofluoromethanes: chlorine atom-catalysed destruction of ozone",
2199:
2162:
2016:
2001:
1920:
1569:
1513:
2858:
1996:
612:). By the 1950s, there had been several reports and investigations of workplace hazards. In 1956, for example, after testing
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1836:
1831:
856:
M. Rossberg et al. “Chlorinated
Hydrocarbons” in Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2006, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.
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2361:
2139:
1957:
1889:
1879:
1862:
1769:
1576:
1894:
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2608:
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746:(PFOA), a precursor in the most common manufacturing process for Teflon and also used to make coatings for fabrics and
2717:
2593:
2410:
1613:
952:
1237:
2950:
2588:
2568:
2515:
2467:
1529:
3687:
2707:
2658:
2084:
2046:
1991:
1461:
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1208:
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2775:
2059:
1816:
1382:
782:
17:
990:
4517:
2885:
2420:
1952:
708:
2868:
2540:
2069:
2064:
1969:
1846:
1403:
258:
A few halocarbons are produced in massive amounts by microorganisms. For example, several million tons of
2079:
1932:
577:
515:
718:
Since the 1970s there have been longstanding, unresolved controversies over potential health hazards of
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3227:
3084:
2938:
2702:
2505:
2462:
2235:
2157:
2011:
479:(TCE, 1,1,2-trichloroethene). Other haloalkenes have been chemical building blocks of plastics such as
3575:
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3247:
3237:
3217:
3205:
3173:
3138:
3106:
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2392:
2309:
2127:
1974:
1937:
1687:
1456:
1451:
1446:
761:
issues. Because they do not readily degrade in natural environments, halocarbons tend to accumulate.
754:), suggesting that halocarbons, though thought to be among the most inert, may also present hazards.
461:
341:
340:
due to its ability to inhibit the organification process in thyroid hormone synthesis, the so-called
2322:
4127:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
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3585:
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3321:
3272:
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3128:
3123:
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3054:
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2817:
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2743:
2583:
2089:
2054:
1947:
1874:
1715:
1544:
1480:
1441:
1184:
904:
807:
617:
503:
344:. Prior to 1940, iodides were the predominant antithyroid agents. In large doses, iodides inhibit
4600:
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3331:
3316:
3257:
3242:
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3193:
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3168:
3111:
3079:
2926:
2848:
2758:
2500:
2472:
2152:
1811:
1789:
1396:
506:, PCBs), once widely used in power transformers and capacitors and in building caulk, the former
83:
79:
242:
atoms. However halocarbons are prepared in many ways that do not involve direct substitution of
4641:
4500:
3479:
3394:
3336:
3299:
3294:
3282:
3262:
3252:
3158:
3153:
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3089:
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3039:
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1666:
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1646:
1641:
743:
557:
87:
73:
635:
4607:
4495:
3287:
3099:
3034:
3024:
2914:
2560:
2437:
2245:
1705:
1628:
1106:
Flinn, F.B.; Jarvik, N.E. (1936), "Action of certain chlorinated naphthalenes on the liver",
453:
429:
313:
91:
4576:
4021:
3366:
3351:
3163:
3143:
2753:
2631:
2292:
1867:
1794:
1156:
817:
433:
902:
Gordon W. Gribble (1999), "The diversity of naturally occurring organobromine compounds",
8:
3882:
3267:
2770:
2545:
1779:
1774:
1160:
2598:
2530:
2447:
2297:
2262:
2219:
2214:
2209:
1784:
1361:
1329:
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1172:
1123:
931:
Gordon W. Gribble (2002), Neilson, A. H. (ed.), "Naturally
Occurring Organofluorines",
704:
680:
480:
457:
148:
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2006:
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301:
34:
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972:
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884:
857:
841:
672:
499:
151:
1351:
861:
845:
789:. Species of Desulfitobacterium are being investigated for their potential in the
757:
Halocarbons, including those that might not be hazards in themselves, can present
588:), and by the late 1930s it was known that workers exposed to PCNs could die from
4490:
4249:
4244:
4227:
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4011:
3760:
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2827:
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1419:
790:
758:
747:
712:
357:
259:
95:
1119:
549:(mixed with PCBs, no longer used in most countries), and chemical feedstocks.
304:
is one of the rare natural organofluorides and is produced by certain plants.
4635:
4581:
4529:
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4336:
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45:
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Before they became strictly regulated, the general public often encountered
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4371:
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3824:
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3753:
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2535:
2179:
2169:
1826:
1710:
1623:
1286:
1268:
1034:
802:
762:
668:
523:
456:). Some haloalkanes are still widely used for industrial cleaning, such as
441:
330:
307:
208:
356:, but not released into the bloodstream. This mechanism is referred to as
279:. A third major source is marine algae, which produce several chlorinated
139:
4571:
4524:
4485:
4366:
4254:
4239:
4234:
4222:
3787:
3782:
3748:
3743:
3733:
3711:
2765:
2282:
2274:
1534:
988:
Climate Change 2007: The
Physical Science Basis. Summary for Policymakers
873:
Gordon W. Gribble (1998), "Naturally
Occurring Organohalogen Compounds",
676:
410:
398:
345:
235:
196:
836:
Yoel Sasson. "Formation of Carbon–Halogen Bonds (Cl, Br, I)" in Patai's
4480:
4351:
4306:
4202:
4167:
4157:
4097:
4033:
3956:
3904:
2797:
2174:
1325:
700:
684:
546:
535:
425:
365:
192:
176:
147:
Halocarbons are typically classified in the same ways as the similarly
117:
888:
417:. Many halocarbons have specialized uses in industry. One halocarbon,
4447:
4361:
4326:
4311:
4299:
4142:
4117:
3926:
1752:
1353:
Integrated Risk
Information System, Trichloroethylene (CASRN 79-01-6)
1168:
944:
917:
766:
660:
652:
625:
613:
581:
527:
418:
402:
394:
293:
276:
162:
3672:
1340:
U.S. National
Academies of Science, Current Projects System (2004),
1007:
Villemur, R.; Lanthier, M.; Beaudet, R. ©J.; Lépine, F. §O. (2006).
4455:
4409:
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3978:
3852:
3807:
3792:
987:
601:
561:
406:
326:
247:
239:
231:
155:
108:, and a few natural ones, contain halogen atoms; they are known as
105:
60:
56:
1339:
735:
639:
Atmospheric concentration of several halocarbons, years 1978–2015.
4417:
4341:
4192:
4187:
4152:
4137:
4132:
4102:
4085:
3909:
3836:
3802:
1730:
1388:
723:
543:
507:
495:
468:
414:
390:
353:
329:
hormones are essential for human health, hence the usefulness of
280:
272:
243:
224:
166:
102:
64:
49:
1108:
Proceedings of the
Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine
4505:
4437:
4281:
3990:
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3847:
3831:
3777:
2994:
2733:
1377:
778:
605:
484:
449:
284:
271:
A large amount of the naturally occurring halocarbons, such as
212:
200:
180:
128:
68:
38:
750:, became a health and environmental concern starting in 2006 (
4386:
4356:
4289:
4147:
4112:
4107:
4080:
4028:
3995:
3899:
3723:
2647:
Cooperative
Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement
1740:
1006:
786:
696:
688:
539:
445:
27:
Chemical compound containing carbon and at least one halogen
3814:
488:
475:(Perc, tetrachloroethene), widespread in dry cleaning, and
227:
203:
183:
169:
158:
52:
41:
1185:"Dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane and newer insecticides"
336:
Six mg of iodide a day can be used to treat patients with
94:. Chlorine halocarbons are the most common and are called
2823:
Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change
656:
597:
531:
624:
in animals and rejected them as "too toxic for use in a
460:(dichloromethane), and as refrigerants, such as R-134a (
308:
Organoiodine compounds, including biological derivatives
1360:
United States, Environmental
Protection Agency (2010),
1350:
United States, Environmental
Protection Agency (2004),
568:; or they may not be affected as much by sun exposure.
483:("vinyl" or PVC, polymerized chloroethene) and Teflon (
1253:"Trichloroethylene Health Risks--State of the Science"
1247:, by Environmental Working Group, Washington, DC, 2002
1134:
Jensen, S. (1966), "Report of a new chemical hazard",
518:, PCNs), once used for electrical insulation, and the
2664:
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
1343:
Assessing the Human Health Risks of Trichloroethylene
1078:, Minneapolis, MN, USA: Sagebrush Education Resources
620:, the U.S. Navy found that skin contact caused fatal
292:
is a bromide and is produced by certain sea snails.
726:
that had been widely used for industrial cleaning (
352:, which permits TH to be synthesized and stored in
127:For information on inorganic halide chemistry, see
967:Phyllis A. Lyday "Iodine and Iodine Compounds" in
651:) started a storm of concerns about environmental
534:, 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane),
238:," as though those atoms had been substituted for
1197:
1051:
930:
901:
872:
727:
629:
172:in halocarbons. Among the chemical families are:
4633:
2864:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
709:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
409:and sealants, electrically insulating coatings,
552:A few halocarbons, including acid halides like
1251:Scott, C.S., Ed.; Cogliano, V.J., Ed. (2000),
969:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
3688:
2978:
1609:History of climate change policy and politics
1404:
1359:
1349:
1250:
1146:
751:
739:
731:
692:
487:trademark for polymerized tetrafluoroethene,
1303:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1088:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1726:Atlantic meridional overturning circulation
1105:
1072:, settled between the parties, reviewed in
935:, The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry,
703:, leading to bans on production and use of
593:
530:such as dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (
376:The first halocarbon commercially used was
3695:
3681:
2985:
2971:
2945:
2933:
2390:
1411:
1397:
1230:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1066:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2997:with other elements in the periodic table
2685:
2491:Adaptation strategies on the German coast
1634:United Nations Climate Change conferences
1276:
1238:Chemical Industry Archives, Anniston Case
1073:
1024:
389:Common uses for halocarbons have been as
219:with a delocalised donut shaped pi cloud.
101:Many synthetic organic compounds such as
2195:Co-benefits of climate change mitigation
1363:PFOA Stewardship Program (begun in 2006)
924:
895:
866:
711:said halocarbons were a direct cause of
634:
138:
2551:National Adaptation Programme of Action
2340:Land use, land-use change, and forestry
736:U.S. National Academies of Science 2004
428:as paint and cleaning solvents such as
14:
4634:
3014:
2200:Economics of climate change mitigation
2163:Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)
1686:
1514:Scientific consensus on climate change
1320:, Jahrgänge 6, Berlin: Springer: 845,
1311:
1182:
1133:
1096:
1074:Harr, J., Ed.; Asher, M., Ed. (1996),
850:
683:(CFCs), would accumulate in the upper
664:
648:
609:
585:
436:(tetrachloromethane), pesticides like
401:, fire-resistant oils, ingredients of
266:
253:
3702:
3676:
2966:
2859:Coupled Model Intercomparison Project
2684:
2389:
2125:
1685:
1597:
1478:
1430:
1392:
3656:Academic research, no widespread use
2881:Representative Concentration Pathway
1832:Tipping points in the climate system
1508:Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
143:Examples of organohalogens-chlorides
134:
2652:Nationally determined contributions
2362:Individual action on climate change
1577:World energy supply and consumption
1101:, Boston, MA, USA: Houghton Mifflin
699:depletion was being observed above
467:Haloalkenes have also been used as
300:and is an iodide. The highly toxic
24:
2791:Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis
1418:
542:(2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid),
25:
4653:
2718:Satellite temperature measurement
2323:forestry for carbon sequestration
1614:History of climate change science
1370:
1257:Environmental Health Perspectives
675:predicted that common halocarbon
643:In 1962 a book by U.S. biologist
578:polychlorinated naphthalene (PCN)
494:Haloaromatics include the former
380:, a natural organobromide of the
3548:
3467:
3399:
3304:
3004:
2944:
2932:
2921:
2920:
2908:
2569:Climate Change Performance Index
1376:
1026:10.1111/j.1574-6976.2006.00029.x
793:of halogenic organic compounds.
765:and accidental fires can create
707:in many countries. In 2007, the
522:and their derivatives, used for
78:) resulting in the formation of
2708:Instrumental temperature record
2659:Sustainable Development Goal 13
618:polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)s
440:(EDB, ethylene dibromide), and
318:Organoiodine compounds, called
275:, are created by wood fire and
2776:Climate variability and change
2126:
1817:Retreat of glaciers since 1850
1207:, Alabama, USA, archived from
1000:
981:
961:
838:Chemistry of Functional Groups
830:
13:
1:
2886:Shared Socioeconomic Pathways
2421:Climate emergency declaration
1045:
862:10.1002/14356007.a06_233.pub2
846:10.1002/9780470682531.pat0011
840:(2009). Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.
580:manufacturing suffering from
2869:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report
2095:Middle East and North Africa
1431:
1009:"TheDesulfitobacteriumgenus"
971:, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2005.
667:). In 1974, Mexican chemist
516:polychlorinated naphthalenes
432:(1,1,1-trichloroethane) and
195:—compounds with one or more
7:
1598:
796:
722:(TCE) and other halocarbon
10:
4658:
2703:Global surface temperature
2594:Popular culture depictions
2506:Ecosystem-based adaptation
2236:Carbon capture and storage
2158:Carbon offsets and credits
1479:
1198:Owens v. Monsanto (2001),
1052:Anderson v. Grace (1986),
571:
311:
4590:
4549:
4469:
4446:
4408:
4385:
4280:
4201:
4071:
4048:
4004:
3947:
3870:
3845:
3710:
3631:
3545:
3464:
3016:
3012:
3002:
2915:Climate change portal
2902:
2841:
2808:Extreme event attribution
2726:
2695:
2691:
2680:
2624:
2559:
2481:
2431:School Strike for Climate
2403:
2399:
2385:
2354:
2310:Climate-smart agriculture
2271:
2228:
2138:
2134:
2121:
2045:
1908:
1855:
1698:
1694:
1681:
1604:
1593:
1522:
1491:
1487:
1474:
1457:Climate change adaptation
1452:Climate change mitigation
1447:Effects of climate change
1437:
1426:
1120:10.3181/00379727-35-8879p
1013:FEMS Microbiology Reviews
732:Scott & Cogliano 2000
693:Molina & Rowland 1974
504:polychlorinated biphenyls
462:1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane
2818:Global warming potential
2625:International agreements
2272:Preserving and enhancing
1716:Arctic methane emissions
1638:Years in climate change
1545:Greenhouse gas emissions
1442:Causes of climate change
1201:96-CV-440, Exhibit 3A03F
977:10.1002/14356007.a14_381
905:Chemical Society Reviews
823:
84:organochlorine compounds
80:organofluorine compounds
4601:chemical classification
2849:Climate change scenario
2501:Disaster risk reduction
2153:Carbon emission trading
1963:U.S. insurance industry
1943:Civilizational collapse
1790:sea surface temperature
1318:Klinische Wochenschrift
695:). Within a few years,
687:and destroy protective
594:Flinn & Jarvik 1936
371:
88:organobromine compounds
3651:Many uses in chemistry
3646:Core organic chemistry
2842:Research and modelling
2526:Nature-based solutions
2346:Nature-based solutions
2288:Carbon dioxide removal
2205:Fossil fuel divestment
2190:Climate risk insurance
2100:Small island countries
1721:Arctic sea ice decline
1269:10.1289/ehp.00108s2159
744:perfluorooctanoic acid
728:Anderson v. Grace 1986
640:
630:Owens v. Monsanto 2001
215:linked in one or more
144:
92:organoiodine compounds
4608:chemical nomenclature
2803:Earth's energy budget
2686:Background and theory
2574:Climate crisis (term)
2246:Fossil fuel phase-out
2140:Economics and finance
2105:by individual country
2047:By country and region
2022:Security and conflict
2017:Psychological impacts
1706:Abrupt climate change
1629:Charles David Keeling
1462:By country and region
1183:MĂĽller, P.H. (1948),
638:
454:chlorodifluoromethane
342:Wolff–Chaikoff effect
314:Organoiodine compound
142:
37:in which one or more
2632:Glasgow Climate Pact
2293:Carbon sequestration
1868:Mass mortality event
1385:at Wikimedia Commons
1312:Teleky, L. (1927), "
1056:, Massachusetts, USA
818:List of refrigerants
808:Carbon–fluorine bond
434:carbon tetrachloride
4064:not C, H or O)
2771:Climate sensitivity
2546:The Adaptation Fund
2002:Infectious diseases
1909:Social and economic
1161:1974Natur.249..810M
1097:Carson, R. (1962),
769:byproducts such as
705:chlorofluorocarbons
681:chlorofluorocarbons
655:, first focused on
296:is secreted by the
267:Natural halocarbons
254:History and context
4506:Hypervalent iodine
2342:(LULUCF and AFOLU)
2314:Forest management
2298:Direct air capture
2263:Sustainable energy
2220:Net zero emissions
2215:Low-carbon economy
2210:Green Climate Fund
1997:Indigenous peoples
1900:Plant biodiversity
1688:Effects and issues
1326:10.1007/BF01728520
1314:Die pernakrankheit
1243:2005-07-18 at the
993:2007-02-03 at the
752:United States 2010
740:United States 2004
641:
481:polyvinyl chloride
458:methylene chloride
421:, is a sweetener.
234:are often called "
145:
35:chemical compounds
4629:
4628:
4567:Sulfenyl chloride
4545:
4544:
4044:
4043:
3863:(only C, H and O)
3704:Functional groups
3670:
3669:
3626:
3625:
2960:
2959:
2898:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2833:Radiative forcing
2676:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2496:Adaptive capacity
2381:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2241:Energy transition
2117:
2116:
2113:
2112:
1837:Tropical cyclones
1763:Urban heat island
1677:
1676:
1589:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1550:Carbon accounting
1504:Greenhouse effect
1470:
1469:
1381:Media related to
1155:(5460): 810–812,
1054:628 F. Supp. 1219
889:10.1021/ar9701777
813:Fluorinated gases
781:like halogenated
775:hydrofluoric acid
771:hydrochloric acid
742:). More recently
720:trichloroethylene
671:and U.S. chemist
477:trichloroethylene
473:perchloroethylene
438:1,2-dibromoethane
277:volcanic activity
152:organic compounds
135:Chemical families
48:with one or more
16:(Redirected from
4649:
4596:
4501:Trifluoromethoxy
4069:
4068:
4065:
3868:
3867:
3864:
3717:
3697:
3690:
3683:
3674:
3673:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3552:
3551:
3471:
3470:
3403:
3402:
3308:
3307:
3005:
2987:
2980:
2973:
2964:
2963:
2948:
2947:
2936:
2935:
2924:
2923:
2913:
2912:
2911:
2876:Paleoclimatology
2693:
2692:
2682:
2681:
2443:Ecological grief
2426:Climate movement
2401:
2400:
2387:
2386:
2367:Plant-based diet
2258:Renewable energy
2136:
2135:
2123:
2122:
1958:Economic impacts
1890:Invasive species
1746:Coastal flooding
1696:
1695:
1683:
1682:
1619:Svante Arrhenius
1595:
1594:
1565:from agriculture
1555:Carbon footprint
1540:Greenhouse gases
1489:
1488:
1476:
1475:
1428:
1427:
1413:
1406:
1399:
1390:
1389:
1380:
1366:
1356:
1346:
1336:
1308:
1302:
1294:
1289:, archived from
1280:
1235:
1229:
1221:
1220:
1219:
1213:
1206:
1194:
1189:
1179:
1169:10.1038/249810a0
1143:
1130:
1102:
1093:
1087:
1079:
1071:
1065:
1057:
1039:
1038:
1028:
1004:
998:
985:
979:
965:
959:
957:
945:10.1007/10721878
928:
922:
920:
918:10.1039/a900201d
899:
893:
891:
870:
864:
854:
848:
834:
673:Sherwood Rowland
616:oils containing
500:Monsanto Company
211:—compounds with
179:—compounds with
77:
21:
4657:
4656:
4652:
4651:
4650:
4648:
4647:
4646:
4632:
4631:
4630:
4625:
4594:
4586:
4541:
4496:Trichloromethyl
4491:Trifluoromethyl
4465:
4442:
4404:
4381:
4276:
4245:Phosphine oxide
4197:
4063:
4061:
4060:
4058:
4056:
4054:
4052:
4050:
4040:
4000:
3943:
3862:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3841:
3715:
3714:
3706:
3701:
3671:
3666:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3627:
3549:
3468:
3400:
3305:
2998:
2991:
2961:
2956:
2909:
2907:
2890:
2837:
2828:Orbital forcing
2722:
2687:
2668:
2642:Paris Agreement
2620:
2616:Warming stripes
2555:
2521:Managed retreat
2516:Loss and damage
2477:
2411:Business action
2395:
2373:
2350:
2273:
2267:
2224:
2185:Climate finance
2130:
2109:
2041:
1904:
1880:Extinction risk
1856:Flora and fauna
1851:
1812:Permafrost thaw
1807:Ozone depletion
1736:Extreme weather
1690:
1673:
1600:
1581:
1518:
1483:
1466:
1433:
1422:
1417:
1373:
1296:
1295:
1245:Wayback Machine
1223:
1222:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1204:
1187:
1081:
1080:
1059:
1058:
1048:
1043:
1042:
1005:
1001:
995:Wayback Machine
986:
982:
966:
962:
955:
933:Organofluorines
929:
925:
900:
896:
876:Acc. Chem. Res.
871:
867:
855:
851:
835:
831:
826:
799:
574:
554:acetyl chloride
430:trichloroethane
383:Murex brandaris
374:
338:hyperthyroidism
320:organic iodides
316:
310:
269:
256:
137:
122:trifluoromethyl
96:organochlorides
72:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4655:
4645:
4644:
4627:
4626:
4624:
4623:
4622:
4621:
4616:
4604:
4597:
4591:
4588:
4587:
4585:
4584:
4582:Sulfinylamines
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4562:Phosphoramides
4559:
4557:Isothiocyanate
4553:
4551:
4547:
4546:
4543:
4542:
4540:
4539:
4534:
4533:
4532:
4522:
4521:
4520:
4510:
4509:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4477:
4475:
4467:
4466:
4464:
4463:
4458:
4452:
4450:
4444:
4443:
4441:
4440:
4435:
4433:Selenenic acid
4430:
4428:Seleninic acid
4425:
4423:Selenonic acid
4420:
4414:
4412:
4406:
4405:
4403:
4402:
4397:
4391:
4389:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4303:
4302:
4292:
4286:
4284:
4278:
4277:
4275:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4258:
4257:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4231:
4230:
4220:
4219:
4218:
4216:Phosphodiester
4207:
4205:
4199:
4198:
4196:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4094:
4093:
4088:
4077:
4075:
4066:
4062:(one element,
4046:
4045:
4042:
4041:
4039:
4038:
4037:
4036:
4026:
4025:
4024:
4019:
4008:
4006:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3987:
3986:
3976:
3975:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3953:
3951:
3945:
3944:
3942:
3941:
3939:Methylenedioxy
3936:
3931:
3930:
3929:
3924:
3914:
3913:
3912:
3907:
3897:
3896:
3895:
3885:
3880:
3874:
3872:
3865:
3843:
3842:
3840:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3828:
3827:
3822:
3812:
3811:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3775:
3774:
3773:
3768:
3758:
3757:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3720:
3718:
3716:(only C and H)
3708:
3707:
3700:
3699:
3692:
3685:
3677:
3668:
3667:
3664:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3640:Chemical bonds
3636:
3635:
3633:
3629:
3628:
3624:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3546:
3543:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3457:
3456:
3453:
3450:
3447:
3444:
3441:
3438:
3435:
3432:
3429:
3426:
3423:
3420:
3415:
3412:
3409:
3404:
3397:
3392:
3388:
3387:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3302:
3297:
3291:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3208:
3203:
3197:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3114:
3109:
3103:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3061:
3060:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3021:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3013:
3011:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2990:
2989:
2982:
2975:
2967:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2954:
2942:
2930:
2918:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2872:
2871:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2794:
2793:
2783:
2781:Cloud feedback
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2736:
2730:
2728:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2699:
2697:
2689:
2688:
2678:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2655:
2654:
2649:
2639:
2637:Kyoto Protocol
2634:
2628:
2626:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2618:
2613:
2612:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2591:
2589:Media coverage
2586:
2581:
2579:Climate spiral
2576:
2571:
2565:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2487:
2485:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2475:
2470:
2468:Public opinion
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2434:
2433:
2423:
2418:
2416:Climate action
2413:
2407:
2405:
2397:
2396:
2383:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2371:
2370:
2369:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2348:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2330:
2328:REDD and REDD+
2325:
2320:
2312:
2307:
2305:Carbon farming
2302:
2301:
2300:
2295:
2285:
2279:
2277:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2249:
2248:
2238:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2166:
2165:
2155:
2150:
2144:
2142:
2132:
2131:
2119:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2051:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2037:Water security
2034:
2032:Water scarcity
2029:
2027:Urban flooding
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1929:
1928:
1923:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1885:Forest dieback
1882:
1877:
1872:
1871:
1870:
1859:
1857:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1822:Sea level rise
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1803:
1802:
1797:
1795:stratification
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1760:
1750:
1749:
1748:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
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1713:
1708:
1702:
1700:
1692:
1691:
1679:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1671:
1670:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1591:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1579:
1574:
1573:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1560:Carbon leakage
1557:
1552:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1526:
1524:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1516:
1511:
1501:
1499:Climate system
1495:
1493:
1485:
1484:
1472:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1465:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1424:
1423:
1420:Climate change
1416:
1415:
1408:
1401:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1372:
1371:External links
1369:
1368:
1367:
1357:
1347:
1337:
1309:
1263:(S2): 159–60,
1248:
1195:
1180:
1144:
1131:
1103:
1094:
1076:A Civil Action
1047:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1019:(5): 706–733.
999:
980:
960:
953:
923:
912:(5): 335–346,
894:
883:(3): 141–152,
865:
849:
828:
827:
825:
822:
821:
820:
815:
810:
805:
798:
795:
791:bioremediation
759:waste disposal
748:food packaging
713:global warming
573:
570:
520:chlorobenzenes
514:trademark for
502:trademark for
452:trademark for
386:marine snail.
373:
370:
358:Plummer effect
312:Main article:
309:
306:
268:
265:
260:methyl bromide
255:
252:
230:in halocarbon
221:
220:
217:aromatic rings
206:
190:
161:occupying the
136:
133:
114:organohalogens
46:covalent bonds
44:are linked by
33:compounds are
26:
18:Organohalogens
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4654:
4643:
4642:Organohalides
4640:
4639:
4637:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4611:
4610:
4609:
4605:
4603:
4602:
4598:
4593:
4592:
4589:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4554:
4552:
4548:
4538:
4535:
4531:
4528:
4527:
4526:
4523:
4519:
4516:
4515:
4514:
4511:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4483:
4482:
4479:
4478:
4476:
4474:
4473:
4468:
4462:
4461:Telluroketone
4459:
4457:
4454:
4453:
4451:
4449:
4445:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4415:
4413:
4411:
4407:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4392:
4390:
4388:
4384:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4347:Sulfonic acid
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4337:Sulfinic acid
4335:
4333:
4332:Thiosulfonate
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4322:Thiosulfinate
4320:
4318:
4317:Sulfenic acid
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4301:
4298:
4297:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4287:
4285:
4283:
4279:
4273:
4272:Phosphaallene
4270:
4268:
4267:Phosphaalkyne
4265:
4263:
4262:Phosphaalkene
4260:
4256:
4253:
4252:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4229:
4226:
4225:
4224:
4221:
4217:
4214:
4213:
4212:
4209:
4208:
4206:
4204:
4200:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4083:
4082:
4079:
4078:
4076:
4074:
4070:
4067:
4047:
4035:
4032:
4031:
4030:
4027:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4014:
4013:
4010:
4009:
4007:
4003:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3985:
3982:
3981:
3980:
3977:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3959:
3958:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3950:
3946:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3934:Ethylenedioxy
3932:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3918:
3915:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3902:
3901:
3898:
3894:
3891:
3890:
3889:
3886:
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3879:
3876:
3875:
3873:
3869:
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3860:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3816:
3813:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3780:
3779:
3776:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3763:
3762:
3759:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3726:
3725:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3698:
3693:
3691:
3686:
3684:
3679:
3678:
3675:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3641:
3638:
3637:
3634:
3630:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
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3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3466:
3463:
3459:
3458:
3454:
3451:
3448:
3445:
3442:
3439:
3436:
3433:
3430:
3427:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3198:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3022:
3018:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2993:Compounds of
2988:
2983:
2981:
2976:
2974:
2969:
2968:
2965:
2953:
2952:
2943:
2941:
2940:
2931:
2929:
2928:
2919:
2917:
2916:
2905:
2904:
2901:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2854:Climate model
2852:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2840:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2787:
2786:Cloud forcing
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2725:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2683:
2679:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2623:
2617:
2614:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2561:Communication
2558:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2541:Vulnerability
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2511:Flood control
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2480:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2388:
2384:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2353:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2338:
2334:
2333:reforestation
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2318:afforestation
2316:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2270:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2253:Nuclear power
2251:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2227:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2148:Carbon budget
2146:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2124:
2120:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1986:
1985:Mental health
1983:
1982:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1927:
1926:United States
1924:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1907:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1854:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1780:deoxygenation
1778:
1776:
1775:acidification
1773:
1772:
1771:
1768:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1754:
1751:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1684:
1680:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1603:
1596:
1592:
1578:
1575:
1571:
1570:from wetlands
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1530:Deforestation
1528:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1477:
1473:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1436:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1414:
1409:
1407:
1402:
1400:
1395:
1394:
1391:
1384:
1383:Organohalides
1379:
1375:
1374:
1365:
1364:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1338:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1310:
1306:
1300:
1293:on 2006-02-19
1292:
1288:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1249:
1246:
1242:
1239:
1233:
1227:
1214:on 2006-09-28
1210:
1203:
1202:
1196:
1193:
1192:Nobel Lecture
1186:
1181:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1136:New Scientist
1132:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1104:
1100:
1099:Silent Spring
1095:
1091:
1085:
1077:
1069:
1063:
1055:
1050:
1049:
1036:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1003:
996:
992:
989:
984:
978:
974:
970:
964:
956:
954:3-540-42064-9
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
927:
919:
915:
911:
907:
906:
898:
890:
886:
882:
878:
877:
869:
863:
859:
853:
847:
843:
839:
833:
829:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
800:
794:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
755:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
716:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
645:Rachel Carson
637:
633:
631:
627:
623:
622:liver disease
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
590:liver disease
587:
583:
579:
569:
567:
563:
559:
556:, are highly
555:
550:
548:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
524:disinfectants
521:
517:
513:
512:Union Carbide
509:
505:
501:
497:
492:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
465:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
422:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
387:
385:
384:
379:
378:Tyrian purple
369:
367:
361:
359:
355:
351:
350:thyroglobulin
347:
343:
339:
334:
332:
328:
323:
321:
315:
305:
303:
302:fluoroacetate
299:
298:thyroid gland
295:
291:
290:Tyrian purple
286:
282:
278:
274:
264:
261:
251:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
226:
218:
214:
210:
209:haloaromatics
207:
205:
202:
198:
194:
191:
189:
185:
182:
178:
175:
174:
173:
171:
168:
165:sites of the
164:
160:
157:
153:
150:
141:
132:
130:
125:
123:
119:
115:
112:compounds or
111:
107:
104:
99:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
75:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
51:
47:
43:
40:
36:
32:
19:
4606:
4599:
4513:Vinyl halide
4471:
4470:
4400:Borinic acid
4395:Boronic acid
4372:Thioxanthate
3712:Hydrocarbons
3661:Bond unknown
2949:
2937:
2925:
2906:
2739:Carbon cycle
2696:Measurements
2391:Society and
2275:carbon sinks
2180:Climate debt
2170:Carbon price
1992:Human rights
1827:Season creep
1785:heat content
1711:Anoxic event
1624:James Hansen
1362:
1352:
1342:
1317:
1313:
1291:the original
1260:
1256:
1216:, retrieved
1209:the original
1200:
1191:
1152:
1148:
1139:
1135:
1111:
1107:
1098:
1075:
1053:
1016:
1012:
1002:
983:
968:
963:
936:
932:
926:
909:
903:
897:
880:
874:
868:
852:
837:
832:
803:Halogenation
763:Incineration
756:
717:
677:refrigerants
669:Mario Molina
642:
575:
551:
493:
471:, including
466:
442:refrigerants
423:
411:plasticizers
399:refrigerants
388:
381:
375:
362:
335:
331:iodized salt
324:
319:
317:
270:
257:
236:substituents
222:
197:double bonds
188:single bonds
146:
126:
113:
109:
100:
30:
29:
4577:Thiocyanate
4572:Sulfonamide
4537:Perchlorate
4525:Acyl halide
4486:Fluoroethyl
4367:Thionoester
4255:Phosphonium
4240:Phosphinate
4235:Phosphonous
4223:Phosphonate
3922:Hydroperoxy
3744:Cyclopropyl
2766:Carbon sink
2744:atmospheric
2609:video games
2283:Blue carbon
1916:Agriculture
1895:Marine life
1842:Water cycle
1800:temperature
1535:Fossil fuel
1236:, cited in
1114:: 118–120,
939:: 121–136,
665:Jensen 1966
649:Carson 1962
610:MĂĽller 1948
600:would kill
596:) and that
586:Teleky 1927
547:dielectrics
426:haloalkanes
346:proteolysis
193:haloalkenes
177:haloalkanes
110:halogenated
4481:Haloalkane
4352:Thioketone
4307:Persulfide
4203:Phosphorus
4168:Isocyanate
4158:Isonitrile
4059:or oxygen
4057:hydrogen,
4053:not being
4034:Orthoester
3927:Dioxiranes
3905:Enol ether
3793:1-Propenyl
2798:Cryosphere
2759:permafrost
2531:Resilience
2483:Adaptation
2458:Litigation
2448:Governance
2393:adaptation
2175:Carbon tax
2128:Mitigation
2065:Antarctica
1953:Disability
1218:2006-01-26
1046:References
701:Antarctica
685:atmosphere
661:pesticides
659:and other
604:and other
536:herbicides
528:pesticides
403:elastomers
395:pesticides
366:thioamides
186:linked by
154:that have
149:structured
31:Halocarbon
4614:inorganic
4448:Tellurium
4362:Thioester
4327:Sulfoxide
4312:Disulfide
4300:Sulfonium
4250:Phosphine
4228:Phosphite
4211:Phosphate
4143:Carbamate
4118:Hydrazone
4051:element,
4049:Only one
4022:Anhydride
3761:Methylene
3642:to carbon
2813:Feedbacks
2584:Education
2085:Caribbean
2080:Australia
2007:Migration
1970:Fisheries
1921:Livestock
1847:Wildfires
1753:Heat wave
767:corrosive
653:pollution
626:submarine
614:hydraulic
602:mosquitos
582:chloracne
508:Halowaxes
419:sucralose
407:adhesives
294:Thyroxine
248:hydrogens
232:molecules
163:molecular
4636:Category
4595:See also
4530:Chloride
4456:Tellurol
4410:Selenium
4377:Xanthate
4091:Ammonium
4073:Nitrogen
4055:carbon,
4012:Carboxyl
3979:Aldehyde
3967:Acryloyl
3949:carbonyl
3853:hydrogen
3808:Cumulene
2939:Glossary
2927:Category
2749:biologic
2463:Politics
2355:Personal
2060:Americas
1933:Children
1699:Physical
1492:Overview
1432:Overview
1334:30035538
1299:citation
1287:10928830
1241:Archived
1226:citation
1177:32914300
1128:87157158
1084:citation
1062:citation
1035:16911041
997:, page 3
991:Archived
797:See also
724:solvents
562:bacteria
558:reactive
538:such as
496:Aroclors
469:solvents
415:plastics
391:solvents
327:thyroxin
244:halogens
240:hydrogen
199:between
156:hydrogen
124:groups.
106:polymers
71: –
61:chlorine
57:fluorine
4619:organic
4418:Selenol
4342:Sulfone
4295:Sulfide
4193:NONOate
4188:Nitroso
4178:Nitrite
4173:Nitrate
4163:Cyanate
4153:Nitrile
4138:Amidine
4133:Imidate
4103:Nitrene
4098:Hydrazo
4086:Enamine
4017:Acetoxy
4005:carboxy
3972:Benzoyl
3910:Epoxide
3893:Methoxy
3883:Alcohol
3837:Carbene
3771:Methine
3460:
2754:oceanic
2604:fiction
2453:Justice
2404:Society
2012:Poverty
1731:Drought
1599:History
1523:Sources
1278:1637768
1157:Bibcode
783:dioxins
779:poisons
606:insects
572:Hazards
544:askarel
354:colloid
281:methane
273:dioxine
225:halogen
213:carbons
167:halogen
103:plastic
65:bromine
50:halogen
4518:Iodide
4438:Selone
4282:Sulfur
3991:Ketone
3984:Ketene
3962:Acetyl
3917:Peroxy
3888:Alkoxy
3878:Acetal
3859:oxygen
3848:carbon
3832:Alkyne
3825:Benzyl
3820:Phenyl
3803:Allene
3798:Crotyl
3778:Alkene
3766:Bridge
3754:Pentyl
3739:Propyl
3729:Methyl
3632:Legend
2995:carbon
2734:Albedo
2727:Theory
2438:Denial
2229:Energy
2090:Europe
2070:Arctic
2055:Africa
1980:Health
1975:Gender
1938:Cities
1863:Biomes
1770:Oceans
1758:Marine
1481:Causes
1332:
1285:
1275:
1175:
1149:Nature
1126:
1033:
951:
787:furans
777:, and
679:, the
485:duPont
450:duPont
413:, and
285:ethane
201:carbon
181:carbon
129:halide
118:Prozac
90:, and
69:iodine
39:carbon
4550:Other
4387:Boron
4357:Thial
4290:Thiol
4183:Nitro
4148:Imide
4128:Amide
4113:Oxime
4108:Imine
4081:Amine
4029:Ester
3996:Ynone
3900:Ether
3871:R-O-R
3846:Only
3788:Allyl
3783:Vinyl
3749:Butyl
3734:Ethyl
3724:Alkyl
2951:Index
2713:Proxy
2473:Women
1948:Crime
1875:Birds
1741:Flood
1330:S2CID
1212:(PDF)
1205:(PDF)
1188:(PDF)
1173:S2CID
1142:: 612
1124:S2CID
824:Notes
697:ozone
689:ozone
566:molds
540:2,4-D
448:-22 (
446:Freon
444:like
228:atoms
204:atoms
184:atoms
170:atoms
159:atoms
120:have
74:group
53:atoms
42:atoms
4472:Halo
3957:Acyl
3857:and
3815:Aryl
2536:Risk
2075:Asia
1667:2024
1662:2023
1657:2022
1652:2021
1647:2020
1642:2019
1305:link
1283:PMID
1232:link
1090:link
1068:link
1031:PMID
949:ISBN
785:and
773:and
489:PTFE
372:Uses
325:The
283:and
246:for
223:The
4123:Azo
3606:CEs
3601:CCf
3596:CBk
3591:CCm
3586:CAm
3581:CPu
3576:CNp
3566:CPa
3561:CTh
3540:CYb
3535:CTm
3530:CEr
3525:CHo
3520:CDy
3515:CTb
3510:CGd
3505:CEu
3500:CSm
3495:CPm
3490:CNd
3485:CPr
3480:CCe
3475:CLa
3455:Og
3452:Ts
3449:Lv
3446:Mc
3443:Fl
3440:Nh
3437:Cn
3434:Rg
3431:Ds
3428:Mt
3425:Hs
3422:Bh
3418:CSg
3414:Db
3411:Rf
3395:CRa
3391:Fr
3386:Rn
3382:CAt
3377:CPo
3372:CBi
3367:CPb
3362:CTl
3357:CHg
3352:CAu
3347:CPt
3342:CIr
3337:COs
3332:CRe
3322:CTa
3317:CHf
3312:CLu
3300:CBa
3295:CCs
3288:CXe
3278:CTe
3273:CSb
3268:CSn
3263:CIn
3258:CCd
3253:CAg
3248:CPd
3243:CRh
3238:CRu
3233:CTc
3228:CMo
3223:CNb
3218:CZr
3206:CSr
3201:CRb
3194:CKr
3189:CBr
3184:CSe
3179:CAs
3174:CGe
3169:CGa
3164:CZn
3159:CCu
3154:CNi
3149:CCo
3144:CFe
3139:CMn
3134:CCr
3124:CTi
3119:CSc
3112:CCa
3100:CAr
3095:CCl
3080:CSi
3075:CAl
3070:CMg
3065:CNa
3059:Ne
3030:CBe
3025:CLi
3019:He
2599:art
1322:doi
1316:",
1273:PMC
1265:doi
1261:108
1165:doi
1153:249
1116:doi
1021:doi
973:doi
941:doi
914:doi
885:doi
858:doi
842:doi
738:) (
734:) (
730:) (
657:DDT
632:).
628:" (
598:DDT
564:or
532:DDT
491:).
464:).
348:of
67:or
4638::
3855:,
3850:,
3621:No
3616:Md
3611:Fm
3571:CU
3556:Ac
3407:Lr
3327:CW
3283:CI
3213:CY
3129:CV
3107:CK
3090:CS
3085:CP
3055:CF
3050:CO
3045:CN
3040:CC
3035:CB
3009:CH
1328:,
1301:}}
1297:{{
1281:,
1271:,
1259:,
1255:,
1228:}}
1224:{{
1190:,
1171:,
1163:,
1151:,
1140:32
1138:,
1122:,
1112:35
1110:,
1086:}}
1082:{{
1064:}}
1060:{{
1029:.
1017:30
1015:.
1011:.
947:,
937:3n
910:28
908:,
881:31
879:,
715:.
526:,
405:,
397:,
393:,
360:.
333:.
250:.
131:.
98:.
86:,
82:,
76:17
63:,
59:,
3696:e
3689:t
3682:v
2986:e
2979:t
2972:v
1510:)
1506:(
1412:e
1405:t
1398:v
1324::
1307:)
1267::
1234:)
1167::
1159::
1118::
1092:)
1070:)
1037:.
1023::
975::
958:.
943::
921:.
916::
892:.
887::
860::
844::
691:(
647:(
608:(
592:(
584:(
510:(
498:(
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