436:. While the movement had a broadly anticommunist and authoritarian base, in common with the political outlook of many colonists, it also included many ex-communists and a number of members who saw its struggle in terms of defending fraternal bonds between Algerians and the colonists against the FLN. In France the OAS mainly recruited amongst overtly fascist political groups. In Algeria its makeup was more politically diverse, and included a group of Algerian Jews, led by Jean Guenassia, who began armed resistance after a series of FLN attacks on the Jewish quarter in Oran. Some Algerian OAS members conceived of the conflict in terms of the
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156:
59:
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694:, who had attempted the Petit-Clamart assassination on de Gaulle, but was not formally a member of the OAS, was also executed, on 11 March 1963. With the arrest of Gilles Buscia in 1965, the organisation effectively ceased to exist. The jailed OAS members were amnestied by De Gaulle under a July 1968 act. Putschist generals still alive in November 1982 were reintegrated into the Army by another amnesty law: Raoul Salan,
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620:: 25 killed in Oran on 28 February 1962 and 62 killed in Algiers on 2 May, among others. On 22 March, they took control of Bab el-Oued and attacked French soldiers, killing six of them. The French military then surrounded them and stormed the neighbourhood. The battle killed 15 French soldiers and 20 OAS members, and injured 150 more. On 26 March, the leaders of the OAS proclaimed a
844:
The financial crime expert Veit
Buetterlin named the OAS as an example of a terror group which committed bank robberies to finance its operations. In a CNN interview, Buetterlin mentioned the attempted assassination of Charles de Gaulle as a historic example and related it to cases of the recent past
607:
of 19 March 1962 and the referendum of June 1962, so during these three months, the OAS unleashed a new terrorist campaign to force the FLN to abandon the ceasefire. Over 100 bombs a day were detonated by the OAS in March in pursuit of this goal. OAS operatives set off an average of 120 bombs per day
322:
By acts of bombings and targeted assassinations in both metropolitan France and French
Algerian territories, which are estimated to have resulted in 2,000 deaths between April 1961 and April 1962, the OAS attempted to prevent Algerian independence. This campaign culminated in a wave of attacks that
1567:'s future father-in-law Marc-Ange, the head of a Corsican crime faction known as Union Corse, refers to the OAS in chapter 24, due to the OAS having a French military helicopter in their possession. Because of the OAS indebtedness to Marc-Ange and the Union Corse, the helicopter is loaned to the
653:
was captured. Despite the OAS bombing campaign, the FLN remained resolute in its agreement to the ceasefire; further, on 17 June 1962, the OAS also began a ceasefire. The
Algerian authority officially guaranteed the security of the remaining Europeans, but in early July 1962 the
645:
units led by
Colonel Albert Brothier after several days of fighting. Some clashes between the French army and the OAS involving grenades and mortar fire took place at Oran as late as 10 April. At least one Lieutenant and one Second-Lieutenant were killed by the OAS during the fighting.
589:(the MPC). Originally a political movement in Algiers, the MPC eventually became a paramilitary force in response to OAS violence. The group obtained valuable information which was routinely passed on to the French secret services, but was eventually destroyed by OAS assassinations.
640:
marched from
Algiers to Ouarsenis, a mountainous region between Oran and Algiers. They tried to overrun two French military outposts and gain support for local Muslim tribes loyal to France, but instead they were harassed and eventually defeated by
1844:" Translation: "The last year of the French Algeria is marked, on both sides of the Mediterranean, by the murderous folly of the OAS led by Salan. Serial bombings, executions of personalities judged too 'liberal' and of Algerian Muslims ..."
634:(Muslim troops in the French Army) fired on the demonstrators, killing 54, injuring 140, and traumatising the settlers' population in what is known as the "gunfight of the Rue d'Isly". In coincidence with the uprising of Bab-el Oued, 200 OAS
1664:
The 2002 movie Legion of Honor is about an
Englishman who joins the Foreign Legion and is set in Algeria shortly before their independence and "OAS" is mentioned numerous times as well as shown in graffiti outside a number of structures.
1841:
La dernière année de l’Algérie française est marquée, des deux côtés de la Méditerranée, par la folie meurtrière de l’O.A.S. dirigée par Salan. Plasticages en série, exécutions de personnalités jugées trop «libérales» et d’Algériens
1630:, where the organisation hires a British contract killer (the Jackal) to kill de Gaulle. Bastien-Thiry and the Petit-Clamart plot figure prominently in the early sections of the story. Forsyth also mentions the OAS in his 1974 novel
658:
occurred; hundreds of armed people came down to
European areas of the city, attacking European civilians. The violence lasted several hours, including lynching and acts of torture in public places in all areas of
2003:
Universalis, Encyclopaedia; Grands
Articles, Les (28 October 2015). Algérie (Les Grands Articles d'Universalis): Géographie, économie, histoire et politique (French Edition) (Kindle Locations 1158–1159).
585:
and in mainland France. As a result, the OAS eventually found itself in violent clandestine conflict with not only the FLN but also French secret services and with a
Gaullist paramilitary, the
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608:
in March, with targets including hospitals and schools. Dozens of Arab residents were killed at Place du
Gouvernement when 24 mortar rounds were fired from the European stronghold of
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473:
in both metropolitan France and French Algerian territories, the OAS attempted to prevent Algerian independence. The first victim was Pierre Popie, attorney and president of the
1686:) is a member of OAS. Guido mentions OAS multiple times and together with Mesrine he assassinates another OAS member, who in his last moments declares: "De Gaulle killed us".
547:, an Algerian writer, etc. It is estimated that the assassinations carried out by the OAS between April 1961 and April 1962 left 2,000 people dead and twice as many wounded.
462:, were involved, but no definitive proof has been found. Both of these insurrections were swiftly suppressed and many of the leaders who had created the OAS were imprisoned.
2371:
841:. Perseval, who lives today in Thailand, denied any links with the abduction, but did admit being a former OAS member who escaped to Argentina after the Evian agreements.
2257:
303:
The OAS was formed from existing networks, calling themselves "counter-terrorists", "self-defence groups", or "resistance", which had carried out attacks on the Algerian
1661:) is alleged to have business connections with them. The plot to assassinate De Gaulle at the Paris suburb of Petit-Clamart is also mentioned several times in the film.
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1170:
2514:
1385:
2218:
447:
Resistance against Algerian independence commenced in January 1960, with further violence breaking out in 1961 during the General's Uprising. Daniele Ganser of the
1113:
562:. Bastien-Thiry was executed in March 1963 after de Gaulle refused to grant him amnesty. A fictionalised version of this attack was recreated in the 1971 book by
535:
The Delta commandos engaged in indiscriminate killing sprees, on 17 March 1962; against cleaning-ladies on 5 May; on 15 March 1962 against six inspectors of the
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in Algiers and called for the European settlers to come to Bab el-Oued in order to break the blockade by military forces loyal to de Gaulle and the
1584:. Two minutes later, following the second appearance of the exterior, similar graffiti appears to have been removed from the facade of the bakery.
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itself. Gardes arrived in Argentina in 1963, a year after the end of the Algerian War. There, he delivered counter-insurgency courses at the
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1698:(OAS) emerged in France. The acronym was a nod to the original Organisation Armée Secrète. It was inspired by Norwegian far-right terrorist
3040:
2319:
2201:
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509:
on 31 May 1961 (Piegts and Dovecar were executed by a firing-squad on 7 June 1962; Degueldre on 6 July). The OAS became notorious for
356:
The OAS still has admirers in French nationalist movements. In July 2006, some OAS sympathisers attempted to relight the flame of the
3432:
1718:
were specific targets. The group was taken down by French authorities in November 2017 before it was able to accomplish any attacks.
3494:
2500:
2008:. Kindle Edition. Quote: "En un an, d’avril 1961 à avril 1962, les attentats de l’O.A.S. font 2 000 morts et le double de blessés."
1895:
1597:, in which the organization fictionally manages to suborn the crew of a French Navy submarine and use it for missions of revenge.
2893:
440:, and in contrast to later Gaullist depictions of the movement, it included a number of former Resistance members in addition to
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2537:
710:
struggles around the world. Following the disbandment of the organisation, and the execution of several of its members, the OAS
3539:
3519:
2803:
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2265:
1969:
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The main hope of the OAS was to prove that the FLN was secretly restarting military action after a ceasefire was agreed in the
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Algérie: Géographie, économie, histoire et politique (Les Grands Articles d'Universalis): Universalis, Encyclopaedia
30:
This article is about French far-right paramilitary organisation. For the American anti-communist organization, see
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2903:
2542:
3554:
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3121:
807:
474:
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and finally to Argentina. Grasset arrived in 1962 in Buenos Aires to take charge of the Argentine branch of the
3529:
3052:
2458:
2167:
2155:
2070:
1976:
536:
3474:
3313:
1079:
357:
2765:
2668:
1507:
740:. This anti-communist religious organisation was formed of many Algerian war veterans and close to the OAS.
3411:
2728:
1727:
1623:
1372:
798:
573:
178:
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311:, in Madrid in January 1961, as a response by some French politicians and French military officers to the
1175:
3357:
2843:
2838:
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777:
338:
2936:
2715:
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3126:
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2005:
1836:
826:
285:
3362:
3131:
2988:
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2236:
858:
The secret army was a three-part organisation, each segment having its own action commando squads.
31:
2304:
806:, during which the fictional Lieutenant-Colonel Mathieu and his paratroops make systematic use of
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2848:
2743:
1632:
1636:, with several of its protagonists having joined the movement. The fictional Colonel Rodin from
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where they proclaimed that the French military had become an "occupation force." It organized
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following the 1960 barricades week, was arrested in Madrid, along with the Italian activist
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3169:
2885:
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1198:
845:
where sanctioned parties are conducting cyber attacks on banks to acquire funds illegally.
372:
289:
1853:
8:
3394:
3388:
3002:
2828:
2618:
2444:
2143:
1715:
1670:
1527:
1430:
1347:
924:
425:
417:
401:
307:(FLN) and their perceived supporters since early in the war. It was officially formed in
84:
1703:
1683:
1613:
as a deserter from the French Foreign Legion who joins the OAS on a kidnapping mission.
736:
3069:
2648:
2608:
2448:
1892:
1736:, a similar organisation established earlier, sponsored by French intelligence agencies
1502:
1457:
1322:
1143:
753:
691:
559:
385:
334:
218:
199:
194:
187:
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1940:
1118:
723:
327:, which granted independence to Algeria and marked the beginning of the exodus of the
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2454:
2405:
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2151:
2121:
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2037:
1948:
1813:
1789:
1764:
1627:
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1578:
OAS graffiti appears outside a bakery approximately eight minutes into the 1963 film
1537:
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222:
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1316:
803:
741:
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525:
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350:
3206:
1786:
This Pilgrim Nation The Making of the Portuguese Diaspora in Postwar North America
834:
324:
3058:
2910:
2663:
2653:
2638:
2573:
2417:
Challenging De Gaulle: The O.A.S and the Counter-Revolution in Algeria, 1954–1962
2299:
2205:
1899:
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1658:
1492:
1462:
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308:
160:
3248:
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2598:
2578:
2568:
2552:
2433:
2402:
The Battle of the Casbah: Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism in Algeria, 1955–1957
2034:
Challenging De Gaulle: The OAS and the counterrevolution in Algeria (1954–1962)
1600:
1497:
1467:
1447:
1416:
1310:
1028:
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989:
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695:
679:
621:
529:
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346:
147:
76:
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2678:
2492:
2372:"Projets d'attentats : huit personnes de l'ultra-droite mises en examen"
2194:
2150:, 453 pages. La Découverte (15 September 2004). Collection: Cahiers libres. (
1733:
1605:
1542:
1512:
1182:
765:
675:
668:
642:
502:
486:
470:
558:, a Paris suburb, planned by a military engineer who was not an OAS member,
2930:
2812:
2781:
2693:
1644:
1588:
815:
683:
674:
By 1963, the main OAS operatives were either dead, in exile, or in prison.
441:
277:
273:
2374:[Planned attacks: eight ultra-right-wingers under investigation].
2241:
2199:
Breaking the silence: the Catholic Church in Argentina and the "dirty war"
1980:(LDH, Human Rights League), article based on sources from Benjamin Stora,
1694:
In November 2016, an extreme right-wing terrorist cell calling itself the
592:
58:
3367:
2923:
2898:
2613:
2588:
1610:
1575:'s plot to unleash biological warfare in the UK's agricultural industry.
1554:
1517:
1477:
1335:
838:
727:
650:
630:
617:
609:
581:
455:
405:
393:
284:
attacks, including bombings and assassinations, in an attempt to prevent
80:
72:
1893:
Chronology from The Parallel History Project on NATO and the Warsaw Pact
1710:, places of worship (especially mosques), drug dealers and politicians:
1626:. The story deals primarily with a fictional assassination plot against
718:, organised the flight of OAS members, from a route going from Paris to
27:
1961–1962 French far-right paramilitary organisation in the Algerian War
2583:
1903:
1707:
1649:
1564:
1472:
1359:
448:
2346:"Groupe d'ultradroite "OAS": la plupart des suspects remis en liberté"
2957:
2348:[Far-right group "OAS": Most suspects released from prison].
2222:
1654:
781:
329:
281:
269:
1305:
Short living dissident group claiming the organisation's direction.
579:
The OAS use of extreme violence created strong opposition from some
2983:
1936:
773:
711:
466:
166:
1835:(28 October 2015). (French Edition) (Kindle Locations 1157–1158).
833:, had participated in the "disappearance" of the two French nuns,
554:. The most prominent attempt was a 22 August 1962 ambush at Petit-
1756:
1288:
1157:
1153:
749:
555:
490:
342:
764:, who had first theorised counter-insurgency tactics during the
550:
The OAS attempted several times to assassinate French president
384:. It was founded in Spain, in January 1961, by former officers,
2482:
1194:
772:" referring to an essential enemy threatening the existence of
142:
130:
432:. These officers united earlier anti-FLN networks such as the
3437:
2283:(in French). preface by Col. Argoud. Alain Lefeuvre Editions.
793:
155:
2320:"Extreme Right Terrorist Radicalization in post-2015 France"
2101:
1706:
activist Logan Nisin. The cell had planned attacks against
1568:
660:
459:
249:
3279:
667:—the armed wing of the FLN, at the time evolving into the
2453:. Collection: Cahiers libres (in French). La Découverte.
2011:
1855:
Les nostalgiques de l'Algérie française ont la dent dure
1571:– Marc-Ange/Union Corse coalition endeavoring to thwart
2219:"l'Disparitions: un ancien agent français mis en cause"
593:
March 1962 Evian agreements and the struggle of the OAS
516:
In October 1961 Pierre Lagaillarde, who had escaped to
3202:
1961 French referendum on Algerian self-determination
1689:
2443:
481:, MRP), who stated on TV, "French Algeria is dead" (
380:
The OAS was created in response to the January 1961
2098:
Cinq Colonnes à La Une, rushes: interview Pied-Noir
1971:
26 mars 1962, la fusillade de la rue d’Isly à Alger
1405:
ORO Director, replacing Dr. Perez on 1 January 1962
768:(1947–1954), Jean Ousset developed the concept of "
341:against president de Gaulle in the Paris suburb of
2364:
1783:
758:Modern Warfare: A French View of Counterinsurgency
698:, and six other generals benefited from this law.
1777:
434:Organisation de Résistance de L'Algérie Française
3486:
2160:Los Escuadrones De La Muerte/ the Death Squadron
315:concerning Algeria, which had been organised by
2428:Wolves in the City: The Death of French Algeria
2193:, extract transl. in English made available by
1990:Histoire de la guerre d'indépendance algérienne
1616:The OAS features prominently in the 1971 novel
792:, an Argentine naval lieutenant commander, the
539:, who directed the "Educative Social Centres" (
313:8 January 1961 referendum on self-determination
120:Opposition to Algerian independence from France
2522:
2338:
2258:"Fighting the war against terrorist financing"
1760:The Psychology of Radicalization and Terrorism
2871:
2797:
2508:
1886:
1205:
376:Demonstration against the OAS in January 1962
2811:
2182:
2180:
1788:. University of Toronto Press. p. 299.
706:Many OAS members later took part in various
382:referendum on self-determination for Algeria
294:
2324:Illiberalism Studies Program Working Papers
333:(ethnic Europeans born in Algeria), and in
2804:
2790:
2515:
2501:
2278:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1757:Willem Koomen, Joop Van Der Pligt (2015).
788:and torture center. Soon after Gardes met
780:(ESMA), which became infamous during the "
300:("Algeria is French and will remain so").
3433:Defectors from the French army to the ALN
2311:
2177:
2162:539 pages. Sudamericana (October 2005). (
1678:, describing the life of French criminal
1163:
1016:
954:Organisation, Intelligence & Planning
760:(1961), were members, along with Colonel
671:—resulting in 3,000 missing people:
2438:A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954–1962
2139:
2137:
1752:
1750:
1730:, an earlier pied-noir nationalist group
1702:and consisted of 9 people led by former
1668:The OAS is referred to in the 2008 film
371:
2450:Escadrons de la mort, l'école française
2440:, New York: New York Review Books, 1977
2430:. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1970.
2317:
2148:Escadrons de la mort, l'école française
1868:
726:, an integral Catholic group formed by
493:, was assassinated at the direction of
14:
3487:
2279:Buscia, Gilles; Zehr, Patrice (1980).
2237:"Impartí órdenes que fueron cumplidas"
2017:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1939:-éditions, 1992, p. 91. Monzat quotes
1328:
917:Psychological Warfare & Propaganda
778:Higher School of Mechanics of the Navy
276:and terrorist organisation during the
3319:Memorial to the Liberation of Algeria
2785:
2496:
2211:
2134:
1747:
1548:
1266:
451:Parallel History Project claims that
296:L’Algérie est française et le restera
3469:
2538:1961 Vitry-Le-François train bombing
2116:Duranton-Crabol, Anne-Marie (1995).
1810:Exile Cultures, Misplaced Identities
1682:. The character of Guido (played by
1129:
950:Organisation-Renseignement-Opération
784:" in the 1970s for being used as an
748:, who theorised the systemic use of
649:In April 1962, the OAS leader,
513:, attacks using plastic explosives.
268:, "Secret Army Organisation") was a
2229:
1954:
853:
734:, as an offshoot of the monarchist
345:. Another prominent target was the
24:
2394:
2022:. London: Oxford University Press.
1690:Subsequent groups with ties to OAS
1441:
1021:
501:, with the actual killing done by
404:, along with other members of the
25:
3566:
3500:Far-right terrorist organizations
3015:Massacre of 14 July 1953 in Paris
2476:
2404:. (New York: Enigma Books, 2010)
2318:Nicolas, Lebourg (January 2021).
1295:
825:testified in January 2007 that a
3468:
3458:
3457:
2543:1962 Issy-les-Moulineaux bombing
2488:Organisation armée secrète (OAS)
2481:
2303:. 9 October 1973. Archived from
2255:
1881:Algeria: France's Undeclared War
1587:The OAS featured prominently in
1210:
1003:(D for Roger Degueldre, founder)
796:at the ESMA were shown the film
612:. On 21 March, the OAS issued a
248:
165:
154:
141:
129:
57:
2287:
2272:
2249:
2110:
2091:
2075:
2055:
2046:
2026:
1997:
1982:Histoire de la guerre d'Algérie
1560:On Her Majesty's Secret Service
913:Action-Psychologique-Propagande
848:
489:, head of the French police in
479:Mouvement Républicain Populaire
3053:Declaration of 1 November 1954
2245:(in Spanish). 2 February 2007.
2106:National Audiovisual Institute
1933:Enquêtes sur la droite extrême
1925:
1909:
1847:
1826:
1802:
1696:Organisation d’armées sociales
1622:by Frederick Forsyth, and its
1125:Revolutionary Directory member
1110:Revolutionary Directory member
1102:Revolutionary Directory member
1094:Revolutionary Directory member
1086:Revolutionary Directory member
663:by civilians supported by the
13:
1:
3540:Christian terrorism in Europe
3520:Terrorism in the Algerian War
3175:Proposed partition of Algeria
2378:(in French). 22 November 2017
2120:. Editions Complexe, p. 232.
2020:The Passing of French Algeria
1920:. Terrorism in Western Europe
1740:
1643:The OAS is referenced in the
1300:
483:L’Algérie française est morte
400:or "Generals' Uprising") and
3510:Far-right politics in Africa
3505:Far-right politics in France
3266:Effects in Algerian politics
2032:Harrison, Alexander (1989).
1922:, Franck Cass, London, 2005.
1812:. Brill. 2015. p. 118.
730:, the personal secretary of
587:Mouvement pour la Communauté
475:People's Republican Movement
412:, and former members of the
7:
2881:Algerian popular resistance
2400:Aussaresses, General Paul.
2036:. Greenwood press, p. 118.
1977:Ligue des droits de l'homme
1784:Gilberto Fernandes (2020).
1721:
1653:, as suspected conspirator
962:Intelligence Central Bureau
802:(1966) by Italian director
537:National Education Ministry
396:(who took part in the 1961
358:Tomb of the Unknown Soldier
48:Organisation armée secrète
10:
3571:
3545:Insurgent groups in Africa
3495:Organisation armée secrète
3417:Organisation armée secrète
3358:Algerian National Movement
3080:Hijacking of the FLN plane
2839:French conquest of Algeria
2766:Besançon courthouse attack
2669:Jean-Pierre Maïone-Libaude
2524:Organisation armée secrète
2419:. New York: Praeger, 1989
2352:(in French). 18 April 2019
2085:. Grasset, pp. 1020–1032.
1839:. Kindle Edition. Quote: "
1671:Mesrine: Public Enemy No.1
1581:The Bakery Girl of Monceau
1508:Jean-Pierre Maïone-Libaude
1206:Metropolitan French branch
596:
574:1973 film of the same name
367:
261:Organisation armée secrète
97:11 February 1961
29:
18:Organisation Armée Secrète
3455:
3425:
3376:
3346:National Liberation Front
3338:
3331:
3288:1 November 1954 Stadiums
3227:
3194:
3145:
3127:Killing of Saadia Mebarek
3110:
3034:
3027:
2976:
2964:Sétif and Guelma massacre
2827:
2820:
2753:
2707:
2627:
2561:
2530:
2083:Histoire secréte de L'OAS
2018:Gordon, David C. (1966).
2006:Encyclopaedia Universalis
1949:Edition les Sept Couleurs
1837:Encyclopaedia Universalis
1553:The OAS is referenced in
994:
976:
973:
970:Operational Action Bureau
944:
928:
923:
920:
907:
902:
893:
890:
877:
827:French intelligence agent
790:Federico Lucas Roussillon
701:
686:on 7 June 1962, and
541:Centres sociaux éducatifs
353:, who supported the FLN.
305:National Liberation Front
244:
236:
228:
205:
193:
177:
124:
116:
91:
68:
56:
46:
41:
3525:Anti-communist terrorism
3363:Algerian Communist Party
3351:National Liberation Army
3132:Charonne subway massacre
2989:Decolonisation of Africa
2204:22 November 2006 at the
2065:. Facts on File, p. 50.
2061:Diamond, Robert (1970).
1763:. Routledge. p. 2.
323:followed the March 1962
42:Secret Army Organisation
32:Secret Army Organization
3515:Rebel groups in Algeria
3412:Front Algérie Française
3065:Battle of Philippeville
2052:Harrison (1989), p. 120
1728:Front Algérie Française
974:OAS field ops planning
883:Organisation-Des-Masses
528:then exiled him to the
195:Political position
3555:Anti-Arabism in Africa
3550:Insurgencies in Africa
3535:Anti-Arabism in Europe
2997:Brazzaville Conference
2761:Algiers putsch of 1961
2295:"Objective: De Gaulle"
2063:France under De Gaulle
1986:La gangrène et l'oubli
1700:Anders Behring Breivik
1237:ODM-Métropole Director
1164:Constantinois district
1063:replacing Gen. Jouhaud
1017:French Algerian branch
821:The Argentine admiral
458:networks, directed by
377:
295:
286:Algeria's independence
280:. The OAS carried out
210:Algiers putsch of 1961
63:Emblem of the movement
3530:Nationalist terrorism
3242:French Fifth Republic
3219:Algerian independence
2737:Objectif 500 millions
2723:The Day of the Jackal
2548:Battle of Bab El Oued
2490:at Wikimedia Commons
2415:Harrison, Alexander.
1988:and Sylvie Thénault,
1883:. Oxford: OUP, p. 306
1619:The Day of the Jackal
1171:Pierre Château-Jobert
799:The Battle of Algiers
690:on 6 July 1962.
599:Battle of Bab El Oued
569:The Day of the Jackal
428:, was led by captain
414:French Foreign Legion
390:1960 Siege of Algiers
375:
339:assassination attempt
214:Battle of Bab El Oued
3259:1962 Algerian crisis
3254:Aftermath in Algeria
3170:Manifesto of the 121
3154:Communauté française
2886:Algerian nationalism
2771:Charles Martel Group
2716:Le Combat dans l'île
2445:Robin, Marie-Monique
2307:on 14 December 2008.
1904:ETH Zurich Institute
1640:is also alluded to.
1573:Ernst Stavro Blofeld
1453:Bertrand de Perseval
1399:Jean-Marie Curutchet
1256:Jean-Marie Curutchet
1191:chouan de la Mitidja
1098:Jean-Marie Curutchet
864:Section (Divisions)
831:Bertrand de Perseval
497:, leader of the OAS
290:French colonial rule
3395:Commandos de Chasse
3389:French Armed Forces
3003:First Indochina War
2844:Invasion of Algiers
2619:Jean-Jacques Susini
2268:on 14 January 2020.
2144:Marie-Monique Robin
1898:18 May 2008 at the
1716:Christophe Castaner
1528:Jean-Jacques Susini
1431:Jean-Jacques Susini
1348:Louis XIV of France
1346:("Sun" surname for
1329:Commanding officers
925:Jean-Jacques Susini
895:Colonel Jean Gardes
812:block warden system
426:metropolitan France
418:First Indochina War
402:Jean-Jacques Susini
360:to commemorate the
317:President de Gaulle
125:Active regions
87:, Jean-Claude Perez
85:Jean-Jacques Susini
3090:Week of barricades
3070:Soummam conference
2890:Attempted reforms
2649:Jean-Pierre Cherid
2609:Pierre Lagaillarde
2281:Au Nom De l'O.A.S.
2225:. 6 February 2007.
2081:Fleury, G. (2002)
1945:L’Ascension du MSI
1862:, 13 October 2007
1842:musulmans ...
1712:Jean-Luc Mélenchon
1676:L'Instinc de Mort)
1549:In popular culture
1503:Pierre Lagaillarde
1458:Jean-Pierre Cherid
1323:Pierre Lagaillarde
1267:France-Mission III
1047:Charles Micheletti
937:Jean-Marcel Zagamé
754:counter-insurgency
692:Jean Bastien-Thiry
628:. A detachment of
560:Jean Bastien-Thiry
386:Pierre Lagaillarde
378:
335:Jean Bastien-Thiry
188:French nationalism
184:French colonialism
93:Dates of operation
3482:
3481:
3451:
3450:
3377:Anti-independence
3327:
3326:
3314:Martyrs' Memorial
3190:
3189:
3165:FLN football team
3085:Operation Corsica
3075:Battle of Algiers
3023:
3022:
3009:Malagasy Uprising
2972:
2971:
2779:
2778:
2684:Jacques Soustelle
2659:Yves Guérin-Sérac
2644:Dominique Borella
2486:Media related to
2426:Henissart, Paul.
2410:978-1-929631-30-8
2187:Horacio Verbitsky
2118:Le temps de l'OAS
1819:978-94-012-0592-4
1795:978-1-4426-3066-6
1628:Charles de Gaulle
1594:Wrath of the Lion
1538:Jacques Soustelle
1483:Yves Guérin-Sérac
1386:Jean-Claude Perez
1243:Jacques Chadeyron
1130:Algérois district
1114:Jean-René Souètre
1014:
1013:
1004:
977:Jean-Claude Perez
951:
940:
914:
887:Mass Organisation
884:
823:Luis María Mendía
746:Colonel Trinquier
682:were executed by
564:Frederick Forsyth
552:Charles de Gaulle
522:Guido Giannettini
438:French Resistance
410:Yves Guérin-Sérac
272:French dissident
256:
255:
223:Charles de Gaulle
16:(Redirected from
3562:
3472:
3471:
3461:
3460:
3339:Pro-independence
3336:
3335:
3277:
3276:
3183:
3160:Constantine Plan
3098:
3044:
3032:
3031:
2951:
2869:
2868:
2825:
2824:
2806:
2799:
2792:
2783:
2782:
2744:The Unvanquished
2699:Dominique Venner
2689:Albert Spaggiari
2604:Charles Lacheroy
2594:Pierre Guillaume
2517:
2510:
2503:
2494:
2493:
2485:
2472:
2464:
2422:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2368:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2315:
2309:
2308:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2276:
2270:
2269:
2264:. Archived from
2253:
2247:
2246:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2215:
2209:
2184:
2175:
2141:
2132:
2131:
2114:
2108:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2079:
2073:
2059:
2053:
2050:
2044:
2030:
2024:
2023:
2015:
2009:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1967:
1952:
1929:
1923:
1918:Operation Gladio
1915:Daniele Ganser,
1913:
1907:
1890:
1884:
1877:
1866:
1865:
1851:
1845:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1754:
1704:Action Française
1684:Gérard Depardieu
1533:Dominique Venner
1523:Albert Spaggiari
1488:Pierre Guillaume
1420:
1317:Charles Lacheroy
1281:
1179:
1147:
1122:
1083:
1037:Pierre Guillaume
1002:
949:
934:
912:
891:OAS recruitment
882:
861:
860:
854:Chain of command
804:Gillo Pontecorvo
742:Charles Lacheroy
737:Action Française
605:Evian agreements
424:, the branch in
364:on 5 July 1962.
351:Jean-Paul Sartre
343:Le Petit-Clamart
298:
292:. Its motto was
252:
170:
169:
159:
158:
146:
145:
134:
133:
112:
110:
104:
102:
94:
61:
52:
51:
39:
38:
21:
3570:
3569:
3565:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3560:
3559:
3485:
3484:
3483:
3478:
3447:
3421:
3372:
3323:
3281:
3275:
3237:May 1958 crisis
3229:
3223:
3186:
3177:
3141:
3114:
3112:
3106:
3092:
3059:Toussaint Rouge
3045:
3038:
3019:
2993:
2968:
2945:
2918:Crémieux Decree
2911:Divide and rule
2867:
2830:
2816:
2810:
2780:
2775:
2749:
2729:film adaptation
2703:
2664:Roger Holeindre
2654:Pierre Descaves
2639:Georges Bidault
2632:
2630:
2623:
2574:Roger Degueldre
2557:
2526:
2521:
2479:
2465:
2461:
2434:Horne, Alistair
2420:
2397:
2395:Further reading
2392:
2391:
2381:
2379:
2370:
2369:
2365:
2355:
2353:
2344:
2343:
2339:
2329:
2327:
2316:
2312:
2293:
2292:
2288:
2277:
2273:
2262:www.cnnmoney.ch
2254:
2250:
2235:
2234:
2230:
2217:
2216:
2212:
2206:Wayback Machine
2185:
2178:
2142:
2135:
2129:
2115:
2111:
2104:, 1 July 1962,
2096:
2092:
2086:
2080:
2076:
2060:
2056:
2051:
2047:
2031:
2027:
2016:
2012:
2002:
1998:
1992:
1968:
1955:
1941:François Duprat
1930:
1926:
1914:
1910:
1900:Wayback Machine
1891:
1887:
1878:
1869:
1863:
1852:
1848:
1831:
1827:
1820:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1796:
1782:
1778:
1771:
1755:
1748:
1743:
1724:
1692:
1680:Jacques Mesrine
1659:Tommy Lee Jones
1633:The Dogs of War
1624:film adaptation
1551:
1493:Roger Holeindre
1463:Roger Degueldre
1444:
1442:Notable members
1414:
1331:
1303:
1298:
1275:
1269:
1213:
1208:
1173:
1166:
1141:
1139:Pierre Delhomme
1135:Colonel Vaudrey
1132:
1116:
1090:Christian Léger
1077:
1024:
1022:Oranie district
1019:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1001:
998:Commandos Delta
988:
985:Roger Degueldre
983:
978:
964:
956:
952:
948:
933:
921:OAS propaganda
915:
911:
897:
885:
881:
856:
851:
732:Charles Maurras
724:Cité Catholique
720:Francoist Spain
716:Georges Grasset
704:
688:Roger Degueldre
601:
595:
545:Mouloud Feraoun
518:Francoist Spain
495:Roger Degueldre
444:collaborators.
370:
309:Francoist Spain
216:
212:
206:Notable attacks
186:
164:
163:
153:
152:
140:
128:
108:
106:
100:
98:
92:
64:
49:
47:
35:
28:
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11:
5:
3568:
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3527:
3522:
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3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3480:
3479:
3456:
3453:
3452:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3429:
3427:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3408:
3407:
3400:
3399:
3398:
3380:
3378:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3354:
3353:
3342:
3340:
3333:
3329:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3310:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3285:
3283:
3282:commemorations
3274:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3262:
3261:
3251:
3249:Year of Africa
3246:
3245:
3244:
3233:
3231:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3221:
3216:
3215:
3214:
3204:
3198:
3196:
3195:End of the war
3192:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3184:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3149:
3147:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3139:
3137:Paris massacre
3134:
3129:
3124:
3118:
3116:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3104:
3102:Algiers putsch
3099:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3055:
3049:
3047:
3029:
3025:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3017:
3012:
3006:
3000:
2992:
2991:
2986:
2980:
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2961:
2954:
2953:
2952:
2933:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2921:
2908:
2907:
2906:
2904:1943 manifesto
2901:
2896:
2888:
2883:
2877:
2875:
2873:French Algeria
2866:
2865:
2864:
2863:
2856:Mokrani Revolt
2853:
2852:
2851:
2846:
2835:
2833:
2822:
2818:
2817:
2809:
2808:
2801:
2794:
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2773:
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2763:
2757:
2755:
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2731:
2719:
2711:
2709:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2674:Robert Pesquet
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2635:
2633:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2599:Edmond Jouhaud
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2579:Albert Dovecar
2576:
2571:
2569:Antoine Argoud
2565:
2563:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2555:
2553:Commando Delta
2550:
2545:
2540:
2534:
2532:
2528:
2527:
2520:
2519:
2512:
2505:
2497:
2478:
2477:External links
2475:
2474:
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2424:
2413:
2396:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2363:
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2271:
2256:Wise, Hannah.
2248:
2228:
2210:
2208:, 28 July 2005
2176:
2133:
2109:
2090:
2074:
2054:
2045:
2025:
2010:
1996:
1953:
1924:
1908:
1885:
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1825:
1818:
1801:
1794:
1776:
1770:978-1317677031
1769:
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1739:
1738:
1737:
1731:
1723:
1720:
1691:
1688:
1601:Alain Cavalier
1557:'s 1963 novel
1550:
1547:
1546:
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1535:
1530:
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1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1498:Edmond Jouhaud
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1468:Albert Dovecar
1465:
1460:
1455:
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1448:Antoine Argoud
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1366:Chief of Staff
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1353:Chief of Staff
1351:
1339:
1338:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1325:
1319:
1313:
1311:Antoine Argoud
1302:
1299:
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1296:Spanish branch
1294:
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1224:Chief of Staff
1221:
1220:
1218:Pierre Sergent
1212:
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1075:Pierre Sergent
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1058:Colonel Dufour
1055:
1054:
1050:
1049:
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1032:
1031:
1029:Edmond Jouhaud
1023:
1020:
1018:
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1012:
1011:
993:
990:Albert Dovecar
975:
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904:
901:
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875:
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868:
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855:
852:
850:
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708:anti-communist
703:
700:
696:Edmond Jouhaud
680:Albert Dovecar
622:general strike
594:
591:
530:Canary Islands
507:Albert Dovecar
499:Commando Delta
430:Pierre Sergent
398:Algiers putsch
369:
366:
347:existentialist
254:
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77:Edmond Jouhaud
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3404:La Main Rouge
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3280:Monuments and
3278:
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3207:Évian Accords
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3144:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3109:
3103:
3100:
3096:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3060:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3046:of key events
3042:
3037:
3033:
3030:
3026:
3016:
3013:
3010:
3007:
3004:
3001:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2977:Other factors
2975:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2959:
2955:
2949:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2939:
2938:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2919:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2894:1920 petition
2892:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2870:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2857:
2854:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2826:
2823:
2819:
2814:
2807:
2802:
2800:
2795:
2793:
2788:
2787:
2784:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2741:
2739:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2725:
2724:
2720:
2718:
2717:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2706:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2679:Claude Piegts
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2626:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2560:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2518:
2513:
2511:
2506:
2504:
2499:
2498:
2495:
2491:
2489:
2484:
2471:(in Spanish).
2470:
2469:
2462:
2456:
2452:
2451:
2446:
2442:
2439:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2425:
2418:
2414:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2398:
2377:
2373:
2367:
2351:
2347:
2341:
2325:
2321:
2314:
2306:
2302:
2301:
2296:
2290:
2282:
2275:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2252:
2244:
2243:
2238:
2232:
2224:
2221:(in French).
2220:
2214:
2207:
2203:
2200:
2196:
2195:openDemocracy
2192:
2188:
2183:
2181:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2140:
2138:
2127:
2126:2-87027-542-0
2123:
2119:
2113:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2094:
2084:
2078:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2058:
2049:
2043:
2042:0-275-92791-1
2039:
2035:
2029:
2021:
2014:
2007:
2000:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1978:
1973:
1972:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1951:, Paris, 1972
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1931:René Monzat,
1928:
1921:
1919:
1912:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1894:
1889:
1882:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1861:
1857:
1856:
1850:
1843:
1838:
1834:
1829:
1821:
1815:
1811:
1805:
1797:
1791:
1787:
1780:
1772:
1766:
1762:
1761:
1753:
1751:
1746:
1735:
1734:La Main Rouge
1732:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1719:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1687:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1672:
1666:
1662:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1639:
1635:
1634:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1620:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1607:
1603:'s 1964 film
1602:
1598:
1596:
1595:
1591:' 1964 novel
1590:
1585:
1583:
1582:
1576:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1561:
1556:
1544:
1543:Georges Watin
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1513:Claude Piegts
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1424:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1403:
1400:
1396:
1395:
1391:
1390:
1387:
1383:
1382:
1378:
1377:
1374:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1364:
1361:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1340:
1337:
1333:
1332:
1324:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1291:
1290:
1285:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1262:ORO-Métropole
1261:
1260:
1257:
1253:
1252:
1249:APP-Métropole
1248:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1236:
1235:
1232:
1228:
1227:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1215:
1214:
1211:OAS-Métropole
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1187:
1184:
1183:Robert Martel
1181:
1177:
1172:
1168:
1167:
1159:
1155:
1152:in charge of
1151:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1072:
1071:
1068:General Gardy
1067:
1066:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1026:
1025:
1000:
999:
991:
986:
981:
971:
968:
963:
960:
955:
947:
943:
938:
932:
926:
918:
910:
906:
900:
896:
888:
880:
876:
872:
869:
866:
863:
862:
859:
846:
842:
840:
836:
835:Léonie Duquet
832:
828:
824:
819:
817:
816:death flights
813:
809:
805:
801:
800:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
766:Indochina War
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
738:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
699:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
676:Claude Piegts
672:
670:
669:Algerian Army
666:
662:
657:
656:Oran Massacre
652:
647:
644:
639:
638:
633:
632:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
606:
600:
590:
588:
584:
583:
577:
575:
572:, and in the
571:
570:
565:
561:
557:
553:
548:
546:
543:), including
542:
538:
533:
531:
527:
523:
519:
514:
512:
508:
504:
503:Claude Piegts
500:
496:
492:
488:
487:Roger Gavoury
484:
480:
476:
472:
471:assassination
468:
463:
461:
457:
454:
450:
445:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
420:(1946–1954).
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
388:(who led the
387:
383:
374:
365:
363:
362:Oran massacre
359:
354:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
331:
326:
325:Évian Accords
320:
318:
314:
310:
306:
301:
299:
297:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
262:
251:
247:
243:
240:3,000 members
239:
235:
231:
227:
224:
220:
219:assassination
215:
211:
208:
204:
201:
198:
196:
192:
189:
185:
182:
180:
176:
173:
168:
162:
157:
149:
144:
139:
138:
137:
132:
127:
123:
119:
115:
96:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
71:
67:
60:
55:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
3473:
3462:
3426:Other groups
3416:
3402:
3393:
3153:
3113:human rights
3111:War crimes /
3057:
2956:
2943:Legal status
2935:
2931:French Union
2916:
2861:Deportations
2813:Algerian War
2742:
2735:
2721:
2714:
2694:Rolf Steiner
2523:
2480:
2467:
2449:
2437:
2427:
2421:(in English)
2416:
2401:
2380:. Retrieved
2375:
2366:
2354:. Retrieved
2349:
2340:
2328:. Retrieved
2323:
2313:
2305:the original
2298:
2289:
2280:
2274:
2266:the original
2261:
2251:
2240:
2231:
2213:
2190:
2172:Presentation
2159:
2147:
2117:
2112:
2097:
2093:
2082:
2077:
2062:
2057:
2048:
2033:
2028:
2019:
2013:
1999:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1975:
1970:
1944:
1932:
1927:
1916:
1911:
1888:
1880:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1840:
1832:
1828:
1809:
1804:
1785:
1779:
1759:
1695:
1693:
1675:
1669:
1667:
1663:
1648:
1645:Oliver Stone
1642:
1637:
1631:
1617:
1615:
1604:
1599:
1592:
1589:Jack Higgins
1586:
1579:
1577:
1558:
1552:
1437:APP Director
1425:ODM Director
1392:ORO Director
1343:
1304:
1287:
1231:Daniel Godot
1190:
1106:Denis Baille
996:
980:Jean Lalanne
969:
966:
961:
958:
953:
945:
930:
916:
908:
899:Michel Leroy
886:
878:
857:
849:Organisation
843:
820:
797:
757:
756:doctrine in
735:
705:
684:firing squad
673:
648:
635:
629:
618:car bombings
602:
586:
580:
578:
567:
549:
540:
534:
515:
510:
482:
478:
464:
446:
433:
421:
408:, including
379:
355:
349:philosopher
328:
321:
302:
293:
278:Algerian War
274:paramilitary
265:
260:
259:
257:
36:
3368:Oujda Group
3178: [
3093: [
3039: [
2946: [
2924:Kabyle myth
2899:Jonnart Law
2831:colonialism
2815:(1954–1962)
2614:Raoul Salan
2589:Yves Godard
2468:translation
2376:France Info
2191:The Silence
2130:(in French)
2087:(in French)
1993:(in French)
1864:(in French)
1708:kebab shops
1657:(played by
1611:Alain Delon
1555:Ian Fleming
1518:Raoul Salan
1478:Yves Godard
1415: [
1412:Jean Gardes
1373:Yves Godard
1336:Raoul Salan
1276: [
1273:André Canal
1229:Lieutenant
1174: [
1142: [
1117: [
1078: [
931:Commandos Z
839:Alice Domon
762:Jean Gardes
728:Jean Ousset
651:Raoul Salan
631:tirailleurs
610:Bab el-Oued
582:pieds-noirs
465:By acts of
456:stay-behind
406:French Army
394:Raoul Salan
392:), General
330:pieds-noirs
81:Yves Godard
73:Raoul Salan
50:(in French)
3489:Categories
3307:Tizi Ouzou
3228:Legacy and
3212:referendum
3115:violations
3036:Chronology
2849:Atrocities
2821:Background
2708:In fiction
2584:Paul Gardy
2562:Leadership
2460:2707141631
2382:12 January
2356:12 January
2330:12 January
2168:950072684X
2158:) Transl.
2156:2707141631
2071:0871961792
1879:Evans, M.
1860:Le MatinDZ
1741:References
1606:L'Insoumis
1565:James Bond
1473:Paul Gardy
1379:Chief Aide
1360:Paul Gardy
1321:Commander
1301:OAS-Madrid
1073:Capitaine
1035:Commander
992:(Delta 1)
939:, founder)
786:internment
770:subversion
597:See also:
217:Attempted
101:1961-02-11
3230:aftermath
3146:Reactions
3011:(1947–49)
3005:(1946–54)
2958:Pied noir
2937:Indigénat
2913:policies
2350:Le Figaro
2242:Página/12
2223:Le Figaro
1655:Clay Shaw
870:Director
782:Dirty War
511:stroungas
422:OAS-Métro
416:from the
282:terrorist
270:far-right
200:Far-right
3464:Category
2984:Cold War
2531:Activity
2447:(2004).
2202:Archived
1937:Le Monde
1896:Archived
1722:See also
1410:Colonel
1397:Captain
1371:Colonel
1358:General
1334:General
1315:Colonel
1309:Colonel
1286:aka the
1254:Captain
1216:Captain
1189:aka the
1169:Colonel
1053:civilian
1027:General
1010:Delta 3
774:Occident
712:chaplain
626:Republic
467:sabotage
337:'s 1962
232:Inactive
179:Ideology
172:Portugal
3475:Commons
3302:El Oued
3292:Algiers
3122:Torture
2829:Settler
2754:Related
2631:members
2629:Notable
2326:(3): 11
1384:Doctor
1289:Monocle
1199:Mitidja
1197:of the
1158:Algiers
1156:, near
1154:El-Biar
1008:Delta 2
1006:Delta 1
935:(Z for
873:Squads
808:torture
750:torture
556:Clamart
491:Algiers
368:History
117:Motives
107: (
99: (
3438:Harkis
3384:France
3332:Groups
2999:(1944)
2457:
2408:
2166:
2154:
2124:
2069:
2040:
1816:
1792:
1767:
1638:Jackal
1609:stars
1344:Soleil
1195:chouan
814:, and
794:cadets
702:Legacy
643:Legion
637:maquis
526:Franco
453:Gladio
229:Status
136:France
105:– 1962
69:Leader
3443:Women
3297:Batna
3271:Films
3182:]
3097:]
3043:]
2950:]
1858:, in
1647:film
1419:]
1280:]
1178:]
1146:]
1121:]
1082:]
987:(BAO)
982:(BCR)
903:none
867:Role
614:flyer
442:Vichy
288:from
161:Spain
2455:ISBN
2406:ISBN
2384:2021
2358:2021
2332:2021
2300:Time
2164:ISBN
2152:ISBN
2122:ISBN
2102:ORTF
2067:ISBN
2038:ISBN
1814:ISBN
1790:ISBN
1765:ISBN
1714:and
1569:MI-6
1342:aka
1041:aide
837:and
744:and
678:and
661:Oran
505:and
469:and
460:NATO
258:The
245:Flag
237:Size
109:1962
3028:War
2189:in
2170:) (
1650:JFK
967:BAO
959:BCR
946:ORO
909:APP
879:ODM
752:in
665:ALN
485:).
449:ETH
266:OAS
221:of
3491::
3180:fr
3095:fr
3041:fr
2948:fr
2436:,
2322:.
2297:.
2260:.
2239:.
2197::
2179:^
2146:,
2136:^
2128:.
2100:,
1984:,
1974:,
1956:^
1947:,
1943:,
1935:,
1902:,
1870:^
1749:^
1563:.
1417:fr
1278:fr
1201:")
1193:("
1176:fr
1144:fr
1119:fr
1080:fr
829:,
818:.
810:,
714:,
576:.
566:,
532:.
524:.
319:.
83:,
79:,
75:,
2805:e
2798:t
2791:v
2516:e
2509:t
2502:v
2463:.
2423:.
2412:.
2386:.
2360:.
2334:.
2174:)
1906:.
1822:.
1798:.
1773:.
1674:(
1350:)
995:-
965:-
957:-
929:-
477:(
264:(
111:)
103:)
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
