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927:... This power has an appearance: a quartet of retired generals. It has a reality: a group of officers, partisan, ambitious and fanatical. This group and this quartet possess an expedient and limited knowledge of things. But they only see and understand the Nation and the world distorted by their delirium. Their enterprise leads directly towards a national disaster ... I forbid any Frenchman, and first of all any soldier, to execute a single one of their orders ... In the face of the misfortune which hangs over the country and the threat to the Republic, having taken advice from the
1128:, reassured de Gaulle that this plot was not backed by the CIA or any other U.S. government entity. The next day M. de Murville appeared before the Foreign Affairs Committee of the Chamber of Deputies to testify that there was no evidence of U.S. complicity. U.S. President John F. Kennedy himself contacted de Gaulle to pledge his support, including military assistance, if needed. President de Gaulle declined Kennedy's offer, fearing any controversy if American troops shot any French counterparts.
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travers leur frénésie. Leur entreprise conduit tout droit à un désastre national. Voici l'Etat bafoué, la Nation défiée, notre puissance ébranlée, notre prestige international abaissé, notre place et notre rôle en
Afrique compromis. Et par qui ? Hélas ! hélas ! hélas ! par des hommes dont c'était le devoir, l'honneur, la raison d'être de servir et d'obéir.
1443:
militaire. Ce pouvoir a une apparence: un quarteron de généraux en retraite. Il a une réalité: un groupe d'officiers, partisans, ambitieux et fanatiques. Ce groupe et ce quarteron possèdent un savoir-faire expéditif et limité. Mais ils ne voient et ne comprennent la Nation et le monde que déformés à
916:
The following day, on Sunday 23 April, Gen. Salan arrived in
Algeria from Spain and refused to arm civilian activists. At 8:00 pm President de Gaulle appeared in his 1940s vintage military uniform on television, calling on French military personnel and civilians, in metropolitan France or in Algeria,
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Devant le malheur qui plane sur la patrie et la menace qui pèse sur la République, ayant pris l'avis officiel du
Conseil constitutionnel, du Premier ministre, du président du Sénat, du président de l'Assemblée nationale, j'ai décidé de mettre en cause l'article 16 de notre Constitution. A partir
988:
The few military units which had followed the mutinying generals progressively surrendered. Gen. Challe gave himself up to the authorities on 26 April, and was immediately transferred to metropolitan France. The putsch had been successfully quashed, but
Article 16 granting full and extraordinary
46:
674:(French settler) community opposed to independence. Self-determination was approved by 75% of voters overall and 69.5% in Algeria. The government reported voter turnout of 92.2%. Other sources claim that four out of ten of the individuals in France and Algeria entitled to vote abstained.
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as part of a scheduled testing program. Gerboise Verte exploded at 6:05 am. While the test and test site were already prepped as part of the French national nuclear program, the test timeline appears to have been accelerated to ensure that the security of the device was not compromised.
657:. The wording of the referendum was "Do you approve the Bill submitted to the French people by the President of the Republic concerning the self-determination of the Algerian population and the organisation of the public power in Algeria prior to self-determination".
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ran a front-page editorial that the CIA involvement was rogue and not politically approved: “It now seems established that some
American agents more or less encouraged Challe.... President Kennedy, of course knew nothing of all this". Subsequently President
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Au nom de la France, j'ordonne que tous les moyens, je dis tous les moyens, soient employés pour barrer partout la route à ces hommes-là, en attendant de les réduire. J'interdis à tout Français et, d'abord, à tout soldat, d'exécuter aucun de leurs ordres.
1716:
Communist
Forgeries: hearings before the United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee To Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws, Eighty-Seventh Congress, first session, on June 2,
892:, six other officers and several civilians were simultaneously arrested in Paris. At 5:00 pm, during the ministers' council, Charles de Gaulle declared: "Gentlemen, what is serious about this affair is that it isn't serious". He then proclaimed a
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terrorist group), took control of the territory's capital, Algiers. General Challe criticised what he saw as the government's treason and lies toward French
Algerian colonists and loyalist Algerians who trusted it, and stated that
964:(south Oran zone) and including Foreign Legion units, followed the lead of its commander, Gen. Philippe Ginestet, in remaining loyal to the government in Paris. Ginestet was subsequently assassinated by the OAS in retaliation.
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called by the trade unions the day after de Gaulle's broadcast. Within the army itself much depended on the position taken by individual senior officers. The 13th Light
Division of Infantry, responsible for the strategic
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Challe: le commandement réserve ses droits pour étendre son action à la métropole et reconstituer un ordre constitutionnel et républicain gravement compromis par un gouvernement dont l'illégalité éclate aux yeux de la
935:, I have decided to invoke article 16 of the Constitution . Starting from this day, I will take, directly if the need arises, the measures which seem to me demanded by circumstances ... Frenchwomen, Frenchmen! Help me!
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618:, with French paratroopers descending on strategic airfields. The commanders in Oran and Constantine, however, refused to follow Challe's demand that they join the coup. At the same time information about the
1017:
sentenced Challe and André Zeller to 15 years in prison. However, they were granted an amnesty and had their military positions restored five years later. Raoul Salan and
Jouhaud escaped. Salan was condemned
1144:. IPS, it has been said, "consistently released and reported anti-American and pro-Soviet bloc stories which are either distorted or entirely false." During a June 1961 hearing before a subcommittee of the
625:
On 22 April all flights and landings were forbidden in
Parisian airfields; an order was given to the Army to resist the coup "by all means". The following day, President De Gaulle made a famous speech
595:(FLN). General Salan stated that he joined the coup without concerning himself with its technical planning; however, it has always been considered a four-man coup d'état, or as De Gaulle put it, "
1109:. French officials seemed to want to put out the story that "the generals plot was backed by strongly anti-communist elements in the United States Government and military services." Within days
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French citizens living abroad or serving abroad in the military were allowed to vote, as were all adult Algerians, regardless of ancestry, in a single electoral college. Speaking for the
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808:, took control of all of Algiers' strategic points in three hours. The units directly involved in the putsch were the 1st and 2nd REP, the 1er REC and the 14th and 18th Regiments of
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to follow the professional soldiers' call for insurgency and in some cases jailed their insurrectionist officers. The putsch met with widespread opposition, largely in the form of
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powers to de Gaulle was maintained for five months. "The Battle of the Transistors"—as it was called by the press—was quickly and definitively won by de Gaulle.
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and to reconstitute a constitutional and republican order seriously compromised by a government whose illegality is blatant in the eyes of the nation.
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testified that the article published by il Paese was likely part of a Soviet propaganda campaign designed to divide the U.S. and French governments.
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A July 1968 act granted amnesty; the 24 November 1982, law reintegrated the surviving generals into the army. Salan, Jouhaud and six other generals (
252:
885:, who was visiting, and several civil and military authorities. Several regiments put themselves under the command of the insurrectionary generals.
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and several Marine infantry units), but these seem to have reflected the views of their senior officers only and there was no active participation.
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The only known fatality was French Army Sergeant Pierre Brillant, who was killed by the parachutists while defending the radio transmitter at
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Algiers' population was awakened on 22 April at 7:00 am to a message read on the radio: "The army has seized control of Algeria and of the
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Following the outcome of the referendum, Michel Debré's government started secret negotiations with the GPRA. On 25 January 1961 Col.
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1079:'s administration, particularly the CIA. A day after the rebelling generals completed the takeover of Algeria, Italian newspaper
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Suggestions began to appear in French media that the perpetrators might have the backing of reactionary elements in US President
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1169:. However, Gen. Challe himself always contended that he had never been in contact with any foreign countries in this affair.
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uniform (he was 70 years old and long since a civilian head of state) ordering the French people and military to help him.
577:(former commander-in-chief in French Algeria), it took place from the afternoon of 21 to 26 April 1961 in the midst of the
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first editorialized that "It's not by chance that some people in Paris are accusing the American secret service headed by
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823:. Initially, there were pledges of support from other regiments (the 27th Dragoons, the 94th Infantry, the 7th Algerian
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Tully, Andrew (1962). "CIA: The Inside Story". p. 48 – via Crosby S. Noyes, Washington Star, date unknown.
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1105:. Reports appeared claiming that the rumor was partly spread by or at the encouragement of minor officials in the
1032:, a terrorist paramilitary organization that attempted to stop the ongoing process of the April 1962 Independence
870:, his general secretary of African and Malagasy Affairs and closest collaborator, in charge of covert operations.
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d'aujourd'hui, je prendrai, au besoin directement, les mesures qui me paraîtront exigées par les circonstances.
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541:, along with the resident European community and pro-French Algerians. Organised in French Algeria by retired
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who had unofficial editorial control. Its editor, Mario Malloni, was a member of the Soviet-backed
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called for a boycott of the referendum, as did 16 retired French generals and factions among the
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877:". The three rebel generals—Challe, Jouhaud, and Zeller—had the government's general delegate,
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On Tuesday 25 April government authorities in Paris ordered the explosion of the atomic bomb
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The coup was to come in two phases: an assertion of control in French Algeria's major cities
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of having participated in the plot of the four ‘ultra’ generals.” The next day in Russia
1001:, Algiers. Brillant was aiming at 1st REP 3rd Company Capt. Estoup when he was shot by a
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1028:(later commuted to life sentence), as was Jouhaud. Salan and others later founded the
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913:(LDH, Human Rights League) called to demonstrate against the military's coup d'état.
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General Maurice Challe, protégé of CIA director Allen Dulles, plot against De Gaulle
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visited with Premier Debré and threatened him with a coup directed by a "colonels'
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French National Audiovisual Institute INA, Les Actualités Françaises - 03/05/1961
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phase came to Prime Minister Debré's attention through the intelligence service.
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Ce qui est grave dans cette affaire, messieurs, c’est qu’elle n’est pas sérieuse
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was created from a revision of this article dated 29 November 2017
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The organisers of the putsch were opposed to the secret negotiations that
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An insurrectionary power has established itself in Algeria by a military
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1530:"The Dark Romance and Grim Reality of Life in the French Foreign Legion"
931:, the Prime Minister, the president of the Senate, the president of the
2714:
1795:, Institut Charles de Gaulle, Paris, no. 15, June 1976, pp. 47–54.
1132:
735: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
66:
during the coup (Gouvernement General building, Algiers, 23 April 1961)
1208:"1961 Generals' Putsch of Algiers | French Foreign Legion Information"
45:
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De Gaulle: Un pouvoir insurrectionnel s'est établi en Algérie par un
1165:(West German Federal Intelligence Service) leader and Dulles protégé
897:
810:
670:
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3342:
2122:
1900:
1791:, ‘La défaite du putsch de 1961: un exemple de résistance civile’,
1111:
881:, arrested as well as the National Minister of Public Transport,
603:
581:(1954–1962) and brought the nation to the brink of a civil war.
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1701:, Patrick Pesnot, Radio show, broadcast on French public radio
1604:"Permindex / Centro Mondiale Commerciale – sinister operation?"
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contended that the French generals also had the support of the
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There were other claims of foreign support: French journalist
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607:
2418:
1508:"France's Nuclear Weapons – Origin of the Force de Frappe"
1417:
The Human Right League calls for a Segolene Royal votation
1556:
Alistair Horne, The French Army and Politics, 1984, p. 82
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792:
the command reserves its right to extend its actions to
16:
Attempted coup in French Algeria during the Algerian War
1493:
Les Premiers Essais Francais au Sahara : 1960–1966
2341:
1961 French referendum on Algerian self-determination
614:. The metropolitan operation would be led by Colonel
1673:. New York: William Morrow and Company. p. 49.
1070:
591:'s government had started with the anti-colonialist
1877:
La réhabilitation des généraux putschistes, en 1982
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Foreign Airborne Battalions and Regiments of France
689:was in no way disposed to let the French Algerian
815:. Together they comprised the elite units of the
4989:
1699:Rendez-vous with X: Algiers Putsch & the CIA
1242:Debré's official speech in the 20h news report,
662:Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic
2653:
804:(1e REP), composed of 1,000 men and headed by
3443:
2928:
2639:
2010:
1936:
1785:, Oslo, vol. 12, no. 1, 1975, pp. 19–36.
1452:Françaises, Français ! Aidez-moi !
1257:"Message radiodiffusé et télévisé | INA"
939:Due to the popularity of a recent invention,
779:, Jean Gardes and civilians Joseph Ortiz and
260:
1950:
1527:
521:
511:
599:" ("a quartet of generals in retirement").
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2632:
1943:
1929:
1528:Langewiesche, William (12 November 2012).
1339:(in French). Editions Dricot. p. 97.
1120:, through his White House Press Secretary
866:the president was informed of the coup by
783:(who would later form the pro-colonialist
267:
253:
2572:Defectors from the French army to the ALN
1326:
1093:stated that the mutiny was encouraged by
751:Learn how and when to remove this message
1860:, and does not reflect subsequent edits.
1843:
1779:, ‘Civil Resistance to Military Coups’,
1470:, Oslo, vol. 12, no. 1, 1975, pp. 19–36.
1464:, ‘Civil Resistance to Military Coups’,
1124:'s meeting with French Foreign Minister
844:, formed a crisis cell in a room of the
5073:20th-century military history of France
5038:Military operations of the Algerian War
4948:Democratic Republic of the Congo (2024)
4562:Democratic Republic of the Congo (2004)
3566:Democratic Republic of the Congo (1965)
1694:
1692:
1690:
1194:
763:On 22 April 1961, the retired generals
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2627:
2458:Memorial to the Liberation of Algeria
1924:
1668:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1652:
1627:
1301:
1008:
248:
5018:1960s coups d'état and coup attempts
3355:Things named after Charles de Gaulle
2669:1961 Vitry-Le-François train bombing
2608:
1687:
1274:Elections in Europe: A data handbook
943:, de Gaulle's call was heard by the
733:adding citations to reliable sources
704:
597:un quarteron de généraux en retraite
50:From left to right: French Generals
3278:Union of Democrats for the Republic
1751:Jacques Fauvet and Jean Planchais,
1366:
499:
13:
3573:Central African Republic (1965–66)
1830:
1657:
14:
5099:
5078:Events that led to courts-martial
3018:French Military Mission to Poland
2154:Massacre of 14 July 1953 in Paris
1811:
1286:
1263:
1071:Claims of CIA and BND involvement
571:Chief of Staff of the French Army
5023:Attempted coups d'état in France
3412:
3411:
2674:1962 Issy-les-Moulineaux bombing
2607:
2597:
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1842:
1632:. New York: Morrow. p. 48.
1592:Loi n° 68-697 du 31 juillet 1968
852:was attending a presentation of
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664:(the political arm of the FLN),
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44:
5043:Presidency of Charles de Gaulle
4822:Central African Republic (2021)
4720:Central African Republic (2013)
4506:Central African Republic (2003)
4492:Central African Republic (2001)
4043:Central African Republic (1982)
4022:Central African Republic (1981)
3962:Central African Republic (1979)
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720:needs additional citations for
645:had voted in favor of Algerian
21:Algiers putsch (disambiguation)
2192:Declaration of 1 November 1954
1360:
1295:
1249:
1244:ORTF public television channel
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1038:Algerian territories of France
802:1st Foreign Parachute Regiment
1:
4885:Burkina Faso (September 2022)
2314:Proposed partition of Algeria
1148:in the United States Senate,
1136:was financed directly by the
992:
700:
5053:Far-right politics in France
4892:São Tomé and Príncipe (2022)
4527:São Tomé and Príncipe (2003)
4446:Republic of the Congo (1998)
4383:São Tomé and Príncipe (1995)
4320:Sierra Leone (December 1992)
4197:São Tomé and Príncipe (1988)
4169:Republic of the Congo (1987)
3773:Republic of the Congo (1972)
3671:Republic of the Congo (1968)
3622:Republic of the Congo (1966)
3475:Republic of the Congo (1960)
2405:Effects in Algerian politics
1911:Article by Pierre Abramovici
1067:) benefitted from this law.
651:referendum of 8 January 1961
7:
5068:April 1961 events in Africa
5013:Algiers in the Algerian War
4871:Burkina Faso (January 2022)
4064:Upper Volta (February 1983)
2020:Algerian popular resistance
1292:Nohlen & Stöver, p. 685
1172:
910:Ligue des droits de l'homme
832:head of the Parisian police
10:
5104:
5083:Organisation armée secrète
4418:Sierra Leone (August 1996)
3328:Mémorial Charles-de-Gaulle
3273:Rally of the French People
3236:1965 presidential election
2960:Names and terms of address
2897:Besançon courthouse attack
2800:Jean-Pierre Maïone-Libaude
2655:Organisation armée secrète
2556:Organisation armée secrète
2497:Algerian National Movement
2219:Hijacking of the FLN plane
1978:French conquest of Algeria
1760:The French Foreign Legion.
1577:Argoud, de Gaulle: le duel
1575:Dubois, Ghislain (1995).
1336:Argoud, de Gaulle: le duel
1146:Committee on the Judiciary
838:, and the director of the
693:created in 1848 after the
636:
18:
5003:Military coups in Algeria
4957:
4806:
4627:
4469:
4234:
4071:Upper Volta (August 1983)
3971:
3715:
3466:
3407:
3363:
3318:
3286:
3263:
3194:
3146:
3069:
3037:
3028:
2977:
2968:
2950:
2884:
2838:
2758:
2692:
2661:
2594:
2564:
2515:
2485:National Liberation Front
2477:
2470:
2427:1 November 1954 Stadiums
2366:
2333:
2284:
2266:Killing of Saadia Mebarek
2249:
2173:
2166:
2115:
2103:Sétif and Guelma massacre
1966:
1959:
1782:Journal of Peace Research
1467:Journal of Peace Research
1333:Dubois, Ghislain (1996).
1126:Maurice Couve de Murville
900:parties, the trade union
593:National Liberation Front
284:
238:
233:
147:
113:
70:
43:
35:
30:
5048:Anti-communism in France
5008:Military coups in France
4998:1961 in the Algerian War
4555:Equatorial Guinea (2004)
3955:Equatorial Guinea (1979)
3333:Adenauer-de Gaulle Prize
2502:Algerian Communist Party
2490:National Liberation Army
2271:Charonne subway massacre
2128:Decolonisation of Africa
1725:2027/umn.31951d02092309h
1369:The Algerian War 1954–62
1302:Horne, Alistair (1978).
1138:Communist Party of Italy
3587:Burundi (November 1966)
2551:Front Algérie Française
2204:Battle of Philippeville
1894:4 November 2013 at the
1579:. Éd. Dricot, p. 107
1272:& Stöver, P (2010)
1162:Bundesnachrichtendienst
1015:Haut Tribunal militaire
955:, including a one-hour
5028:1961 crimes in Algeria
4857:Sudan (September 2021)
3692:Libya (September 1969)
3608:Nigeria (January 1966)
3376:Operation Resurrection
3214:Algiers putsch of 1961
3115:Provisional Government
3110:Brazzaville Conference
3088:Empire Defense Council
2892:Algiers putsch of 1961
2136:Brazzaville Conference
1838:
1818:Listen to this article
1755:, Arthaud, Paris, 1961
1753:La Fronde des Généraux
1742:Le Putsch des Généraux
1669:Tully, Andrew (1962).
1628:Tully, Andrew (1962).
937:
929:Constitutional Council
917:to oppose the putsch:
798:
522:
518:putsch of the generals
512:
507:
500:انقلاب 1961 في الجزائر
148:Commanders and leaders
5063:French Fifth Republic
5033:1961 crimes in France
4348:Bophuthatswana (1994)
3706:Libya (December 1969)
3496:French Algeria (1961)
3338:Fifth French Republic
3105:Casablanca Conference
2868:Objectif 500 millions
2854:The Day of the Jackal
2679:Battle of Bab El Oued
2381:French Fifth Republic
2358:Algerian independence
1837:
1671:CIA: The Inside Story
1630:CIA: The Inside Story
1305:A Savage War of Peace
919:
800:During the night the
790:
775:, helped by colonels
586:French Prime Minister
516:), also known as the
234:Casualties and losses
4941:Guinea-Bissau (2023)
4878:Guinea-Bissau (2022)
4864:Sudan (October 2021)
4713:Libya (October 2013)
4671:Guinea-Bissau (2012)
4657:Guinea-Bissau (2011)
4520:Guinea-Bissau (2003)
4499:Côte d'Ivoire (2002)
4478:Côte d'Ivoire (2001)
4460:Côte d'Ivoire (1999)
4439:Guinea-Bissau (1998)
3994:Guinea-Bissau (1980)
3461:in Africa since 1960
3308:Vive le Québec libre
3251:Later life and death
3120:Liberation of France
3054:Battle of Montcornet
3049:4th Armored Division
2902:Charles Martel Group
2847:Le Combat dans l'île
2398:1962 Algerian crisis
2393:Aftermath in Algeria
2309:Manifesto of the 121
2293:Communauté française
2025:Algerian nationalism
1869:More spoken articles
1719:. Washington. 1961.
1195:Notes and references
1053:Marie-Michel Gouraud
729:improve this article
697:become independent.
649:during the disputed
553:in French Algeria),
19:For other uses, see
4934:Sierra Leone (2023)
4927:Burkina Faso (2023)
4762:Burkina Faso (2016)
4755:Burkina Faso (2015)
4534:Burkina Faso (2003)
4432:Sierra Leone (1997)
4390:Sierra Leone (1996)
4306:Sierra Leone (1992)
4204:Burkina Faso (1989)
4155:Burkina Faso (1987)
3657:Sierra Leone (1968)
3615:Nigeria (July 1966)
3580:Burundi (July 1966)
3381:Order of Liberation
3059:Battle of Abbeville
2750:Jean-Jacques Susini
2534:Commandos de Chasse
2528:French Armed Forces
2142:First Indochina War
1983:Invasion of Algiers
1881:Human Rights League
1740:Pierre Abramovici,
1608:mcadams.posc.mu.edu
1142:World Peace Council
806:Hélie de Saint Marc
794:Metropolitan France
781:Jean-Jacques Susini
655:metropolitan France
523:Putsch des généraux
513:Coup d'État d'Alger
228:Hélie de Saint Marc
5058:French nationalism
4057:Upper Volta (1982)
4001:Upper Volta (1980)
3899:Uganda (June 1977)
3787:Upper Volta (1974)
3601:Upper Volta (1966)
2780:Jean-Pierre Cherid
2740:Pierre Lagaillarde
2229:Week of barricades
2209:Soummam conference
2029:Attempted reforms
1839:
1481:Militaria Magazine
1212:foreignlegion.info
1009:Trials and amnesty
945:conscript soldiers
896:in Algeria, while
894:state of emergency
817:airborne divisions
647:self-determination
551:commander-in-chief
530:intended to force
457:2nd Ouled Bouachra
387:1st Ouled Bouachra
4985:
4984:
4962:: successful coup
4741:The Gambia (2014)
4678:Mali (April 2012)
4664:Mali (March 2012)
4636:Madagascar (2010)
4618:Madagascar (2009)
4604:Mauritania (2008)
4590:Madagascar (2006)
4576:Mauritania (2005)
4513:Mauritania (2003)
4085:Mauritania (1984)
4036:Seychelles (1981)
4008:Mauritania (1981)
3980:Mauritania (1980)
3941:Mauritania (1979)
3934:Mauritania (1978)
3885:Seychelles (1977)
3425:
3424:
3391:Trente Glorieuses
3371:French Resistance
3296:Appeal of 18 June
3266:political parties
3259:
3258:
3179:1958 constitution
3142:
3141:
2944:Charles de Gaulle
2910:
2909:
2815:Jacques Soustelle
2790:Yves Guérin-Sérac
2775:Dominique Borella
2621:
2620:
2590:
2589:
2516:Anti-independence
2466:
2465:
2453:Martyrs' Memorial
2329:
2328:
2304:FLN football team
2224:Operation Corsica
2214:Battle of Algiers
2162:
2161:
2148:Malagasy Uprising
2111:
2110:
1835:
1772:978-0-06-092308-2
1564:978-0-911745-15-3
1367:Windrow, Martin.
1282:978-3-8329-5609-7
933:National Assembly
850:Charles de Gaulle
846:Comédie-Française
761:
760:
753:
629:, dressed in his
559:Inspector General
535:Charles de Gaulle
485:
484:
243:
242:
161:Charles de Gaulle
127:French Government
109:
108:
103:Civil war averted
5095:
4978:
4970:
4963:
4950:
4943:
4936:
4929:
4922:
4915:
4908:
4901:
4894:
4887:
4880:
4873:
4866:
4859:
4852:
4845:
4838:
4831:
4824:
4817:
4799:
4792:
4785:
4778:
4771:
4764:
4757:
4750:
4743:
4736:
4729:
4722:
4715:
4708:
4701:
4694:
4687:
4680:
4673:
4666:
4659:
4652:
4645:
4638:
4620:
4613:
4606:
4599:
4592:
4585:
4578:
4571:
4564:
4557:
4550:
4543:
4536:
4529:
4522:
4515:
4508:
4501:
4494:
4487:
4480:
4462:
4455:
4448:
4441:
4434:
4427:
4420:
4413:
4406:
4399:
4392:
4385:
4378:
4371:
4364:
4357:
4350:
4343:
4336:
4329:
4322:
4315:
4308:
4301:
4294:
4287:
4280:
4273:
4266:
4259:
4252:
4245:
4227:
4220:
4213:
4206:
4199:
4192:
4185:
4178:
4171:
4164:
4157:
4150:
4143:
4136:
4129:
4122:
4115:
4108:
4101:
4094:
4087:
4080:
4073:
4066:
4059:
4052:
4045:
4038:
4031:
4024:
4017:
4010:
4003:
3996:
3989:
3982:
3964:
3957:
3950:
3943:
3936:
3929:
3922:
3915:
3908:
3901:
3894:
3887:
3880:
3873:
3866:
3859:
3852:
3845:
3838:
3831:
3824:
3817:
3810:
3803:
3796:
3789:
3782:
3775:
3768:
3761:
3754:
3747:
3740:
3733:
3726:
3708:
3701:
3694:
3687:
3680:
3673:
3666:
3659:
3652:
3645:
3638:
3631:
3624:
3617:
3610:
3603:
3596:
3589:
3582:
3575:
3568:
3561:
3554:
3547:
3540:
3533:
3526:
3519:
3512:
3505:
3498:
3491:
3484:
3477:
3452:
3445:
3438:
3429:
3428:
3415:
3414:
3385:Resistance Medal
3209:Constantine Plan
3131:Épuration légale
3084:Administrations
3035:
3034:
3014:Interwar period
3008:Battle of Dinant
2975:
2974:
2937:
2930:
2923:
2914:
2913:
2875:The Unvanquished
2830:Dominique Venner
2820:Albert Spaggiari
2735:Charles Lacheroy
2725:Pierre Guillaume
2648:
2641:
2634:
2625:
2624:
2611:
2610:
2600:
2599:
2478:Pro-independence
2475:
2474:
2416:
2415:
2322:
2299:Constantine Plan
2237:
2183:
2171:
2170:
2090:
2008:
2007:
1964:
1963:
1945:
1938:
1931:
1922:
1921:
1915:
1907:
1885:
1859:
1857:
1846:
1845:
1836:
1826:
1824:
1819:
1807:
1806:
1758:Porch, Douglas.
1729:
1728:
1712:
1706:
1696:
1685:
1684:
1666:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1600:
1594:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1573:
1567:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1525:
1519:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1490:
1484:
1477:
1471:
1459:
1453:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1427:
1425:
1412:
1406:
1399:
1393:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1299:
1293:
1290:
1284:
1267:
1261:
1260:
1253:
1247:
1240:
1234:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1204:
1061:Jean-Louis Nicot
1034:Evian Agreements
962:Zone Sud Oranais
953:civil resistance
941:transistor radio
841:Sûreté nationale
756:
749:
745:
742:
736:
713:
705:
563:French Air Force
532:French President
526:), was a failed
525:
515:
501:
392:Ath Yahia Moussa
372:Bab El Bekkouche
279:
269:
262:
255:
246:
245:
239:1 soldier killed
226:
225:
224:
215:
214:
213:
204:
203:
202:
193:
192:
191:
182:
181:
180:
170:
169:
168:
159:
158:
157:
143:
138:
137:
136:
125:
124:
123:
78:21–26 April 1961
72:
71:
48:
28:
27:
5103:
5102:
5098:
5097:
5096:
5094:
5093:
5092:
4988:
4987:
4986:
4981:
4973:
4966:
4961:
4953:
4946:
4939:
4932:
4925:
4918:
4911:
4904:
4897:
4890:
4883:
4876:
4869:
4862:
4855:
4848:
4841:
4834:
4827:
4820:
4813:
4802:
4797:Ethiopia (2019)
4795:
4788:
4781:
4776:Zimbabwe (2017)
4774:
4767:
4760:
4753:
4746:
4739:
4732:
4725:
4718:
4711:
4704:
4697:
4690:
4683:
4676:
4669:
4662:
4655:
4648:
4641:
4634:
4623:
4616:
4609:
4602:
4595:
4588:
4581:
4574:
4567:
4560:
4553:
4546:
4539:
4532:
4525:
4518:
4511:
4504:
4497:
4490:
4483:
4476:
4465:
4458:
4451:
4444:
4437:
4430:
4423:
4416:
4409:
4402:
4395:
4388:
4381:
4374:
4367:
4360:
4353:
4346:
4339:
4332:
4325:
4318:
4311:
4304:
4297:
4290:
4283:
4276:
4269:
4262:
4255:
4248:
4241:
4230:
4223:
4216:
4211:Ethiopia (1989)
4209:
4202:
4195:
4188:
4183:Transkei (1987)
4181:
4174:
4167:
4160:
4153:
4146:
4139:
4132:
4125:
4118:
4111:
4104:
4097:
4092:Cameroon (1984)
4090:
4083:
4076:
4069:
4062:
4055:
4048:
4041:
4034:
4027:
4020:
4013:
4006:
3999:
3992:
3985:
3978:
3967:
3960:
3953:
3946:
3939:
3932:
3925:
3918:
3911:
3904:
3897:
3890:
3883:
3876:
3869:
3862:
3855:
3848:
3841:
3834:
3827:
3820:
3813:
3808:Ethiopia (1974)
3806:
3799:
3792:
3785:
3778:
3771:
3764:
3757:
3750:
3743:
3736:
3729:
3722:
3711:
3704:
3697:
3690:
3683:
3676:
3669:
3662:
3655:
3648:
3641:
3634:
3627:
3620:
3613:
3606:
3599:
3592:
3585:
3578:
3571:
3564:
3557:
3550:
3543:
3536:
3529:
3522:
3515:
3508:
3501:
3494:
3487:
3482:Ethiopia (1960)
3480:
3473:
3462:
3456:
3426:
3421:
3403:
3359:
3320:
3314:
3301:Bayeux speeches
3288:
3282:
3265:
3264:Governments and
3255:
3246:1969 referendum
3226:1962 referendum
3190:
3163:1958 elections
3159:May 1958 crisis
3138:
3073:
3065:
3040:
3024:
2970:
2964:
2946:
2941:
2911:
2906:
2880:
2860:film adaptation
2834:
2795:Roger Holeindre
2785:Pierre Descaves
2770:Georges Bidault
2763:
2761:
2754:
2705:Roger Degueldre
2688:
2657:
2652:
2622:
2617:
2586:
2560:
2511:
2462:
2420:
2414:
2376:May 1958 crisis
2368:
2362:
2325:
2316:
2280:
2253:
2251:
2245:
2231:
2198:Toussaint Rouge
2184:
2177:
2158:
2132:
2107:
2084:
2057:Crémieux Decree
2050:Divide and rule
2006:
1969:
1955:
1949:
1913:
1905:
1896:Wayback Machine
1883:
1873:
1872:
1861:
1855:
1853:
1850:This audio file
1847:
1840:
1831:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1814:
1804:
1798:
1737:
1732:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1705:, 14 April 2001
1697:
1688:
1681:
1667:
1658:
1651:
1647:
1640:
1626:
1622:
1612:
1610:
1602:
1601:
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1580:
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1570:
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1550:
1540:
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1526:
1522:
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1510:
1506:
1505:
1501:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1478:
1474:
1460:
1456:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1440:pronunciamiento
1436:
1432:
1423:
1421:
1420:, Nouvelobs.com
1414:
1413:
1409:
1400:
1396:
1390:
1386:
1379:
1365:
1361:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1331:
1327:
1320:
1300:
1296:
1291:
1287:
1268:
1264:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1246:, 22 April 1961
1241:
1237:
1230:
1226:
1216:
1214:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1189:May 1958 crisis
1175:
1167:Reinhard Gehlen
1122:Pierre Salinger
1118:John F. Kennedy
1077:John F. Kennedy
1073:
1011:
995:
868:Jacques Foccart
757:
746:
740:
737:
726:
714:
703:
639:
537:not to abandon
488:
487:
486:
481:
382:May 1958 crisis
292:Toussaint Rouge
280:
275:
273:
222:
220:
219:
211:
209:
208:
200:
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197:
189:
187:
186:
178:
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90:
49:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5101:
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5090:
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5075:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4983:
4982:
4980:
4979:
4976:attempted coup
4971:
4964:
4958:
4955:
4954:
4952:
4951:
4944:
4937:
4930:
4923:
4916:
4909:
4902:
4895:
4888:
4881:
4874:
4867:
4860:
4853:
4846:
4843:Tunisia (2021)
4839:
4832:
4825:
4818:
4810:
4808:
4804:
4803:
4801:
4800:
4793:
4786:
4779:
4772:
4765:
4758:
4751:
4748:Burundi (2015)
4744:
4737:
4734:Lesotho (2014)
4730:
4723:
4716:
4709:
4702:
4695:
4692:Eritrea (2013)
4688:
4681:
4674:
4667:
4660:
4653:
4646:
4639:
4631:
4629:
4625:
4624:
4622:
4621:
4614:
4607:
4600:
4593:
4586:
4579:
4572:
4565:
4558:
4551:
4544:
4537:
4530:
4523:
4516:
4509:
4502:
4495:
4488:
4485:Burundi (2001)
4481:
4473:
4471:
4467:
4466:
4464:
4463:
4456:
4449:
4442:
4435:
4428:
4421:
4414:
4407:
4404:Burundi (1996)
4400:
4393:
4386:
4379:
4376:Comoros (1995)
4372:
4369:Liberia (1994)
4365:
4362:Lesotho (1994)
4358:
4351:
4344:
4341:Nigeria (1993)
4337:
4330:
4327:Burundi (1993)
4323:
4316:
4313:Algeria (1992)
4309:
4302:
4295:
4292:Lesotho (1991)
4288:
4281:
4274:
4267:
4260:
4253:
4250:Nigeria (1990)
4246:
4238:
4236:
4232:
4231:
4229:
4228:
4221:
4214:
4207:
4200:
4193:
4186:
4179:
4176:Tunisia (1987)
4172:
4165:
4162:Burundi (1987)
4158:
4151:
4144:
4141:Lesotho (1986)
4137:
4134:Liberia (1985)
4130:
4123:
4116:
4113:Nigeria (1985)
4109:
4102:
4095:
4088:
4081:
4078:Nigeria (1983)
4074:
4067:
4060:
4053:
4046:
4039:
4032:
4025:
4018:
4011:
4004:
3997:
3990:
3987:Liberia (1980)
3983:
3975:
3973:
3969:
3968:
3966:
3965:
3958:
3951:
3944:
3937:
3930:
3923:
3920:Comoros (1978)
3916:
3913:Somalia (1978)
3909:
3902:
3895:
3888:
3881:
3874:
3867:
3864:Nigeria (1976)
3860:
3857:Burundi (1976)
3853:
3850:Comoros (1976)
3846:
3839:
3836:Nigeria (1975)
3832:
3825:
3818:
3815:Comoros (1975)
3811:
3804:
3797:
3790:
3783:
3776:
3769:
3766:Morocco (1972)
3762:
3755:
3752:Dahomey (1972)
3748:
3741:
3738:Morocco (1971)
3734:
3727:
3724:Lesotho (1970)
3719:
3717:
3713:
3712:
3710:
3709:
3702:
3699:Somalia (1969)
3695:
3688:
3681:
3678:Dahomey (1969)
3674:
3667:
3660:
3653:
3650:Algeria (1967)
3646:
3639:
3632:
3629:Dahomey (1967)
3625:
3618:
3611:
3604:
3597:
3590:
3583:
3576:
3569:
3562:
3559:Burundi (1965)
3555:
3552:Dahomey (1965)
3548:
3545:Algeria (1965)
3541:
3534:
3527:
3524:Dahomey (1963)
3520:
3517:Algeria (1962)
3513:
3510:Senegal (1962)
3506:
3503:Somalia (1961)
3499:
3492:
3485:
3478:
3470:
3468:
3464:
3463:
3455:
3454:
3447:
3440:
3432:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3419:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3401:
3394:
3387:
3378:
3373:
3367:
3365:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3357:
3352:
3351:
3350:
3348:Gaullist Party
3340:
3335:
3330:
3324:
3322:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3312:
3303:
3298:
3292:
3290:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3280:
3275:
3269:
3267:
3261:
3260:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3217:
3216:
3211:
3200:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3188:
3187:
3186:
3176:
3175:
3174:
3169:
3161:
3156:
3150:
3148:
3144:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3136:
3135:
3134:
3127:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3101:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3081:
3079:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3063:
3062:
3061:
3056:
3045:
3043:
3032:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3022:
3021:
3020:
3012:
3011:
3010:
3005:
2997:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2981:
2979:
2972:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2957:
2955:Foreign policy
2951:
2948:
2947:
2940:
2939:
2932:
2925:
2917:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2888:
2886:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2878:
2871:
2864:
2863:
2862:
2850:
2842:
2840:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2805:Robert Pesquet
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2766:
2764:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2730:Edmond Jouhaud
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2710:Albert Dovecar
2707:
2702:
2700:Antoine Argoud
2696:
2694:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2686:
2684:Commando Delta
2681:
2676:
2671:
2665:
2663:
2659:
2658:
2651:
2650:
2643:
2636:
2628:
2619:
2618:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2568:
2566:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2547:
2546:
2539:
2538:
2537:
2519:
2517:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2493:
2492:
2481:
2479:
2472:
2468:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2449:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2424:
2422:
2421:commemorations
2413:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2401:
2400:
2390:
2388:Year of Africa
2385:
2384:
2383:
2372:
2370:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2360:
2355:
2354:
2353:
2343:
2337:
2335:
2334:End of the war
2331:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2323:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2288:
2286:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2278:
2276:Paris massacre
2273:
2268:
2263:
2257:
2255:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2243:
2241:Algiers putsch
2238:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2194:
2188:
2186:
2168:
2164:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2156:
2151:
2145:
2139:
2131:
2130:
2125:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2105:
2100:
2093:
2092:
2091:
2072:
2067:
2066:
2065:
2060:
2047:
2046:
2045:
2043:1943 manifesto
2040:
2035:
2027:
2022:
2016:
2014:
2012:French Algeria
2005:
2004:
2003:
2002:
1995:Mokrani Revolt
1992:
1991:
1990:
1985:
1974:
1972:
1961:
1957:
1956:
1948:
1947:
1940:
1933:
1925:
1917:
1916:
1908:
1886:
1862:
1848:
1841:
1829:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1812:External links
1810:
1809:
1808:
1796:
1786:
1774:
1756:
1749:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1730:
1707:
1686:
1680:978-0688013202
1679:
1656:
1645:
1639:978-0688013202
1638:
1620:
1595:
1584:
1568:
1548:
1520:
1499:
1485:
1472:
1454:
1430:
1407:
1394:
1384:
1377:
1371:. p. 37.
1359:
1345:
1325:
1318:
1294:
1285:
1262:
1248:
1235:
1224:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1174:
1171:
1157:Patrick Pesnot
1072:
1069:
1057:Gustave Mentré
1010:
1007:
994:
991:
970:Gerboise Verte
957:general strike
947:, who refused
924:pronunciamento
777:Antoine Argoud
765:Maurice Challe
759:
758:
717:
715:
708:
702:
699:
679:Antoine Argoud
638:
635:
616:Antoine Argoud
555:Edmond Jouhaud
547:Maurice Challe
539:French Algeria
508:Putsch d'Alger
492:Algiers putsch
483:
482:
480:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
447:Ouled Rashache
444:
439:
434:
429:
424:
419:
414:
412:Algiers putsch
403:
402:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
359:
354:
349:
344:
339:
334:
329:
324:
319:
314:
309:
304:
299:
294:
285:
282:
281:
272:
271:
264:
257:
249:
241:
240:
236:
235:
231:
230:
195:Edmond Jouhaud
184:Maurice Challe
174:
150:
149:
145:
144:
129:
116:
115:
111:
110:
107:
106:
105:
104:
96:
92:
91:
88:French Algeria
86:
84:
80:
79:
76:
68:
67:
64:Maurice Challe
56:Edmond Jouhaud
41:
40:
33:
32:
31:Algiers putsch
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5100:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4995:
4993:
4977:
4972:
4969:
4965:
4960:
4959:
4956:
4949:
4945:
4942:
4938:
4935:
4931:
4928:
4924:
4921:
4917:
4914:
4910:
4907:
4903:
4900:
4899:Gambia (2022)
4896:
4893:
4889:
4886:
4882:
4879:
4875:
4872:
4868:
4865:
4861:
4858:
4854:
4851:
4850:Guinea (2021)
4847:
4844:
4840:
4837:
4833:
4830:
4826:
4823:
4819:
4816:
4812:
4811:
4809:
4805:
4798:
4794:
4791:
4787:
4784:
4780:
4777:
4773:
4770:
4766:
4763:
4759:
4756:
4752:
4749:
4745:
4742:
4738:
4735:
4731:
4728:
4724:
4721:
4717:
4714:
4710:
4707:
4703:
4700:
4696:
4693:
4689:
4686:
4682:
4679:
4675:
4672:
4668:
4665:
4661:
4658:
4654:
4651:
4647:
4644:
4640:
4637:
4633:
4632:
4630:
4626:
4619:
4615:
4612:
4608:
4605:
4601:
4598:
4597:Guinea (2008)
4594:
4591:
4587:
4584:
4580:
4577:
4573:
4570:
4566:
4563:
4559:
4556:
4552:
4549:
4545:
4542:
4538:
4535:
4531:
4528:
4524:
4521:
4517:
4514:
4510:
4507:
4503:
4500:
4496:
4493:
4489:
4486:
4482:
4479:
4475:
4474:
4472:
4468:
4461:
4457:
4454:
4450:
4447:
4443:
4440:
4436:
4433:
4429:
4426:
4425:Zambia (1997)
4422:
4419:
4415:
4412:
4408:
4405:
4401:
4398:
4397:Guinea (1996)
4394:
4391:
4387:
4384:
4380:
4377:
4373:
4370:
4366:
4363:
4359:
4356:
4355:Gambia (1994)
4352:
4349:
4345:
4342:
4338:
4335:
4331:
4328:
4324:
4321:
4317:
4314:
4310:
4307:
4303:
4300:
4296:
4293:
4289:
4286:
4282:
4279:
4275:
4272:
4271:Ciskei (1990)
4268:
4265:
4261:
4258:
4257:Zambia (1990)
4254:
4251:
4247:
4244:
4240:
4239:
4237:
4233:
4226:
4222:
4219:
4215:
4212:
4208:
4205:
4201:
4198:
4194:
4191:
4187:
4184:
4180:
4177:
4173:
4170:
4166:
4163:
4159:
4156:
4152:
4149:
4145:
4142:
4138:
4135:
4131:
4128:
4127:Guinea (1985)
4124:
4121:
4117:
4114:
4110:
4107:
4106:Uganda (1985)
4103:
4100:
4099:Guinea (1984)
4096:
4093:
4089:
4086:
4082:
4079:
4075:
4072:
4068:
4065:
4061:
4058:
4054:
4051:
4047:
4044:
4040:
4037:
4033:
4030:
4026:
4023:
4019:
4016:
4015:Gambia (1981)
4012:
4009:
4005:
4002:
3998:
3995:
3991:
3988:
3984:
3981:
3977:
3976:
3974:
3970:
3963:
3959:
3956:
3952:
3949:
3945:
3942:
3938:
3935:
3931:
3928:
3924:
3921:
3917:
3914:
3910:
3907:
3906:Angola (1977)
3903:
3900:
3896:
3893:
3889:
3886:
3882:
3879:
3875:
3872:
3868:
3865:
3861:
3858:
3854:
3851:
3847:
3844:
3840:
3837:
3833:
3830:
3826:
3823:
3819:
3816:
3812:
3809:
3805:
3802:
3798:
3795:
3794:Uganda (1974)
3791:
3788:
3784:
3781:
3780:Rwanda (1973)
3777:
3774:
3770:
3767:
3763:
3760:
3756:
3753:
3749:
3746:
3742:
3739:
3735:
3732:
3731:Uganda (1971)
3728:
3725:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3714:
3707:
3703:
3700:
3696:
3693:
3689:
3686:
3682:
3679:
3675:
3672:
3668:
3665:
3661:
3658:
3654:
3651:
3647:
3644:
3640:
3637:
3633:
3630:
3626:
3623:
3619:
3616:
3612:
3609:
3605:
3602:
3598:
3595:
3591:
3588:
3584:
3581:
3577:
3574:
3570:
3567:
3563:
3560:
3556:
3553:
3549:
3546:
3542:
3539:
3535:
3532:
3528:
3525:
3521:
3518:
3514:
3511:
3507:
3504:
3500:
3497:
3493:
3490:
3489:Rwanda (1961)
3486:
3483:
3479:
3476:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3465:
3460:
3453:
3448:
3446:
3441:
3439:
3434:
3433:
3430:
3418:
3410:
3409:
3406:
3400:
3399:
3395:
3393:
3392:
3388:
3386:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3362:
3356:
3353:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3317:
3311:
3309:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3285:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3262:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3231:Élysée Treaty
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3197:
3193:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3180:
3177:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3154:Levant Crisis
3152:
3151:
3149:
3145:
3133:
3132:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3072:
3068:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3042:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3027:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2976:
2973:
2967:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2949:
2945:
2938:
2933:
2931:
2926:
2924:
2919:
2918:
2915:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2883:
2877:
2876:
2872:
2870:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2858:
2857:
2856:
2855:
2851:
2849:
2848:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2837:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2810:Claude Piegts
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
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2773:
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2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2691:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2649:
2644:
2642:
2637:
2635:
2630:
2629:
2626:
2616:
2615:
2606: /
2605:
2604:
2593:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2563:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2545:
2544:
2543:La Main Rouge
2540:
2536:
2535:
2531:
2530:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2514:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2476:
2473:
2469:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2419:Monuments and
2417:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2365:
2359:
2356:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2346:Évian Accords
2344:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2332:
2320:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2294:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2283:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
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2262:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2248:
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2239:
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2227:
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2222:
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2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2199:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2185:of key events
2181:
2176:
2172:
2169:
2165:
2155:
2152:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2116:Other factors
2114:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2088:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2078:
2077:
2073:
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2054:
2053:
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2048:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2033:1920 petition
2031:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2009:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1993:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1965:
1962:
1958:
1953:
1946:
1941:
1939:
1934:
1932:
1927:
1926:
1923:
1919:
1912:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1882:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1851:
1803:
1802:
1797:
1794:
1790:
1789:Roberts, Adam
1787:
1784:
1783:
1778:
1777:Roberts, Adam
1775:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1764:HarperCollins
1761:
1757:
1754:
1750:
1747:
1743:
1739:
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1726:
1722:
1718:
1711:
1704:
1700:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1682:
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1672:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1649:
1641:
1635:
1631:
1624:
1609:
1605:
1599:
1593:
1588:
1578:
1572:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1552:
1537:
1536:
1531:
1524:
1509:
1503:
1494:
1489:
1483:360 July 2015
1482:
1476:
1469:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1442:
1441:
1434:
1419:
1418:
1411:
1404:
1398:
1388:
1380:
1378:1-85532-516-0
1374:
1370:
1363:
1348:
1346:9782870951835
1342:
1338:
1337:
1329:
1321:
1319:0-670-61964-7
1315:
1311:
1310:304 & 305
1307:
1306:
1298:
1289:
1283:
1279:
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1271:
1266:
1258:
1252:
1245:
1239:
1233:
1228:
1213:
1209:
1203:
1199:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1151:
1150:Richard Helms
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1134:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1113:
1108:
1107:Elysée Palace
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1083:
1078:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1049:Jacques Faure
1046:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1022:
1016:
1006:
1004:
1000:
990:
986:
983:
979:
976:
972:
971:
965:
963:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
936:
934:
930:
926:
925:
918:
914:
912:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
890:Jacques Faure
886:
884:
880:
876:
871:
869:
865:
862:. During the
861:
860:
855:
851:
847:
843:
842:
837:
836:Maurice Papon
833:
828:
826:
822:
818:
814:
813:Parachutistes
812:
807:
803:
797:
795:
789:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
755:
752:
744:
734:
730:
724:
723:
718:This section
716:
712:
707:
706:
698:
696:
695:1830 conquest
692:
688:
684:
680:
675:
673:
672:
667:
663:
658:
656:
653:organised in
652:
648:
644:
643:French people
634:
632:
628:
627:on television
623:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
600:
598:
594:
590:
587:
582:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
533:
529:
524:
519:
514:
509:
505:
497:
493:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
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448:
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443:
440:
438:
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430:
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420:
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413:
410:
409:
408:
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398:
395:
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390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
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358:
355:
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350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
312:Philippeville
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
289:
288:
283:
278:
270:
265:
263:
258:
256:
251:
250:
247:
237:
232:
229:
218:
207:
196:
185:
175:
173:
162:
152:
151:
146:
142:
139:Units of the
130:
128:
118:
117:
112:
102:
101:
100:
97:
94:
93:
89:
85:
82:
81:
77:
74:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
47:
42:
39:
34:
29:
22:
4975:
4974:no sign for
4920:Gabon (2023)
4913:Niger (2023)
4906:Sudan (2023)
4829:Niger (2021)
4790:Sudan (2019)
4783:Gabon (2019)
4769:Libya (2016)
4727:Libya (2014)
4706:Egypt (2013)
4685:Sudan (2012)
4650:Niger (2011)
4643:Niger (2010)
4611:Sudan (2008)
4548:Sudan (2004)
4453:Niger (1999)
4411:Niger (1996)
4334:Libya (1993)
4299:Sudan (1992)
4278:Venda (1990)
4243:Sudan (1990)
4225:Sudan (1989)
4190:Benin (1988)
4120:Sudan (1985)
4050:Kenya (1982)
4029:Ghana (1981)
3948:Ghana (1979)
3927:Ghana (1978)
3892:Sudan (1977)
3878:Benin (1977)
3871:Sudan (1976)
3829:Libya (1975)
3822:Sudan (1975)
3801:Niger (1974)
3759:Ghana (1972)
3745:Sudan (1971)
3685:Sudan (1969)
3636:Ghana (1967)
3594:Ghana (1966)
3538:Gabon (1964)
3495:
3459:Coups d'état
3396:
3389:
3305:
3287:Speeches and
3221:Fouchet Plan
3213:
3204:Algerian War
3167:presidential
3129:
3030:World War II
2999:World War I
2891:
2873:
2866:
2852:
2845:
2825:Rolf Steiner
2612:
2601:
2565:Other groups
2541:
2532:
2292:
2252:human rights
2250:War crimes /
2240:
2196:
2095:
2082:Legal status
2074:
2070:French Union
2055:
2000:Deportations
1952:Algerian War
1918:
1899:
1800:
1792:
1780:
1759:
1752:
1741:
1735:Bibliography
1715:
1710:
1703:France Inter
1670:
1648:
1629:
1623:
1611:. Retrieved
1607:
1598:
1587:
1576:
1571:
1551:
1539:. Retrieved
1533:
1523:
1511:. Retrieved
1502:
1488:
1480:
1475:
1465:
1462:Adam Roberts
1457:
1438:
1433:
1422:, retrieved
1416:
1410:
1402:
1397:
1387:
1368:
1362:
1350:. Retrieved
1335:
1328:
1304:
1297:
1288:
1273:
1265:
1251:
1238:
1227:
1215:. Retrieved
1211:
1202:
1160:
1154:
1131:
1130:
1110:
1087:Allen Dulles
1080:
1074:
1045:Pierre Bigot
1042:
1019:
1014:
1012:
996:
987:
968:
966:
961:
948:
938:
922:
920:
915:
908:
887:
883:Robert Buron
872:
863:
857:
839:
829:
809:
799:
791:
769:André Zeller
762:
747:
738:
727:Please help
722:verification
719:
691:départements
676:
669:
666:Ferhat Abbas
659:
640:
631:World War II
624:
620:metropolitan
601:
596:
589:Michel Debré
583:
579:Algerian War
567:André Zeller
517:
491:
489:
411:
405:
404:
342:Sidi Semiane
286:
277:Algerian War
206:André Zeller
172:Michel Debré
114:Belligerents
99:Coup failed
98:
52:André Zeller
38:Algerian War
36:Part of the
4836:Mali (2021)
4815:Mali (2020)
4699:Chad (2013)
4583:Chad (2006)
4569:Togo (2005)
4541:Chad (2004)
4285:Mali (1991)
4264:Chad (1990)
4218:Chad (1989)
4148:Togo (1986)
3843:Chad (1975)
3664:Mali (1968)
3643:Togo (1967)
3531:Togo (1963)
3172:legislative
3071:Free France
2984:Early life
2978:Before WWII
2745:Raoul Salan
2720:Yves Godard
2507:Oujda Group
2317: [
2232: [
2178: [
2085: [
2063:Kabyle myth
2038:Jonnart Law
1970:colonialism
1954:(1954–1962)
1914:(in French)
1906:(in French)
1884:(in French)
1581:(in French)
1535:Vanity Fair
1496:(in French)
1401:De Gaulle:
1308:. pp.
1184:Coup d'état
1065:André Petit
1021:in absentia
1003:legionnaire
999:Ouled Fayet
859:Britannicus
825:Tirailleurs
821:French Army
773:Raoul Salan
687:French Army
641:75% of the
612:Constantine
575:Raoul Salan
543:French Army
528:coup d'état
467:Ouled Sinan
462:Kef Lakhdar
422:Bab El Oued
401:(1959-1961)
357:El Menaouer
337:Oued Zeggar
332:Fellaoucene
217:Raoul Salan
141:French Army
60:Raoul Salan
4992:Categories
3321:depictions
3319:Legacy and
3289:statements
3196:Presidency
3184:referendum
2988:Birthplace
2839:In fiction
2715:Paul Gardy
2693:Leadership
2446:Tizi Ouzou
2367:Legacy and
2351:referendum
2254:violations
2175:Chronology
1988:Atrocities
1960:Background
1865:Audio help
1856:2017-11-29
1762:New York:
1479:pp. 46–47
1133:Paese Sera
993:Casualties
980:") in the
879:Jean Morin
741:April 2017
701:Chronology
347:Agounennda
307:El Djorf I
5088:War scare
4968:self-coup
3147:1945–1958
3076:Campaigns
3039:Battle of
2369:aftermath
2285:Reactions
2150:(1947–49)
2144:(1946–54)
2097:Pied noir
2076:Indigénat
2052:policies
1276:, p. 674
1270:Nohlen, D
904:and the
898:left-wing
811:Chasseurs
671:pied noir
545:generals
477:Kef Afoul
317:Blue Bird
302:Véronique
297:Boukerker
3417:Category
3343:Gaullism
3310: !"
3003:5th Army
2969:Life and
2662:Activity
2603:Category
2123:Cold War
1901:Le Monde
1892:Archived
1867: ·
1766:, 1991.
1424:29 April
1352:22 April
1173:See also
1112:Le Monde
1101:and the
1099:Pentagon
1082:Il Paese
1036:for the
949:en masse
864:entracte
848:, where
569:(former
557:(former
549:(former
472:Guergour
437:Bouk’hil
432:Boutaleb
397:Jumelles
367:Timimoun
352:Bouzegza
322:Palestro
83:Location
3364:Related
2885:Related
2762:members
2760:Notable
2614:Commons
2441:El Oued
2431:Algiers
2261:Torture
1968:Settler
1904:, 2001
1889:Article
1854: (
1825:minutes
1392:nation.
973:(lit. "
819:of the
685:"; the
637:Context
604:Algiers
561:of the
452:Flawcen
442:Nasinsa
377:Borders
327:Algiers
3241:May 68
3041:France
2995:Family
2971:career
2577:Harkis
2523:France
2471:Groups
2138:(1944)
1793:Espoir
1770:
1748:, 2011
1746:Fayard
1744:, éd.
1677:
1636:
1613:17 May
1562:
1375:
1343:
1316:
1280:
1217:17 May
1097:, the
1091:Pravda
982:Sahara
978:jerboa
875:Sahara
854:Racine
573:) and
504:French
496:Arabic
362:Essien
95:Result
4807:2020s
4628:2010s
4470:2000s
4235:1990s
3972:1980s
3716:1970s
3467:1960s
3125:Paris
2582:Women
2436:Batna
2410:Films
2321:]
2236:]
2182:]
2089:]
1805:(PDF)
1541:1 May
1513:1 May
1026:death
975:green
888:Gen.
683:junta
417:Paris
406:1960s
287:1950s
3398:Ngol
3383:and
3098:CFLN
1768:ISBN
1717:1961
1675:ISBN
1634:ISBN
1615:2018
1560:ISBN
1543:2017
1515:2017
1426:2007
1373:ISBN
1354:2013
1341:ISBN
1314:ISBN
1278:ISBN
1219:2018
1095:NATO
1063:and
1013:The
830:The
771:and
610:and
608:Oran
490:The
427:Oran
75:Date
62:and
3093:CNF
2167:War
1898:in
1721:hdl
1103:CIA
1030:OAS
1024:to
906:NGO
902:CGT
856:'s
785:OAS
731:by
565:),
510:or
4994::
2319:fr
2234:fr
2180:fr
2087:fr
1879:,
1823:12
1689:^
1659:^
1606:.
1558:,
1532:.
1312:.
1210:.
1059:,
1055:,
1051:,
1047:,
1040:.
1005:.
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767:,
606:,
506::
502:;
498::
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3078:)
3074:(
2936:e
2929:t
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2633:v
1944:e
1937:t
1930:v
1871:)
1863:(
1858:)
1827:)
1820:(
1727:.
1723::
1683:.
1642:.
1617:.
1566:.
1545:.
1517:.
1405:.
1381:.
1356:.
1322:.
1259:.
1221:.
754:)
748:(
743:)
739:(
725:.
520:(
494:(
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23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
