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capture, hoping to use Ben M'hidi's rivalry with Ben Bella to undermine the FLN. Judge Bérard had suggested to
Aussaresses that Ben M'hidi should be poisoned with cyanide in an apparent suicide and later in a meeting of Massu, Trinquier and Aussaresses it was decided that Ben M'hidi should not stand trial due to the reprisals that would follow his execution and so Aussaresses and men of the
1072:
from the Casbah. In
February Bigeard's troops captured Yacef's bomb transporter, who under extreme interrogation gave the address of the bomb factory at 5 Impasse de la Grenade. On 19 February the 3e RPC raided the bomb factory finding 87 bombs, 70 kg of explosives, detonators and other material, Yacef's bomb-making organisation within the Casbah had been destroyed.
855:. On the FLN side, a decision was made in late 1956 to embark upon a sustained campaign of urban terrorism designed to show the authority of the French state did not extend to Algiers, Algeria's largest city. Abane Ramdane believed that such a campaign would be the "Algerian Dien Bien Phu" that would force the French out of Algeria. It was decided to deliberately target
1151:
of course". Following interrogation the vast majority of suspects were sent to camps, while those deemed too dangerous were driven to a remote location outside of
Algiers where they were killed and buried. At the end of each night Aussaresses would write a report to Salan and Massu and Governor-General Lacoste.
1101:
Edward Behr estimated that 30-40% of the male population of the Casbah was arrested at some point during the battle. These arrests generally took place at night so that any names revealed under interrogation could be picked up before the curfew lifted in the morning. The suspects would then be handed
1050:
across
Algeria commencing on Monday 28 January. The strike appeared to be a success with most native Algerian shops remaining shuttered, workers failed to turn up and children didn't attend school. However Massu soon deployed his troops and used armored cars to pull the steel shutters off shops while
1071:
While females had not previously been searched in
Algiers; following the Coq Hardi explosion one of the waiters identified the bomber as a woman. Accordingly, female suspects were subsequently searched by metal detectors or physically, limiting the ability of the FLN to continue the bombing campaign
1270:
sealed off Rue Caton and raided Yacef's hideout at No. 3. Yacef and Zohra Drif hid in a wall cavity, but this was soon located by the French troops. Yacef threw a grenade at the French troops but they were eager to take him alive and he and Zohra Drif eventually surrendered. Across the street at No
1237:
On 3 June Yacef's forces planted bombs in street lamps at bus stops in the centre of
Algiers, the explosions killed eight and wounded 90, a mix of French and Algerians. On 9 June a bomb exploded at the Casino on the outskirts of Algiers killing nine and injuring 85. Following the burial of the dead
1173:
On 23 March following a meeting between Massu, Trinquier, Fossy-Francois and
Aussaresses to discuss what was to be done with Ali Boumendjel, Aussaresses went to the prison where Boumendjel was being held and ordered that he be transferred to another building, in the process he was thrown from a 6th
1150:
to run a special interrogation unit based at the Villa des
Tourelles in the Mustapha District of Algiers. High-value suspects and suspects with information relating to matters outside a para regiment's territorial sector would be passed over to Aussaresses' unit, where "torture was used as a matter
1220:
By late March 1957 the FLN organisation within
Algiers had been completely broken, with most of the FLN leadership killed or underground and no bombs went off in Algiers. The 10e DP were withdrawn from the city and redeployed to engage the FLN in the Kabylia. However Yacef set about rebuilding his
1207:
Aussaresses was unapologetic regarding the actions he had undertaken during the battle, he said that "The justice system would have been paralyzed had it not been for our initiative. Many terrorists would have been freed and given the opportunity of launching other attacks..The judicial system was
1017:
There were no written orders from the government of Guy Mollet to use torture or engage in extrajudicial executions, but numerous Army officers have stated that they received verbal permission to use whatever means necessary to break the FLN including the use of torture and extrajudicial killings.
1012:
institute zones where stay is regulated or forbidden; to place any person whose activity would prove dangerous to public security and order under house arrest, under surveillance or not; to regulate public meetings, shows, bars; to order declaration of weapons, ammunition and explosives, and order
1297:
The FLN losses are impossible to determine accurately. In addition to the publicised FLN deaths there were many who simply disappeared. Paul
Teitgen, general secretary of the Prefecture of Algiers who resigned in March 1957 (but was kept in his post by Governor-General Lacoste until October 1957)
1165:
On 25 February Trinqier's intelligence sources located Ben M'hidi who was captured in his pyjamas by Paras at Rue Claude-Debussy. On 6 March it was announced that Ben M'hidi had committed suicide by hanging himself with his shirt. Bigeard had spent several days meeting with Ben M'hidi after his
1274:
On the evening of 8 October the 1e REP surrounded Ali La Pointe's hideout at 5 Rue de s Abderames. The paratroops laid charges to blow away the false partition behind which Ali and his comrades were hiding, unfortunately the explosion detonated a store of bombs destroying the house and several
1093:
Trinquier operated an intelligence gathering network throughout the city called the Dispositif de Protection Urbaine (DPU) which divided Algiers into sectors, sub-sectors, blocks and buildings each individually numbered. For each block a trusted Muslim French Army veteran was appointed as the
1338:
The battle of Algiers was produced in 1966 directed by Italian filmmaker Gillo Pontecorvo and written by Franco Solinas as well as Gillo Pontecorvo. It's based on events by rebels during the Algerian War. It received critical acclaim worldwide, and was banned from being shown in France until
1262:
On 26 August following intelligence gained by Godard's operatives, the 3e RPC raided a house in the Impasse Saint-Vincent where Yacef's new bomb-maker and deputy were believed to be hiding. After suffering several casualties trying to capture the two alive, both men were eventually killed.
781:'s government put an end to the policy of negotiations. Ben M'Hidi decided to extend terrorist actions to the European city as to touch more urban populations, Arab bourgeoisie in particular, and use Algiers to advertise his cause in metropolitan France and in the International community.
1038:
On the afternoon of Saturday 26 January, female FLN operatives again planted bombs in European Algiers, the targets were the Otomatic on Rue Michelet, the Cafeteria and the Coq-Hardi brasserie. The explosions killed 4 and wounded 50 and a native Algerian was killed by
1051:
army trucks rounded up workers and schoolchildren and forced them to attend their jobs and studies. Within a few days the strike had been broken. The bombings however continued and in mid-February female FLN operatives planted bombs at the Municipal Stadium and the
632:(FLN) against the French authorities in Algiers, and by the French authorities, army, and French terrorist organizations against the FLN. Both sides targeted civilians throughout the battle. The conflict began with attacks by the FLN against the French forces and
1527:
The crux of the confrontation is centered on Algiers, in what is commonly called the "battle of Algiers" (expression used by the French army) or "the great repression of Algiers" (term taken up by the historian Gilbert Meynier who adopted the name of Algerian
1133:, was arrested by the Paras at Audin's apartment the following day he was told by Audin that he had been tortured. Audin was never seen again and it is believed that he either died while being interrogated or was summarily executed. Alleg was subjected to the
746:, who had assumed command in Algiers following Bitat's arrest, was ordered to "shoot down any European, from 18 to 54. No women, no children, no elder." A series of random attacks in the city followed with 49 civilians shot by the FLN between 21 and 24 June.
1013:
their surrendering or seek and confiscate them; the order and authorise perquisitions of homes by day or night; to decide on penalties imposed as reparations of damage to public and private property to anyone found to have helped the rebellion in any way.
1301:
As details of the use of torture and summary executions became public in the years following the battle and the end of the Algerian War, the French victory and the reputations of many of the commanders became tainted by the methods used in the battle.
792:
and Samia Lakhdari, carried out the first series of bomb attacks on three civilian targets in European Algiers. The bombs at the Milk Bar Café on Place Bugeaud and the Cafeteria on Rue Michelet killed 3 and injured 50, while the bomb at the
1224:
In April one of Yacef's collaborators, Djamila Bouhired was arrested by a French patrol, Yacef following her and disguised as a woman attempted to shoot her, but only succeeded in wounding her and Yacef fled back into the Casbah.
867:
and President of the Federation of Mayors of Algeria, outside his home. The following day, a bomb exploded in the cemetery where Froger was to be buried; enraged European civilians responded by carrying out random revenge attacks
3733:
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1003:
over the territory of the Algier department, responsibility for riot control is transferred, from the publication date of this decree, to the military authority that shall exercise police powers normally devoted to civilian
1030:
with each allotted to a Regimental command. The troops cordoned off each section, established checkpoints and conducted house-to-house searches throughout their areas of responsibility. A unit of the 11e Choc raided the
859:
citizens as a way of breaking French power as one FLN directive put it: "A bomb causing the death of ten people and wounding fifty others is the equivalent on the psychological level to the loss of a French battalion."
1298:
over the use of torture by French forces calculated that over 24,000 Algerians had been arrested during the battle and by subtracting those released or still in captivity estimated that as many as 3,000 were missing.
1253:
to try to agree a deal whereby attacks on civilians would stop in return for the French ceasing to guillotine members of the FLN. During this period a number of FLN bombs were planted but with no civilian casualties.
1233:
In early May two paratroopers were shot in the street by the FLN, their comrades led by one of Trinquier's informers attacked a bath-house which was believed to be an FLN hideout, killing almost 80 Algerians.
1984:
1055:
Stadium in Algiers killing 10 and injuring 45. After visiting Algiers, a clearly shocked defense minister Maurice Bourgès-Maunoury told General Massu after the bombings: "We must finish these people off!"
3447:
3738:
3466:
3454:
2603:
1204:, secretary general of the French police in Algiers in 1957, Bigeard put the victim's feet in a basin, poured quick-setting cement in and threw the person into the sea from a helicopter.
3515:
755:
3442:
390:
580:
2696:
3167:
937:
711:
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784:
Yacef Saâdi proceeded to establish an organisation based within the Casbah. On the evening of 30 September 1956, a trio of female FLN militants recruited by Yacef Saâdi,
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989:
600:
331:
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La Question is a French film based on the atrocities that took place in Algeria, it follows a Newspaper editor who is sympathetic to the Algerian cause.
3160:
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825:
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707:
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During the battle the use of torture by the French security forces became institutionalised, the techniques ranging from beatings, electroshock (the
376:
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that resulted in five Algerians dead and more than 50 injured. As a result of this upturn in violence the 10e DP was again deployed to Algiers.
800:
On 22 October 1956, a Moroccan DC-3 plane ferrying the foreign affairs personnel of the FLN from Rabat to Tunis for a conference with President
2167:
1119:, sexual assault and rape. The use of torture was not restricted to native Algerians: some French FLN sympathisers were also subjected to it.
3153:
3145:
996:
2914:
974:
1286:
The battle was the first clearly definable French victory of the war. The Paras and their commanders enjoyed immense popularity with the
2701:
1951:
3759:
2129:
930:
919:(chief of staff), all of whom were experienced in counter-insurgency and revolutionary warfare and determined to avoid another defeat.
680:
to take the political direction of the city in hand. In a short time, Ramdane managed to revive the FLN in Algiers. On 20 August 1955,
3418:
3093:
2300:
1162:. After attempting suicide Boumendjel volunteered everything he knew, including his involvement in the murder of a European family.
1123:, a Communist university professor, was arrested by the Paras on 11 June on suspicion of harboring and aiding FLN operatives; after
1102:
over to the Détachement Operationnel de Protection (DOP) for interrogation after which they would either be released or passed to a
3774:
1278:
The capture of Yacef and the death of Ali la Pointe marked the defeat of the FLN in the city and the end of the Battle of Algiers.
3707:
3532:
2554:
3341:
2872:
2464:
1065:
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1170:(1e RCP) removed him from Bigeard's custody and drove him to a farm outside Algiers where they faked his suicide by hanging.
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560:
500:
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3006:
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On 23 September a courier for Yacef was arrested by Godard's men. At 5am on 24 September the 1e REP commanded by Colonel
644:", aided by the police. Reprisals followed and the violence escalated, leading the French Governor-General to deploy the
629:
115:
3498:
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who, operating outside legal frameworks between January and September 1957, eliminated the FLN from Algiers. The use of
3011:
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20:
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1945:
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734:
Map of Algiers showing: Muslim quarters (green), European quarters (orange) and attacks by the FLN and counterattacks
1026:
The 10e DP deployed into Algiers the following week. The city had been divided into squares under a system known as
892:(10e DP), and explained that, as the Algiers police force was incapable of dealing with the FLN and controlling the
3712:
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1362:
889:
1322:
Lost Command is a war film based on the experiences of French paratroopers in French Indochina and French Algeria.
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691:. During the summer of 1956, secret negotiations between the French and Algerian separatists took place in
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neighbouring buildings, killing Ali, his two comrades and 17 other Algerians in neighbouring houses.
505:
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2159:
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headquarteres and took away all files on FLN suspects and then proceeded to conduct mass arrests.
3583:
3359:
2725:
2509:
681:
485:
435:
420:
1086:
Meanwhile, Godard had been mapping out the operational structure of the FLN in Algiers with his
3779:
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958:
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131:
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1935:
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block-warden responsible for reporting all suspicious activities in his block. Many of these
545:
460:
455:
3277:
2394:
2137:
903:. An elite unit, it was officered by many veterans of the Indochina War, including Colonels
835:
was promoted to commander in chief of the army of Algeria. Salan was adept in the theory of
742:
at the Barberousse Prison. Abane Ramdane ordered immediate reprisals against the French and
3605:
3394:
3365:
3214:
2919:
2830:
2546:
1191:
863:
On 28 December 1956, an FLN activist Ali la Pointe assassinated Amédé Froger, the Mayor of
763:
targeted at the FLN responsible for the June shootings, the explosion killed 73 residents.
657:
470:
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8:
3588:
3400:
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3055:
3049:
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4, Ali La Pointe escaped the French cordon and went to another safe-house in the Casbah.
840:
771:
440:
199:
182:
2401:
1212:
were therefore an inseparable part of the tasks associated with keeping law and order."
809:
3625:
3610:
3595:
3388:
2730:
2212:
896:, Massu was to be granted full responsibility for the maintenance of order in Algiers.
836:
767:
520:
490:
475:
445:
2578:
3655:
3423:
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2745:
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2360:
2342:
2324:
2306:
2286:
2268:
2250:
2216:
1941:
1547:
1543:
Germaine Tillion, Lucie Aubrac, and the Politics of Memories of the French Resistance
1516:
1463:
1267:
1209:
760:
625:
306:
302:
49:
719:
67:
30 September 1956 – 24 September 1957 (11 months, 3 weeks and 4 days)
2820:
2813:
2405:
2204:
1333:
1250:
1147:
817:
785:
320:
242:
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2867:
1143:, which detailed his final meeting with Audin and his own experience of torture.
226:
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in Algiers to suppress the FLN. Civilian authorities gave full powers to General
415:
291:
3484:
2909:
2533:
2516:
1159:
904:
881:
821:
688:
269:
80:
2265:
The Battle of the Casbah: Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism in Algeria 1955-1957
2208:
743:
221:
3753:
3301:
3064:
2428:
2415:
2192:"The Illegitimate Legitimacy of the Battle of Algiers in French Film Culture"
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1116:
885:
848:
750:
715:
673:
649:
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550:
258:
238:
187:
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53:
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and this sense of exuberance and strength would reach its zenith during the
636:(European settlers) followed by a terrorist attack on Algerian civilians in
43:
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2473:
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1201:
1178:
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400:
35:
3028:
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1124:
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916:
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832:
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and illegal executions by the French later caused controversy in France.
645:
280:
210:
2402:
British H-Bomb Fired As Debate On Atom Test Ban Rages, 1957/06/03 (1957)
3434:
985:
794:
789:
778:
739:
2618:
1979:
801:
730:
633:
3699:
3647:
2644:
1090:, each arrest and interrogation revealed new organisational cells.
864:
692:
1975:"Après deux ans de polémique, l'État "enterre" le général Bigeard"
999:
signed a delegation of powers to General Massu, stipulating that:
1052:
677:
653:
637:
76:
1158:(2e RCP) arrested a prominent young lawyer and FLN sympathiser
1075:
951:
368:
1635:
1633:
3098:
706:
began to organise themselves into a paramilitary group under
1139:
and waterboarding; following his release, he wrote his book
1937:
Torture and the Twilight of Empire: From Algiers to Baghdad
1630:
1249:
In July informal negotiations took place between Yacef and
696:
684:
around Philippeville, drastically escalating the conflict.
2940:
1507:
Zancarini-Fournel, Michelle; Delacroix, Christian (2010).
1506:
774:
and Yacef Saâdi were ordered to prepare for an offensive.
687:
In 1956, the "Algerian question" was to be debated at the
672:, head of the FLN in Algiers, was arrested by the French.
967:
two Intervention and Reconnaissance detachments (650 men)
847:, Colonel Goussault (psychological operations), General
770:, the FLN adopted a policy of indiscriminate terrorism.
3734:
List of participants in the invasion of Algiers in 1830
899:
The 5,000 man strong 10e DP had just returned from the
2283:
La guerre d'Algérie, tome 1 (Les fils de la Toussaint)
2863:
1961 French referendum on Algerian self-determination
1064:
The Casbah fell under the control of Bigeard and his
749:
On the night of 10 August 1956, helped by members of
640:
by a group of settlers, part of the terrorist group "
1686:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 205–206.
922:
In addition to the 10e DP, Massu's forces included:
738:On 19 June 1956 two FLN prisoners were executed by
2190:
797:terminus failed to explode due to a faulty timer.
3751:
1903:
1915:
1867:
1855:
1831:
1743:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 207.
1659:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 202.
1644:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 201.
1215:
759:, Achiary planted a bomb at Thèbes Road in the
2098:
1999:
1879:
1843:
3161:
2532:
2458:
2197:International Journal of Postcolonial Studies
1933:
1546:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 69.
1181:on Algerians who were murdered on so-called "
384:
2472:
1134:
1110:
1076:Intelligence, torture and summary executions
676:, recently freed from prison, was sent from
2262:
2104:
2088:
2086:
2005:
1921:
1909:
1885:
1873:
1861:
1849:
1837:
1795:
1710:
1708:
1695:
1693:
1608:
1606:
1539:
16:Urban guerilla campaign in the Algerian War
3168:
3154:
2465:
2451:
2357:Histoire de la Guerre d'Algérie, 1954-1962
2336:
2035:
1533:
1490:
1488:
1208:not suited for such drastic conditions...
1021:
391:
377:
3094:Defectors from the French army to the ALN
2280:
2110:
2047:
2023:
1973:Boitiaux, Charlotte (November 20, 2012).
1891:
1819:
1807:
1720:
1591:
1578:
1576:
1574:
872:), killing four Muslims and injuring 50.
843:as his lieutenants, most notably General
628:and terrorist attacks carried out by the
307:
19:For other battles in the same place, see
2302:A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954-1962
2083:
2071:
2059:
2011:
1972:
1783:
1771:
1759:
1747:
1705:
1690:
1663:
1618:
1603:
729:
3708:1920 Algerian Political Rights Petition
3499:Battle of the Col des Beni Aïcha (1871)
3443:Allegiance to Mohamed ben Zamoum (1830)
3419:Battle of the Col des Beni Aïcha (1846)
2249:, Éditions de Minuit (published 2008),
1585:Escadrons de la mort, l'école française
1485:
1431:
1059:
52:destroyed in the explosion that killed
3752:
3739:List of participants in Mokrani Revolt
2323:, Smithsonian Books (published 2006),
2318:
2188:
1571:
1452:Histoire intérieure du FLN (1954-1962)
875:
3713:1943 Manifesto of the Algerian People
3149:
2980:Memorial to the Liberation of Algeria
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2354:
2298:
2244:
2160:"The 500 Greatest Movies Of All Time"
2116:
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2017:
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1513:France in the Present Time, 1945-2005
1509:La France du temps présent, 1945-2005
1494:
1437:
1305:
961:Regiment (350 armored cavalry troops)
372:
3467:Allegiance to Emir Abdelkader (1833)
3455:Allegiance to Emir Abdelkader (1832)
3342:Expedition of the Col des Beni Aïcha
3184:Conflicts between France and Algeria
3130:
2380:French military images of the battle
2305:, New York Review (published 2006),
1954:from the original on 21 October 2022
975:Compagnies républicaines de sécurité
880:On 7 January 1957, Governor-General
1393:
1154:On 9 February, paratroopers of the
964:the 25th Dragoon Regiment (400 men)
884:summoned General Salan and General
620:) was a campaign fought during the
13:
3243:
2263:Aussaresses, General Paul (2010),
1934:Marnia Lazreg (13 December 2016).
1098:would be assassinated by the FLN.
1046:In late January the FLN called an
14:
3791:
2676:Massacre of 14 July 1953 in Paris
2373:
1987:from the original on July 6, 2022
3177:
3129:
3119:
3118:
2404:is available for viewing at the
1741:Algeria: France's Undeclared War
1684:Algeria: France's Undeclared War
1657:Algeria: France's Undeclared War
1642:Algeria: France's Undeclared War
1515:] (in French). p. 270.
1363:Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation
984:(1,500 men), mostly composed of
398:
325:
314:
296:
285:
274:
263:
252:
232:
225:
215:
204:
193:
186:
176:
165:
154:
124:
109:
42:
3775:Torture during the Algerian War
2238:
2223:from the original on 2021-10-21
2182:
2170:from the original on 2015-11-04
2152:
2122:
1966:
1927:
1732:
1675:
1648:
1560:from the original on 2023-04-18
1482:, p. 156-157, Paris, Plon, 1958
1372:Torture during the Algerian War
1257:
1228:
1168:1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment
1156:2nd Parachute Chasseur Regiment
1082:Torture during the Algerian War
1066:3rd Colonial Parachute Regiment
3718:Declaration of 1 November 1954
3516:Battle of Bordj Menaïel (1871)
3197:Declaration of 1 November 1954
2714:Declaration of 1 November 1954
1500:
1472:
1443:
1406:
1383:
1200:, after Bigeard. According to
1174:floor skybridge to his death.
954:Regiment (based in the Casbah)
940:(external intelligence agency)
933:(domestic intelligence agency)
804:and the Sultan of Morocco was
756:Union française nord-africaine
725:
92:
48:The remains of a house in the
1:
3760:Battle of Algiers (1956–1957)
3235:Bombardment of Algiers (1688)
3230:Bombardment of Algiers (1683)
3225:Bombardment of Algiers (1682)
3220:French-Algerian War 1681–1688
2836:Proposed partition of Algeria
1583:Robin, Marie-Monique (2008).
1424:
1221:organisation within Algiers.
663:
358:1,000–3,000 killed or missing
2927:Effects in Algerian politics
1347:(1977) by Laurent Heynemann
1281:
1216:Interlude and reorganisation
1185:". The victims were called "
945:11th Parachute Choc Regiment
7:
3273:Invasion of Algiers in 1830
2542:Algerian popular resistance
2337:Pellissier, Pierre (2002),
1356:
1106:for further interrogation.
839:; he chose veterans of the
777:Peace talks broke down and
618:great repression of Algiers
10:
3796:
3377:Battle of Boudouaou (1840)
3354:First Battle of the Issers
3326:French conquest of Algeria
3257:French conquest of Algeria
3078:Organisation armée secrète
3019:Algerian National Movement
2741:Hijacking of the FLN plane
2500:French conquest of Algeria
1127:, the Communist editor of
1079:
710:, a former officer of the
18:
3726:
3698:
3646:
3557:
3482:
3433:
3348:First Battle of Boudouaou
3323:
3254:
3241:
3203:
3190:
3116:
3086:
3037:
3007:National Liberation Front
2999:
2992:
2949:1 November 1954 Stadiums
2888:
2855:
2806:
2788:Killing of Saadia Mebarek
2771:
2695:
2688:
2637:
2625:Sétif and Guelma massacre
2488:
2481:
2209:10.1080/13698010701618604
2189:Caillé, Patricia (2007).
1417:grande répression d’Alger
1365:, A similar event in the
851:, and Lieutenant-Colonel
630:National Liberation Front
408:
352:
337:
147:
102:
59:
41:
33:
28:
3770:1957 in the Algerian War
3765:1956 in the Algerian War
3504:Battle of Naciria (1871)
3407:Second Assault of Dellys
3024:Algerian Communist Party
3012:National Liberation Army
2793:Charonne subway massacre
2650:Decolonisation of Africa
2391:on the Battle of Algiers
2387:, Video archives of the
2355:Stora, Benjamin (1993),
2299:Horne, Alistair (1977),
2281:Courrière, Yves (1969),
1587:(in French). p. 95.
1462:, p. 326, Fayard, 2002,
1377:
624:. It consisted of urban
3528:Battle of Issers (1871)
3360:First Assault of Dellys
3073:Front Algérie Française
2726:Battle of Philippeville
2395:Pacification in Algeria
1022:Deployment and response
890:10th Parachute Division
3372:Battle Of Ammal (1840)
3290:Second Battle of Blida
3248:
3193:Ministry of Mujahideen
2658:Brazzaville Conference
1739:Evans, Martin (2012).
1682:Evans, Martin (2012).
1655:Evans, Martin (2012).
1640:Evans, Martin (2012).
1480:Les Rebelles algériens
1416:
1401:
1146:Massu appointed Major
1135:
1111:
1015:
1008:Massu was charged to:
1006:
947:(11e Choc) (1,000 men)
735:
148:Commanders and leaders
3683:De Lamoricière Treaty
3494:Battle of Alma (1871)
3413:Battle of Sidi Brahim
3314:Battle of Constantine
3296:Massacre of El Ouffia
3284:First Battle of Blida
3247:
2903:French Fifth Republic
2880:Algerian independence
2341:, Académique Perrin,
2245:Alleg, Henri (1958),
1329:The Battle of Algiers
1238:from the casino, the
1177:The French Army used
1080:Further information:
1010:
1001:
831:In December, General
733:
714:and under-prefect of
658:forced disappearances
353:Casualties and losses
3549:Capture of Touggourt
3395:Battle of Beni Mered
3366:Siege of Constantine
3215:Djidjelli expedition
2920:1962 Algerian crisis
2915:Aftermath in Algeria
2831:Manifesto of the 121
2815:Communauté française
2547:Algerian nationalism
2321:My Battle of Algiers
2319:Morgan, Ted (2005),
1540:Donald Reid (2009).
1104:centre d'hebergement
1060:Battle of the Casbah
1048:8-day general strike
982:Unités territoriales
806:re-routed to Algiers
766:In September at the
3542:Capture of Palestro
3401:Battle of the Smala
3267:Shipwreck of Dellys
3056:Commandos de Chasse
3050:French Armed Forces
2664:First Indochina War
2505:Invasion of Algiers
2425: /
2339:La Bataille d'Alger
1394:معركة مدينة الجزائر
990:Jean-Robert Thomazo
988:and led by Colonel
959:Chasseurs d'Afrique
888:, commander of the
876:The Army takes over
841:First Indochina War
3671:De Bourmont Treaty
3389:Battle of Mazagran
3278:Battle of Staouéli
3249:
3206:Pre-1830 conflicts
2751:Week of barricades
2731:Soummam conference
2551:Attempted reforms
2429:36.7761°N 3.0600°E
2385:http://www.ina.fr/
2130:"Critics' top 100"
1804:, pp. 198–200
1478:Serge Bromberger,
1458:2024-05-22 at the
1306:In popular culture
1210:Summary executions
926:Police (1,100 men)
837:counter-insurgency
768:Soummam conference
736:
682:violence broke out
581:2nd Ouled Bouachra
511:1st Ouled Bouachra
3747:
3746:
3656:Desmichels Treaty
3424:Siege of Laghouat
3143:
3142:
3112:
3111:
3038:Anti-independence
2988:
2987:
2975:Martyrs' Memorial
2851:
2850:
2826:FLN football team
2746:Operation Corsica
2736:Battle of Algiers
2684:
2683:
2670:Malagasy Uprising
2633:
2632:
2359:, la Découverte,
2330:978-0-06-120576-7
2312:978-1-59017-218-6
2274:978-1-929631-30-8
2140:on 19 August 2012
2044:, pp. 209–11
1912:, pp. 134–44
1553:978-1-4438-0722-7
1522:978-2-7011-3386-7
1449:Gilbert Meynier,
1268:Pierre Jeanpierre
1187:crevettes Bigeard
1130:Alger républicain
626:guerrilla warfare
616:(also called the
614:Battle of Algiers
609:
608:
367:
366:
303:Pierre Jeanpierre
98:
97:
50:Casbah of Algiers
29:Battle of Algiers
21:Battle of Algiers
3787:
3691:
3679:
3616:Bab El Bekkouche
3536:
3524:
3512:
3475:
3463:
3451:
3385:
3182:
3181:
3180:
3170:
3163:
3156:
3147:
3146:
3133:
3132:
3122:
3121:
3000:Pro-independence
2997:
2996:
2938:
2937:
2844:
2821:Constantine Plan
2759:
2705:
2693:
2692:
2612:
2530:
2529:
2486:
2485:
2467:
2460:
2453:
2444:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2436:
2435:
2430:
2426:
2423:
2422:
2421:
2418:
2406:Internet Archive
2369:
2351:
2333:
2315:
2295:
2277:
2267:, Enigma Books,
2259:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2228:
2194:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2136:. Archived from
2126:
2120:
2119:, pp. 204–7
2114:
2108:
2105:Aussaresses 2010
2102:
2096:
2090:
2081:
2075:
2069:
2063:
2057:
2056:, pp. 212–6
2051:
2045:
2039:
2033:
2032:, pp. 208–9
2027:
2021:
2015:
2009:
2006:Aussaresses 2010
2003:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1931:
1925:
1924:, pp. 147–8
1922:Aussaresses 2010
1919:
1913:
1910:Aussaresses 2010
1907:
1901:
1900:, pp. 194–5
1895:
1889:
1886:Aussaresses 2010
1883:
1877:
1876:, pp. 121–2
1874:Aussaresses 2010
1871:
1865:
1864:, pp. 120–1
1862:Aussaresses 2010
1859:
1853:
1850:Aussaresses 2010
1847:
1841:
1840:, pp. 75–92
1838:Aussaresses 2010
1835:
1829:
1828:, pp. 200–2
1823:
1817:
1816:, pp. 202–3
1811:
1805:
1799:
1793:
1787:
1781:
1775:
1769:
1763:
1757:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1736:
1730:
1729:, pp. 190–2
1724:
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1687:
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1660:
1652:
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1622:
1616:
1610:
1601:
1600:, pp. 183–4
1595:
1589:
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1492:
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1476:
1470:
1447:
1441:
1435:
1419:
1410:
1404:
1402:Bataille d'Alger
1395:
1387:
1334:Gillo Pontecorvo
1251:Germaine Tillion
1195:
1148:Paul Aussaresses
1138:
1114:
1043:in retaliation.
826:Mostefa Lacheraf
818:Mohammed Boudiaf
810:Hocine Aït Ahmed
786:Djamila Bouhired
772:Larbi Ben M'Hidi
516:Ath Yahia Moussa
496:Bab El Bekkouche
403:
393:
386:
379:
370:
369:
332:Paul-Alain Léger
330:
329:
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321:Paul Aussaresses
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3750:
3749:
3748:
3743:
3722:
3694:
3685:
3673:
3642:
3621:May 1958 crisis
3569:Toussaint Rouge
3553:
3530:
3518:
3506:
3478:
3469:
3457:
3445:
3429:
3379:
3336:Raid on Reghaïa
3319:
3308:Battle of Macta
3250:
3239:
3199:
3186:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3144:
3139:
3108:
3082:
3033:
2984:
2942:
2936:
2898:May 1958 crisis
2890:
2884:
2847:
2838:
2802:
2775:
2773:
2767:
2753:
2720:Toussaint Rouge
2706:
2699:
2680:
2654:
2629:
2606:
2579:Crémieux Decree
2572:Divide and rule
2528:
2491:
2477:
2471:
2434:36.7761; 3.0600
2433:
2431:
2427:
2424:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2411:
2376:
2367:
2349:
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1957:
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1460:Wayback Machine
1448:
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1380:
1367:Malay Peninsula
1359:
1308:
1292:May 1958 crisis
1284:
1260:
1231:
1218:
1198:Bigeard shrimps
1189:
1084:
1078:
1062:
1024:
913:Fossey-François
909:Roger Trinquier
878:
853:Roger Trinquier
828:were arrested.
814:Ahmed Ben Bella
728:
718:at the time of
668:In March 1955,
666:
610:
605:
506:May 1958 crisis
416:Toussaint Rouge
404:
399:
397:
362:
348:1,500 policemen
347:
343:5,000 militants
326:
324:
323:
315:
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297:
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292:Roger Trinquier
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132:French Republic
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5:
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3643:
3641:
3640:
3635:
3633:Algiers putsch
3630:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3586:
3581:
3576:
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3565:
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3551:
3545:
3544:
3538:
3537:
3525:
3513:
3501:
3496:
3490:
3488:
3485:Mokrani Revolt
3480:
3479:
3477:
3476:
3464:
3452:
3439:
3437:
3431:
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3428:
3427:
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2989:
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2985:
2983:
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2970:
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2955:
2946:
2944:
2943:commemorations
2935:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2923:
2922:
2912:
2910:Year of Africa
2907:
2906:
2905:
2894:
2892:
2886:
2885:
2883:
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2877:
2876:
2875:
2865:
2859:
2857:
2856:End of the war
2853:
2852:
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2848:
2846:
2845:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2810:
2808:
2804:
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2800:
2798:Paris massacre
2795:
2790:
2785:
2779:
2777:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2765:
2763:Algiers putsch
2760:
2748:
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2738:
2733:
2728:
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2615:
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2582:
2569:
2568:
2567:
2565:1943 manifesto
2562:
2557:
2549:
2544:
2538:
2536:
2534:French Algeria
2527:
2526:
2525:
2524:
2517:Mokrani Revolt
2514:
2513:
2512:
2507:
2496:
2494:
2483:
2479:
2478:
2470:
2469:
2462:
2455:
2447:
2409:
2408:
2398:
2392:
2382:
2375:
2374:External links
2372:
2371:
2370:
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2311:
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2278:
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2181:
2166:. 2015-10-02.
2151:
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2109:
2097:
2082:
2070:
2058:
2046:
2034:
2022:
2010:
1998:
1965:
1946:
1940:. p. 53.
1926:
1914:
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1528:nationalists).
1521:
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1497:, p. 188.
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1160:Ali Boumendjel
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934:
927:
905:Marcel Bigeard
882:Robert Lacoste
877:
874:
822:Mohamed Khider
727:
724:
720:Sétif massacre
689:United Nations
665:
662:
607:
606:
604:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
571:Ouled Rashache
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
536:Algiers putsch
527:
526:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
443:
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
409:
406:
405:
396:
395:
388:
381:
373:
365:
364:
359:
355:
354:
350:
349:
346:8,000 soldiers
344:
340:
339:
335:
334:
270:Marcel Bigeard
249:
150:
149:
145:
144:
143:
142:
135:
134:
120:
118:
105:
104:
100:
99:
96:
95:
89:
85:
84:
81:French Algeria
75:
73:
69:
68:
65:
57:
56:
39:
38:
31:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3792:
3781:
3780:Urban warfare
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3725:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3697:
3689:
3684:
3681:
3677:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3666:Évian Accords
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3653:
3651:
3649:
3645:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3628:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3591:
3587:
3585:
3584:Philippeville
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3562:
3561:
3556:
3550:
3547:
3546:
3543:
3540:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3526:
3522:
3517:
3514:
3510:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3487:
3486:
3481:
3473:
3468:
3465:
3461:
3456:
3453:
3449:
3444:
3441:
3440:
3438:
3436:
3432:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3414:
3411:
3408:
3405:
3402:
3399:
3396:
3393:
3390:
3387:
3383:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3367:
3364:
3361:
3358:
3355:
3352:
3349:
3346:
3343:
3340:
3337:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3329:
3327:
3322:
3315:
3312:
3309:
3306:
3303:
3302:Battle of Sig
3300:
3297:
3294:
3291:
3288:
3285:
3282:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3260:
3258:
3253:
3246:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3208:
3207:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3189:
3185:
3171:
3166:
3164:
3159:
3157:
3152:
3151:
3148:
3138:
3137:
3128: /
3127:
3126:
3115:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3085:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3067:
3066:
3065:La Main Rouge
3062:
3058:
3057:
3053:
3052:
3051:
3048:
3047:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3036:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3002:
2998:
2995:
2991:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2941:Monuments and
2939:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2887:
2881:
2878:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2869:
2868:Évian Accords
2866:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2854:
2842:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2816:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2805:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2770:
2764:
2761:
2757:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2721:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2707:of key events
2703:
2698:
2694:
2691:
2687:
2677:
2674:
2671:
2668:
2665:
2662:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2638:Other factors
2636:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2620:
2616:
2610:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2599:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2580:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2555:1920 petition
2553:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2531:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2518:
2515:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2487:
2484:
2480:
2475:
2468:
2463:
2461:
2456:
2454:
2449:
2448:
2445:
2441:
2438:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2396:
2393:
2390:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2368:
2362:
2358:
2353:
2350:
2348:2-2620-1865-0
2344:
2340:
2335:
2332:
2326:
2322:
2317:
2314:
2308:
2304:
2303:
2297:
2294:
2288:
2284:
2279:
2276:
2270:
2266:
2261:
2258:
2256:2-7073-0175-2
2252:
2248:
2243:
2242:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2193:
2185:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2155:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2125:
2118:
2113:
2107:, p. 166
2106:
2101:
2095:, p. 218
2094:
2089:
2087:
2080:, p. 217
2079:
2074:
2068:, p. 212
2067:
2062:
2055:
2050:
2043:
2038:
2031:
2026:
2020:, p. 211
2019:
2014:
2008:, p. 128
2007:
2002:
1986:
1983:(in French).
1982:
1981:
1976:
1969:
1953:
1949:
1947:9780691173481
1943:
1939:
1938:
1930:
1923:
1918:
1911:
1906:
1899:
1894:
1888:, p. 145
1887:
1882:
1875:
1870:
1863:
1858:
1852:, p. 119
1851:
1846:
1839:
1834:
1827:
1822:
1815:
1810:
1803:
1798:
1792:, p. 199
1791:
1786:
1780:, p. 198
1779:
1774:
1768:, p. 194
1767:
1762:
1756:, p. 193
1755:
1750:
1742:
1735:
1728:
1723:
1717:, p. 192
1716:
1711:
1709:
1702:, p. 190
1701:
1696:
1694:
1685:
1678:
1672:, p. 187
1671:
1666:
1658:
1651:
1643:
1636:
1634:
1627:, p. 186
1626:
1621:
1615:, p. 184
1614:
1609:
1607:
1599:
1594:
1586:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1559:
1555:
1549:
1545:
1544:
1536:
1529:
1524:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1503:
1496:
1491:
1489:
1481:
1475:
1469:
1468:2-213-61377-X
1465:
1461:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1446:
1440:, p. 571
1439:
1434:
1430:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1403:
1399:
1391:
1386:
1382:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1321:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1314:
1310:
1309:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1279:
1276:
1272:
1269:
1264:
1255:
1252:
1247:
1245:
1241:
1235:
1226:
1222:
1213:
1211:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1193:
1188:
1184:
1183:death flights
1180:
1175:
1171:
1169:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1149:
1144:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1131:
1126:
1122:
1121:Maurice Audin
1118:
1117:waterboarding
1113:
1107:
1105:
1099:
1097:
1091:
1089:
1083:
1073:
1069:
1067:
1057:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1042:
1036:
1034:
1029:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1005:
1000:
998:
991:
987:
983:
979:
976:
972:
969:
966:
963:
960:
956:
953:
949:
946:
942:
939:
935:
932:
928:
925:
924:
923:
920:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
901:Suez campaign
897:
895:
891:
887:
883:
873:
871:
866:
861:
858:
854:
850:
849:Robert Allard
846:
842:
838:
834:
829:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
798:
796:
791:
787:
782:
780:
775:
773:
769:
764:
762:
758:
757:
752:
751:Robert Martel
747:
745:
741:
732:
723:
721:
717:
716:Constantinois
713:
709:
708:André Achiary
705:
700:
698:
694:
690:
685:
683:
679:
675:
674:Abane Ramdane
671:
661:
659:
655:
651:
650:Jacques Massu
647:
643:
642:La Main Rouge
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
533:
532:
531:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
436:Philippeville
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
413:
412:
407:
402:
394:
389:
387:
382:
380:
375:
374:
371:
360:
357:
356:
351:
345:
342:
341:
336:
333:
322:
310:
304:
293:
282:
271:
260:
259:Jacques Massu
250:
248:
246:
240:
239:Ali la Pointe
228:
223:
212:
201:
189:
184:
173:
172:Krim Belkacem
162:
161:Abane Ramdane
152:
151:
146:
141:
140:La Main Rouge
138:
137:
133:
122:
121:
119:
117:
107:
106:
101:
94:
90:
87:
86:
82:
78:
74:
71:
70:
66:
63:
62:
58:
55:
54:Ali la Pointe
51:
45:
40:
37:
32:
27:
22:
3661:Tafna Treaty
3626:
3600:
3589:
3560:Algerian War
3558:
3483:
3324:
3255:
3204:
3134:
3123:
3087:Other groups
3063:
3054:
2814:
2774:human rights
2772:War crimes /
2735:
2718:
2617:
2604:Legal status
2596:
2592:French Union
2577:
2522:Deportations
2474:Algerian War
2410:
2400:A film clip
2356:
2338:
2320:
2301:
2282:
2264:
2246:
2239:Bibliography
2225:. Retrieved
2200:
2196:
2184:
2172:. Retrieved
2163:
2154:
2142:. Retrieved
2138:the original
2133:
2124:
2112:
2100:
2073:
2061:
2049:
2037:
2025:
2013:
2001:
1989:. Retrieved
1978:
1968:
1956:. Retrieved
1936:
1929:
1917:
1905:
1893:
1881:
1869:
1857:
1845:
1833:
1821:
1809:
1797:
1785:
1773:
1761:
1749:
1740:
1734:
1722:
1683:
1677:
1665:
1656:
1650:
1641:
1620:
1593:
1584:
1562:. Retrieved
1542:
1535:
1526:
1512:
1508:
1502:
1479:
1474:
1451:
1445:
1433:
1408:
1385:
1344:
1327:
1313:Lost Command
1311:
1300:
1296:
1287:
1285:
1277:
1273:
1265:
1261:
1258:FLN defeated
1248:
1243:
1239:
1236:
1232:
1229:Second phase
1223:
1219:
1206:
1202:Paul Teitgen
1197:
1179:cement shoes
1176:
1172:
1164:
1153:
1145:
1128:
1108:
1103:
1100:
1096:responsables
1095:
1092:
1088:organigramme
1087:
1085:
1070:
1063:
1045:
1040:
1037:
1027:
1025:
1016:
1011:
1007:
1004:authorities.
1002:
994:
970:55 gendarmes
921:
898:
893:
879:
869:
862:
856:
830:
799:
783:
776:
765:
754:
748:
737:
703:
701:
686:
667:
622:Algerian War
617:
613:
611:
529:
528:
466:Sidi Semiane
450:
410:
401:Algerian War
244:
103:Belligerents
36:Algerian War
34:Part of the
3686: [
3674: [
3638:Bab El Oued
3531: [
3519: [
3507: [
3470: [
3458: [
3446: [
3435:Allegiances
3380: [
3328:: 1837-1870
3259:: 1830-1836
3029:Oujda Group
2839: [
2754: [
2700: [
2607: [
2585:Kabyle myth
2560:Jonnart Law
2492:colonialism
2476:(1954–1962)
2432: /
2247:La Question
1345:La Question
1318:Mark Robson
1190: [
1141:La Question
1125:Henri Alleg
1028:quadrillage
997:Serge Baret
917:Yves Godard
845:André Dulac
833:Raoul Salan
744:Yacef Saâdi
726:First phase
670:Rabah Bitat
646:French Army
634:Pieds-Noirs
591:Ouled Sinan
586:Kef Lakhdar
546:Bab El Oued
525:(1959-1961)
481:El Menaouer
461:Oued Zeggar
456:Fellaoucene
363:900 wounded
281:Yves Godard
222:Yacef Saâdi
211:Saad Dahlab
3754:Categories
3606:Agounennda
3579:El Djorf I
2968:Tizi Ouzou
2889:Legacy and
2873:referendum
2776:violations
2697:Chronology
2510:Atrocities
2482:Background
2417:36°46′34″N
2366:270714293X
2292:2213611181
2285:, Fayard,
2227:2021-07-14
2134:bfi.org.uk
2117:Horne 1977
2093:Horne 1977
2078:Horne 1977
2066:Horne 1977
2054:Horne 1977
2042:Horne 1977
2030:Horne 1977
2018:Horne 1977
1958:21 October
1898:Horne 1977
1826:Horne 1977
1814:Horne 1977
1802:Horne 1977
1790:Horne 1977
1778:Horne 1977
1766:Horne 1977
1754:Horne 1977
1727:Horne 1977
1715:Horne 1977
1700:Horne 1977
1670:Horne 1977
1625:Horne 1977
1613:Horne 1977
1598:Horne 1977
1564:2023-04-16
1495:Horne 1977
1438:Horne 1977
1425:References
1332:(1966) by
1316:(1966) by
1288:Pied-noirs
1242:started a
1240:Pied-Noirs
1068:(3e RPC).
1041:Pied-Noirs
986:Pied-Noirs
894:Pied-noirs
795:Air France
790:Zohra Drif
779:Guy Mollet
740:guillotine
704:Pied-noirs
664:Background
471:Agounennda
431:El Djorf I
361:300 killed
3700:Documents
3590:Blue Bird
3574:Véronique
2891:aftermath
2807:Reactions
2672:(1947–49)
2666:(1946–54)
2619:Pied noir
2598:Indigénat
2574:policies
2420:3°03′36″E
2217:162359222
1980:France 24
1282:Aftermath
1244:ratonnade
977:(920 men)
870:ratonnade
857:pied-noir
802:Bourguiba
601:Kef Afoul
441:Blue Bird
426:Véronique
421:Boukerker
200:Benkhedda
93:aftermath
3648:Treaties
3627:Jumelles
3611:Bouzegza
3596:Palestro
3125:Category
2645:Cold War
2221:Archived
2174:14 March
2168:Archived
2144:14 March
1991:June 25,
1985:Archived
1952:Archived
1558:Archived
1456:Archived
1357:See also
1196:", lit.
995:Prefect
957:the 5th
950:the 9th
865:Boufarik
693:Belgrade
596:Guergour
561:Bouk’hil
556:Boutaleb
521:Jumelles
491:Timimoun
476:Bouzegza
446:Palestro
338:Strength
72:Location
3601:Algiers
3136:Commons
2963:El Oued
2953:Algiers
2783:Torture
2490:Settler
1053:El-Biar
678:Kabylie
654:torture
638:Algiers
576:Flawcen
566:Nasinsa
501:Borders
451:Algiers
305: (
245:†
77:Algiers
3426:(1852)
3415:(1845)
3409:(1844)
3403:(1843)
3397:(1842)
3391:(1840)
3368:(1837)
3362:(1837)
3356:(1837)
3350:(1837)
3344:(1837)
3338:(1837)
3316:(1836)
3310:(1835)
3304:(1835)
3298:(1832)
3292:(1830)
3286:(1830)
3280:(1830)
3269:(1830)
3099:Harkis
3045:France
2993:Groups
2660:(1944)
2397:, RAND
2363:
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