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Algerians, as well, were not interested in political problems. They only wanted to be able to go out on the streets and live in peace. I, who judge no one ⊠often ask, considering what happens in a city today â with those blind attacks which decimate the innocent â why someone does not understand within a few weeks that the high authorities must utilize all means in order to put an end to the terror?...I am a patriot. I take full responsibility for my actions. I do not seek to justify my actions but simply try to explain that from the moment when a nation demands of its army to fight an enemy that terrorizes the population and forces it into submission, it is impossible for the army not to resort to extreme means....In the interest of my country I had clandestinely carried out operations unacceptable to the ordinary moral standards, had often circumvented the law: stolen, assassinated, vandalized, and terrorized. I had learned how to pick locks, kill without leaving traces, lie, be indifferent to my suffering and to that of others, had forgotten and made others forget. All for France.
380:(Algerian National Liberation Front) staged an attack against the police of Philippeville. Aussaresses states that he had information about this attack well beforehand and was therefore able to prevent much bloodshed. The members of the FLN had forced many of the men, women and children of the countryside to march in front of them, without weapons, as human shields. Aussaresses reports that his battalion killed 134 of these men, women and children, and that hundreds more had been wounded. He reports that two men from his own side also died, and that around one hundred others had been wounded. (Aussaresses, p. 41)
518:. He suggested that torture was a small but necessary evil that had to be used to defeat a much larger evil of terrorism. Aussaresses also claimed that he used these methods because it was a quick way to obtain information. He also defended its use by saying that the legal system was meant to deal with a peacetime France, not a counter insurgency war that the French army was faced with in Algeria. In 2001, Aussaresses during an interview stated:
100:
42:
642:. U.S. Army Colonel Carl Bernard later recalled that "starting with that book Project Phoenix was conceived". However, Robert L. Miller, in a foreword to Aussaresses' later book, has stated that American officers actually rejected Aussaresses' instructions that torture and summary execution were useful in defeating insurgencies.
571:(LDH, Human Rights League) filed a complaint against him for "apology of war crimes," as Paul Aussaresses justified the use of torture, claiming it had saved lives following the Necessity Defense and/or the Self-Defense (although he did not explicitly use this expression). He was condemned to a 7,500 Euros fine by the
607:
militant group to continue the fight in
Algeria after the French military began to withdraw their forces. In 1961 he was appointed as a military attaché of the French diplomatic mission in the USA, along with ten veterans of the Algerian War formerly under his charge. In the USA, he also served at
522:
The FLN were involved in a savage terrorist movement. My role in
Algeria was a struggle against unbridled terrorism â blind attacks against the innocent. The conflict was not Algerians vs. French. The fight was not a political one nor was it an ideological one. That holds no interest for me. Most
788:
French: « Quant à l'utilisation de la torture, elle était tolérée, sinon recommandée. François
Mitterrand, le ministre de la justice, avait, de fait, un Ă©missaire auprĂšs de Massu en la personne du juge Jean BĂ©rard qui nous couvrait et qui avait une exacte connaissance de ce qui passait la
329:
and member of Team CHRYSLER which parachuted into France behind the German lines in August 1944. The
Jedburghs worked clandestinely behind enemy lines to harness the local resistance and coordinate their activities with the wishes of the Allied Commanders. CHRYSLER deployed from Algeria via an
270:. A 2003 documentary revealed that, after moving to Brazil in 1973, Aussaresses had advised South American dictators on the use of torture widely used against leftist opponents to the military regimes in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile and Paraguay. Aussaresses also admitted to advising the
661:, Chilean officers trained in Brazil under Aussaresses' orders and advised the South American juntas on counter-insurrection warfare and the use of torture that was widely used against leftist opponents to the military regimes in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay, and Uruguay.
595:" does not lead to "accompany the exposure of facts ... with commentaries justifying acts contrary to human dignity and universally reproved," "nor to glorify its author." Aussaresses had written in his book: "torture became necessary when emergency imposed itself."
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has always claimed that it was not, but
Aussaresses argues that the government insisted upon the harsh measures he took against Algerians - measures which included summary executions of many people, hours of torture of prisoners, and violent strike-breaking.
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using repressive measures. Soldiers forcibly dragged all public utilities workers to their jobs. Store fronts were torn open so that the owners had to open the store for fear of being looted. Later in 1957, he ordered his men to hang
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to be part of the 41st
Parachute Demi-Brigade as an intelligence officer. He restarted his demi-brigade's intelligence unit, which had been disbanded during peacetime but was deemed necessary by the
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583:, two editing houses who had published his book in which he defended the use of torture, were sentenced each to a 15,000 Euros fine. The judgement was confirmed by the
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novel
Powderhouse shares the same biography as Aussaresses; he is described as having served in Algiers and later teaching his methods to South American death squads.
510:, the Minister for Justice, had, indeed, an emissary with Massu in judge Jean BĂ©rard, who covered for us and who had complete knowledge of what went on in the night.
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department, in
Languedoc. His father, Paul Aussaresses senior, was serving in the French military at the time of his son's birth because of the war.
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rejected the intercession in
December 2004. The Court of Cassation declared in its judgment that "freedom to inform, which is the basis of
620:. There he taught the lessons of the Battle of Algiers, which allegedly included counter-insurgency tactics, interrogation, and torture.
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Following
Aussaresses' revelations, which suggested that torture had been ordered by the highest levels of the French state hierarchy,
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unit that was part of France's former external intelligence agency, the External Documentation and Counter-Espionage Service, the
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membership, was inspired by these American students of Aussaresses, after they had sent a copy of Trinquier's book to CIA agent
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Aussaresses had a successful military career after the war. Unlike many of his fellow officers, he did not choose to join the
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was according to Larteguy not based on anyone, but many believe that he was at least partially inspired by Aussaresses and
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440:. Aussaresses reported for duty in Algiers on 8 January 1957. He was the main executioner and intelligence collector under
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457:, an important member of the FLN, as if he had committed suicide. In a separate incident he ordered that an officer throw
412:. On 1 June 1956 he received a spinal fracture from a parachuting exercise, which prevented him from participating in the
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attorney, from the 6th floor of the building he was held prisoner in, claiming that Boumendjel had committed suicide.
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266:. In the aftermath of the controversy, he was stripped of his rank, the right to wear his army uniform and his
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204:. His actions during the Algerian Warâand later defense of those actionsâcaused considerable controversy.
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627:'s book on "subversive warfare" (Aussaresses had served under Trinquier in Algeria). The Americans'
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Aussaresses justified the use of torture by saying how shocked he was by the FLN's massacre at the
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Subsequently, historians debated whether or not this repression was government-backed or not. The
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decreed that both deaths were suicides, but Aussaresses admitted both assassinations in 2000.
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La condamnation du général Aussaresses pour apologie de la torture est maintenant définitive
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Aussaresses provoked controversy in 2000 when, in an interview with the French newspaper
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Human Rights Watch : le gouvernement français doit ordonner une enquĂȘte officielle.
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insisted that the military in Algeria "liquidate the FLN as quickly as possible".
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Aussaresses, recognizable by his eye patch, lost his left eye due to a botched
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Insurgencies and Counterinsurgencies: National Styles and Strategic Cultures
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and commanded the battalion from 1947 until 1948, when he was replaced by
321:. The next year, in 1942, he volunteered for the special services unit in
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Aussaresses was born on 7 November 1918, just four days before the end of
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L'accablante confession du général Aussaresses sur la torture en Algérie
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in May 1956 to continue exercises with paratroopers on their way to the
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condamnation du général Aussaresses pour "apologie de crimes de guerre"
801:"Torture to Prevent Terrorism? Interview with a French Master Torturer"
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Torture to Prevent Terrorism? Interview with a French Master Torturer
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Concerning the use of torture, it was tolerated, if not recommended.
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French war crimes apologist from the Algerian independence war dies
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712:"BBC News - Algeria torture: French general Paul Aussaresses dies"
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In the spring of 1956, he attended a top-secret training camp in
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According to Aussauresses, he specifically taught lessons from
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448:. On 28 January, he broke a citywide strike organized by the
742:; published December 4, 2013; retrieved May 29, 2015 (via
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In 1941, Aussaresses served a year as an officer cadet in
278:, which also utilized torture and 'death-squad' tactics.
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249:
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An inmate in the asylum for 'noble executioners' in the
1097:: Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism in Algeria, 1955-1957
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French military personnel of the First Indochina War
669:The character of Julien Boisfeuras in the novels
616:, a military unit that specialized in tactics of
498:Aussaresses was quite candid in his interview in
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1139:
1072:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
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738:, by Thomas Adamson (Associated Press); in the
248:. He repeated the defense in an interview with
1055:. Archived from the original on April 13, 2008
1178:French military personnel of the Algerian War
483:Aussaresses contends, in his book, that the
396:for a one-month training to prepare for the
233:Direction Générale de la Sécurité Extérieure
878:(LDH, Human Rights League), February 2002.
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185:; 7 November 1918 â 3 December 2013) was a
473:Status of torture in the French government
350:with the 1st Parachute Chasseur Regiment.
40:
330:American aircraft to work with the local
1107:A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954-1962
1032:Escadrons de la mort - l'école française
1012:Escadrons de la mort - l'école française
951:Escadrons de la mort - l'école française
931:Escadrons de la mort - l'école française
829:Escadrons de la mort - l'école française
539:), the term being created at this time.
219:. In 1947 he was given command of the
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338:. On 1 September 1946 he joined the
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905:, December 11, 2004 (mirroring an
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1228:War criminals of the Algerian War
1218:People convicted of speech crimes
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935:See here, starting at 18min-19min
502:forty years later (May 3, 2001):
1078:. Retrieved on 11 February 2008.
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1099:. New York, Enigma Books, 2010.
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657:, former head of the Chilean
420:Working with Massu in Algiers
1036:See here, starting at 27 min
1016:See here, starting at 24 min
833:See here, starting at 8min38
823:Interview of Aussaresses by
567:, may not be amnestied. The
559:) to indict Aussaresses for
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1091:Aussaresses, General Paul.
876:Ligue des droits de l'homme
569:Ligue des droits de l'homme
551:sent a letter to President
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610:Fort Bragg, North Carolina
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565:crimes against humanity
360:Battle of Philippeville
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477:Further information:
122:Years of service
1208:French war criminals
907:Agence France-Presse
537:escadrons de la mort
398:battle at Suez Canal
221:11th Shock Battalion
192:, who fought during
1198:French nationalists
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1008:Marie-Monique Robin
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825:Marie-Monique Robin
649:in 1973 during the
587:in April 2003. The
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527:In an interview to
508:François Mitterrand
348:First Indochina War
340:11th Choc Battalion
325:. He a member of a
198:First Indochina War
182:[pÉlosaÊÉs]
162:First Indochina War
1113:, Macmillan, 1971.
1093:The Battle of the
897:2007-09-30 at the
869:2007-09-30 at the
849:Human Rights Watch
779:p. 12, Aussaresses
589:Court of Cassation
549:Human Rights Watch
384:The Suez Operation
283:cataract operation
209:Free French Forces
718:. 4 December 2013
625:Colonel Trinquier
492:French government
485:French government
461:, an influential
446:Battle of Algiers
400:. He returned to
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80:(2013-12-03)
1153:2013 deaths
1148:1918 births
911:(in French)
880:(in French)
853:(in French)
769:(in French)
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