123:
1012:
345:, the Pacific Fur Company representatives at Fort Astoria sold the fort and all other company assets in Oregon to the British-owned North West Company. This happened under threat from a British warship and without the confirmation of John Jacob Astor. Fort Astoria was renamed Fort George. When Astor tried to regain the post, the British insisted their takeover was a business deal, not an act of war. Astor lost his investment. Some years after the war, U.S. diplomats interpreted the
22:
338:. The fur trade envisioned by the American Pacific Fur Company and put into practice by the North West Company, and later Hudson's Bay Company, was a triangular trade that sent furs to China, Chinese goods such as tea to England, and manufactured goods to the Pacific Northwest for trade with the Native Americans.
272:
began meeting and passing laws, with the
Provisional Government's laws remaining in effect unless a new law was passed (except a law allowing for minting of money that was set aside by the first territorial governor). In 1857, the people of the territory passed a resolution to hold a convention to
404:
to supply food staples to the venture. By the 1830s the Hudson's Bay
Company was worried about American expansion into the region and, in an attempt to forestall it, made a policy that fur trapping brigades operating south of the Columbia River, especially in the drainages of the Snake River and
349:, which ended the war, as including the return of the fur trade post. Although returned to American ownership, the site of Fort Astoria was not reoccupied for many years. The North West Company built a new Fort George adjacent to the old one. In 1821 the North West Company and the
183:
settled the boundary issue with the 49th degree of latitude set as the international boundary between the United States and
Britain's North American possessions. However, due to some ambiguity in the treaty, future conflict did arise and ended with the bloodless
606:
Although the
Willamette Cattle Company brought some cattle to Oregon Country, the demand exceeded the supply. Beginning in 1840, another group of pioneers began building a ship to sail south to California where they would trade the ship for more livestock. This
476:. Many of these people were involved with the fur trade and would use the well worn trails of the Native Americans. Travel overland was mainly by horse, mule, and foot until the later 1830s when wagons slowly worked their way into the region. The
237:
Various Native
American tribes inhabited the region at the beginning of the pioneer settlement period. Each tribe had their own forms of government, but no modern nation existed. The first formal government in the region came in the form of the
376:, became the centerpiece of a multi-post system where furs and supplies were funneled in and out of Fort Vancouver. Brigades of fur trappers would spend months in the wilderness trapping animals, then return with the pelts to fur posts such as
405:
Willamette River, would work to create so-called "fur deserts", where beaver stocks were rapidly and deliberately depleted. This policy, although successful in making beaver rare in the
Willamette Valley, did not prevent American settlement.
443:. Then beginning in the mid-1830s missionaries and settlers began to arrive in the region Also the majority of the Native Americans in many areas were killed off by diseases introduced by Euro-Americans, including up to 70 percent in the
242:, who were granted the authority by their charter to in effect rule over the region's British subjects. Thus the HBC was the de facto government for much of the region until U.S. settlers eventually outnumbered the British in the region.
471:
Early travel to the region was mainly by ship, with overland transportation developing later. By the 1830s a steady stream of travelers entered Oregon from the south through
California and from the east over the
203:. The boundaries were finalized for Oregon upon entering the Union as the 33rd state on February 14, 1859. The remaining northeastern portion of the territory became part of the Washington Territory. In 1863,
257:. Eventually, in 1843 the majority of participants voted to create a government to rule over the pioneers until the boundary question would be settled. This temporary government had a supreme judge, a
611:
ended in 1843 when the group returned to the
Willamette Valley settlements with a variety of livestock. They left California with 1,250 head of cattle, 600 horses and mules, and 3,000 sheep.
603:. In Oregon, the cattle were divided between the investors, making Young one of the richest settlers in Oregon and helping to break the dependence of the settlers on the cattle of the HBC.
507:
also began to appear in the 1840s at many river crossings in the region. As the population grew, steamboats began regular service on the rivers, and later railroads were developed. The
302:
along the coastline for many years, Lewis and Clark's news and descriptions of the region spurred others in the United States to seek fortunes in the fur trade business in
155:. From 1818 to the mid-19th century, several treaties were signed that would set the current political boundaries. In 1818, the United States and Great Britain signed the
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followed later by a governor. This government remained in control of portions of the region until 1849 when the United States' territorial government arrived.
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Beginning in the early 1840s the fur trade began to decline as fashion tastes shifted away from beaver pelt hats and the numbers of beavers declined due to
199:
in August 1848. In 1853, the northern boundary of the current state of Oregon was defined, with roughly half of the original Oregon
Territory becoming the
511:
and other smaller carriers developed transportation networks. The first railroad came in 1858 with the
Cascade Railroad Company operating a line in the
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that led to what has been termed a "joint occupation" of the Oregon Country. Also in 1818 the U.S. resolved its claims with Spain regarding the western
620:
898:
535:
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566:, who was on a mission from the United States President. Slacum provided some financing and the transportation to California aboard the vessel
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was created from the eastern section of the Washington Territory, with other former eastern portions of the Oregon Territory becoming parts of
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who had made a fortune in the ice business in New England. In 1832 he led a new expedition to establish a fur trading empire through his new
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were merged by an act of Parliament with the name of the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) retained for the combined entity. The HBC then named Dr.
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and Lower Columbia valley by 1830. Mass migration began in 1842 when a wagon train of around 100 wagons came overland along the
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416:. After returning from Oregon Country, Wyeth set out again in 1834 to set up the trading posts. His expedition established
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claims south of 54' 40" (previously resolved with the British, regarding claims with Great Britain only). The remaining
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As more settlers arrived in the area, further transportation infrastructure was developed. Roads such as the
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and set up adjacent to Fort Vancouver. In June 1860 the Hudson's Bay Company closed the fort and withdrew to
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The portion that became part of the United States in 1846 remained unorganized until Congress created the
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a lock and canal were completed to allow vessels to pass the waterfall and continue upriver on the
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helped expand interest in the Pacific Northwest. Although seaborne traders had been engaged in the
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281:. Oregon submitted the constitution to Congress, and on February 14, 1859, Oregon became a state.
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At the beginning of the pioneer period the Oregon Country was the homeland of numerous tribes of
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began in 1878, but were not completed until 1896. Other canals were also built, including the
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436:'s control of the trade in the Rocky Mountains. In 1836 Wyeth sold his two posts to the HBC.
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780:(Weyerhaeuser Environmental Classic ed.). University of Washington Press. p. 64.
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114:, and runs until circa 1890 when railroads and urban centers created a more settled state.
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484:. Boats were used extensively to haul cargo in the region, including steamboats, with the
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in 1811. However, some of the first British traders overland include members of the
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451:. In 1846 McLoughlin retired from leading the HBC in the region. Then in 1849 the
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that crossed the Rocky Mountains in 1808 and traveled down what they named the
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Historical Timeline of Events Leading to the formation of Washington State.
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In 1822, McLoughlin had a new post built near where the confluence of the
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was completed as the first bridge over the Willamette River in Portland.
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and the Columbia. On the north shore of the Columbia a new headquarters,
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was held in Salem during the summer of 1857, and created Oregon's first
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and eventually connections to the transcontinental rail lines in 1883.
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79:
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Oregon Blue Book: Oregon History: Land-based Fur Trade and Exploration
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59:
215:. Washington became a state in 1889, followed by Idaho in 1890.
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which encompassed much of the drainage of the Columbia River.
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south of the 42nd degree of latitude. This was followed by the
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48:
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between British and U.S. claims continued until 1846 when the
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of the Hudson's Bay Company providing additional investment.
463:, essentially ending the systematic fur trade in the region.
148:
530:. Construction on a lock to bypass a set of cascades on the
906:
802:
John Jacob Astor. Der erfolgreichste deutsche Auswanderer
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Young led a small group to California, sailing from the
273:
draft a constitution in order to achieve statehood. The
94:. The period begins after the explorations of the lower
669:
Washington State University, accessed October 3, 2007.
550:
In January 1837, thirteen pioneer settlers formed the
828:
Oregon Blue Book: Oregon History: Overland to Oregon
558:and purchase cattle. The settlers were urged on by
717:Oregon: Her History, Her Great Men, Her Literature
804:. Konrad Theiss Verlag: Stuttgart 2009, S. 143ff.
1517:
870:NPS: Fort Vancouver: Introduction to the Village
852:. Vol. VIII (1851–1860) (online ed.).
306:. The first Americans to return were members of
817:Oregon Blue Book: Oregon History: Souls to Save
408:The next player in the fur trade was American
892:
482:mass migration involving wagon trains in 1843
74:to explore and settle the lands west of the
163:lands, limiting Spanish claims to colonial
139:. Portions of the area were claimed by the
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621:History of the Northwestern United States
129:Indian Land Cessions in the United States
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691:. Binfords & Mort Publishing, 1956.
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503:were created and small bridges built.
1556:History of United States expansionism
907:Pioneer history of Oregon (1806–1890)
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719:. The J.K. Gill Co.: Portland. p. 83
572:. The settlers were led by American
245:Beginning in 1841 with the death of
860:
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171:in 1825 that removed all remaining
13:
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807:
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488:as the first steamboat in Oregon.
455:arrived after the creation of the
361:for the region the HBC called the
106:in 1792, along with the 1804–1806
86:, traveling by ship either around
14:
1582:
846:. In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.).
466:
35:(1806–1890) is the period in the
1546:History of the Pacific Northwest
1010:
945:Oregon & California Railroad
849:Dictionary of Canadian Biography
626:History of the Pacific Northwest
402:Puget Sound Agricultural Company
400:. Later the HBC would start the
275:Oregon Constitutional Convention
229:Provisional Government of Oregon
26:Provisional Government of Oregon
1566:Pre-statehood history of Oregon
1472:Oregon Steam Navigation Company
509:Oregon Steam Navigation Company
832:
794:
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517:Oregon and California Railroad
270:Oregon Territorial Legislature
70:descent, traveled west across
47:, in the present day state of
16:Account of the founders Oregon
1:
1032:Russo-American Treaty of 1824
636:
538:at Oswego Lake. In 1887, the
253:held a series of meetings at
218:
1551:History of the American West
689:Dictionary of Oregon History
289:
117:
82:. Some also arrived via the
7:
854:University of Toronto Press
614:
554:to travel to Mexican-owned
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1561:Lewis and Clark Expedition
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108:Lewis and Clark Expedition
53:Northwestern United States
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1079:Constitutional Convention
1037:Willamette Cattle Company
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552:Willamette Cattle Company
778:The Great Columbia Plain
715:Horner, John B. (1919).
173:Russian-American Company
90:or by changing ships at
1205:Willamette Trading Post
1062:Donation Land Claim Act
950:Oregon boundary dispute
414:Pacific Trading Company
268:Beginning in 1849, the
1571:19th century in Oregon
1490:Native peoples history
1190:Thomas and Ruckle Road
1002:Provisional Government
576:, with others such as
410:Nathaniel Jarvis Wyeth
132:
33:Oregon pioneer history
29:
1266:Abigail Scott Duniway
800:Emmerich, Alexander.
223:Further information:
169:Russo-American Treaty
125:
24:
940:Hudson's Bay Company
920:American Fur Company
513:Columbia River Gorge
434:American Fur Company
351:Hudson's Bay Company
341:In 1813, during the
322:at the mouth of the
240:Hudson's Bay Company
201:Washington Territory
177:territorial conflict
58:It was the era when
1386:Eliza Hart Spalding
997:Pacific Fur Company
965:Oregon missionaries
930:Executive Committee
687:Corning, Howard M.
312:Pacific Fur Company
263:executive committee
1331:Morton M. McCarver
1321:David Thomas Lenox
1185:Philip Foster Farm
1089:Great Gale of 1880
925:Columbian exchange
844:"McLoughlin, John"
665:2012-02-07 at the
560:United States Navy
515:, followed by the
453:United States Army
328:North West Company
261:, and at first an
249:, settlers in the
161:Louisiana Purchase
133:
30:
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1396:William Vandevert
1291:Cornelius Gilliam
1271:Thomas Lamb Eliot
1246:William H. Boring
1241:François Blanchet
1170:Methodist Mission
1042:Champoeg Meetings
631:American Old West
601:Willamette Valley
597:San Francisco Bay
582:Methodist Mission
564:William A. Slacum
445:Willamette Valley
363:Columbia District
318:that established
251:Willamette Valley
225:Champoeg Meetings
213:Wyoming Territory
209:Montana Territory
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1536:Oregon Territory
1416:Geo. H. Williams
1411:Narcissa Whitman
1221:George Abernethy
1195:Tualatin Academy
1180:Oregon Institute
1074:Rogue River Wars
1052:Whitman massacre
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457:Oregon Territory
386:Fort Walla Walla
370:Willamette River
336:British Columbia
308:John Jacob Astor
255:Champoeg, Oregon
233:Oregon Territory
197:Oregon Territory
190:San Juan Islands
137:Native Americans
126:Oregon map from
104:George Vancouver
45:Oregon Territory
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355:John McLoughlin
347:Treaty of Ghent
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1038:
1035:
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1025:
1024:
1022:
1018:
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1003:
1000:
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993:
990:
988:
987:Oregon Treaty
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
972:
968:
966:
963:
961:
960:Oregon Lyceum
958:
956:
953:
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948:
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943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
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928:
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897:
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845:
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835:
829:
824:
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813:
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797:
789:
787:0-295-97485-0
783:
779:
775:
769:
763:
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750:
748:
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738:
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734:
732:
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718:
712:
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706:
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690:
684:
682:
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678:
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668:
664:
661:
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650:
648:
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641:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
618:
612:
610:
604:
602:
598:
594:
589:
587:
583:
579:
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571:
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561:
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553:
543:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
520:
518:
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510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
489:
487:
483:
480:began seeing
479:
475:
464:
462:
461:Fort Victoria
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
437:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
406:
403:
399:
395:
394:Fort Okanogan
391:
387:
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379:
375:
371:
366:
364:
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234:
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198:
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191:
187:
182:
181:Oregon Treaty
178:
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166:
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158:
154:
150:
146:
145:Great Britain
142:
141:United States
138:
131:
130:
124:
115:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
84:Pacific Ocean
81:
78:and north of
77:
73:
72:North America
69:
65:
61:
56:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
27:
23:
19:
1541:Oregon Trail
1499:
1464:
1457:
1451:
1445:Lot Whitcomb
1443:
1437:
1401:Elijah White
1301:Chief Joseph
1281:Peter French
1150:Fort William
1135:Fort Astoria
1066:
992:Organic Laws
982:Oregon Trail
969:
847:
834:
823:
801:
796:
777:
774:Meinig, D.W.
768:
716:
688:
605:
590:
567:
549:
522:In 1873, at
521:
490:
478:Oregon Trail
470:
449:Oregon Trail
438:
426:Fort William
407:
367:
359:Chief Factor
340:
332:Fraser River
320:Fort Astoria
293:
279:constitution
267:
244:
236:
194:
134:
127:
64:mountain men
57:
32:
31:
28:Salmon Seal.
18:
1421:Ewing Young
1366:Joel Palmer
1346:Ezra Meeker
1341:Joseph Meek
1326:Asa Lovejoy
1286:Joseph Gale
1231:Ira Babcock
1175:Oregon City
1165:Meek Cutoff
1140:Fort Dalles
1115:Barlow Road
574:Ewing Young
497:Canyon Road
493:Barlow Road
422:Snake River
382:Fort Umpqua
378:Fort George
343:War of 1812
259:legislature
247:Ewing Young
100:Robert Gray
1520:Categories
1381:Levi Scott
1356:John Minto
1311:H.A.G. Lee
1296:David Hill
1236:Sam Barlow
1057:Cayuse War
637:References
556:California
499:, and the
398:Fort Boise
334:in modern
316:expedition
219:Government
80:California
1316:Jason Lee
1160:Linn City
1084:Modoc War
776:(1995) .
609:operation
578:Jason Lee
486:SS Beaver
418:Fort Hall
300:fur trade
290:Fur trade
188:over the
118:Territory
88:Cape Horn
1438:Columbia
1125:Champoeg
842:(1985).
663:Archived
615:See also
562:officer
420:(on the
68:European
60:pioneers
1466:Gazelle
1452:Canemah
1120:Canemah
935:Ferries
580:of the
505:Ferries
285:Economy
186:Pig War
37:history
1214:People
1105:Albina
1098:Places
1020:Events
913:Topics
784:
569:Loriot
424:) and
396:, and
231:, and
153:Russia
151:, and
92:Panama
49:Oregon
149:Spain
782:ISBN
584:and
428:(on
294:The
211:and
102:and
62:and
51:and
43:and
595:to
357:as
310:'s
110:to
98:by
39:of
1522::
862:^
809:^
724:^
696:^
674:^
644:^
495:,
392:,
388:,
384:,
380:,
227:,
192:.
147:,
143:,
55:.
900:e
893:t
886:v
856:.
790:.
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