324:. These two types have now been dropped from the classification, because of a lack of samples for type 2 (5 individuals) and how little it was representative of a potential ecotype. Instead, recent studies using dietary tracers such as fatty acids and organic contaminants have shown how varied the diet of North Atlantic orcas is. For example, orcas in the Eastern North Atlantic (Norway, Faroe Islands, Iceland) mainly feed on fish, specifically herring. Meanwhile, those in the Central North Atlantic (Greenland) prefer to consume seals such as ringed, harp, hooded, and bearded seals. Finally, orcas in the Western North Atlantic (Eastern Canadian Arctic and Eastern Canada) tend to prey on other whale species, such as belugas and narwhals in the Arctic and baleen whales and porpoises in Eastern Canada.
186:. They live in the same areas as residents, but the two avoid each other. Transients generally travel in small groups, usually of two to six animals, but sometimes on rare occasions pods merge into groups of 200. They have less persistent family bonds than residents. Transients vocalize in less variable and less complex dialects. Female transients are characterized by more triangular and pointed dorsal fins than those of residents. The saddle patches of transients are solid and uniformly grey (in contrast to the residents saddle patches that often have more black-coloring). Transients roam widely along the coast; some individuals have been sighted in both southern Alaska and California. Transients are also referred to as
391:
19:
458:
293:
95:
248:. Offshores typically congregate in groups of 20–75, with occasional sightings of larger groups of up to 200. Little is known about their habits, but they are genetically distinct from residents and transients. Offshores appear to be smaller than the others, and females are characterized by dorsal fin tips that are continuously rounded. They have been spotted in
591:
indicates the types B and C be recognized as distinct species, as should the North
Pacific transients, leaving the others as subspecies pending additional data. Advanced methods that sequenced the entire mitochondrial genome revealed systematic differences in DNA between different populations. A 2019
221:
and declined from 22 individuals to eight between 1989 and 2004. The GOA/AI/BS stock may number around 500 whales while the west coast transients number over 320 orcas with over 200 along southeast Alaska, British
Columbia and Washington and over 100 orcas off California. California transients do not
520:
orcas are the smallest ecotype and live in larger groups than the others. Its eye patch is distinctively slanted forwards, rather than parallel to the body axis. Like type B, it is primarily white and medium grey, with a dark grey dorsal cape and yellow-tinged patches. Its only observed prey is the
487:
orcas are smaller than type A. It has a large white eye patch. Most of the dark parts of its body are medium grey instead of black, although it has a dark grey patch called a "dorsal cape" stretching back from its forehead to just behind its dorsal fin. The white areas are stained slightly yellow.
69:
will be split into a number of different species or at least subspecies over the next few years." Although large variation in the ecological distinctiveness of different orca groups complicate simple differentiation into types. Mammal-eating orcas in different regions were long thought likely to be
1859:
Remili, Anaïs; Dietz, Rune; Sonne, Christian; Samarra, Filipa I. P.; Rikardsen, Audun H.; Kettemer, Lisa E.; Ferguson, Steven H.; Watt, Cortney A.; Matthews, Cory J. D.; Kiszka, Jeremy J.; Jourdain, Eve; Borgå, Katrine; Ruus, Anders; Granquist, Sandra M.; Rosing‐Asvid, Aqqalu (June 2023).
163:
generally inhabits the inland waters of southern
British Columbia and Washington, but can be found in the outer waters off Vancouver Island, Washington, Oregon and California. They consist of one clan and three pods, and number less than 80 individuals and are listed as
197:. The term has become increasingly common and may eventually replace the transient label. The transient ecotype is estimated to have diverged 700,000 years ago. There are at least three different "stocks" of transients off North America, the AT1 stock which occurs from
1819:
Remili, Anaïs; Dietz, Rune; Sonne, Christian; Samarra, Filipa I. P.; Letcher, Robert J.; Rikardsen, Audun H.; Ferguson, Steven H.; Watt, Cortney A.; Matthews, Cory J. D.; Kiszka, Jeremy J.; Rosing-Asvid, Aqqalu; McKinney, Melissa A. (2023-10-24).
2649:
Pitman, Robert L.; Durban, John W.; Greenfelder, Michael; Guinet, Christophe; Jorgensen, Morton; Olson, Paula A.; Plana, Jordi; Tixier, Paul; Towers, Jared R. (August 7, 2010). "Observations of a distinctive morphotype of killer whale
417:
Orcas occur throughout the waters of
Australia, New Zealand and Papua New Guinea. They are sighted year round in New Zealand waters, while off Australia, they are seasonally concentrated off the northwest, in the inshore waters of
405:
on the east coast of
Argentina and hunt for sea lions and elephant seals on the shore, temporary stranding themselves. Off South Africa, a distinctive "flat-tooth" morphotype exists and preys on sharks. A pair of male orcas,
240:. However, because they have large, scarred and nicked dorsal fins resembling those of mammal-hunting transients, it may be that they also eat mammals and sharks. They have mostly been encountered off the west coast of
1100:
Barrett-Lennard LG, Ellis GM. 2001. Population structure and genetic variability in northeastern
Pacific killer whales: Towards an assessment of population viability. Canadian Science Advisory Secretariat, Ottawa,
2908:
1180:
118:
tips that terminate in a sharp corner. The grey or white area around the dorsal fin, known as the "saddle patch", often contains some black colouring in residents. They visit the same areas consistently.
272:. Over 2,000 individual resident-like orcas and 130 transient-like orcas have been identified off Russia. At least 195 individual orcas have been cataloged in the eastern tropical Pacific, ranging from
2155:
Bolaños-Jiménez, Jaime; Mignucci-Giannoni, Antonio A.; Blumenth, Janice; et al. (2014). "Distribution, feeding habits and morphology of killer whales
Orcinus orca in the Caribbean Sea".
454:, were described during the 1980s by Soviet researchers, but most cetacean researchers are skeptical about their status, and linking these directly to the types described below is difficult.
2366:
Reeves, Isabella M.; Totterdell, John A.; Barceló, Andrea; et al. (2022). "Population genomic structure of killer whales (Orcinus orca) in
Australian and New Zealand waters".
1612:
350:, while some individuals seasonally travel to the waters of the eastern Canadian Arctic when the ice has melted. Sightings of these whales have been documented as far south as
668:
127:
resident populations are amongst the most intensively studied marine mammals anywhere in the world. Resident orcas can be divided into at least three distinct communities;
1448:
Mitani, Yoko; Kita, Yuki F.; Saino, Shigeo; Yoshioka, Motoi; Ohizumi, Hiroshi; et al. (2021). "Mitochondrial DNA Haplotypes of Killer Whales around
Hokkaido, Japan".
869:
Ford, J.K.B.; Ellis, G.M.; Barrett-Lennard, L.G.; Morton, A.B.; Palm, R.S.; Balcomb, K.C. (1998). "Dietary specialization in two sympatric populations of killer whales (
331:, orcas are considered "visitors", likely from the North Atlantic, and sightings become less frequent further east. However, a small year-round population exists in the
1222:
2004:
1074:
Baird, R.W.; Dill, L.M. (1995). "Occurrence and behaviour of transient killer whales: seasonal and pod-specific variability, foraging behaviour, and prey handling".
2927:
1188:
2620:
2590:
426:. Genetic evidence shows that the orcas of New Zealand, and northwest and southwest Australia form three distinct populations. New Zealand orcas mainly prey on
1548:
41:
and several distinct populations or types have been documented or suggested. Three to five types of orcas may be distinct enough to be considered different
2262:
Best, P. B.; Meÿer, M. A.; Thornton, M.; et al. (2014). "Confirmation of the occurrence of a second killer whale morphotype in South
African waters".
1122:
Ford J.K.B. and, G.M. Ellis. 1999. Transients: Mammal-hunting killer whales of British Columbia, Washington, and Southeastern Alaska. UBC Press, Vancouver.
2567:
2211:
217:(GOA/AI/BS) stock and the west coast stock which ranges from southeast Alaska to California. AT1 is considered a depleted stock; it was affected by the
1357:
2785:
Morin, Phillip A; Archer, Frederick; Foote, Andrew D; Vilstrup, Julia; Allen, Eric E; Wade, Paul; Durban, John; Parsons, Kim; Pitman, Robert (2010).
2719:
2525:"A decade of photo-identification reveals contrasting abundance and trends of Type B killer whales in the coastal waters of the Antarctic Peninsula"
1822:"Varying Diet Composition Causes Striking Differences in Legacy and Emerging Contaminant Concentrations in Killer Whales across the North Atlantic"
506:
orcas are morphologically similar to Type B1, but smaller. This ecotype has been recorded feeding on penguins and seals, and is often found in the
1011:
Towers, Jared R.; Pilkington, James F.; Gisborne, Brian; Wright, Brianna M.; Ellis, Graeme M.; Ford, John K. B.; Doniol-Valcroze, Thomas (2020).
473:
orcas look like a "typical" orca, a large, black-and-white form with a medium-sized white eye patch, living in open water and feeding mostly on
1927:
Esteban, R.; Verborgh, P.; Gauffier, P.; et al. (2016). "Conservation Status of Killer Whales, Orcinus orca, in the Strait of Gibraltar".
147:
and number over 700 individuals. These whales consist of two interbreeding clans distinguished by acoustic calls and whose ranges overlap. The
2690:
1132:
Deecke, V.B.; Ford, J.K.B.; Slater, P.J.B. (2005). "The vocal behaviour of mammal-eating killer whales: Communicating with costly calls".
1782:"Are "Type 2" killer whales long in the tooth? A critical reflection on the discrete categorization of Northeast Atlantic killer whales"
1571:
1862:"Quantitative fatty acid signature analysis reveals a high level of dietary specialization in killer whales across the North Atlantic"
304:
At least 15,000 whales are estimated to inhabit the North Atlantic. In the Northeast Atlantic, two orca ecotypes have been proposed.
2843:
1706:
280:
in the north to the northwest coast of South America in the south and west towards Hawaii. Orcas appear to regularly occur off the
2116:
Jack W. Lawson & Tara S. Stevens (2014). "Historic and current distribution patterns, and minimum abundance of killer whales (
1335:
1484:
551:, Chile. It is recognizable by its small white eye patch, narrower and shorter than usual dorsal fin, bulbous head (similar to a
633:
2484:
374:
Over 50 individual whales have been cataloged in the northern Indian Ocean, including two individuals that were sighted in the
1214:
2897:
2876:
919:
2039:
156:
1423:
2624:
2341:
1282:
407:
2598:
2523:
Fearnbach, Holly; Durban, John W.; Ellifrit, David K.; Paredes, Alyssa; Hickmott, Leigh S.; Pitman, Robert L. (2022).
2923:
1948:
1369:
539:
in New Zealand and six at-sea sightings since 2004. The first video record of this type was made in 2014 between the
114:, and they live in complex and cohesive family groups called pods. Female residents characteristically have rounded
222:
appear to intermingle much with those further north and west coast transients may be divided into sub-communities.
2182:
1544:
592:
study of Type D orcas also found them to be distinct from other populations and possibly even a unique species.
555:), and smaller teeth. Its geographic range appears to be circumglobal in sub-Antarctic waters between latitudes
1395:
358:. This population is possibly continuous with orcas sighted off Greenland. Orcas are sighted year-round in the
2738:"Mitochondrial sequence divergence among Antarctic killer whale ecotypes is consistent with multiple species"
2563:
2215:
1522:
1373:
2970:
339:. Distinct populations may also exist off the west coast of tropical Africa, which have generalized diets.
2716:
1861:
2965:
1902:
1731:
Jourdain, Eve; Andvik, Clare; Karoliussen, Richard; Ruus, Anders; Vongraven, Dag; Borgå, Katrine (2020).
1244:
968:
O Matkin, Craig (2013). "Life history and population dynamics of southern Alaska resident killer whales (
875:
2058:
754:
De Bruyn, P. J. N.; Tosh, C. A.; Terauds, A. (2013). "Killer whale ecotypes: Is there a global model?".
587:
sequences support the theory that these are recently diverged separate species. More recently, complete
1668:"Ecological, morphological and genetic divergence of sympatric North Atlantic killer whale populations"
1049:
1666:
Foote, Andrew D.; Newton, Jason; Piertney, Stuart B.; Willerslev, Eske; Gilbert, M. Thomas P. (2009).
106:: These are the most commonly sighted of the three populations in the coastal waters of the northeast
1974:"Killer whales of the Strait of Gibraltar, an endangered subpopulation showing a disruptive behavior"
1733:"Isotopic niche differs between seal and fish-eating killer whales (Orcinus orca) in northern Norway"
1010:
38:
563:. Although its diet is not determined, it likely includes fish, as determined by photographs around
390:
2154:
717:
2694:
1013:
Photo-identification Catalogue and Status of the Northern Resident Killer Whale Population in 2019
1275:
Transients: Mammal-Hunting Killer Whales of British Columbia, Washington, and Southeastern Alaska
160:
148:
911:
237:
218:
284:. Orcas sighted in Hawaiian waters may belong to a greater population in the central Pacific.
2955:
2887:
2061:"Distributions of Arctic and Northwest Atlantic killer whales inferred from oxygen isotopes"
1972:
Esteban, Ruth; López, Alfredo; de los Rios, Álvaro Garcia; Ferreira, Marisa (October 2022).
903:
2072:
822:
568:
336:
198:
1730:
1012:
281:
8:
2850:
1667:
1572:"Killer whales in Hawaiian waters: information on population identity and feeding habits"
560:
556:
332:
265:
140:
2076:
1973:
1781:
1485:
Killer Whales of the Eastern Tropical Pacific: A Catalog of Photo-Identified Individuals
826:
312:
and include herring-eating orcas of Norway and Iceland and mackerel-eating orcas of the
256:
Separate fish-eating and mammal-eating orca communities also exist off the coast of the
2815:
2786:
2762:
2737:
2671:
2544:
2457:
2383:
2289:
2137:
2093:
2060:
2059:
Matthews, Cory J. D.; Longstafe, Fred J.; Lawson, Jack W.; Ferguson, Steven H. (2021).
2031:
1757:
1732:
1698:
1604:
1465:
1396:"'Elusive' creatures — known for hunting sharks — spotted in rare California encounter"
1311:
1149:
848:
791:
756:
660:
423:
277:
144:
124:
62:
2524:
228:: A third population of orcas in the northeast Pacific was discovered in 1988, when a
2893:
2872:
2820:
2767:
2548:
2387:
2365:
2098:
1954:
1944:
1883:
1841:
1801:
1762:
1690:
1686:
1469:
1447:
1331:
1310:
Dahlheim, M.E.; Schulman-Janiger, A.; Black, N.; Ternullo, R.; Balcomb, K.C. (2008).
1278:
915:
904:
840:
783:
769:
694:
584:
540:
411:
328:
269:
98:
Resident (fish-eating) orcas: The curved dorsal fins are typical of resident females.
88:
2675:
2503:
2141:
2035:
1608:
1153:
1050:
Southern Resident Killer Whales (Orcinus orca) 5-Year Review: Summary and Evaluation
664:
2810:
2802:
2757:
2749:
2663:
2536:
2453:
2422:
2375:
2320:
2293:
2279:
2271:
2164:
2129:
2088:
2080:
2023:
1985:
1936:
1873:
1833:
1821:
1793:
1752:
1744:
1682:
1594:
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1457:
1327:
1141:
1083:
981:
884:
852:
830:
795:
773:
765:
712:
652:
564:
402:
395:
257:
241:
210:
152:
120:
2849:(Report). Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Archived from
2002:
1702:
1145:
2862:
2723:
2275:
536:
507:
493:
273:
71:
54:
2960:
2084:
1940:
588:
544:
457:
363:
229:
206:
183:
42:
27:
2667:
2133:
2027:
583:
in these waters may be responsible for the yellowish colouring of both types.
94:
2949:
2868:
1887:
1845:
1805:
703:
522:
419:
359:
107:
2426:
1878:
1837:
2824:
2771:
2753:
2440:
Visser, Ingrid N. (1999). "Benthic foraging on stingrays by killer whales (
2102:
1958:
1766:
1694:
1510:
844:
787:
656:
375:
347:
321:
292:
249:
236:. As their name suggests, they travel far from shore and feed primarily on
233:
202:
194:
2806:
2787:"Complete mitochondrial genome phylogeographic analysis of killer whales (
1590:
552:
474:
355:
297:
245:
1461:
401:
A small population of orcas seasonally visits the northern point of the
1599:
335:, which numbered around 39 in 2011. From 2020, this population started
214:
165:
115:
46:
2717:
Newsletter of the Puget Sound Chapter of the American Cetacean Society
2540:
2401:
Visser, Ingrid N. (2005). "First Observations of Feeding on Thresher (
2379:
2325:
2308:
2284:
2237:
2168:
1989:
1797:
1748:
985:
778:
1309:
1181:"Transient label is pushed aside to honour renowned whale researcher"
548:
443:
379:
313:
309:
1087:
888:
835:
810:
2345:
2261:
2214:. Whale and Dolphin Conservation. November 11, 2015. Archived from
1926:
489:
431:
351:
343:
261:
191:
23:
2736:
Pitman, Robert L.; Robertson, Kelly M.; Leduc, Richard G. (2008).
2122:
Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom
2016:
Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom
1637:
692:
362:, and an estimated 267 (as of 2020) is documented in the northern
65:
of this genus is clearly in need of review, and it is likely that
2919:
2003:
Weir, C. R.; Collins, T.; Carvalho, I.; Rosenbaum, H. C. (2010).
580:
50:
2886:
Ford, John K. B.; Ellis, Graeme M.; Balcomb, Kenneth C. (2000).
2342:"Pair of Great White Shark-Eating Orca Return to Hunting Ground"
446:, and four types have been documented. Two dwarf species, named
1971:
151:
lives in coastal and inland waters from southeastern Alaska to
18:
2522:
1291:
1030:
992:
868:
2691:"The Antarctic Sun: News about Antarctica – Killer News"
2648:
2485:"Geographic Variation in the Color Pattern of Killer Whales (
2115:
2009:) in Angolan and Gulf of Guinea waters, tropical West Africa"
1903:"Distribution of killer whales in the eastern north Atlantic"
1665:
1482:
949:
939:
937:
935:
933:
931:
427:
342:
The northwest Atlantic population is found year-round around
111:
91:
in the 1970s and 1980s identified the following three types:
1316:): Occurrence, movements, and insights into feeding ecology"
631:
686:
535:
orcas were first identified based on photographs of a 1955
110:. Residents' diets consist primarily of fish and sometimes
58:
34:
2306:
1055:(Report). National Marine Fisheries Service. December 2021
928:
902:
Berta, Annalisa; Sumich, James L.; Kovacs, Kit M. (2006).
1900:
1490:(Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
1312:"Eastern temperate North Pacific offshore killer whales (
182:: The diets of these orcas consist almost exclusively of
2909:"Conservation Plan for Southern Resident Killer Whales (
2784:
2518:
2516:
2307:
Engelbrecht, T. M.; Kock, A. A.; O'Riain, M. J. (2019).
1858:
1818:
139:. Southern Alaskan resident orcas are distributed from
749:
747:
745:
743:
741:
739:
737:
735:
2644:
2642:
2513:
2483:
Evans, W. E.; Yablokov, A. V.; Bowles, A. E. (1982).
2735:
2212:"A first ID match for the orcas of the Indian Ocean"
873:) in coastal British Columbia and adjacent waters".
320:
orcas consist of two haplotypes, and mainly feed on
264:, Japan. Russian orcas are commonly seen around the
2591:"Mysterious orcas filmed underwater for first time"
2482:
753:
732:
2639:
2464:
1160:
1104:
864:
862:
2439:
2400:
1215:"Cracking Orca's Code: It Comes in Several Types"
901:
602:
2947:
2926:(NMFS) Northwest Regional Office. Archived from
2885:
1297:
1131:
1036:
998:
955:
2496:Reports of the International Whaling Commission
967:
859:
693:Reeves, R.; Pitman, R.L.; Ford, J.K.B. (2017).
567:, where Type D orcas appeared to be preying on
718:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T15421A50368125.en
414:and other sharks off the South African coast.
287:
2892:(Second ed.). Vancouver, BC: UBC Press.
808:
442:Around 25,000 orcas are estimated around the
2621:"Sea Shepherd documents rare 'Type D' orcas"
2564:"First video footage of rare 'Type D' orcas"
2561:
2309:"Running scared: when predators become prey"
2054:
2052:
1569:
627:
625:
623:
621:
619:
617:
2726:, Spring 2004. Retrieved February 16, 2010.
2588:
2300:
645:Journal of Cetacean Research and Management
316:, as well as seal-eating orcas off Norway.
2860:
2623:. GrindTV. January 5, 2015. Archived from
1547:. Cascadia Research.org. August 16, 2016.
1208:
1206:
943:
337:ramming vessels and damaging their rudders
89:west coast of Canada and the United States
2814:
2761:
2394:
2339:
2324:
2283:
2092:
2049:
1877:
1756:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1598:
1563:
1273:Ford, J. K. B.; Ellis, Graeme M. (2009).
1272:
1172:
1073:
834:
777:
716:
614:
579:Types B and C live close to the ice, and
1483:Olson, Paula A; Gerrodette, Tim (2020).
1418:
1416:
1178:
456:
389:
291:
93:
17:
2693:. Antarcticsun.usap.gov. Archived from
1525:from the original on September 15, 2020
1203:
632:Pitman, Robert L.; Ensor, Paul (2003).
2948:
2654:), type D, from subantarctic waters".
2413:) Specialising on Elasmobranch Prey".
2340:Jenkinson, Orlando (17 January 2022).
2242:Patagonia Project Wildlife Expeditions
1826:Environmental Science & Technology
1652:
1511:"The orca in Galapagos: 135 sightings"
1508:
1424:"Far East Russia Orca Project (FEROP)"
1179:Bellaart, Darrell (December 4, 2012).
802:
2841:
2570:from the original on January 14, 2015
1779:
1618:from the original on October 23, 2017
1551:from the original on October 20, 2017
1413:
1338:from the original on October 13, 2010
1018:(Report). Fisheries and Oceans Canada
608:
547:, and again in 2017 off the coast of
496:and the mainland Antarctic peninsula.
410:, have become well known for hunting
394:Orca beaching to capture sea lion at
369:
159:and number over 300 orcas total. The
2906:
2589:Tennenhouse, Erica (March 1, 2018).
2470:
1996:
1901:Hammond, P. S.; Lockyer, C. (1988).
1350:
1212:
1166:
1110:
906:Marine mammals: evolutionary biology
492:. Type B1 orca are abundant between
461:Some examples of variations in orcas
704:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
674:from the original on April 27, 2020
13:
2688:
2458:10.1111/j.1748-7692.1999.tb00793.x
1570:Baird, R. W.; et al. (2006).
1253:Alaska Department of Fish and Game
385:
77:
14:
2982:
2924:National Marine Fisheries Service
2844:Status of Killer Whales in Canada
2264:African Journal of Marine Science
2187:): Northern Gulf of Mexico Stock"
1780:Foote, Andrew D. (January 2023).
1712:from the original on July 9, 2011
1370:National Marine Fisheries Service
1368:. Office of Protected Resources,
1225:from the original on July 1, 2017
1213:WADE, NICHOLAS (April 26, 2010).
811:"Food chains: Killer in the kelp"
155:. It consists of three clans and
2562:Gough, Myles (January 9, 2015).
1687:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04407.x
1332:10.1111/j.1748-7692.2008.00206.x
770:10.1111/j.1469-185X.2012.00239.x
82:
2778:
2729:
2709:
2682:
2613:
2582:
2555:
2476:
2433:
2359:
2333:
2255:
2230:
2204:
2175:
2148:
2120:) in the north-west Atlantic".
2109:
1965:
1920:
1894:
1852:
1812:
1773:
1724:
1630:
1537:
1502:
1476:
1441:
1388:
1303:
1266:
1237:
1125:
1116:
1094:
1067:
1042:
1004:
961:
634:"Three forms of killer whales (
30:: The eye patch slants forward.
2842:Baird, Robin W. (April 1999).
1298:Ford, Ellis & Balcomb 2000
1037:Ford, Ellis & Balcomb 2000
999:Ford, Ellis & Balcomb 2000
956:Ford, Ellis & Balcomb 2000
895:
1:
2791:) indicates multiple species"
1146:10.1016/j.anbehav.2004.04.014
595:
74:has refuted this hypothesis.
2276:10.2989/1814232X.2014.923783
437:
422:, and the southwest, at the
232:researcher observed them in
7:
2409:) Sharks by Killer Whales (
1076:Canadian Journal of Zoology
876:Canadian Journal of Zoology
288:North Atlantic and adjacent
161:southern resident community
149:northern resident community
10:
2987:
2835:
2444:) in New Zealand waters".
2085:10.1038/s41598-021-86272-5
1941:10.1016/bs.amb.2016.07.001
1929:Advances in Marine Biology
1545:"Killer whales in Hawai'i"
910:. Academic Press. p.
2861:Carwardine, Mark (2001).
2722:November 6, 2006, at the
2668:10.1007/s00300-010-0871-3
2502:: 687–694. Archived from
2134:10.1017/s0025315413001409
2028:10.1017/S002531541000072X
1866:Journal of Animal Ecology
1277:. UBC Press. p. 12.
39:cosmopolitan distribution
1509:Merlen, Godfrey (1999).
589:mitochondrial sequencing
573:Dissostichus eleginoides
37:or killer whales have a
2427:10.1578/AM.31.1.2005.83
1879:10.1111/1365-2656.13920
1838:10.1021/acs.est.3c05516
308:orcas consist of seven
61:reported in 2008, "The
2754:10.1098/rsbl.2008.0168
2045:on September 30, 2014.
809:Schrope, Mark (2007).
657:10.47536/jcrm.v5i2.813
638:) in Antarctic waters"
462:
398:
301:
296:Orca tail-slapping in
219:Exxon Valdez oil spill
99:
31:
2807:10.1101/gr.102954.109
2529:Marine Mammal Science
2446:Marine Mammal Science
2368:Marine Mammal Science
1978:Marine Mammal Science
1786:Marine Mammal Science
1737:Ecology and Evolution
1591:10.1353/psc.2006.0024
1515:Noticias de Galapagos
1320:Marine Mammal Science
974:Marine Mammal Science
711:: e.T15421A50368125.
460:
393:
295:
97:
70:closely related, but
21:
2856:on November 8, 2011.
569:Patagonian toothfish
199:Prince William Sound
22:Type C orcas in the
2971:Population genetics
2697:on October 15, 2011
2627:on January 11, 2015
2595:National Geographic
2218:on October 20, 2017
2077:2021NatSR..11.6739M
1832:(42): 16109–16120.
1462:10.3106/ms2020-0072
827:2007Natur.445..703S
488:It feeds mostly on
333:Strait of Gibraltar
266:Kamchatka Peninsula
141:southeastern Alaska
49:, or possibly even
2966:Population ecology
2405:) and Hammerhead (
2065:Scientific Reports
1185:Nanaimo Daily News
757:Biological Reviews
463:
408:Port and Starboard
399:
370:North Indian Ocean
302:
278:Gulf of California
145:Kodiak Archipelago
100:
32:
2899:978-0-7748-0800-2
2878:978-0-7894-8266-2
2601:on March 31, 2019
2566:. Science Alert.
2541:10.1111/mms.12846
2509:on July 13, 2011.
2380:10.1111/mms.12851
2326:10.1002/ecs2.2531
2169:10.1111/mam.12021
1990:10.1111/mms.12947
1798:10.1111/mms.12964
1749:10.1002/ece3.6182
1675:Molecular Ecology
986:10.1111/mms.12049
946:, pp. 40–47.
921:978-0-12-088552-7
821:(7129): 703–705.
585:Mitochondrial DNA
452:Orcinus glacialis
329:Mediterranean Sea
282:Galápagos Islands
270:Commander Islands
87:Research off the
2978:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2933:on June 26, 2008
2932:
2917:
2903:
2882:
2857:
2855:
2848:
2829:
2828:
2818:
2782:
2776:
2775:
2765:
2733:
2727:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2686:
2680:
2679:
2646:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2597:. Archived from
2586:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2520:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2493:
2480:
2474:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2437:
2431:
2430:
2403:Alopias vulpinus
2398:
2392:
2391:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2337:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2304:
2298:
2297:
2287:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2191:
2179:
2173:
2172:
2163:(3–4): 177–189.
2152:
2146:
2145:
2128:(6): 1253–1265.
2113:
2107:
2106:
2096:
2056:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2038:. Archived from
2022:(8): 1601–1611.
2013:
2005:"Killer whales (
2000:
1994:
1993:
1984:(4): 1699–1709.
1969:
1963:
1962:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1910:Rit Fiskideildar
1907:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1881:
1872:(6): 1216–1229.
1856:
1850:
1849:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1760:
1743:(9): 4115–4127.
1728:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1711:
1672:
1663:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1617:
1602:
1576:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1489:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1420:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1407:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1372:. Archived from
1354:
1348:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1307:
1301:
1295:
1289:
1288:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1245:"Killer Whales (
1241:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1210:
1201:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1191:on March 1, 2014
1187:. Archived from
1176:
1170:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1134:Animal Behaviour
1129:
1123:
1120:
1114:
1108:
1102:
1098:
1092:
1091:
1082:(7): 1300–1311.
1071:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1054:
1046:
1040:
1034:
1028:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1017:
1008:
1002:
996:
990:
989:
965:
959:
953:
947:
941:
926:
925:
909:
899:
893:
892:
883:(8): 1456–1471.
866:
857:
856:
838:
806:
800:
799:
781:
751:
730:
729:
727:
725:
720:
690:
684:
683:
681:
679:
673:
642:
629:
612:
606:
565:longline vessels
403:Valdes Peninsula
396:Valdes Peninsula
378:in 2008 and off
258:Russian Far East
242:Vancouver Island
211:Aleutian Islands
153:Vancouver Island
137:southern Alaskan
121:British Columbia
2986:
2985:
2981:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2976:
2975:
2946:
2945:
2936:
2934:
2930:
2915:
2900:
2879:
2853:
2846:
2838:
2833:
2832:
2795:Genome Research
2783:
2779:
2742:Biology Letters
2734:
2730:
2724:Wayback Machine
2714:
2710:
2700:
2698:
2689:Rejcek, Peter.
2687:
2683:
2647:
2640:
2630:
2628:
2619:
2618:
2614:
2604:
2602:
2587:
2583:
2573:
2571:
2560:
2556:
2521:
2514:
2506:
2491:
2481:
2477:
2469:
2465:
2438:
2434:
2415:Aquatic Mammals
2407:Sphyrna zygaena
2399:
2395:
2364:
2360:
2350:
2348:
2338:
2334:
2305:
2301:
2260:
2256:
2246:
2244:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2221:
2219:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2183:"Killer Whale (
2181:
2180:
2176:
2153:
2149:
2114:
2110:
2057:
2050:
2042:
2011:
2001:
1997:
1970:
1966:
1951:
1925:
1921:
1905:
1899:
1895:
1857:
1853:
1817:
1813:
1778:
1774:
1729:
1725:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1681:(24): 5207–17.
1670:
1664:
1653:
1643:
1641:
1636:
1635:
1631:
1621:
1619:
1615:
1579:Pacific Science
1574:
1568:
1564:
1554:
1552:
1543:
1542:
1538:
1528:
1526:
1507:
1503:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1481:
1477:
1446:
1442:
1432:
1430:
1422:
1421:
1414:
1405:
1403:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1379:
1377:
1376:on July 9, 2017
1358:"Killer whale (
1356:
1355:
1351:
1341:
1339:
1308:
1304:
1296:
1292:
1285:
1271:
1267:
1257:
1255:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1228:
1226:
1211:
1204:
1194:
1192:
1177:
1173:
1165:
1161:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1117:
1109:
1105:
1099:
1095:
1088:10.1139/z95-154
1072:
1068:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1035:
1031:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1009:
1005:
997:
993:
966:
962:
954:
950:
944:Carwardine 2001
942:
929:
922:
900:
896:
889:10.1139/z98-089
867:
860:
836:10.1038/445703a
807:
803:
752:
733:
723:
721:
691:
687:
677:
675:
671:
640:
630:
615:
607:
603:
598:
508:Gerlache Strait
494:Adelaide Island
440:
388:
386:Southern waters
372:
290:
274:Baja California
85:
80:
78:Northern waters
72:genetic testing
55:Species problem
12:
11:
5:
2984:
2974:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2944:
2943:
2904:
2898:
2883:
2877:
2858:
2837:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2801:(7): 908–916.
2777:
2728:
2708:
2681:
2662:(2): 303–306.
2638:
2612:
2581:
2554:
2512:
2475:
2463:
2452:(1): 220–227.
2432:
2393:
2374:(1): 151–174.
2358:
2332:
2299:
2270:(2): 215–224.
2254:
2229:
2203:
2174:
2147:
2108:
2048:
1995:
1964:
1949:
1919:
1893:
1851:
1811:
1792:(1): 345–350.
1772:
1723:
1651:
1638:"Killer Whale"
1629:
1585:(4): 523–530.
1562:
1536:
1501:
1475:
1456:(3): 205–211.
1440:
1412:
1387:
1366:NOAA Fisheries
1349:
1326:(3): 719–729.
1302:
1290:
1284:978-0774807173
1283:
1265:
1236:
1219:New York Times
1202:
1171:
1159:
1140:(2): 395–405.
1124:
1115:
1103:
1093:
1066:
1041:
1029:
1003:
991:
980:(2): 460–479.
960:
948:
927:
920:
894:
858:
801:
731:
685:
651:(2): 131–139.
613:
600:
599:
597:
594:
577:
576:
545:Crozet Islands
537:mass stranding
526:
511:
497:
478:
439:
436:
387:
384:
371:
368:
364:Gulf of Mexico
289:
286:
254:
253:
252:in California.
238:schooling fish
230:humpback whale
223:
207:Gulf of Alaska
184:marine mammals
170:
169:
84:
81:
79:
76:
28:Southern Ocean
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2983:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2914:
2912:
2907:NMFS (2005).
2905:
2901:
2895:
2891:
2890:
2889:Killer Whales
2884:
2880:
2874:
2870:
2869:BBC Worldwide
2866:
2865:
2864:Killer Whales
2859:
2852:
2845:
2840:
2839:
2826:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2790:
2781:
2773:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2732:
2725:
2721:
2718:
2715:Gorter, Uko.
2712:
2696:
2692:
2685:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2656:Polar Biology
2653:
2645:
2643:
2626:
2622:
2616:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2585:
2569:
2565:
2558:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2519:
2517:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2490:
2488:
2479:
2473:, p. 46.
2472:
2467:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2436:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2397:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2362:
2347:
2343:
2336:
2327:
2322:
2319:(1): e02531.
2318:
2314:
2310:
2303:
2295:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2258:
2243:
2239:
2233:
2217:
2213:
2207:
2188:
2186:
2178:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2157:Mammal Review
2151:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2112:
2104:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2055:
2053:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2010:
2008:
1999:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1968:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1950:9780128051528
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1923:
1915:
1911:
1904:
1897:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1855:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1815:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1776:
1768:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1727:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1669:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1639:
1633:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1573:
1566:
1550:
1546:
1540:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1505:
1486:
1479:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1444:
1429:
1428:us.whales.org
1425:
1419:
1417:
1401:
1397:
1391:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1361:
1353:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1315:
1306:
1300:, p. 21.
1299:
1294:
1286:
1280:
1276:
1269:
1254:
1250:
1248:
1240:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1209:
1207:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1175:
1169:, p. 24.
1168:
1163:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1128:
1119:
1113:, p. 23.
1112:
1107:
1097:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1070:
1051:
1045:
1039:, p. 47.
1038:
1033:
1014:
1007:
1001:, p. 45.
1000:
995:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
964:
958:, p. 23.
957:
952:
945:
940:
938:
936:
934:
932:
923:
917:
913:
908:
907:
898:
890:
886:
882:
878:
877:
872:
865:
863:
854:
850:
846:
842:
837:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
805:
797:
793:
789:
785:
780:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
758:
750:
748:
746:
744:
742:
740:
738:
736:
719:
714:
710:
706:
705:
700:
698:
689:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
639:
637:
628:
626:
624:
622:
620:
618:
610:
605:
601:
593:
590:
586:
582:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
533:Sub-Antarctic
530:
527:
524:
523:Antarctic cod
519:
515:
512:
509:
505:
501:
498:
495:
491:
486:
482:
479:
476:
472:
468:
465:
464:
459:
455:
453:
449:
448:Orcinus nanus
445:
435:
433:
429:
425:
424:Bremer region
421:
420:Ningaloo Reef
415:
413:
409:
404:
397:
392:
383:
381:
377:
367:
365:
361:
360:Caribbean Sea
357:
353:
349:
345:
340:
338:
334:
330:
325:
323:
322:baleen whales
319:
315:
311:
307:
299:
294:
285:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
193:
190:in honour of
189:
185:
181:
177:
174:
173:
172:
167:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
117:
113:
109:
105:
102:
101:
96:
92:
90:
83:North Pacific
75:
73:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
29:
25:
20:
16:
2956:Biogeography
2935:. Retrieved
2928:the original
2911:Orcinus orca
2910:
2888:
2863:
2851:the original
2798:
2794:
2789:Orcinus orca
2788:
2780:
2748:(4): 426–9.
2745:
2741:
2731:
2711:
2701:February 16,
2699:. Retrieved
2695:the original
2684:
2659:
2655:
2652:Orcinus orca
2651:
2629:. Retrieved
2625:the original
2615:
2603:. Retrieved
2599:the original
2594:
2584:
2572:. Retrieved
2557:
2535:(1): 58–72.
2532:
2528:
2504:the original
2499:
2495:
2487:Orcinus orca
2486:
2478:
2466:
2449:
2445:
2442:Orcinus orca
2441:
2435:
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2185:Orcinus orca
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1998:
1981:
1977:
1967:
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1402:. 2023-08-04
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1360:Orcinus orca
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1342:February 5,
1195:December 4,
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298:Vestfjorden
246:Haida Gwaii
188:Bigg's orca
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2631:January 6,
2285:2263/42023
1406:2023-08-05
1400:Yahoo News
1380:August 15,
779:2263/21531
678:January 9,
609:Baird 1999
596:References
310:haplotypes
234:open water
215:Bering Sea
192:cetologist
166:endangered
125:Washington
116:dorsal fin
47:subspecies
2605:April 12,
2549:237808561
2471:NMFS 2005
2388:237736039
2313:Ecosphere
1888:0021-8790
1846:0013-936X
1806:0824-0469
1529:March 14,
1470:236221150
1167:NMFS 2005
1111:NMFS 2005
549:Cape Horn
541:Kerguelen
471:Antarctic
444:Antarctic
438:Antarctic
382:in 2015.
380:Sri Lanka
314:North Sea
244:and near
176:Transient
2922:, U.S.:
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2772:18524738
2720:Archived
2676:20734772
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1959:27770983
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1523:Archived
1336:Archived
1223:Archived
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788:22882545
669:Archived
665:52257732
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504:Gerlache
485:pack ice
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344:Labrador
300:, Norway
276:and the
262:Hokkaido
226:Offshore
133:southern
129:northern
104:Resident
63:taxonomy
24:Ross Sea
2920:Seattle
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2816:2892092
2763:2610147
2351:2 March
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