1382:. Examples of companies who have done this are Google, Microsoft and Apple. Additionally, open sourcing can refer to programming open source software or installing open source software. Open sourcing can be beneficial in multiple ways, such as attracting more external contributors who bring new perspectives and problem solving capabilities. The downsides of open sourcing include the work that has to be done to maintaining the new community, such as making the base code easily understandable, setting up communication channels for new developers and creating documentation to allow new developers to easily join. However, a review of several open sourced projects found that although a newly open sourced project attracts many newcomers, a great amount are likely to soon leave the project and their forks are also likely to not be impactful.
1298:, leader of the Free software movement and member of the free software foundation opposes the term open source being applied to what they refer to as free software. Although he agrees that the two terms describe almost the same category of software, Stallman considers equating the terms incorrect and misleading. He believes that the main difference is that by choosing one term over the other lets others know about what one's goals are: development (open source) or a social stance (free software). Nevertheless, there is significant overlap between open source software and free software. Stallman also opposes the professed pragmatism of the
1465:. Instead of learning through a classroom or a job, learning through contributing to OSS allows participants to learn at their own pace and follow what interests them. When contributing to OSS, you can learn the current industry best practices, technology and trends and even have the opportunity to contribute to the next big innovation as OSS grows increasingly popular within the tech field. Contributing to OSS without payment means there is no threat of being fired, though reputations can take a hit. On the other hand, a huge motivation to contribute to OSS is the reputation gained as you grow your public portfolio.
1668:
122:
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while in 2008 the countries with top amount of estimated contributors in SourceForge were the United States, Germany, United
Kingdom, Canada and France. Though there have been several studies done on the distribution and contributions of OSS developers, this is still an open field that can be measured in several different ways. For instance, Information and communication technology participation, population, wealth and proportion of access to the internet have been shown to be correlated with OSS contributions.
1243:, a once detractor of OSS, has included its use in their systems. However, this success has raised concerns that will determine the future of OSS as the community must answer questions such as what OSS is, what should it be, and what should be done to protect it, if it even needs protecting. All in all, while the free and open source revolution has slowed to a perceived equilibrium in the market place, that does not mean it is over as many theoretical discussions must take place to determine its future.
247:
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995:. While accidental vulnerabilities are possible, so are attacks by outside agents. Because of these fears, governmental interest in contributing to the governance of software has become more prominent. However, these are the broad strokes of the issue, with each country having their own specific politicized interactions with open source software and their goals for its implementation. For example, the United States has focused on
1428:. Code acceptance can be impacted by status within these social network clusters, creating unfair predispositions in code acceptance based on location. Barriers to international collaboration also include linguistic or cultural differences. Furthermore, each country has been shown to have a higher acceptance rate for code from contributors within their country except India, indicating a bias for culturally similar collaborators.
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1112:, which he described as free as in free speech, not free beer, referring to the meaning of free as freedom rather than price. He later expanded this concept of freedom to the four essential freedoms. Through GNU, open source norms of incorporating others' source code, community bug fixes and suggestions of code for new features appeared. In 1985, Stallman founded the
790:. Copyleft licenses are different in that they require recipients to use the same license for at least some parts of the distribution of their works. Strong copyleft licenses require all derivative works to use the same license while weak copyleft licenses require the use of the same license only under certain conditions. Examples of this type of license include the
943:. Open source software can be considered a public good as it is available to everyone and does not decrease in value for others when downloaded by one person. Open source software is unique in that it becomes more valuable as it is used and contributed to, instead of diminishing the resource. This is explained by concepts such as investment in reputation and
457:. Once the leadership and community are satisfied with the whole project, it can be partially released and user instruction can be documented. If the project is ready to be released, it is frozen, with only serious bug fixes or security repairs occurring. Finally, the project is fully released and only changed through minor bug fixes.
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women's identity as female is given more attention that as an OSS contributor Bias is hard to address due to the belief that gender shouldn't matter, with most contributors feeling that women getting special treatment is unfair and success should be dependent on skill, preventing any changes to be more inclusive.
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in 1978 that mixed Unix code with code from
Berkely labs to increase functionality. As BSD was focused on increasing functionality, it would publicly share its greatest innovations with the main Unix operating system. This is an example of the free public code sharing that is a central characteristic
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Because economic theory mainly focuses on the consumption of scarce resources, the OSS dynamic can be hard to understand. In OSS, producers become consumers by reaping the rewards of contributing to a project. For example, a developer becomes well regarded by their peers for a successful contribution
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OSS is flexible because modular systems allow programmers to build custom interfaces, or add new abilities to it and it is innovative since open-source programs are the product of collaboration among a large number of different programmers. The mix of divergent perspectives, corporate objectives, and
292:
According to Feller et al. (2005), the terms "free software" and "open source software" should be applied to any "software products distributed under terms that allow users" to use, modify, and redistribute the software "in any manner they see fit, without requiring that they pay the author(s) of the
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in that it allows the inclusion of proprietary software and allows more liberties in its licensing. Some, such as
Stallman, agree more with the original concept of free software as a result because it takes a strong moral stance against proprietary software, through there is much overlap between the
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Several gray areas exist within software regulation that have great impact on open source software, such as if software is a good or service, what can be considered a modification, governance through contract vs license, ownership and right of use. While there have been developments on these issues,
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More than 90 percent of companies use open-source software as a component of their proprietary software. The decision to use open-source software, or even engage with open-source projects to improve existing open-source software, is typically a pragmatic business decision. When proprietary software
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In 2021, the countries with the highest open source software contributions included the United States, China, Germany, India, and the UK, in that order. The counties with the highest OSS developers per capita from a study in 2021 include, in order, Iceland, Switzerland, Norway, Sweden, and
Finland,
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The FSF said that the term open source fosters an ambiguity of a different kind such that it confuses the mere availability of the source with the freedom to use, modify, and redistribute it. On the other hand, the term free software was criticized for the ambiguity of the word free, which was seen
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Within proprietary software, bug fixes can only be provided by the vendor, moving platforms requires another purchase and the existence of the product relies on the vendor, who can discontinue it at any point. Additionally, proprietary software does not provide its source code and cannot be altered
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Proprietary software limits their customers' choices to either committing to using that software, upgrading it or switching to other software, forcing customers to have their software preferences impacted by their monetary cost. The ideal case scenario for the proprietary software vendor would be a
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in regard to open source software implementation due to the perceived threat of the increase of open source software activity in countries like China and Russia, with the
Department of Defense considering multiple criteria for using OSS. These criteria include: if it comes from and is maintained by
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The economic model of open source software can be explained as developers contribute work to projects, creating public benefits. Developers choose projects based on the perceived benefits or costs, such as improved reputation or value of the project. The motivations of developers can come from many
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There should be at least two versions of the software. There should be a buggier version with more features and a more stable version with fewer features. The buggy version (also called the development version) is for users who want the immediate use of the latest features and are willing to accept
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is a broad software license that makes source code available to the general public with relaxed or non-existent restrictions on the use and modification of the code. It is an explicit "feature" of open source that it puts very few restrictions on the use or distribution by any organization or user,
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despite women and men showing the same productivity in OSS contributions. Explicit biases include longer feedback time, more scrutinization of code and lower acceptance rate of code. Specifically in the open-source software community, women report that sexually offensive language is common and the
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tends to be a large concern as women in the tech industry face insecurity about attracting unwanted male attention and harassment or being unfeminine in their technology knowledge, having a large impact on confidence. Some male tech participants make clear that they believe women fitting in within
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The basic roles OSS participants can fall into multiple categories, beginning with leadership at the center of the project who have control over its execution. Next are the core contributors with a great deal of experience and authority in the project who may guide the other contributors. Non-core
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Moreover, free software can be developed in accordance with purely technical requirements. It does not require thinking about commercial pressure that often degrades the quality of the software. Commercial pressures make traditional software developers pay more attention to customers' requirements
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Open source development offers the potential to quicken innovation and create of social value. In France for instance, a policy that incentivized government to favor free open-source software increased to nearly 600,000 OSS contributions per year, generating social value by increasing the quantity
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of software and before the concept of open source software was necessary, therefore it was not considered a true open source software project. It started as a research project before being commercialized in the mid 1980s. Before its commercialization, it represented many of the ideals held by the
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has been found to enhance team productivity, women still face biases while contributing to open source software projects when their gender is identifiable. In 2002, only 1.5% of international open-source software developers were women, while women made up 28% of tech industry roles, demonstrating
892:, with both being protectable, though there is legal variety in this definition. Some jurisdictions attempt to expand or reduce this conceptualization for their own purposes. For example, The European Court of Justice defines a computer program as not including the functionality of a program, the
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states that given enough eyeballs all bugs are shallow. This means that if many users view the source code, they will eventually find all bugs and suggest how to fix them. Some users have advanced programming skills, and furthermore, each user's machine provides an additional testing environment.
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alternative operating system that would be available for anyone to use and allow programmers to share code freely between them. However, the goal of GNU was not to only replace Unix, but to make a superior version that had more technological capabilities. It was released before the philosophical
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are examples milestones of success in the open source software rise to prominence from the sidelines of technological innovation as it existed in the early 2000s. However, some in the community consider them failures in their representation of OSS due to issues such as the downplaying of the OSS
503:(DVCS) are examples of tools, often open source, that help manage the source code files and the changes to those files for a software project in order to foster collaboration. CVCS are centralized with a central repository while DVCS are decentralized and have a local repository for every user.
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may continue to exist due to the common belief of contributors that gender shouldn't matter, and the quality of code should be the only consideration for code acceptance, preventing the community from addressing the systemic disparities in female representation. However, a more recent figure of
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of the FSF now flatly opposes the term "Open Source" being applied to what they refer to as "free software". Although he agrees that the two terms describe "almost the same category of software", Stallman considers equating the terms incorrect and misleading. Stallman also opposes the professed
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Open source software differs from proprietary software in that it is publicly available, the license requires no fees, modifications and distributions are allowed under license specifications. All of this works to prevent a monopoly on any OSS product, which is a goal of proprietary software.
1019:. These technologies all have implications for global cooperation, again opening up security issues and political consequences. Many countries have to balance technological innovation with technological dependence in these partnerships. For example, after China's open-source dependent company
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have begun to develop official open source presences on the
Internet. IBM, Oracle, and State Farm are just a few of the companies with a serious public stake in today's competitive open source market, marking a significant shift in the corporate philosophy concerning the development of FOSS.
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Under OSI's definition, open source is a broad software license that makes source code available to the general public with relaxed or non-existent restrictions on the use and modification of the code. It is an explicit feature of open source that it puts very few restrictions on the use or
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model, development takes place in a centralized way. Roles are clearly defined. Roles include people dedicated to designing (the architects), people responsible for managing the project, and people responsible for implementation. Traditional software engineering follows the cathedral model.
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Although OSS is theoretically challenging in economic models, it is explainable as a sustainable social activity that requires resources. These resources include time, money, technology and contributions. Many developers have used technology funded by organizations such as universities and
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For decades, some companies have made servicing of an open-source software product for enterprise users their business model. These companies control an open-source software product, and instead of charging for licensing or use, charge for improvements, integration, and other servicing.
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that largely collaborate within themselves. Possible reasons for this phenomenon may be that the OSS contributor demographic largely works in software, meaning that the OSS geographic location is closely related to that dispersion and collaborations could be encouraged through work and
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OSS can be highly reliable when it has thousands of independent programmers testing and fixing bugs of the software. Open source is not dependent on the company or author that originally created it. Even if the company fails, the code continues to exist and be developed by its users.
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to an OSS project. The social benefits and interactions of OSS are difficult to account for in economic models as well. Furthermore, the innovation of technology creates constantly changing value discussions and outlooks, making economic model unable to predict social behavior.
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While the Open Source
Initiative sought to encourage the use of the new term and evangelize the principles it adhered to, commercial software vendors found themselves increasingly threatened by the concept of freely distributed software and universal access to an application's
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model. Raymond likens the development of software by traditional methodologies to building a cathedral, with careful isolated work by individuals or small groups. He suggests that all software should be developed using the bazaar style, with differing agendas and approaches.
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This "culture" or ideology takes the view that the principles apply more generally to facilitate concurrent input of different agendas, approaches, and priorities, in contrast with more centralized models of development such as those typically used in commercial companies.
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preventing source code from being shared and improved upon. GNU was UNIX compatible, meaning that the programmer enthusiasts would still be familiar with how it worked. However, it quickly became apparent that there was some confusion with the label
Stallman had chosen of
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Butler, Simon; Gamalielsson, Jonas; Lundell, Björn; Brax, Christoffer; Mattsson, Anders; Gustavsson, Tomas; Feist, Jonas; Kvarnström, Bengt; Lönroth, Erik (2022). "Considerations and challenges for the adoption of open source components in software-intensive businesses".
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Moreover, lower costs of marketing and logistical services are needed for OSS. OSS can be a tool to promote a company's image, including its commercial products. The OSS development approach has helped produce reliable, high quality software quickly and inexpensively.
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Organizations that contribute to the development and expansions of free and open source software movements exist all over the world. These organizations are dedicated to goals such as teaching and spreading technology. As listed by a former vice president of the
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the culture is impossible, furthering the insecurity for women and their place in the tech industry. Additionally, even in a voluntary contribution environment like open source software, women tend to end up doing the less technical aspects of projects, such as
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beliefs of the Free and Open source software revolution were truly defined. Because of its creation by prominent FOSS programmer
Richard Stallman, GNU was heavily involved in FOSS activism, with one of the greatest achievements of GNU being the creation of the
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can bring in diverse perspectives beyond those of a single company. A 2024 estimate of the value of open source software to firms is $ 8.8 trillion, as firms would need to spend 3.5 times the amount they currently do without the use of open source software.
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licenses. The similarities between these two categories of licensing include that they provide a broad grant of copyright rights, require that recipients preserve copyright notices, and that a copy of the license is provided to recipients with the code.
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and project pages. Next, OSS developers select or are assigned to a task and identify a solution. Because there are often many different possible routes for solutions in OSS, the best solution must be chosen with careful consideration and sometimes even
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Industries are likely to use OSS due to back-office functionality, sales support, research and development, software features, quick deployment, portability across platforms and avoidance of commercial license management. Additionally, lower cost for
1136:. Throughout this whole period, there were many other free software projects and licenses around at the time, all with different ideas of what the concept of free software was and should be, as well as the morality of proprietary software, such as
1366:, not all source available software is FOSS. For example, if the software doesn't meet other aspects of the Open Source Definition such as permitted modification or redistribution, even if the source code is available, the software is not FOSS.
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by users. For businesses, this can pose a security risk and source of frustration, as they cannot specialize the product to their needs, and there may be hidden threats or information leaks within the software that they cannot access or change.
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despite previous animosity with the OSS movement. Despite these developments, these companies tend to only use OSS for certain purposes, leading to worries that OSS is being taken advantage of by corporations and not given anything in return.
923:. Open source software proponents disliked these technologies as they constrained end-users potentially beyond copyright law. Europe responded to such complaints by putting TPM under legal controls, representing a victory for OSS supporters.
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Code changes should be integrated (merged into a shared code base) as often as possible so as to avoid the overhead of fixing a large number of bugs at the end of the project life cycle. Some open-source projects have nightly builds where
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in 1998 at a meeting of supporters of free software. Many in the group felt the name free software was confusing to newcomers and holding back industry interest and they readily accepted the new designation of open source, creating the
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contributors have less experience and authority, but regularly contribute and are vital to the project's development. New contributors are the least experienced but with mentorship and guidance can become regular contributors.
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that allowed forking and resulted in a loss of opportunities for collaboration within
Android, the prioritization of convivence over freedom in Ubuntu, and features within Ubuntu that track users for marketing purposes.
1609:, creating discord in the greater FOSS community, though ultimately proving successful. The Apache license allowed permitted members to directly access source code, a marked difference from GNU and Linux's approaches.
810:, including attribution and identification of modifications. The ruling of this case cemented enforcement under copyright law when the conditions of the license were not followed. Because of the similarity of the
896:, or the format of data files. By limiting protections of the different aspects of software, the law favors an open source approach to software use. The US especially has an open approach to software, with most
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provide means of coordination and discussion of bugs among developers. Project web pages, wiki pages, roadmap lists and newsgroups allow for the distribution of project information that focuses on end users.
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The users are treated like co-developers and so they should have access to the source code of the software. Furthermore, users are encouraged to submit additions to the software, code fixes for the software,
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Rossi, M. A. (2006): Decoding the free/open-source software puzzle: A survey of theoretical and empirical contributions, in J. Bitzer P. Schröder, eds, 'The Economics of Open Source Software Development', p
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The bazaar model, however, is different. In this model, roles are not clearly defined. Some proposed characteristics of software developed using the bazaar model should exhibit the following patterns:
708:
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In open source communities, instead of owning the software produced, the producer owns the development of the evolving software. In this way, the future of the software is open, making ownership or
1621:, a movement to decentralize technologies so that any human can use them. However, it is often misapplied to other areas that have different and competing principles, which overlap only partially.
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1302:, as he fears that the free software ideals of freedom and community are threatened by compromising on the FSF's idealistic standards for software freedom. The FSF considers free software to be a
305:, as he fears that the free software ideals of freedom and community are threatened by compromising on the FSF's idealistic standards for software freedom. The FSF considers free software to be a
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trusted sources, whether it will continue to be maintained, if there are dependencies on sub-components in the software, component security and integrity, and foreign governmental influence.
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due to the benefits it provides. Adoption of OSS is more likely in larger organizations and is dependent on the company's IT usage, operating efficiencies, and the productivity of employees.
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Open source implementation of a standard can increase adoption of that standard. This creates developer loyalty as developers feel empowered and have a sense of ownership of the end product.
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where developers consider if they should add new features or if a bug needs to be fixed in their project. This is established by communicating with the OSS community through avenues such as
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The use of OSS has become more common in business with 78% of companies reporting that they run all or part of their operations on FOSS. The popularity of OSS has risen to the point that
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and quality of open-source software. This policy also led to an estimated increase of up to 18% of tech startups and a 14% increase in the number of people employed in the IT sector.
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and other technology related abilities, but also fundamental skills such as communication and collaboration and practical skills needed to excel in technology related fields such as
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Berry, D M (2004). The Contestation of Code: A Preliminary Investigation into the Discourse of the Free Software and Open Software Movement, Critical Discourse Studies, Volume 1(1).
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There is a need for a decision-making structure, whether formal or informal, that makes strategic decisions depending on changing user requirements and other factors. Compare with
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is in direct competition with an open-source alternative, research has found conflicting results on the effect of the competition on the proprietary product's price and quality.
1362:, the source code does not need to be accessible to all, just the users of that software. While all FOSS software is source available because this is a requirement made by the
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governments, though these same organizations benefit from the work done by OSS. As OSS grows, hybrid systems containing OSS and proprietary systems are becoming more common.
1587:. It was radically different than what other hackers were producing at the time due to it being totally free of cost and being decentralized. Later, Linux was put under the
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Open source software projects are built and maintained by a network of programmers, who may often be volunteers, and are widely used in free as well as commercial products.
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The future of the open source software community, and the free software community by extension, has become successful if not confused about what it stands for. For example,
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female OSS participation internationally calculated across 2005 to 2021 is 9.8%, with most being recent contributors, indicating that female participation may be growing.
453:. The developer then begins to develop and commit the code. The code is then tested and reviewed by peers. Developers can edit and evolve their code through feedback from
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software, for example, can be developed as open source, despite that it does not give its users freedom (it restricts them), and thus does not qualify as free software.
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as specified by the terms of the specific license, as each license has its own rules. Permissive licenses allow recipients of the software to implement the author's
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they often lead to even more questions. The existence of these uncertainties in regulation has a negative impact on industries involved in technologies as a whole.
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and testing. However, there are several ways of contributing to OSS projects even without coding skills. For example, some less technical ways of participating are
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Open-source software is preferred for scientific applications, because it increases transparency and aids in the validation and acceptance of scientific results.
1116:(FSF) to promote changes in software and to help write GNU. In order to prevent his work from being used in proprietary software, Stallman created the concept of
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August, Terrence; Chen, Wei; Zhu, Kevin (2021). "Competition Among Proprietary and Open-Source Software Firms: The Role of Licensing in Strategic Contribution".
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code base. The name Apache was used because of the several patches they applied to this code base. Within a year of its release, it became the worldwide leading
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While many governments are interested in implementing and promoting open-source software due to the many benefits provided, a huge issue to be considered is
1061:, such as the 1950s and into the 1960s, programmers and developers shared software to learn from each other and evolve the field of computing. For example,
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to anyone and for any purpose. Open-source software may be developed in a collaborative, public manner. Open-source software is a prominent example of
1402:, and software viewers/readers that are freely available but do not provide source code. However, these differ from open source software in access to
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began to focus on BSD and turning it into an operating system that did not include any of Unix's code.The final version of BSD was released in 1995.
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3385:"Free and Open Source Software and FRAND-based patent licenses: How to mediate between Standard Essential Patent and Free and Open Source Software"
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Albusays, Khaled; Bjorn, Pernille; Dabbish, Laura; Ford, Denae; Murphy-Hill, Emerson; Serebrenik, Alexander; Storey, Margaret-Anne (April 2021).
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in development, making the number of possible contributors indefinite. The ability to examine the code facilitates public trust in the software.
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Despite being able to collaborate internationally, open source software contributors were found to mostly be located in large clusters such as
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There are many motivations for contributing to the OSS community. For one, it is an opportunity to learn and practice multiple skills such as
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the risk of using code that is not yet thoroughly tested. The users can then act as co-developers, reporting bugs and providing bug fixes.
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The first version of the software should be released as early as possible so as to increase one's chances of finding co-developers early.
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software, for example, can be developed as open source, despite how it restricts its users, and thus does not qualify as free software.
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Funding is absolutely another terrific way that individuals and organizations choose to contribute to open source projects. Groups like
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While the term open source applied originally only to the source code of software, it is now being applied to many other areas such as
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Apache began in 1995 as a collaboration between a group of developers releasing their own web server due to their frustration with
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One important legal precedent for open source software was created in 2008, when the Jacobson v Katzer case enforced terms of the
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In open source software development, tools are used to support the development of the product and the development process itself.
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Best practices for commercial use of open source software: business models, processes and tools for managing open source software
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to emphasize the business potential of sharing and collaborating on software source code. The term open source was suggested by
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607:, event organization and coordination, marketing, release management, community management, and public relations and outreach.
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Zhou, Zach Zhizhong; Choudhary, Vidyanand (2022). "Impact of Competition from Open Source Software on Proprietary Software".
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Lerner, J. & Tirole, J. (2002): 'Some simple economics on open source', Journal of Industrial Economics 50(2), p 197–234
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Benkler, Yochai (2002), "Coase's Penguin, or, Linux and The Nature of the Firm." Yale Law Journal 112.3 (Dec 2002): p367(78)
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Levine, Sheen S.; Prietula, Michael J. (30 December 2013). "Open Collaboration for Innovation: Principles and Performance".
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began when developers began trying to create operating systems without Unix code. Unix was created in the 1960s, before the
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became the standard with computer programs being considered a form of literary work, with some tweaks of unique regulation.
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1267:, where the customer does not or cannot switch software due to these costs and continues to buy products from that vendor.
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in the years 1970–1980 began to prevent this practice. However, academics still often developed software collaboratively.
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In response, the open source movement was born out of the work of skilled programmer enthusiasts, widely referred to as
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The adoption of open source software by industry is increasing over time. OSS is popular in several industries such as
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of FOSS today. As Unix became commercialized in the 1980s, developers or members of the community who did not support
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Open-source projects use utilities such as issue trackers to organize open-source software development. Commonly used
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The general structure of the software should be modular allowing for parallel development on independent components.
4837:, a Confluence article providing guidelines for fair participation in the open source ecosystem, by Radovan Semancik
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provide a means for individuals to contribute monthly to supporting their favorite projects. Organizations like the
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4823:"Open Source Projects as Incubators of Innovation. From Niche Phenomenon to Integral Part of the Software Industry"
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The same principles that underlie open-source software can be found in many other ventures, such as open source,
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How open is the future? : Economic, social and cultural scenarios inspired by free and open-source software
1209:(FOSS) has historically played a role outside of mainstream private software development, companies as large as
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Gonzalez-Barahona, Jesus M.; Robles, Gregorio; Andradas-Izquierdo, Roberto; Ghosh, Rishab Aiyer (August 2008).
1732:
1534:
1137:
134:
4293:"From open source to open content: Organization, licensing and decision processes in open cultural production"
1977:
951:
different places and reasons, but the important takeaway is that money is not the only or even most important
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1359:
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227:
101:
76:
67:
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3103:
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1473:
Even though programming was originally seen as a female profession, there remains a large gap in computing.
7603:
7194:
6312:
5962:
5816:
5610:
4696:
The Rise of Open Source Licensing: A Challenge to the Use of Intellectual Property in the Software Industry
1189:
979:
676:
516:
386:
340:
277:, written and adapted primarily by Perens. Perens did not base his writing on the "four freedoms" from the
42:
17:
3934:
Proceedings of the 12th ACM/IEEE International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering and Measurement
626:
established a Pathways to Enable Open-Source Ecosystems (POSE) program to support open source innovation.
7946:
5924:
5831:
5666:
5244:
3029:
Forge your future with open source: build your skills, build your network, build the future of technology
759:
623:
500:
231:
4676:""The Economic Properties of Software", Jena Economic Research Papers, Volume 2 (2008), Number 2008-045"
4657:
3605:"Research Note —Lock-In Strategy in Software Competition: Open-Source Software vs. Proprietary Software"
1440:
their low representation in the software field. Despite OSS contributions having no prerequisites, this
723:. Outside of these, many more organizations dedicated to the advancement of open source software exist.
7216:
7204:
7179:
6796:
5821:
5706:
5483:
5312:
5192:
3932:
2349:
Robles, Gregorio (2006). "Empirical Software Engineering Research on Free/Libre/Open Source Software".
1588:
1566:
1363:
1223:
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1024:
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504:
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without having to use the same license for distribution. Examples of this type of license include the
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4833:
4113:
Trinkenreich, Bianca; Wiese, Igor; Sarma, Anita; Gerosa, Marco; Steinmacher, Igor (31 October 2022).
1576:
1523:
Free and Open source software revolution, including the decentralized collaboration of global users,
1355:
1345:
1307:
916:
310:
38:
2079:
1120:, which allowed the use of his work by anyone, but under specific terms. To do this, he created the
1003:
Another issue for governments in regard to open source is their investments in technologies such as
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Within the legal history of software as a whole, there was much debate on whether to protect it as
672:
647:
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278:
3716:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences
1292:
distribution by any organization or user, in order to enable the rapid evolution of the software.
377:, documentation, etc. Having more co-developers increases the rate at which the software evolves.
273:
to determine whether it considers a software license open source. The definition was based on the
7849:
7546:
6512:
6222:
6117:
6060:
5337:
3984:
3927:
Rastogi, Ayushi; Nagappan, Nachiappan; Gousios, Georgios; van der Hoek, André (11 October 2018).
3887:
3137:
2703:
1016:
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904:
within these licenses, which has seen backlash from the OSS community, who prefer other forms of
425:
3929:"Relationship between geographical location and evaluation of developer contributions in github"
3711:
2226:
1569:
or GPL, which allowed developers to release software that could be legally shared and modified.
1180:'s (OSI) definition is now recognized by several governments internationally as the standard or
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4828:. Stuttgart: Research Contributions to Organizational Sociology and Innovation Studies 2017-03.
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4027:
2019 ACM/IEEE International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering and Measurement (ESEM)
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1999:
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2140:
Feller, Joseph; Fitzgerald, Brian; Hissam, Scott; Lakhani, Karim R. (2005). "Introduction".
814:
to other open source software licenses, the ruling created a precedent that applied widely.
261:'s (OSI) definition is recognized by several governments internationally as the standard or
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5023:
4809:
4727:
4247:
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3723:
3104:"NSF invests over $ 26 million in open-source projects | NSF - National Science Foundation"
2891:
Plotkin, Hal (December 1998). "What (and Why) you should know about open-source software".
1754:
1712:
1547:
1528:
1454:
1375:
1374:
A recent trend within software companies is open sourcing, or transitioning their previous
1314:
as discouraging for business adoption, and for the historical ambiguous usage of the term.
1104:
966:
Throughout the mid 2000s, more and more tech companies have begun to use OSS. For example,
893:
767:
572:
485:
than to security requirements, since such features are somewhat invisible to the customer.
205:
3834:"Outsourcing to an Unknown Workforce: Exploring Opensurcing as a Global Sourcing Strategy"
8:
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Incorporating the Digital Commons: Corporate Involvement in Free and Open Source Software
1722:
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and allows capable end users to adapt software to their personal needs in a similar way
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2649:
2612:
2519:
2445:
2374:
2277:"The Cathedral and the Bazaar (originally published in Volume 3, Number 3, March 1998)"
1920:
1894:
1629:
1594:
1591:, allowing people to make money with Linux and bringing Linux into the FOSS community.
1168:
770:
in that they can allow more users access to the software and allow for the creation of
635:
604:
201:
150:
4812:— an online book containing essays from prominent members of the open-source community
4502:
2558:
2516:
2020 IEEE 24th International Enterprise Distributed Object Computing Conference (EDOC)
2442:
2020 IEEE 24th International Enterprise Distributed Object Computing Conference (EDOC)
1188:, written and adapted primarily by Bruce Perens. The OSI definition differed from the
7878:
7689:
7578:
7453:
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7342:
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7211:
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2010:
1955:
1912:
1852:
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1519:
1132:, as a kernel was missing in GNU. The operating system is now usually referred to as
996:
655:
619:
592:
154:
96:
4930:
4570:
Davila, Jacinto (2015). "The Political Logic of Free, Libre, Open Source Software".
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3886:
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3198:
2773:
1583:. Linux was inspired by making a better version of the for profit operating service
919:(DRM) techniques which were internationally legally recognized and protected in the
7694:
7551:
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1004:
936:
811:
807:
753:
692:
297:
162:
158:
4339:
3353:
Software Power: The Economic and Geopolitical Implications of Open Source Software
1510:
created by AT&T that began as a precursor to open source software in that the
1124:(GNU GPL) in 1989, which was updated in 1991. In 1991, GNU was combined with the
7905:
7628:
7471:
7354:
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7050:
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4920:
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4616:
3928:
2533:
2459:
2024:
2006:
1524:
1474:
1462:
1358:
when this source code is available to be seen. However to be source available or
1145:
1012:
952:
771:
696:
611:
571:
Some possible ways of contributing to open source software include such roles as
496:
345:
234:
for users with similar preferences, and directly submit possible improvements as
121:
6538:
5358:
4379:
2971:
2954:
1038:, to help support the governance and maintenance of the software that they use.
7888:
7643:
7638:
7633:
7623:
6791:
6718:
6456:
6421:
6396:
6137:
6110:
6100:
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5661:
4437:
4292:
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4022:
3645:
3168:
3031:. The pragmatic programmers. Raleigh, North Carolina: The Pragmatic Bookshelf.
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are African organizations and Central and South Asia has such organizations as
512:
378:
4544:
4512:
4395:
4323:
4308:
4034:
3982:
3799:
3153:
1831:"The Free Software Alternative: Freeware, Open Source Software, and Libraries"
7935:
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6831:
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4091:
4083:
3857:
3807:
3743:
3628:
3574:
3496:
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Payne, Christian (February 2002). "On the Security of Open Source Software".
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1916:
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1155:
began to look how to bring free software ideas and perceived benefits to the
1109:
1008:
992:
939:
and branding can prevent others from stealing it, preserving its status as a
874:
546:
450:
368:
63:
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4187:
3942:
3782:
Pinto, Gustavo; Steinmacher, Igor; Dias, Luiz Felipe; Gerosa, Marco (2018).
1847:
7883:
7837:
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6723:
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6105:
5811:
5768:
5681:
5146:
5108:
5096:
5071:
4767:
4663:
4612:
4572:
Societal Benefits of Freely Accessible Technologies and Knowledge Resources
4493:
4451:
Foundations and Trends in Technology, Information and Operations Management
4277:
4115:"Women's Participation in Open Source Software: A Survey of the Literature"
3751:
3735:
3620:
3550:
2687:
1908:
1707:
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779:
445:
382:
This new testing environment offers the ability to find and fix a new bug.
235:
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2701:
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7241:
7148:
7085:
7080:
6933:
6897:
6775:
6663:
6622:
6476:
6471:
6291:
6262:
6127:
5901:
5728:
5723:
5327:
5252:
5202:
5066:
4114:
2765:
2587:
2360:
2289:
2276:
1951:
1653:(SaaS) products based on open-source components are increasingly common.
1441:
1403:
1351:
1198:
1069:
889:
885:
842:
830:
783:
643:
600:
246:
197:
4939:
3865:
3712:"The case for free and open source software in research and scholarship"
3078:
7717:
7571:
6257:
6080:
5234:
5207:
5171:
4854:
4462:
4068:"'Patches don't have gender': What is not open in open source software"
3401:
3384:
2110:
1602:
1598:
1560:
in 1984 with its name meaning Gnu's Not Unix. The idea was to create a
870:
584:
580:
531:
374:
126:
3833:
2668:
1027:
in 2019, they began to create their own alternative operating system:
7892:
7817:
7674:
7561:
7525:
7331:
7318:
7143:
6728:
6132:
5758:
5282:
5229:
5125:
5113:
4260:
4235:
3849:
1391:
1332:(FLOSS), consequently, to describe open-source software that is also
1240:
1210:
1058:
1028:
975:
971:
878:
775:
639:
588:
189:
146:
142:
4140:
3463:
2069:, The Open Source Definition according to the Open Source Initiative
1163:
was not appealing to companies and they needed a way to rebrand the
7827:
7739:
7657:
7520:
7396:
7301:
7226:
6627:
6207:
5796:
5676:
5091:
5081:
5076:
4986:
4639:
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4131:
3904:
2712:
2524:
2450:
1973:
1399:
1390:
Other concepts that may share some similarities to open source are
1160:
1117:
1099:. In 1984, he resigned from MIT to create a free operating system,
763:
535:
263:
219:
181:
4716:"A Quick Guide to Software Licensing for the Scientist-Programmer"
4424:, Compatibility, Proliferation, Fragmentation, and Directionality.
3926:
3784:"On the challenges of open-sourcing proprietary software projects"
2650:"Open Source, Open Standards, and Health Care Information Systems"
2590:"A framework for creating hybrid-open source software communities"
2588:
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1899:
1176:(OSI) and the OSI definition of what open source software is. The
758:
FOSS products are generally licensed under two types of licenses:
499:
systems such as Centralized Version control system (CVCS) and the
293:
software a royalty or fee for engaging in the listed activities."
230:
allow for web sites, and eventually publish the modification as a
7618:
7588:
7448:
7313:
7296:
7278:
7153:
6637:
6519:
6416:
5212:
5197:
5118:
2052:
539:
138:
130:
3173:
2018 16th Annual Conference on Privacy, Security and Trust (PST)
7899:
6683:
5049:
4934:
2512:"Open Source Software Development Process: A Systematic Review"
2438:"Open Source Software Development Process: A Systematic Review"
2352:
2006 22nd IEEE International Conference on Software Maintenance
1303:
1227:
1080:
1020:
901:
716:
524:
328:
306:
4588:
618:
is able to contribute to millions to supporting the tools the
7490:
7374:
5763:
3888:"The Geography of Open Source Software: Evidence from GitHub"
3885:
2953:
Zolkifli, Nazatul Nurlisa; Ngah, Amir; Deraman, Aziz (2018).
2510:
Napoleao, Bianca M.; Petrillo, Fabio; Halle, Sylvain (2020).
2436:
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of open-source software, and Richard Stallman explained that
1133:
356:
In the traditional model of development, which he called the
309:
of open-source software, and Richard Stallman explained that
4658:
Understanding FOSS | editor = Sampathkumar Coimbatore India
4367:
4236:"Open science, reproducibility, and transparency in ecology"
4112:
1247:
Comparisons with other software licensing/development models
1231:
center of Android by Google and its partners, the use of an
900:
originating there. However, this has increased the focus on
7029:
1561:
1542:
1503:
1325:
1062:
967:
921:
1996 World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Treaty
3781:
192:
holder grants users the rights to use, study, change, and
1553:
1193:
two movements in terms of the operation of the software.
1141:
1103:, after the programmer culture in his lab was stifled by
1100:
4169:
4119:
ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology
1201:, with an executive of Microsoft calling open source an
289:
in order to enable the rapid evolution of the software.
4213:. Synomic Academy. Norderstedt: BoD – Books on Demand.
3549:
Miller, Keith W.; Voas, Jeffrey; Costello, Tom (2010).
2080:"How Many Open Source Licenses Do You Need? – Slashdot"
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into open source software through releasing it under a
1251:
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Zhang, Yiming; Malhotra, Baljeet; Chen, Cheng (2018).
2108:
1789:
2509:
2435:
1793:
Understanding Open Source and Free Software Licensing
766:. Both of these types of licenses are different than
436:
The process of Open source development begins with a
5409:
Comparison of open-source and closed-source software
4810:
Open Sources: Voices from the Open Source Revolution
4714:
Morin, Andrew; Urban, Jennifer; Sliz, Piotr (2012).
4618:
Open Sources: Voices from the Open Source Revolution
4564:
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3521:
Two Bits: The Cultural Significance of Free Software
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1880:
1878:
1683:
Comparison of free and open-source software licenses
1663:
1287:
Comparison of free and open-source software licenses
1258:
Comparison of open-source and closed-source software
59:
Software licensed to ensure source code usage rights
4355:
2952:
2209:"Why Open Source Misses the Point of Free Software"
316:
169:
file manager, all of which are open-source software
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4820:
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3831:
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2227:"Why "Free Software" is better than "Open Source""
1612:
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4786:. New Zealand Ministry of Justice. Archived from
4444:"Open source software: A survey from 10,000 feet"
3166:
3138:"Organizational adoption of open source software"
3136:Spinellis, Diomidis; Giannikas, Vaggelis (2012).
2725:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
2700:
1937:
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1749:All articles with titles containing "Open source"
926:
877:or establishing a unique regulation. Ultimately,
348:suggests a model for developing OSS known as the
7933:
3985:"Geographic origin of libre software developers"
3709:
3603:Zhu, Kevin Xiaoguo; Zhou, Zach Zhizhong (2012).
3318:Wynants, M., & Cornelis, J. (Eds.). (2005).
3169:"Industry-Wide Analysis of Open Source Security"
1354:, which is a code that is readable. Software is
4910:— Many online research papers about Open Source
4642:. Boston: GNU Press, Free Software Foundation.
3710:Fortunato, Laura; Galassi, Mark (17 May 2021).
3498:(1. Aufl., ed.). Beijing Köln: O'Reilly.
2144:. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. pp. xvii.
2102:
687:. Within Europe some notable organizations are
281:(FSF), which were only widely available later.
4172:"The Diversity Crisis in Software Development"
2648:Reynolds, Carl; Jeremy Wyatt (February 2011).
1884:
1703:List of free and open-source software packages
750:Free and open-source software § Licensing
62:Open-source software shares similarities with
7257:
6554:
6025:
5374:
4955:
4840:
4673:
4529:
4479:
4442:; Kechagia, Maria; Gousios, Georgios (2010).
4401:
4385:
4373:
4345:
4329:
4233:
4021:Bosu, Amiangshu; Sultana, Kazi Zakia (2019).
3267:(2nd ed.). UK: Oxford University Press.
2142:Perspectives on Free and Open Source Software
5414:Comparison of source-code-hosting facilities
4777:"Open Source Discussion Paper – version 1.0"
4713:
4417:
3680:. Boston (Mass.): Free software foundation.
2022:
1556:: GNU is a free operating system created by
1527:and a community culture of distaste towards
1339:
1184:definition. The definition was based on the
726:
4615:and Sam Ockman and Mark Stone, ed. (1999).
4020:
3892:Technological Forecasting and Social Change
3675:
3464:"International Authority & Recognition"
2023:Dibona, Chris; Ockman, Sam (January 1999).
1974:"International Authority & Recognition"
1490:
658:and ownership are also important benefits.
95:It has been suggested that this article be
23:
7271:
7264:
7250:
6561:
6547:
6032:
6018:
5381:
5367:
4962:
4948:
4635:
4500:
3676:Stallman, Richard M.; Gay, Joshua (2002).
3436:
3389:The Journal of World Intellectual Property
2581:
2027:The Open Source Definition by Bruce Perens
1829:Corbly, James Edward (25 September 2014).
1537:Berkely Software Distribution (BSD) is an
671:, some American organizations include the
661:
24:
4969:
4757:
4739:
4597:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
4589:Fadi P. Deek; James A. M. McHugh (2008).
4290:
4259:
4130:
3903:
3400:
2970:
2677:
2667:
2523:
2449:
2288:
1898:
1846:
1765:Timeline of free and open-source software
1041:
629:
369:Users should be treated as co-developers:
6203:Business models for open-source software
4924:) is being considered for deletion. See
4692:
3646:"The Open Source Definition (Annotated)"
3026:
2221:
2206:
2169:. Open Source Initiative. Archived from
2111:"The Open Source Definition (Annotated)"
1053:History of free and open-source software
709:free and open source software for africa
245:
120:
75:For broader coverage of this topic, see
32:This is an accepted version of this page
3602:
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2109:Open Source Initiative (24 July 2006).
721:GRUP de usuarios de software libre peru
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344:, open-source influential contributor
323:Open-source software development model
204:, meaning any capable user is able to
7245:
6542:
6392:Organization for Transformative Works
6013:
5362:
4943:
4908:Free / Open Source Research Community
4065:
4016:
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4012:
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2256:
2254:
2252:
481:personal goals speeds up innovation.
7162:
5937:Microsoft Open Specification Promise
4843:Production and Operations Management
4438:Androutsellis-Theotokis, Stephanos;
4208:
3443:Information Technology and Libraries
3265:Open Source Law, Policy and Practice
2655:Journal of Medical Internet Research
2626:from the original on 30 October 2008
2059:from the original on 15 October 2013
1835:Information Technology and Libraries
1674:Free and open-source software portal
1252:Closed source / proprietary software
691:, open source projects EU (OSP) and
587:, accessibility design and testing,
488:
333:
81:
5404:Alternative terms for free software
4507:. University of Westminster Press.
4202:
4059:
3822:
3766:
3694:
3664:
3635:
3589:
3537:
3482:
3453:
3369:
3281:
2939:
2899:
2788:
2733:
2638:
2569:from the original on 28 August 2016
2476:
2392:
2305:
2215:
2185:
2164:
1940:"The Value of Open Source Software"
1330:Free/Libre and Open Source Software
1281:Alternative terms for free software
56:
7567:List of American independent films
5744:Python Software Foundation License
4775:Polley, Barry (11 December 2007).
4702:. Turre Publishing. Archived from
4593:Open Source: Technology and Policy
4431:
4007:
3967:
3872:
3417:
3325:
3205:
3122:
2979:
2955:"Version Control System: A Review"
2249:
2237:from the original on 27 March 2021
1810:from the original on 22 April 2023
1205:destroyer in 2001. However, while
1095:, which would later allow for the
986:
501:distributed version control system
426:Dynamic decision-making structure:
57:
7963:
5807:Definition of Free Cultural Works
5424:Free software project directories
4928:to help reach a consensus. ›
4862:
4674:v. Engelhardt, Sebastian (2008).
3439:"Open Source Software: A History"
2090:from the original on 17 July 2013
1980:from the original on 23 July 2019
1976:. Opensource.org. 21 April 2015.
1406:, licensing, copyright and fees.
1350:Software can be distributed with
1091:, was a driving force behind the
913:technological protection measures
884:Software is generally considered
839:GNU Lesser General Public License
695:. One Australian organization is
402:integration is done automatically
218:Open-source code can be used for
6213:Commercial use of copyleft works
5994:
5993:
5983:
5444:Open-source software development
4869:
4501:Birkinbine, Benjamin J. (2020).
4209:Popp, Karl Michael, ed. (2020).
4001:10.1016/j.infoecopol.2008.07.001
3989:Information Economics and Policy
2925:10.1046/j.1365-2575.2002.00118.x
2609:10.1046/j.1365-2575.2002.00116.x
1666:
1369:
1274:
1151:As free software developed, the
317:Open-source software development
296:Despite initially accepting it,
212:Open-source software development
86:
66:and is part of the broader term
7477:Experimental musical instrument
6193:Alternative compensation system
5802:Debian Free Software Guidelines
5634:Free Software Movement of India
4784:New Zealand Open Source Society
4533:Journal of Systems and Software
4284:
4227:
4163:
4106:
3920:
3551:"Free and Open Source Software"
3512:
3160:
3142:Journal of Systems and Software
3096:
3071:
3045:
2884:
2694:
2133:
2121:from the original on 5 May 2021
1863:from the original on 1 May 2021
1790:St. Laurent, Andrew M. (2008).
1613:Extensions for non-software use
1579:that was introduced in 1991 by
1516:open source software revolution
1495:
1414:
1186:Debian Free Software Guidelines
1034:Germany recently established a
970:move of selling computers with
856:
689:Free Software Foundation Europe
685:software in the public interest
562:
558:Opportunities for participation
275:Debian Free Software Guidelines
6377:Electronic Frontier Foundation
4683:Jena Economics Research Papers
3914:10.1016/j.techfore.2022.121478
3788:Empirical Software Engineering
2072:
2045:
2016:
1992:
1966:
1931:
1822:
1783:
1733:Open Source Software Institute
1468:
1448:
1159:. It was concluded that FSF's
1138:Berkeley Software Distribution
927:Economic/business implications
521:source-code-hosting facilities
241:
13:
1:
7942:Free and open-source software
7921:Social peer-to-peer processes
7139:Open-source software movement
6868:Free and open-source software
6597:Commons-based peer production
6218:Commons-based peer production
6086:Legal aspects of file sharing
5792:Contributor License Agreement
5606:Open-source-software movement
5390:Free and open-source software
4913:
4574:. IGI Global. pp. 1–24.
3832:Ågerfalk; Fitzgerald (2008).
2745:Nagle, Frank (3 March 2019).
2715:(inactive 12 September 2024).
2231:Philosophy of the GNU Project
1796:. O'Reilly Media. p. 4.
1776:
1770:Software composition analysis
1738:Open-source software security
1728:Open-source software advocacy
1605:. Soon, Apache came out with
1322:Free and Open Source Software
1207:free and open-source software
1074:commercialization of software
460:
102:Free and open-source software
77:Open-source-software movement
68:free and open-source software
6313:Access to Knowledge movement
5963:The Cathedral and the Bazaar
5817:The Free Software Definition
4741:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002598
3609:Information Systems Research
2870:. United States: MIT Press.
2534:10.1109/EDOC49727.2020.00025
2460:10.1109/EDOC49727.2020.00025
2233:. Free Software Foundation.
2053:"The Open Source Definition"
1157:commercial software industry
1087:. One of these enthusiasts,
980:Linux-based operating system
731:
677:software freedom conservancy
519:are hosted and published on
341:The Cathedral and the Bazaar
135:Cinnamon desktop environment
7:
5867:Mozilla software rebranding
5832:Permissive software license
5245:Software release life cycle
4821:Schrape, Jan-Felix (2017).
4291:Cheliotis, Giorgos (2009).
3678:Free software, free society
3519:Kelty, Christopher (2008).
3383:Maracke, Catharina (2019).
2972:10.1016/j.procs.2018.08.191
2913:Information Systems Journal
2866:Tozzi, Christopher (2017).
2754:Information Systems Journal
2597:Information Systems Journal
1659:
1541:that began as a variant of
1072:for users. Eventually, the
624:National Science Foundation
10:
7968:
7217:Open educational resources
5872:Proprietary device drivers
5822:The Open Source Definition
5313:Software protection dongle
5193:Unwanted software bundling
4720:PLOS Computational Biology
3437:Bretthauer, David (2001).
2559:"Open Source Software FAQ"
2557:US Department of Defense.
2518:. IEEE. pp. 135–144.
2444:. IEEE. pp. 135–144.
2207:Stallman, Richard (2007).
1567:GNU General Public License
1343:
1284:
1278:
1255:
1122:GNU General Public License
1050:
1046:
835:GNU General Public License
747:
741:
735:
681:the open source initiative
515:are examples of CVCS. The
505:concurrent versions system
442:bug reporting and tracking
326:
320:
284:Under Perens' definition,
270:The Open Source Definition
74:
61:
7871:
7810:
7775:
7708:
7665:
7656:
7557:American eccentric cinema
7534:
7498:
7489:
7462:
7382:
7373:
7365:Amateur press association
7277:
7104:
7043:
7005:Open Knowledge Foundation
6995:Open Architecture Network
6977:
6952:
6916:
6860:
6824:
6812:Open-door academic policy
6784:
6748:
6739:
6694:
6646:
6589:
6580:
6490:
6439:
6427:Students for Free Culture
6364:
6348:
6341:
6323:Cultural environmentalism
6305:
6280:Prizes instead of patents
6180:
6076:Digital rights management
6048:
5979:
5957:Source-available software
5915:
5857:Digital rights management
5849:
5647:
5624:
5586:
5462:
5396:
5308:Digital rights management
5298:
5243:
5185:
5134:
5042:
4977:
4903:definition of open source
4545:10.1016/j.jss.2021.111152
4374:Zhou & Choudhary 2022
4309:10.1016/j.dss.2009.02.006
4066:Nafus, Dawn (June 2012).
4035:10.1109/ESEM.2019.8870179
3800:10.1007/s10664-018-9609-6
3523:. Duke University Press.
3154:10.1016/j.jss.2011.09.037
2959:Procedia Computer Science
2893:Harvard Management Update
2563:Chief Information Officer
2005:15 September 2014 at the
1346:Source-available software
1340:Source-available software
1317:Developers have used the
1217:
1023:was prevented from using
917:digital rights management
727:Legal and economic issues
648:media & entertainment
184:that is released under a
6990:Free Software Foundation
6903:Open-source architecture
6382:Free Software Foundation
5952:Shared Source Initiative
5749:Shared Source Initiative
5702:Free Software Foundation
5639:Free Software Foundation
5489:Configuration management
5186:Deceptive and/or illicit
4926:templates for discussion
4693:Välimäki, Mikko (2005).
4636:Joshua Gay, ed. (2002).
4297:Decision Support Systems
4084:10.1177/1461444811422887
3181:10.1109/PST.2018.8514185
3027:Brasseur, V. M. (2018).
1760:Shared Source Initiative
1639:
1491:Adoption and application
1385:
1190:free software definition
1153:Free Software Foundation
1114:Free Software Foundation
673:free software foundation
438:requirements elicitation
279:Free Software Foundation
112:Proposed since May 2024.
39:latest accepted revision
7952:Transparency (behavior)
7547:Cinema of Transgression
6953:Politics and governance
6513:RiP!: A Remix Manifesto
6223:Electronic sell-through
6118:Monopolies of knowledge
6061:Censorship by copyright
5887:SCO/Linux controversies
5338:Software license server
4834:Sustainable Open Source
4539:. Elsevier BV: 111152.
4240:Ecological Applications
4188:10.1109/MS.2020.3045817
4072:New Media & Society
4029:. IEEE. pp. 1–11.
3943:10.1145/3239235.3240504
3351:Pannier, Alice (2022).
3175:. IEEE. pp. 1–10.
2704:Harvard Business Review
1944:SSRN Electronic Journal
1848:10.6017/ital.v33i3.5105
1577:operating system kernel
1025:Google's android system
1017:artificial intelligence
911:Another issue includes
662:Prominent organizations
194:distribute the software
7863:Independent TV station
7792:Independent soft drink
7758:Open-source video game
7272:Independent production
7124:Free software movement
7015:Open Source Initiative
6965:Open-source governance
6848:Open-source journalism
6527:The Internet's Own Boy
6333:Free software movement
6160:software patent debate
6066:Copyright infringement
5787:Comparison of licenses
5596:Free software movement
5014:Freely redistributable
4899:Open Source Initiative
4494:10.1287/mnsc.2020.3674
3736:10.1098/rsta.2020.0079
3650:Open Source Initiative
3621:10.1287/isre.1110.0358
3468:Open Source Initiative
3263:Brock, Amanda (2023).
2275:Raymond, Eric (2005).
1909:10.1287/orsc.2013.0872
1743:Open-source video game
1718:Open Source Initiative
1698:Free software movement
1396:public domain software
1364:Open Source Definition
1300:Open Source Initiative
1178:Open Source Initiative
1174:Open Source Initiative
1165:free software movement
1093:free software movement
1042:Open software movement
978:itself has launched a
935:difficult within OSS.
851:Mozilla Public License
847:Eclipse Public License
792:GNU family of licenses
693:openforum europe (OFE)
669:open source initiative
630:Industry participation
455:continuous integration
303:Open Source Initiative
259:Open Source Initiative
254:
252:Open Source Initiative
170:
7843:Visionary environment
7542:Independent animation
7129:Open science movement
7119:Free-culture movement
6797:Educational resources
6756:Collaborative writing
6633:Participatory culture
6328:Free-culture movement
6238:Libertarian positions
6233:Free-software license
6198:Anti-copyright notice
6041:Intellectual property
5862:License proliferation
5177:Software as a service
4971:Software distribution
4560:Coleman, E. Gabriella
3937:. ACM. pp. 1–8.
3567:10.1109/mitp.2010.147
1693:Free-software license
1651:Software as a service
1203:intellectual property
1057:In the early days of
1051:Further information:
933:intellectual property
867:intellectual property
819:free software license
768:proprietary licensing
744:Free software license
742:Further information:
599:writing and editing,
396:Frequent integration:
267:definition. OSI uses
249:
124:
7855:Independent circuit
7685:Open-source software
7584:Guerrilla filmmaking
6908:Open-source hardware
6886:Open-design movement
6879:Open-source software
6647:Research and science
6248:Open-design movement
5947:Open-source hardware
5882:Proprietary software
5877:Proprietary firmware
5578:Formerly open-source
5573:Formerly proprietary
5439:Open-source software
5268:Software maintenance
5142:Digital distribution
4997:Free and open-source
4931:Open-source software
4887:Open-source software
4566:(Princeton UP, 2012)
3494:Fogel, Karl (2006).
3355:. Études de l'Ifri.
2766:10.2139/ssrn.3355486
2361:10.1109/icsm.2006.25
2355:. pp. 347–350.
2290:10.5210/fm.v0i0.1472
2173:on 24 September 2006
2167:"History of the OSI"
2086:. 16 February 2009.
1952:10.2139/ssrn.4693148
1887:Organization Science
1755:Proprietary software
1713:Open-source hardware
1548:proprietary software
1529:proprietary software
1376:proprietary software
1105:proprietary software
1097:open source movement
898:open-source licenses
823:open source licenses
760:permissive licensing
591:, code testing, and
418:High modularization:
174:Open-source software
7823:Amateur photography
7516:Amateur pornography
7464:Musical instruments
7444:Tracker (MOD) music
7190:Free Cultural Works
7134:Open Source Ecology
7020:Open Web Foundation
6917:Economic principles
6874:Free/libre software
6771:Participatory media
6188:All rights reversed
6056:Artificial scarcity
5827:Open-source license
5429:Gratis versus libre
5273:Software maintainer
5055:Commercial software
5043:Compensation models
4793:on 23 February 2018
4732:2012PLSCB...8E2598M
4440:Spinellis, Diomidis
4252:2019EcoAp..29E1822P
3728:2021RSPTA.37900079F
3083:Sovereign Tech Fund
1723:Open-source license
1619:open source ecology
1410:Society and culture
1380:open source license
1036:Sovereign Tech Fund
974:already installed.
894:programing language
738:Open-source license
616:Sovereign Tech Fund
431:extreme programming
29:Page version status
7947:Software licensing
7287:Alternative comics
7056:Alexandra Elbakyan
7000:Openmod Initiative
6837:Citizen journalism
6714:Open communication
6695:Data, information,
6618:Open collaboration
6506:Good Copy Bad Copy
6452:Alexandra Elbakyan
6356:Copyright Alliance
5333:Software copyright
5323:Product activation
5278:Software publisher
4992:Floating licensing
4855:10.1111/poms.13575
4513:20.500.12657/37226
4482:Management Science
4463:10.1561/0200000026
3402:10.1111/jwip.12114
2165:Tiemann, Michael.
1630:open collaboration
1169:Christine Peterson
764:copyleft licensing
636:telecommunications
605:project management
338:In his 1997 essay
301:pragmatism of the
255:
206:participate online
202:open collaboration
171:
151:LibreOffice Writer
35:
7929:
7928:
7879:Independent media
7771:
7770:
7690:Software cracking
7652:
7651:
7579:Exploitation film
7485:
7484:
7454:Underground music
7402:Open-source label
7387:Independent music
7292:Alternative manga
7239:
7238:
7235:
7234:
7227:Open Web movement
7212:Open Data Indices
7066:Peter Murray-Rust
7010:Open Rights Group
6973:
6972:
6856:
6855:
6709:Knowledge commons
6536:
6535:
6435:
6434:
6387:Open Rights Group
6007:
6006:
5907:Trusted Computing
5897:Software security
5845:
5844:
5526:Operating systems
5434:Long-term support
5356:
5355:
5348:Torrent poisoning
5263:Long-term support
5087:Pay what you want
4649:978-1-882114-98-6
4628:978-1-56592-582-3
4604:978-0-511-36775-5
4581:978-1-4666-8337-2
4522:978-1-912656-43-1
4472:978-1-60198-484-5
4220:978-3-7386-1909-6
4044:978-1-7281-2968-6
3952:978-1-4503-5823-1
3687:978-1-882114-98-6
3530:978-0-8223-8900-2
3505:978-0-596-00759-1
3362:979-10-373-0641-8
3274:978-0-19-886234-5
3190:978-1-5386-7493-2
3110:. 25 October 2023
3059:. 20 October 2022
3038:978-1-68050-301-2
2877:978-0-262-34118-9
2669:10.2196/jmir.1521
2543:978-1-7281-6473-1
2469:978-1-7281-6473-1
2223:Stallman, Richard
2084:News.slashdot.org
2038:978-1-56592-582-3
1803:978-0-596-55395-1
1520:commercialization
1319:alternative terms
1005:operating systems
997:national security
620:German Government
489:Development tools
409:Several versions:
334:Development model
182:computer software
119:
118:
114:
47:12 September 2024
26:
16:(Redirected from
7959:
7911:
7858:
7695:Unofficial patch
7663:
7662:
7612:
7552:Independent film
7496:
7495:
7426:Cassette culture
7380:
7379:
7266:
7259:
7252:
7243:
7242:
7222:Open music model
7186:Definition docs
7175:Creative Commons
7160:
7159:
7076:Richard Stallman
7071:Douglas Rushkoff
6985:Creative Commons
6761:Democratic media
6746:
6745:
6669:Notebook science
6587:
6586:
6563:
6556:
6549:
6540:
6539:
6467:Richard Stallman
6412:Public Knowledge
6372:Creative Commons
6346:
6345:
6253:Open music model
6034:
6027:
6020:
6011:
6010:
5997:
5996:
5987:
5892:Software patents
5775:
5774:
5687:Creative Commons
5546:Web applications
5383:
5376:
5369:
5360:
5359:
5162:Product bundling
5135:Delivery methods
5034:Source-available
4964:
4957:
4950:
4941:
4940:
4873:
4872:
4858:
4829:
4827:
4802:
4800:
4798:
4792:
4781:
4771:
4761:
4743:
4710:
4709:on 4 March 2009.
4708:
4701:
4686:
4680:
4653:
4632:
4608:
4596:
4585:
4556:
4526:
4497:
4488:(5): 3041–3066.
4476:
4457:(3–4): 187–347.
4448:
4425:
4415:
4409:
4399:
4393:
4383:
4377:
4371:
4365:
4359:
4353:
4352:, p. 11152.
4343:
4337:
4327:
4321:
4320:
4288:
4282:
4281:
4263:
4261:10.1002/eap.1822
4231:
4225:
4224:
4206:
4200:
4199:
4167:
4161:
4160:
4134:
4110:
4104:
4103:
4063:
4057:
4056:
4018:
4005:
4004:
3980:
3965:
3964:
3924:
3918:
3917:
3907:
3883:
3870:
3869:
3850:10.2307/25148845
3829:
3820:
3819:
3794:(6): 3221–3247.
3779:
3764:
3763:
3707:
3692:
3691:
3673:
3662:
3661:
3659:
3657:
3642:
3633:
3632:
3600:
3587:
3586:
3546:
3535:
3534:
3516:
3510:
3509:
3491:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3475:
3460:
3451:
3450:
3434:
3415:
3414:
3404:
3380:
3367:
3366:
3348:
3323:
3316:
3279:
3278:
3260:
3203:
3202:
3164:
3158:
3157:
3133:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3100:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3075:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3049:
3043:
3042:
3024:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2950:
2937:
2936:
2908:
2897:
2896:
2888:
2882:
2881:
2863:
2786:
2785:
2751:
2742:
2731:
2730:
2724:
2716:
2698:
2692:
2691:
2681:
2671:
2645:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2625:
2594:
2585:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2554:
2548:
2547:
2527:
2507:
2474:
2473:
2453:
2433:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2346:
2303:
2302:
2292:
2272:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2225:(19 June 2007).
2219:
2213:
2212:
2204:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2076:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2020:
2014:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1902:
1893:(5): 1414–1433.
1882:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1850:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1787:
1751:
1676:
1671:
1670:
1669:
1558:Richard Stallman
1539:operating system
1525:rolling releases
1508:operating system
1437:gender diversity
1356:source available
1296:Richard Stallman
1089:Richard Stallman
1067:operating system
812:Artistic license
808:Artistic license
776:copyright rights
772:derivative works
754:Software license
701:open source asia
577:interface design
507:(CVS) and later
298:Richard Stallman
250:The logo of the
159:GNOME Calculator
110:
90:
89:
82:
21:
7967:
7966:
7962:
7961:
7960:
7958:
7957:
7956:
7932:
7931:
7930:
7925:
7909:
7867:
7856:
7806:
7785:
7767:
7704:
7648:
7629:Low-budget film
7610:
7604:'60s–'70s
7530:
7481:
7472:Circuit bending
7458:
7369:
7355:Self-publishing
7273:
7270:
7240:
7231:
7158:
7106:
7100:
7061:Lawrence Lessig
7051:Tim Berners-Lee
7039:
6969:
6960:Open government
6948:
6944:Sharing economy
6929:Open innovation
6912:
6852:
6841:Wiki journalism
6820:
6780:
6766:Open publishing
6741:
6735:
6696:
6690:
6654:Citizen science
6642:
6582:
6576:
6567:
6537:
6532:
6499:Steal This Film
6486:
6462:Lawrence Lessig
6431:
6360:
6337:
6301:
6297:Video on demand
6176:
6071:Copyright troll
6044:
6038:
6008:
6003:
5975:
5942:Open-core model
5917:
5911:
5841:
5779:
5773:
5643:
5620:
5582:
5465:
5458:
5392:
5387:
5357:
5352:
5343:Software patent
5318:License manager
5300:Copy protection
5294:
5239:
5181:
5167:Retail software
5130:
5104:Open-core model
5060:Retail software
5038:
4973:
4968:
4929:
4894:
4893:
4892:
4874:
4870:
4865:
4825:
4796:
4794:
4790:
4779:
4726:(7): e1002598.
4706:
4699:
4678:
4650:
4629:
4605:
4582:
4523:
4473:
4446:
4434:
4432:Further reading
4429:
4428:
4416:
4412:
4400:
4396:
4392:, pp. 1–2.
4384:
4380:
4372:
4368:
4360:
4356:
4344:
4340:
4328:
4324:
4289:
4285:
4232:
4228:
4221:
4207:
4203:
4168:
4164:
4141:10.1145/3510460
4111:
4107:
4064:
4060:
4045:
4019:
4008:
3981:
3968:
3953:
3925:
3921:
3884:
3873:
3830:
3823:
3780:
3767:
3708:
3695:
3688:
3674:
3665:
3655:
3653:
3644:
3643:
3636:
3601:
3590:
3555:IT Professional
3547:
3538:
3531:
3517:
3513:
3506:
3492:
3483:
3473:
3471:
3470:. 21 April 2015
3462:
3461:
3454:
3435:
3418:
3395:(3–4): 78–102.
3381:
3370:
3363:
3349:
3326:
3317:
3282:
3275:
3261:
3206:
3191:
3165:
3161:
3134:
3123:
3113:
3111:
3102:
3101:
3097:
3087:
3085:
3077:
3076:
3072:
3062:
3060:
3057:Open Collective
3051:
3050:
3046:
3039:
3025:
2980:
2951:
2940:
2909:
2900:
2889:
2885:
2878:
2864:
2789:
2749:
2743:
2734:
2718:
2717:
2699:
2695:
2646:
2639:
2629:
2627:
2623:
2592:
2586:
2582:
2572:
2570:
2555:
2551:
2544:
2508:
2477:
2470:
2434:
2393:
2383:
2381:
2371:
2347:
2306:
2273:
2250:
2240:
2238:
2220:
2216:
2205:
2186:
2176:
2174:
2163:
2159:
2152:
2138:
2134:
2124:
2122:
2107:
2103:
2093:
2091:
2078:
2077:
2073:
2062:
2060:
2055:. 7 July 2006.
2051:
2050:
2046:
2039:
2021:
2017:
2007:Wayback Machine
1998:Perens, Bruce.
1997:
1993:
1983:
1981:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1936:
1932:
1883:
1876:
1866:
1864:
1827:
1823:
1813:
1811:
1804:
1788:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1747:
1672:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1642:
1615:
1607:its own license
1498:
1493:
1475:Social identity
1471:
1463:version control
1451:
1426:social networks
1417:
1412:
1388:
1372:
1348:
1342:
1289:
1283:
1277:
1260:
1254:
1249:
1220:
1161:social activism
1146:X Window System
1055:
1049:
1044:
989:
987:Government uses
953:incentivization
945:network effects
929:
859:
788:Apache licenses
756:
746:
740:
734:
729:
699:while Asia has
697:linux australia
664:
632:
612:Open Collective
593:security review
565:
560:
497:Version control
491:
463:
346:Eric S. Raymond
336:
331:
325:
319:
244:
115:
91:
87:
80:
71:
60:
55:
54:
53:
52:
51:
50:
34:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7965:
7955:
7954:
7949:
7944:
7927:
7926:
7924:
7923:
7918:
7913:
7903:
7896:
7889:Do it yourself
7886:
7881:
7875:
7873:
7869:
7868:
7866:
7865:
7860:
7852:
7847:
7846:
7845:
7840:
7835:
7830:
7825:
7814:
7812:
7808:
7807:
7805:
7804:
7799:
7794:
7788:
7786:
7784:
7783:
7780:
7776:
7773:
7772:
7769:
7768:
7766:
7765:
7760:
7755:
7750:
7742:
7737:
7732:
7731:
7730:
7725:
7714:
7712:
7706:
7705:
7703:
7702:
7697:
7692:
7687:
7682:
7677:
7672:
7666:
7660:
7654:
7653:
7650:
7649:
7647:
7646:
7644:Double feature
7641:
7639:No wave cinema
7636:
7634:No-budget film
7631:
7626:
7624:Midnight movie
7621:
7616:
7615:
7614:
7606:
7601:
7596:
7586:
7581:
7576:
7575:
7574:
7569:
7564:
7559:
7549:
7544:
7538:
7536:
7532:
7531:
7529:
7528:
7523:
7518:
7513:
7508:
7502:
7500:
7493:
7487:
7486:
7483:
7482:
7480:
7479:
7474:
7468:
7466:
7460:
7459:
7457:
7456:
7451:
7446:
7441:
7436:
7428:
7423:
7422:
7421:
7416:
7406:
7405:
7404:
7399:
7389:
7383:
7377:
7371:
7370:
7368:
7367:
7362:
7357:
7352:
7351:
7350:
7345:
7340:
7328:
7327:
7326:
7316:
7311:
7310:
7309:
7299:
7294:
7289:
7283:
7281:
7275:
7274:
7269:
7268:
7261:
7254:
7246:
7237:
7236:
7233:
7232:
7230:
7229:
7224:
7219:
7214:
7209:
7208:
7207:
7202:
7197:
7192:
7184:
7183:
7182:
7177:
7166:
7164:
7157:
7156:
7151:
7146:
7141:
7136:
7131:
7126:
7121:
7116:
7110:
7108:
7102:
7101:
7099:
7098:
7093:
7088:
7083:
7078:
7073:
7068:
7063:
7058:
7053:
7047:
7045:
7041:
7040:
7038:
7037:
7032:
7027:
7022:
7017:
7012:
7007:
7002:
6997:
6992:
6987:
6981:
6979:
6975:
6974:
6971:
6970:
6968:
6967:
6962:
6956:
6954:
6950:
6949:
6947:
6946:
6941:
6936:
6931:
6926:
6920:
6918:
6914:
6913:
6911:
6910:
6905:
6900:
6895:
6894:
6893:
6883:
6882:
6881:
6876:
6864:
6862:
6858:
6857:
6854:
6853:
6851:
6850:
6845:
6844:
6843:
6828:
6826:
6822:
6821:
6819:
6818:
6817:
6816:
6815:
6814:
6809:
6799:
6792:Open education
6788:
6786:
6782:
6781:
6779:
6778:
6773:
6768:
6763:
6758:
6752:
6750:
6743:
6737:
6736:
6734:
6733:
6732:
6731:
6726:
6719:Open knowledge
6716:
6711:
6706:
6700:
6698:
6692:
6691:
6689:
6688:
6687:
6686:
6681:
6676:
6671:
6666:
6656:
6650:
6648:
6644:
6643:
6641:
6640:
6635:
6630:
6625:
6620:
6615:
6604:
6599:
6593:
6591:
6584:
6578:
6577:
6566:
6565:
6558:
6551:
6543:
6534:
6533:
6531:
6530:
6523:
6516:
6509:
6502:
6494:
6492:
6488:
6487:
6485:
6484:
6479:
6474:
6469:
6464:
6459:
6457:Rick Falkvinge
6454:
6449:
6443:
6441:
6437:
6436:
6433:
6432:
6430:
6429:
6424:
6422:Shadow library
6419:
6414:
6409:
6404:
6399:
6397:The Pirate Bay
6394:
6389:
6384:
6379:
6374:
6368:
6366:
6362:
6361:
6359:
6358:
6352:
6350:
6343:
6339:
6338:
6336:
6335:
6330:
6325:
6320:
6318:Anti-copyright
6315:
6309:
6307:
6303:
6302:
6300:
6299:
6294:
6289:
6288:
6287:
6277:
6276:
6275:
6270:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6210:
6205:
6200:
6195:
6190:
6184:
6182:
6178:
6177:
6175:
6174:
6169:
6168:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6152:
6142:
6141:
6140:
6138:Bioprospecting
6130:
6125:
6120:
6115:
6114:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6088:
6083:
6078:
6073:
6068:
6063:
6058:
6052:
6050:
6046:
6045:
6037:
6036:
6029:
6022:
6014:
6005:
6004:
6002:
6001:
5991:
5980:
5977:
5976:
5974:
5973:
5966:
5959:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5927:
5921:
5919:
5913:
5912:
5910:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5853:
5851:
5847:
5846:
5843:
5842:
5840:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5783:
5781:
5772:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5720:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5653:
5651:
5645:
5644:
5642:
5641:
5636:
5630:
5628:
5622:
5621:
5619:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5592:
5590:
5584:
5583:
5581:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5554:
5553:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5507:
5506:
5501:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5479:Bioinformatics
5476:
5470:
5468:
5460:
5459:
5457:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5400:
5398:
5394:
5393:
5386:
5385:
5378:
5371:
5363:
5354:
5353:
5351:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5304:
5302:
5296:
5295:
5293:
5292:
5291:
5290:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5249:
5247:
5241:
5240:
5238:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5226:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5195:
5189:
5187:
5183:
5182:
5180:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5138:
5136:
5132:
5131:
5129:
5128:
5123:
5122:
5121:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5100:
5099:
5094:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5063:
5062:
5052:
5046:
5044:
5040:
5039:
5037:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5010:
5009:
5004:
4994:
4989:
4983:
4981:
4975:
4974:
4967:
4966:
4959:
4952:
4944:
4938:
4937:
4911:
4905:
4875:
4868:
4867:
4866:
4864:
4863:External links
4861:
4860:
4859:
4849:(2): 731–742.
4838:
4830:
4818:
4813:
4807:
4803:
4772:
4711:
4690:
4687:
4671:
4661:
4654:
4648:
4633:
4627:
4609:
4603:
4586:
4580:
4567:
4557:
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4521:
4498:
4477:
4471:
4433:
4430:
4427:
4426:
4410:
4394:
4378:
4376:, p. 731.
4366:
4354:
4338:
4322:
4303:(3): 229–244.
4283:
4226:
4219:
4201:
4162:
4105:
4078:(4): 669–683.
4058:
4043:
4006:
3995:(4): 356–363.
3966:
3951:
3919:
3871:
3821:
3765:
3693:
3686:
3663:
3652:. 24 July 2006
3634:
3615:(2): 536–545.
3588:
3536:
3529:
3511:
3504:
3481:
3452:
3416:
3368:
3361:
3324:
3280:
3273:
3204:
3189:
3159:
3148:(3): 666–682.
3121:
3095:
3079:"Technologies"
3070:
3044:
3037:
2978:
2938:
2898:
2883:
2876:
2787:
2732:
2713:10.1225/F00503
2693:
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2542:
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2369:
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2248:
2214:
2184:
2157:
2150:
2132:
2115:opensource.org
2101:
2071:
2044:
2037:
2015:
2011:O'Reilly Media
1991:
1965:
1930:
1874:
1821:
1802:
1781:
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1775:
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1679:
1678:
1677:
1661:
1658:
1641:
1638:
1614:
1611:
1581:Linus Torvalds
1575:: Linux is an
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1480:manual testing
1470:
1467:
1459:issue tracking
1450:
1447:
1421:Silicon Valley
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1387:
1384:
1371:
1368:
1344:Main article:
1341:
1338:
1279:Main article:
1276:
1273:
1256:Main article:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1233:Apache license
1219:
1216:
1130:Linus Torvalds
1085:hacker culture
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1009:semiconductors
988:
985:
928:
925:
858:
855:
827:Apache License
736:Main article:
733:
730:
728:
725:
663:
660:
631:
628:
564:
561:
559:
556:
545:Tools such as
490:
487:
462:
459:
387:Early releases
335:
332:
321:Main article:
318:
315:
243:
240:
117:
116:
94:
92:
85:
58:
36:
30:
27:
25:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7964:
7953:
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7908:
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7902:
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7897:
7894:
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7882:
7880:
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7713:
7711:
7707:
7701:
7698:
7696:
7693:
7691:
7688:
7686:
7683:
7681:
7680:Free software
7678:
7676:
7673:
7671:
7670:Cowboy coding
7668:
7667:
7664:
7661:
7659:
7655:
7645:
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7290:
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7280:
7276:
7267:
7262:
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7228:
7225:
7223:
7220:
7218:
7215:
7213:
7210:
7206:
7203:
7201:
7198:
7196:
7195:Free Software
7193:
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7188:
7187:
7185:
7181:
7178:
7176:
7173:
7172:
7171:
7168:
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7112:
7111:
7109:
7103:
7097:
7096:John Wilbanks
7094:
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6980:
6978:Organizations
6976:
6966:
6963:
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6958:
6957:
6955:
6951:
6945:
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6940:
6939:Open standard
6937:
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6866:
6865:
6863:
6859:
6849:
6846:
6842:
6838:
6835:
6834:
6833:
6832:Citizen media
6830:
6829:
6827:
6823:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6805:
6804:
6803:
6800:
6798:
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6789:
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6772:
6769:
6767:
6764:
6762:
6759:
6757:
6754:
6753:
6751:
6747:
6744:
6742:and learning
6740:Communication
6738:
6730:
6727:
6725:
6722:
6721:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6712:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6702:
6701:
6699:
6697:and knowledge
6693:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6672:
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6662:
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6631:
6629:
6626:
6624:
6621:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6613:
6609:
6605:
6603:
6602:Crowdsourcing
6600:
6598:
6595:
6594:
6592:
6588:
6585:
6579:
6575:
6571:
6564:
6559:
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6515:
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6510:
6508:
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6503:
6501:
6500:
6496:
6495:
6493:
6491:Documentaries
6489:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6447:Cory Doctorow
6445:
6444:
6442:
6438:
6428:
6425:
6423:
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6418:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6408:
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6380:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6369:
6367:
6363:
6357:
6354:
6353:
6351:
6349:Pro-copyright
6347:
6344:
6342:Organizations
6340:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6310:
6308:
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6226:
6224:
6221:
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6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6185:
6183:
6179:
6173:
6172:Public domain
6170:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6147:
6146:
6143:
6139:
6136:
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6131:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
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6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6053:
6051:
6047:
6042:
6035:
6030:
6028:
6023:
6021:
6016:
6015:
6012:
6000:
5992:
5990:
5986:
5982:
5981:
5978:
5972:
5971:
5970:Revolution OS
5967:
5965:
5964:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5932:
5931:GNU Manifesto
5928:
5926:
5923:
5922:
5920:
5914:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5854:
5852:
5848:
5838:
5837:Public domain
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5784:
5782:
5776:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5704:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5654:
5652:
5650:
5646:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5631:
5629:
5627:
5626:Organisations
5623:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5593:
5591:
5589:
5585:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
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5559:
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5549:
5548:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5521:Office suites
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5496:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5471:
5469:
5467:
5461:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5419:Free software
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5401:
5399:
5395:
5391:
5384:
5379:
5377:
5372:
5370:
5365:
5364:
5361:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5305:
5303:
5301:
5297:
5289:
5286:
5285:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5250:
5248:
5246:
5242:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5200:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5190:
5188:
5184:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5157:Pre-installed
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5139:
5137:
5133:
5127:
5124:
5120:
5117:
5116:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5098:
5095:
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5090:
5089:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5061:
5058:
5057:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5047:
5045:
5041:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5029:Public domain
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4999:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
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4900:
4896:
4895:
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4889:
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4882:
4878:
4856:
4852:
4848:
4844:
4839:
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4831:
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4817:
4814:
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4808:
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4789:
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4778:
4773:
4769:
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4760:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4733:
4729:
4725:
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4705:
4698:
4697:
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4659:
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4407:
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4382:
4375:
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4318:
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4298:
4294:
4287:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4246:(1): e01822.
4245:
4241:
4237:
4230:
4222:
4216:
4212:
4205:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4176:IEEE Software
4173:
4166:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4116:
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4017:
4015:
4013:
4011:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3979:
3977:
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3099:
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3074:
3058:
3054:
3053:"Open Source"
3048:
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2151:0-262-06246-1
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2019:
2012:
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1688:Free software
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1517:
1513:
1509:
1506:: Unix is an
1505:
1501:
1488:
1485:
1484:documentation
1481:
1476:
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1397:
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1383:
1381:
1377:
1370:Open-sourcing
1367:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1347:
1337:
1335:
1334:free software
1331:
1327:
1323:
1320:
1315:
1311:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1288:
1282:
1275:Free software
1272:
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1135:
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1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1110:free software
1106:
1102:
1098:
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1090:
1086:
1082:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1068:
1065:included the
1064:
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1022:
1018:
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1010:
1006:
1001:
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994:
993:cybersecurity
984:
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948:
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942:
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924:
922:
918:
914:
909:
907:
903:
902:patent rights
899:
895:
891:
887:
882:
880:
879:copyright law
876:
875:copyright law
872:
868:
863:
854:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
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815:
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777:
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755:
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739:
724:
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711:(FOSSFA) and
710:
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678:
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657:
651:
649:
645:
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637:
627:
625:
621:
617:
613:
608:
606:
602:
598:
597:documentation
594:
590:
586:
582:
579:and testing,
578:
574:
569:
555:
552:
548:
547:mailing lists
543:
541:
537:
533:
528:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
458:
456:
452:
451:peer feedback
447:
446:mailing lists
443:
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434:
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427:
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405:
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398:
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272:
271:
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253:
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239:
237:
236:pull requests
233:
229:
225:
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216:
213:
209:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
188:in which the
187:
183:
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160:
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152:
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140:
136:
132:
128:
123:
113:
108:
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103:
98:
93:
84:
83:
78:
73:
69:
65:
64:free software
48:
44:
40:
33:
28:
19:
7906:
7898:
7884:Indie design
7838:Outsider art
7802:Microbrewery
7745:
7684:
7535:Professional
7511:Amateur film
7431:
7419:Pirate radio
7392:Record label
7330:
7105:Projects and
7091:Aaron Swartz
7025:Pirate Party
6924:Gift economy
6878:
6704:Free content
6679:Science data
6659:Open science
6611:
6607:
6590:Key concepts
6581:Concepts and
6574:open content
6570:Free culture
6525:
6518:
6511:
6504:
6497:
6482:Aaron Swartz
6407:Pirate Party
6365:Pro-copyleft
6272:
6243:Open content
6228:Free content
6128:Orphan works
6123:Music piracy
5968:
5961:
5929:
5812:Free license
5558:Android apps
5438:
5218:Trojan horse
5147:File sharing
5109:Postcardware
5097:Donationware
5072:Crowdfunding
5019:License-free
5006:
4919:
4885:
4884:
4883:profile for
4880:
4846:
4842:
4832:
4795:. Retrieved
4788:the original
4783:
4723:
4719:
4704:the original
4695:
4682:
4656:
4638:
4621:. O'Reilly.
4617:
4613:Chris DiBona
4592:
4571:
4563:
4536:
4532:
4503:
4485:
4481:
4454:
4450:
4419:
4413:
4408:, p. 1.
4403:
4397:
4387:
4381:
4369:
4364:, p. 7.
4357:
4347:
4341:
4336:, p. 1.
4331:
4325:
4300:
4296:
4286:
4243:
4239:
4229:
4210:
4204:
4182:(2): 19–25.
4179:
4175:
4165:
4122:
4118:
4108:
4075:
4071:
4061:
4026:
3992:
3988:
3933:
3922:
3895:
3891:
3841:
3837:
3791:
3787:
3719:
3715:
3677:
3654:. Retrieved
3649:
3612:
3608:
3561:(6): 14–16.
3558:
3554:
3520:
3514:
3495:
3472:. Retrieved
3467:
3446:
3442:
3392:
3388:
3352:
3319:
3264:
3172:
3162:
3145:
3141:
3112:. Retrieved
3107:
3098:
3086:. Retrieved
3082:
3073:
3061:. Retrieved
3056:
3047:
3028:
2962:
2958:
2919:(1): 61–78.
2916:
2912:
2892:
2886:
2867:
2757:
2753:
2721:cite journal
2702:
2696:
2659:
2653:
2628:. Retrieved
2600:
2596:
2583:
2571:. Retrieved
2562:
2552:
2515:
2441:
2382:. Retrieved
2351:
2281:First Monday
2280:
2239:. Retrieved
2230:
2217:
2175:. Retrieved
2171:the original
2160:
2141:
2135:
2123:. Retrieved
2114:
2104:
2092:. Retrieved
2083:
2074:
2061:. Retrieved
2047:
2031:. O'Reilly.
2028:
2025:
2018:
1994:
1982:. Retrieved
1968:
1943:
1933:
1890:
1886:
1865:. Retrieved
1838:
1834:
1824:
1812:. Retrieved
1792:
1785:
1708:Free content
1655:
1647:
1643:
1634:
1626:open content
1623:
1616:
1593:
1571:
1552:
1533:
1502:
1499:
1496:Key projects
1472:
1452:
1434:
1430:
1418:
1415:Demographics
1389:
1373:
1349:
1329:
1321:
1316:
1312:
1294:
1290:
1269:
1261:
1238:
1221:
1195:
1181:
1150:
1126:Linux kernel
1078:
1056:
1033:
1002:
990:
965:
961:
957:
949:
930:
910:
908:protection.
883:
864:
860:
857:Legal issues
817:Examples of
816:
805:
757:
665:
652:
633:
609:
570:
566:
563:Contributing
544:
529:
517:repositories
495:
492:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
464:
435:
424:
423:
416:
415:
407:
406:
394:
393:
385:
384:
367:
366:
363:
357:
355:
349:
339:
337:
295:
291:
285:
283:
268:
262:
256:
228:style sheets
224:user scripts
217:
210:
177:
173:
172:
133:running the
111:
100:
72:
46:
37:This is the
31:
18:Open sourced
7916:Maker Faire
7857:(wrestling)
7797:Homebrewing
7723:development
7718:Indie games
7710:Video games
7700:Warez scene
7609:'80s–
7506:Home movies
7439:Lo-fi music
7360:Small press
7338:conventions
7205:Open Source
7149:OpenWetWare
7086:Peter Sunde
7081:Peter Suber
6934:Open patent
6898:Open gaming
6776:Peer review
6623:Open source
6477:Peter Sunde
6472:Peter Suber
6292:Share-alike
6263:Open source
6258:Open patent
5902:Tivoization
5541:Video games
5516:Mathematics
5328:Product key
5258:End-of-life
5253:Abandonware
5203:Infostealer
5152:On-premises
5067:Crippleware
5024:Proprietary
5007:Open source
4914:‹ The
4797:12 December
4362:Davila 2015
4125:(4): 1–37.
3656:18 December
3474:18 December
3108:new.nsf.gov
2965:: 408–415.
2630:8 September
2384:21 November
1589:GPL license
1469:Disparities
1449:Motivations
1442:gender bias
1404:source code
1352:source code
1199:source code
1128:written by
1070:source code
941:public good
890:object code
886:source code
843:MIT License
831:BSD license
601:translation
573:programming
532:bugtrackers
379:Linus's law
375:bug reports
286:open source
242:Definitions
226:and custom
198:source code
145:which uses
7936:Categories
7910:(magazine)
7728:developers
7594:Golden Age
7572:Mumblecore
6825:Journalism
6807:Admissions
6802:University
6402:Piratbyrån
6150:biological
6081:Gripe site
5850:Challenges
5568:Commercial
5551:E-commerce
5536:Television
5235:Shovelware
5208:Ransomware
5172:Sneakernet
4666:(in Adobe
4132:2105.08777
3905:2107.03200
3898:: 121478.
3844:(2): 385.
2662:(1): e24.
2525:2008.05015
2451:2008.05015
1984:7 December
1777:References
1603:web server
1599:NCSA HTTPd
1285:See also:
1144:, and the
1029:Harmony OS
915:(TPM) and
871:patent law
794:, and the
748:See also:
713:openafrica
644:healthcare
622:uses. The
585:Bug triage
581:web design
511:(SVN) and
509:Subversion
461:Advantages
327:See also:
141:accessing
127:screenshot
7893:DIY ethic
7850:Indie RPG
7833:Naïve art
7818:Indie art
7675:Demoscene
7562:Indiewood
7526:Machinima
7332:Doujinshi
7319:Minicomic
7144:OpenCores
7107:movements
7044:Activists
6785:Education
6583:practices
6306:Movements
6133:Biopiracy
5780:standards
5778:Types and
5759:Unlicense
5754:Sleepycat
5588:Community
5283:Vaporware
5230:Scareware
5126:Trialware
5114:Shareware
4750:1553-7358
4553:0164-1212
4317:0167-9236
4270:1051-0761
4196:0740-7459
4157:234778104
4149:1049-331X
4100:206727320
4092:1461-4448
4053:197640269
3961:215822439
3858:0276-7783
3816:254467440
3808:1382-3256
3760:232387092
3744:1364-503X
3629:1047-7047
3583:265508713
3575:1520-9202
3411:1422-2213
2299:1396-0466
2063:24 August
1960:1556-5068
1917:1047-7039
1900:1406.7541
1857:2163-5226
1841:(3): 65.
1435:Although
1392:shareware
1241:Microsoft
1211:Microsoft
1059:computing
976:Microsoft
972:GNU/Linux
937:Licensing
732:Licensing
640:aerospace
589:UX design
358:cathedral
190:copyright
147:MediaWiki
143:Knowledge
7828:Mail art
7763:ROM hack
7740:Fan game
7735:Homebrew
7658:Software
7521:Fan film
7397:Netlabel
7343:printers
7307:business
7302:Webcomic
7170:Licenses
6891:Robotics
6861:Products
6674:Research
6628:Openness
6285:contests
6273:software
6268:hardware
6208:Copyleft
6181:Concepts
6165:trolling
6155:software
6043:activism
5999:Category
5916:Related
5797:Copyleft
5717:GNU LGPL
5712:GNU AGPL
5677:Beerware
5672:Artistic
5649:Licenses
5616:Advocacy
5563:iOS apps
5504:Wireless
5499:Graphics
5466:packages
5464:Software
5454:Timeline
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