Open-source software

1382:. Examples of companies who have done this are Google, Microsoft and Apple. Additionally, open sourcing can refer to programming open source software or installing open source software. Open sourcing can be beneficial in multiple ways, such as attracting more external contributors who bring new perspectives and problem solving capabilities. The downsides of open sourcing include the work that has to be done to maintaining the new community, such as making the base code easily understandable, setting up communication channels for new developers and creating documentation to allow new developers to easily join. However, a review of several open sourced projects found that although a newly open sourced project attracts many newcomers, a great amount are likely to soon leave the project and their forks are also likely to not be impactful. 1298:, leader of the Free software movement and member of the free software foundation opposes the term open source being applied to what they refer to as free software. Although he agrees that the two terms describe almost the same category of software, Stallman considers equating the terms incorrect and misleading. He believes that the main difference is that by choosing one term over the other lets others know about what one's goals are: development (open source) or a social stance (free software). Nevertheless, there is significant overlap between open source software and free software. Stallman also opposes the professed pragmatism of the 1465:. Instead of learning through a classroom or a job, learning through contributing to OSS allows participants to learn at their own pace and follow what interests them. When contributing to OSS, you can learn the current industry best practices, technology and trends and even have the opportunity to contribute to the next big innovation as OSS grows increasingly popular within the tech field. Contributing to OSS without payment means there is no threat of being fired, though reputations can take a hit. On the other hand, a huge motivation to contribute to OSS is the reputation gained as you grow your public portfolio. 1668: 122: 1432:

while in 2008 the countries with top amount of estimated contributors in SourceForge were the United States, Germany, United Kingdom, Canada and France. Though there have been several studies done on the distribution and contributions of OSS developers, this is still an open field that can be measured in several different ways. For instance, Information and communication technology participation, population, wealth and proportion of access to the internet have been shown to be correlated with OSS contributions.

1243:, a once detractor of OSS, has included its use in their systems. However, this success has raised concerns that will determine the future of OSS as the community must answer questions such as what OSS is, what should it be, and what should be done to protect it, if it even needs protecting. All in all, while the free and open source revolution has slowed to a perceived equilibrium in the market place, that does not mean it is over as many theoretical discussions must take place to determine its future. 247: 5978: 5968: 995:. While accidental vulnerabilities are possible, so are attacks by outside agents. Because of these fears, governmental interest in contributing to the governance of software has become more prominent. However, these are the broad strokes of the issue, with each country having their own specific politicized interactions with open source software and their goals for its implementation. For example, the United States has focused on 1428:. Code acceptance can be impacted by status within these social network clusters, creating unfair predispositions in code acceptance based on location. Barriers to international collaboration also include linguistic or cultural differences. Furthermore, each country has been shown to have a higher acceptance rate for code from contributors within their country except India, indicating a bias for culturally similar collaborators. 4871: 88: 1112:, which he described as free as in free speech, not free beer, referring to the meaning of free as freedom rather than price. He later expanded this concept of freedom to the four essential freedoms. Through GNU, open source norms of incorporating others' source code, community bug fixes and suggestions of code for new features appeared. In 1985, Stallman founded the 790:. Copyleft licenses are different in that they require recipients to use the same license for at least some parts of the distribution of their works. Strong copyleft licenses require all derivative works to use the same license while weak copyleft licenses require the use of the same license only under certain conditions. Examples of this type of license include the 943:. Open source software can be considered a public good as it is available to everyone and does not decrease in value for others when downloaded by one person. Open source software is unique in that it becomes more valuable as it is used and contributed to, instead of diminishing the resource. This is explained by concepts such as investment in reputation and 457:. Once the leadership and community are satisfied with the whole project, it can be partially released and user instruction can be documented. If the project is ready to be released, it is frozen, with only serious bug fixes or security repairs occurring. Finally, the project is fully released and only changed through minor bug fixes. 1487:

women's identity as female is given more attention that as an OSS contributor Bias is hard to address due to the belief that gender shouldn't matter, with most contributors feeling that women getting special treatment is unfair and success should be dependent on skill, preventing any changes to be more inclusive.

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in 1978 that mixed Unix code with code from Berkely labs to increase functionality. As BSD was focused on increasing functionality, it would publicly share its greatest innovations with the main Unix operating system. This is an example of the free public code sharing that is a central characteristic

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Because economic theory mainly focuses on the consumption of scarce resources, the OSS dynamic can be hard to understand. In OSS, producers become consumers by reaping the rewards of contributing to a project. For example, a developer becomes well regarded by their peers for a successful contribution

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OSS is flexible because modular systems allow programmers to build custom interfaces, or add new abilities to it and it is innovative since open-source programs are the product of collaboration among a large number of different programmers. The mix of divergent perspectives, corporate objectives, and

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According to Feller et al. (2005), the terms "free software" and "open source software" should be applied to any "software products distributed under terms that allow users" to use, modify, and redistribute the software "in any manner they see fit, without requiring that they pay the author(s) of the

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in that it allows the inclusion of proprietary software and allows more liberties in its licensing. Some, such as Stallman, agree more with the original concept of free software as a result because it takes a strong moral stance against proprietary software, through there is much overlap between the

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Several gray areas exist within software regulation that have great impact on open source software, such as if software is a good or service, what can be considered a modification, governance through contract vs license, ownership and right of use. While there have been developments on these issues,

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More than 90 percent of companies use open-source software as a component of their proprietary software. The decision to use open-source software, or even engage with open-source projects to improve existing open-source software, is typically a pragmatic business decision. When proprietary software

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In 2021, the countries with the highest open source software contributions included the United States, China, Germany, India, and the UK, in that order. The counties with the highest OSS developers per capita from a study in 2021 include, in order, Iceland, Switzerland, Norway, Sweden, and Finland,

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The FSF said that the term open source fosters an ambiguity of a different kind such that it confuses the mere availability of the source with the freedom to use, modify, and redistribute it. On the other hand, the term free software was criticized for the ambiguity of the word free, which was seen

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Within proprietary software, bug fixes can only be provided by the vendor, moving platforms requires another purchase and the existence of the product relies on the vendor, who can discontinue it at any point. Additionally, proprietary software does not provide its source code and cannot be altered

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Proprietary software limits their customers' choices to either committing to using that software, upgrading it or switching to other software, forcing customers to have their software preferences impacted by their monetary cost. The ideal case scenario for the proprietary software vendor would be a

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in regard to open source software implementation due to the perceived threat of the increase of open source software activity in countries like China and Russia, with the Department of Defense considering multiple criteria for using OSS. These criteria include: if it comes from and is maintained by

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The economic model of open source software can be explained as developers contribute work to projects, creating public benefits. Developers choose projects based on the perceived benefits or costs, such as improved reputation or value of the project. The motivations of developers can come from many

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There should be at least two versions of the software. There should be a buggier version with more features and a more stable version with fewer features. The buggy version (also called the development version) is for users who want the immediate use of the latest features and are willing to accept

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is a broad software license that makes source code available to the general public with relaxed or non-existent restrictions on the use and modification of the code. It is an explicit "feature" of open source that it puts very few restrictions on the use or distribution by any organization or user,

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despite women and men showing the same productivity in OSS contributions. Explicit biases include longer feedback time, more scrutinization of code and lower acceptance rate of code. Specifically in the open-source software community, women report that sexually offensive language is common and the

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tends to be a large concern as women in the tech industry face insecurity about attracting unwanted male attention and harassment or being unfeminine in their technology knowledge, having a large impact on confidence. Some male tech participants make clear that they believe women fitting in within

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The basic roles OSS participants can fall into multiple categories, beginning with leadership at the center of the project who have control over its execution. Next are the core contributors with a great deal of experience and authority in the project who may guide the other contributors. Non-core

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Moreover, free software can be developed in accordance with purely technical requirements. It does not require thinking about commercial pressure that often degrades the quality of the software. Commercial pressures make traditional software developers pay more attention to customers' requirements

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Open source development offers the potential to quicken innovation and create of social value. In France for instance, a policy that incentivized government to favor free open-source software increased to nearly 600,000 OSS contributions per year, generating social value by increasing the quantity

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of software and before the concept of open source software was necessary, therefore it was not considered a true open source software project. It started as a research project before being commercialized in the mid 1980s. Before its commercialization, it represented many of the ideals held by the

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has been found to enhance team productivity, women still face biases while contributing to open source software projects when their gender is identifiable. In 2002, only 1.5% of international open-source software developers were women, while women made up 28% of tech industry roles, demonstrating

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states that given enough eyeballs all bugs are shallow. This means that if many users view the source code, they will eventually find all bugs and suggest how to fix them. Some users have advanced programming skills, and furthermore, each user's machine provides an additional testing environment.

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alternative operating system that would be available for anyone to use and allow programmers to share code freely between them. However, the goal of GNU was not to only replace Unix, but to make a superior version that had more technological capabilities. It was released before the philosophical

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are examples milestones of success in the open source software rise to prominence from the sidelines of technological innovation as it existed in the early 2000s. However, some in the community consider them failures in their representation of OSS due to issues such as the downplaying of the OSS

503:(DVCS) are examples of tools, often open source, that help manage the source code files and the changes to those files for a software project in order to foster collaboration. CVCS are centralized with a central repository while DVCS are decentralized and have a local repository for every user. 1444:

may continue to exist due to the common belief of contributors that gender shouldn't matter, and the quality of code should be the only consideration for code acceptance, preventing the community from addressing the systemic disparities in female representation. However, a more recent figure of

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of the FSF now flatly opposes the term "Open Source" being applied to what they refer to as "free software". Although he agrees that the two terms describe "almost the same category of software", Stallman considers equating the terms incorrect and misleading. Stallman also opposes the professed

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Open source software differs from proprietary software in that it is publicly available, the license requires no fees, modifications and distributions are allowed under license specifications. All of this works to prevent a monopoly on any OSS product, which is a goal of proprietary software.

1019:. These technologies all have implications for global cooperation, again opening up security issues and political consequences. Many countries have to balance technological innovation with technological dependence in these partnerships. For example, after China's open-source dependent company 1213:

have begun to develop official open source presences on the Internet. IBM, Oracle, and State Farm are just a few of the companies with a serious public stake in today's competitive open source market, marking a significant shift in the corporate philosophy concerning the development of FOSS.

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Under OSI's definition, open source is a broad software license that makes source code available to the general public with relaxed or non-existent restrictions on the use and modification of the code. It is an explicit feature of open source that it puts very few restrictions on the use or

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model, development takes place in a centralized way. Roles are clearly defined. Roles include people dedicated to designing (the architects), people responsible for managing the project, and people responsible for implementation. Traditional software engineering follows the cathedral model.

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Although OSS is theoretically challenging in economic models, it is explainable as a sustainable social activity that requires resources. These resources include time, money, technology and contributions. Many developers have used technology funded by organizations such as universities and

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For decades, some companies have made servicing of an open-source software product for enterprise users their business model. These companies control an open-source software product, and instead of charging for licensing or use, charge for improvements, integration, and other servicing.

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that largely collaborate within themselves. Possible reasons for this phenomenon may be that the OSS contributor demographic largely works in software, meaning that the OSS geographic location is closely related to that dispersion and collaborations could be encouraged through work and

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OSS can be highly reliable when it has thousands of independent programmers testing and fixing bugs of the software. Open source is not dependent on the company or author that originally created it. Even if the company fails, the code continues to exist and be developed by its users.

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to an OSS project. The social benefits and interactions of OSS are difficult to account for in economic models as well. Furthermore, the innovation of technology creates constantly changing value discussions and outlooks, making economic model unable to predict social behavior.

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While the Open Source Initiative sought to encourage the use of the new term and evangelize the principles it adhered to, commercial software vendors found themselves increasingly threatened by the concept of freely distributed software and universal access to an application's

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model. Raymond likens the development of software by traditional methodologies to building a cathedral, with careful isolated work by individuals or small groups. He suggests that all software should be developed using the bazaar style, with differing agendas and approaches.

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This "culture" or ideology takes the view that the principles apply more generally to facilitate concurrent input of different agendas, approaches, and priorities, in contrast with more centralized models of development such as those typically used in commercial companies.

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preventing source code from being shared and improved upon. GNU was UNIX compatible, meaning that the programmer enthusiasts would still be familiar with how it worked. However, it quickly became apparent that there was some confusion with the label Stallman had chosen of

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Butler, Simon; Gamalielsson, Jonas; Lundell, Björn; Brax, Christoffer; Mattsson, Anders; Gustavsson, Tomas; Feist, Jonas; Kvarnström, Bengt; Lönroth, Erik (2022). "Considerations and challenges for the adoption of open source components in software-intensive businesses".

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Moreover, lower costs of marketing and logistical services are needed for OSS. OSS can be a tool to promote a company's image, including its commercial products. The OSS development approach has helped produce reliable, high quality software quickly and inexpensively.

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Organizations that contribute to the development and expansions of free and open source software movements exist all over the world. These organizations are dedicated to goals such as teaching and spreading technology. As listed by a former vice president of the

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the culture is impossible, furthering the insecurity for women and their place in the tech industry. Additionally, even in a voluntary contribution environment like open source software, women tend to end up doing the less technical aspects of projects, such as

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beliefs of the Free and Open source software revolution were truly defined. Because of its creation by prominent FOSS programmer Richard Stallman, GNU was heavily involved in FOSS activism, with one of the greatest achievements of GNU being the creation of the

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can bring in diverse perspectives beyond those of a single company. A 2024 estimate of the value of open source software to firms is $ 8.8 trillion, as firms would need to spend 3.5 times the amount they currently do without the use of open source software.

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licenses. The similarities between these two categories of licensing include that they provide a broad grant of copyright rights, require that recipients preserve copyright notices, and that a copy of the license is provided to recipients with the code.

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and project pages. Next, OSS developers select or are assigned to a task and identify a solution. Because there are often many different possible routes for solutions in OSS, the best solution must be chosen with careful consideration and sometimes even

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Industries are likely to use OSS due to back-office functionality, sales support, research and development, software features, quick deployment, portability across platforms and avoidance of commercial license management. Additionally, lower cost for

1136:. Throughout this whole period, there were many other free software projects and licenses around at the time, all with different ideas of what the concept of free software was and should be, as well as the morality of proprietary software, such as 1366:, not all source available software is FOSS. For example, if the software doesn't meet other aspects of the Open Source Definition such as permitted modification or redistribution, even if the source code is available, the software is not FOSS. 1271:

by users. For businesses, this can pose a security risk and source of frustration, as they cannot specialize the product to their needs, and there may be hidden threats or information leaks within the software that they cannot access or change.

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despite previous animosity with the OSS movement. Despite these developments, these companies tend to only use OSS for certain purposes, leading to worries that OSS is being taken advantage of by corporations and not given anything in return.

923:. Open source software proponents disliked these technologies as they constrained end-users potentially beyond copyright law. Europe responded to such complaints by putting TPM under legal controls, representing a victory for OSS supporters. 399:

Code changes should be integrated (merged into a shared code base) as often as possible so as to avoid the overhead of fixing a large number of bugs at the end of the project life cycle. Some open-source projects have nightly builds where

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in 1998 at a meeting of supporters of free software. Many in the group felt the name free software was confusing to newcomers and holding back industry interest and they readily accepted the new designation of open source, creating the

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contributors have less experience and authority, but regularly contribute and are vital to the project's development. New contributors are the least experienced but with mentorship and guidance can become regular contributors.

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that allowed forking and resulted in a loss of opportunities for collaboration within Android, the prioritization of convivence over freedom in Ubuntu, and features within Ubuntu that track users for marketing purposes.

1609:, creating discord in the greater FOSS community, though ultimately proving successful. The Apache license allowed permitted members to directly access source code, a marked difference from GNU and Linux's approaches. 810:, including attribution and identification of modifications. The ruling of this case cemented enforcement under copyright law when the conditions of the license were not followed. Because of the similarity of the 896:, or the format of data files. By limiting protections of the different aspects of software, the law favors an open source approach to software use. The US especially has an open approach to software, with most 553:

provide means of coordination and discussion of bugs among developers. Project web pages, wiki pages, roadmap lists and newsgroups allow for the distribution of project information that focuses on end users.

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The users are treated like co-developers and so they should have access to the source code of the software. Furthermore, users are encouraged to submit additions to the software, code fixes for the software,

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Rossi, M. A. (2006): Decoding the free/open-source software puzzle: A survey of theoretical and empirical contributions, in J. Bitzer P. Schröder, eds, 'The Economics of Open Source Software Development', p

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The bazaar model, however, is different. In this model, roles are not clearly defined. Some proposed characteristics of software developed using the bazaar model should exhibit the following patterns:

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In open source communities, instead of owning the software produced, the producer owns the development of the evolving software. In this way, the future of the software is open, making ownership or

1621:, a movement to decentralize technologies so that any human can use them. However, it is often misapplied to other areas that have different and competing principles, which overlap only partially. 720: 1302:, as he fears that the free software ideals of freedom and community are threatened by compromising on the FSF's idealistic standards for software freedom. The FSF considers free software to be a 305:, as he fears that the free software ideals of freedom and community are threatened by compromising on the FSF's idealistic standards for software freedom. The FSF considers free software to be a 106: 1000:

trusted sources, whether it will continue to be maintained, if there are dependencies on sub-components in the software, component security and integrity, and foreign governmental influence.

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due to the benefits it provides. Adoption of OSS is more likely in larger organizations and is dependent on the company's IT usage, operating efficiencies, and the productivity of employees.

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Open source implementation of a standard can increase adoption of that standard. This creates developer loyalty as developers feel empowered and have a sense of ownership of the end product.

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where developers consider if they should add new features or if a bug needs to be fixed in their project. This is established by communicating with the OSS community through avenues such as

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The use of OSS has become more common in business with 78% of companies reporting that they run all or part of their operations on FOSS. The popularity of OSS has risen to the point that

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and quality of open-source software. This policy also led to an estimated increase of up to 18% of tech startups and a 14% increase in the number of people employed in the IT sector.

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and other technology related abilities, but also fundamental skills such as communication and collaboration and practical skills needed to excel in technology related fields such as

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Berry, D M (2004). The Contestation of Code: A Preliminary Investigation into the Discourse of the Free Software and Open Software Movement, Critical Discourse Studies, Volume 1(1).

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There is a need for a decision-making structure, whether formal or informal, that makes strategic decisions depending on changing user requirements and other factors. Compare with

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is in direct competition with an open-source alternative, research has found conflicting results on the effect of the competition on the proprietary product's price and quality.

1362:, the source code does not need to be accessible to all, just the users of that software. While all FOSS software is source available because this is a requirement made by the 963:

governments, though these same organizations benefit from the work done by OSS. As OSS grows, hybrid systems containing OSS and proprietary systems are becoming more common.

1587:. It was radically different than what other hackers were producing at the time due to it being totally free of cost and being decentralized. Later, Linux was put under the 1500:

Open source software projects are built and maintained by a network of programmers, who may often be volunteers, and are widely used in free as well as commercial products.

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The future of the open source software community, and the free software community by extension, has become successful if not confused about what it stands for. For example,

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female OSS participation internationally calculated across 2005 to 2021 is 9.8%, with most being recent contributors, indicating that female participation may be growing.

453:. The developer then begins to develop and commit the code. The code is then tested and reviewed by peers. Developers can edit and evolve their code through feedback from 5471: 313:

software, for example, can be developed as open source, despite that it does not give its users freedom (it restricts them), and thus does not qualify as free software.

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as specified by the terms of the specific license, as each license has its own rules. Permissive licenses allow recipients of the software to implement the author's

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they often lead to even more questions. The existence of these uncertainties in regulation has a negative impact on industries involved in technologies as a whole.

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and testing. However, there are several ways of contributing to OSS projects even without coding skills. For example, some less technical ways of participating are

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Open-source software is preferred for scientific applications, because it increases transparency and aids in the validation and acceptance of scientific results.

1116:(FSF) to promote changes in software and to help write GNU. In order to prevent his work from being used in proprietary software, Stallman created the concept of 6543: 4480:

August, Terrence; Chen, Wei; Zhu, Kevin (2021). "Competition Among Proprietary and Open-Source Software Firms: The Role of Licensing in Strategic Contribution".

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code base. The name Apache was used because of the several patches they applied to this code base. Within a year of its release, it became the worldwide leading

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While many governments are interested in implementing and promoting open-source software due to the many benefits provided, a huge issue to be considered is

1061:, such as the 1950s and into the 1960s, programmers and developers shared software to learn from each other and evolve the field of computing. For example, 5769: 5391: 1682: 1286: 1257: 5608: 700: 200:

to anyone and for any purpose. Open-source software may be developed in a collaborative, public manner. Open-source software is a prominent example of

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began to focus on BSD and turning it into an operating system that did not include any of Unix's code.The final version of BSD was released in 1995.

7246: 3385:"Free and Open Source Software and FRAND-based patent licenses: How to mediate between Standard Essential Patent and Free and Open Source Software" 2746: 4944: 4170:

Albusays, Khaled; Bjorn, Pernille; Dabbish, Laura; Ford, Denae; Murphy-Hill, Emerson; Serebrenik, Alexander; Storey, Margaret-Anne (April 2021).

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in development, making the number of possible contributors indefinite. The ability to examine the code facilitates public trust in the software.

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Despite being able to collaborate internationally, open source software contributors were found to mostly be located in large clusters such as

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There are many motivations for contributing to the OSS community. For one, it is an opportunity to learn and practice multiple skills such as

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the risk of using code that is not yet thoroughly tested. The users can then act as co-developers, reporting bugs and providing bug fixes.

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The first version of the software should be released as early as possible so as to increase one's chances of finding co-developers early.

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software, for example, can be developed as open source, despite how it restricts its users, and thus does not qualify as free software.

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Funding is absolutely another terrific way that individuals and organizations choose to contribute to open source projects. Groups like

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While the term open source applied originally only to the source code of software, it is now being applied to many other areas such as

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Apache began in 1995 as a collaboration between a group of developers releasing their own web server due to their frustration with

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One important legal precedent for open source software was created in 2008, when the Jacobson v Katzer case enforced terms of the

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In open source software development, tools are used to support the development of the product and the development process itself.

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Best practices for commercial use of open source software: business models, processes and tools for managing open source software

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to emphasize the business potential of sharing and collaborating on software source code. The term open source was suggested by

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Zhou, Zach Zhizhong; Choudhary, Vidyanand (2022). "Impact of Competition from Open Source Software on Proprietary Software".

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Lerner, J. & Tirole, J. (2002): 'Some simple economics on open source', Journal of Industrial Economics 50(2), p 197–234

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Benkler, Yochai (2002), "Coase's Penguin, or, Linux and The Nature of the Firm." Yale Law Journal 112.3 (Dec 2002): p367(78)

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Levine, Sheen S.; Prietula, Michael J. (30 December 2013). "Open Collaboration for Innovation: Principles and Performance".

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began when developers began trying to create operating systems without Unix code. Unix was created in the 1960s, before the

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became the standard with computer programs being considered a form of literary work, with some tweaks of unique regulation.

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in the years 1970–1980 began to prevent this practice. However, academics still often developed software collaboratively.

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In response, the open source movement was born out of the work of skilled programmer enthusiasts, widely referred to as

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The adoption of open source software by industry is increasing over time. OSS is popular in several industries such as

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of FOSS today. As Unix became commercialized in the 1980s, developers or members of the community who did not support

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Open-source projects use utilities such as issue trackers to organize open-source software development. Commonly used

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The general structure of the software should be modular allowing for parallel development on independent components.

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provide a means for individuals to contribute monthly to supporting their favorite projects. Organizations like the

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The same principles that underlie open-source software can be found in many other ventures, such as open source,

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How open is the future? : Economic, social and cultural scenarios inspired by free and open-source software

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Gonzalez-Barahona, Jesus M.; Robles, Gregorio; Andradas-Izquierdo, Roberto; Ghosh, Rishab Aiyer (August 2008).

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different places and reasons, but the important takeaway is that money is not the only or even most important

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Even though programming was originally seen as a female profession, there remains a large gap in computing.

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The Rise of Open Source Licensing: A Challenge to the Use of Intellectual Property in the Software Industry

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Proceedings of the 12th ACM/IEEE International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering and Measurement

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established a Pathways to Enable Open-Source Ecosystems (POSE) program to support open source innovation.

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Forge your future with open source: build your skills, build your network, build the future of technology

759: 623: 500: 231: 4676:""The Economic Properties of Software", Jena Economic Research Papers, Volume 2 (2008), Number 2008-045" 4657: 3605:"Research Note —Lock-In Strategy in Software Competition: Open-Source Software vs. Proprietary Software" 1440:

their low representation in the software field. Despite OSS contributions having no prerequisites, this

723:. Outside of these, many more organizations dedicated to the advancement of open source software exist. 7199: 7187: 7162: 6779: 5804: 5689: 5466: 5295: 5175: 3932: 2349:

Robles, Gregorio (2006). "Empirical Software Engineering Research on Free/Libre/Open Source Software".

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without having to use the same license for distribution. Examples of this type of license include the

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Trinkenreich, Bianca; Wiese, Igor; Sarma, Anita; Gerosa, Marco; Steinmacher, Igor (31 October 2022).

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Free and Open source software revolution, including the decentralized collaboration of global users,

1355: 1345: 1307: 916: 310: 38: 2079: 1120:, which allowed the use of his work by anyone, but under specific terms. To do this, he created the 1003:

Another issue for governments in regard to open source is their investments in technologies such as

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Within the legal history of software as a whole, there was much debate on whether to protect it as

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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences

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distribution by any organization or user, in order to enable the rapid evolution of the software.

377:, documentation, etc. Having more co-developers increases the rate at which the software evolves. 273:

to determine whether it considers a software license open source. The definition was based on the

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Rastogi, Ayushi; Nagappan, Nachiappan; Gousios, Georgios; van der Hoek, André (11 October 2018).

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within these licenses, which has seen backlash from the OSS community, who prefer other forms of

425: 3929:"Relationship between geographical location and evaluation of developer contributions in github" 3711: 2226: 1569:

or GPL, which allowed developers to release software that could be legally shared and modified.

1180:'s (OSI) definition is now recognized by several governments internationally as the standard or 7805: 7774: 7740: 7717: 7705: 7106: 7096: 6997: 6947: 6830: 6315: 6300: 6175: 6142: 6048: 5981: 5869: 5716: 5679: 5578: 5139: 5011: 4898: 4828:. Stuttgart: Research Contributions to Organizational Sociology and Innovation Studies 2017-03. 1830: 1742: 1717: 1697: 1511: 1483: 1395: 1299: 1177: 1173: 1164: 1092: 850: 846: 799: 795: 680: 668: 596: 454: 401: 395: 302: 258: 251: 4027:

2019 ACM/IEEE International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering and Measurement (ESEM)

2781: 1999: 7825: 7581: 7524: 7289: 7152: 7101: 6738: 6651: 6615: 6552: 6310: 6215: 6180: 6023: 5844: 5639: 5631: 5570: 5503: 5159: 5001: 4953: 2720: 1791: 1692: 1650: 1458: 1202: 932: 905: 866: 818: 743: 576: 508: 193: 4787: 3604: 2140:

Feller, Joseph; Fitzgerald, Brian; Hissam, Scott; Lakhani, Karim R. (2005). "Introduction".

814:

to other open source software licenses, the ruling created a precedent that applied widely.

261:'s (OSI) definition is recognized by several governments internationally as the standard or 7566: 7320: 6890: 6873: 6868: 6250: 6230: 5929: 5864: 5859: 5250: 5134: 5124: 5006: 4809: 4727: 4247: 4067: 3723: 3104:"NSF invests over $ 26 million in open-source projects | NSF - National Science Foundation" 2891:

Plotkin, Hal (December 1998). "What (and Why) you should know about open-source software".

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A recent trend within software companies is open sourcing, or transitioning their previous

1314:

as discouraging for business adoption, and for the historical ambiguous usage of the term.

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Throughout the mid 2000s, more and more tech companies have begun to use OSS. For example,

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than to security requirements, since such features are somewhat invisible to the customer.

205: 3834:"Outsourcing to an Unknown Workforce: Exploring Opensurcing as a Global Sourcing Strategy" 8: 7845: 7837: 7498: 7396: 7182: 7116: 7002: 6753: 6589: 6170: 6038: 5809: 5411: 5255: 5240: 5037: 4504:

Incorporating the Digital Commons: Corporate Involvement in Free and Open Source Software

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and allows capable end users to adapt software to their personal needs in a similar way

7735: 7446: 7269: 7038: 6819: 6696: 6600: 6488: 6434: 6338: 5356: 5315: 5305: 5260: 4974: 4758: 4715: 4591: 4439: 4152: 4126: 4095: 4048: 3956: 3899: 3861: 3811: 3755: 3578: 3194: 2928: 2769: 2678: 2649: 2612: 2519: 2445: 2374: 2277:"The Cathedral and the Bazaar (originally published in Volume 3, Number 3, March 1998)" 1920: 1894: 1629: 1594: 1591:, allowing people to make money with Linux and bringing Linux into the FOSS community. 1168: 770:

in that they can allow more users access to the software and allow for the creation of

635: 604: 201: 150: 4812:— an online book containing essays from prominent members of the open-source community 4502: 2558: 2516:

2020 IEEE 24th International Enterprise Distributed Object Computing Conference (EDOC)

2442:

2020 IEEE 24th International Enterprise Distributed Object Computing Conference (EDOC)

1188:, written and adapted primarily by Bruce Perens. The OSI definition differed from the 7861: 7672: 7561: 7436: 7391: 7369: 7325: 7274: 7194: 7048: 6992: 6691: 6661: 6369: 6132: 5967: 5889: 5736: 5416: 5330: 5270: 5245: 5069: 4763: 4745: 4675: 4643: 4637: 4622: 4598: 4575: 4559: 4548: 4516: 4466: 4312: 4273: 4265: 4214: 4191: 4156: 4144: 4099: 4087: 4052: 4038: 4000: 3960: 3946: 3853: 3815: 3803: 3783: 3759: 3747: 3739: 3681: 3624: 3582: 3570: 3524: 3499: 3406: 3356: 3268: 3184: 3032: 2924: 2871: 2777: 2683: 2608: 2537: 2463: 2364: 2294: 2145: 2032: 2010: 1955: 1912: 1852: 1797: 1519: 1132:, as a kernel was missing in GNU. The operating system is now usually referred to as 996: 655: 619: 592: 154: 96: 4913: 4570:

Davila, Jacinto (2015). "The Political Logic of Free, Libre, Open Source Software".

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Wachs, Johannes; Nitecki, Mariusz; Schueller, William; Polleres, Axel (March 2002).

3198: 2773: 1583:. Linux was inspired by making a better version of the for profit operating service 919:(DRM) techniques which were internationally legally recognized and protected in the 7677: 7534: 7408: 7306: 7204: 7058: 7053: 6967: 6743: 6449: 6394: 6354: 6235: 6073: 5654: 5144: 4961: 4850: 4753: 4735: 4540: 4508: 4489: 4458: 4304: 4255: 4183: 4136: 4079: 4030: 3996: 3938: 3913: 3909: 3845: 3795: 3731: 3616: 3562: 3396: 3176: 3149: 3052: 2966: 2932: 2920: 2761: 2708: 2673: 2663: 2616: 2604: 2529: 2455: 2378: 2356: 2284: 2222: 1947: 1924: 1904: 1842: 1557: 1538: 1507: 1436: 1295: 1088: 1066: 1004: 936: 811: 807: 753: 692: 297: 162: 158: 4339: 3353:

Software Power: The Economic and Geopolitical Implications of Open Source Software

1510:

created by AT&T that began as a precursor to open source software in that the

1124:(GNU GPL) in 1989, which was updated in 1991. In 1991, GNU was combined with the 7888: 7611: 7454: 7337: 7043: 7033: 6942: 6926: 6911: 6823: 6789: 6784: 6748: 6636: 6481: 6444: 6279: 6137: 6053: 5992: 5924: 5325: 5300: 5282: 5149: 5086: 5042: 4740: 4616: 3928: 2533: 2459: 2024: 2006: 1524: 1474: 1462: 1358:

when this source code is available to be seen. However to be source available or

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Some possible ways of contributing to open source software include such roles as

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for users with similar preferences, and directly submit possible improvements as

121: 6521: 5341: 4379: 2971: 2954: 1038:, to help support the governance and maintenance of the software that they use. 7871: 7626: 7621: 7616: 7606: 6774: 6701: 6439: 6404: 6379: 6120: 6093: 6083: 5721: 5644: 4437: 4292: 4171: 4022: 3645: 3168: 3031:. The pragmatic programmers. Raleigh, North Carolina: The Pragmatic Bookshelf. 2511: 2437: 2350: 1606: 1580: 1479: 1425: 1420: 1264: 1246: 1232: 1129: 1084: 944: 826: 787: 715:

are African organizations and Central and South Asia has such organizations as

512: 378: 4544: 4512: 4395: 4323: 4308: 4034: 3982: 3799: 3153: 1831:"The Free Software Alternative: Freeware, Open Source Software, and Libraries" 7918: 7662: 7652: 7078: 6921: 6856: 6814: 6656: 6584: 6429: 6154: 5952: 5913: 5819: 5476: 5401: 5349: 5205: 4984: 4902: 4749: 4703: 4552: 4316: 4269: 4195: 4148: 4091: 4083: 3857: 3807: 3743: 3628: 3574: 3496:

Producing open source software: how to run a successful free software project

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Payne, Christian (February 2002). "On the Security of Open Source Software".

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For Fun and Profit: A History of the Free and Open Source Software Revolution

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began to look how to bring free software ideas and perceived benefits to the

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and branding can prevent others from stealing it, preserving its status as a

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Pinto, Gustavo; Steinmacher, Igor; Dias, Luiz Felipe; Gerosa, Marco (2018).

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Societal Benefits of Freely Accessible Technologies and Knowledge Resources

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Foundations and Trends in Technology, Information and Operations Management

4277: 4115:"Women's Participation in Open Source Software: A Survey of the Literature" 3751: 3735: 3620: 3550: 2687: 1908: 1707: 1625: 1125: 779: 445: 382:

This new testing environment offers the ability to find and fix a new bug.

235: 223: 7815: 4611: 3566: 2747:"Government Technology Policy, Social Value, and National Competitiveness" 2701:

Landry, John; Rajiv Gupta (September 2000). "Profiting from Open Source".

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in 1984 with its name meaning Gnu's Not Unix. The idea was to create a

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in 2019, they began to create their own alternative operating system:

7875: 7800: 7657: 7544: 7508: 7314: 7301: 7126: 6711: 6115: 5741: 5265: 5212: 5108: 5096: 4260: 4235: 3849: 1391: 1332:(FLOSS), consequently, to describe open-source software that is also 1240: 1210: 1058: 1028: 975: 971: 878: 775: 639: 588: 189: 146: 142: 4140: 3463: 2069:, The Open Source Definition according to the Open Source Initiative 1163:

was not appealing to companies and they needed a way to rebrand the

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Free Software, Free Society: Selected Essays of Richard M. Stallman

4131: 3904: 2712: 2524: 2450: 1973: 1399: 1390:

Other concepts that may share some similarities to open source are

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Sharma, Srinarayan; Vijayan Sugumaran; Balaji Rajagopalan (2002).

1899: 1176:(OSI) and the OSI definition of what open source software is. The 758:

FOSS products are generally licensed under two types of licenses:

499:

systems such as Centralized Version control system (CVCS) and the

293:

software a royalty or fee for engaging in the listed activities."

230:

allow for web sites, and eventually publish the modification as a

7601: 7571: 7431: 7296: 7279: 7261: 7136: 6620: 6502: 6399: 5195: 5180: 5101: 2052: 539: 138: 130: 3173:

2018 16th Annual Conference on Privacy, Security and Trust (PST)

7882: 6666: 5032: 4917: 2512:"Open Source Software Development Process: A Systematic Review" 2438:"Open Source Software Development Process: A Systematic Review" 2352:

2006 22nd IEEE International Conference on Software Maintenance

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is able to contribute to millions to supporting the tools the

7473: 7357: 5746: 3888:"The Geography of Open Source Software: Evidence from GitHub" 3885: 2953:

Zolkifli, Nazatul Nurlisa; Ngah, Amir; Deraman, Aziz (2018).

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Napoleao, Bianca M.; Petrillo, Fabio; Halle, Sylvain (2020).

2436:

Napoleao, Bianca M.; Petrillo, Fabio; Halle, Sylvain (2020).

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of open-source software, and Richard Stallman explained that

1133: 356:

In the traditional model of development, which he called the

309:

of open-source software, and Richard Stallman explained that

4658:

Understanding FOSS | editor = Sampathkumar Coimbatore India

4367: 4236:"Open science, reproducibility, and transparency in ecology" 4112: 1247:

Comparisons with other software licensing/development models

1231:

center of Android by Google and its partners, the use of an

900:

originating there. However, this has increased the focus on

7012: 1561: 1542: 1503: 1325: 1062: 967: 921:

1996 World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Treaty

3781: 192:

holder grants users the rights to use, study, change, and

1553: 1193:

two movements in terms of the operation of the software.

1141: 1103:, after the programmer culture in his lab was stifled by 1100: 4169: 4119:

ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology

1201:, with an executive of Microsoft calling open source an 289:

in order to enable the rapid evolution of the software.

4213:. Synomic Academy. Norderstedt: BoD – Books on Demand. 3549:

Miller, Keith W.; Voas, Jeffrey; Costello, Tom (2010).

2080:"How Many Open Source Licenses Do You Need? – Slashdot" 1378:

into open source software through releasing it under a

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Zhang, Yiming; Malhotra, Baljeet; Chen, Cheng (2018).

2108: 1789: 2509: 2435: 1793:

Understanding Open Source and Free Software Licensing

766:. Both of these types of licenses are different than 436:

The process of Open source development begins with a

5392:

Comparison of open-source and closed-source software

4810:

Open Sources: Voices from the Open Source Revolution

4714:

Morin, Andrew; Urban, Jennifer; Sliz, Piotr (2012).

4618:

Open Sources: Voices from the Open Source Revolution

4564:

Coding Freedom: The Ethics and Aesthetics of Hacking

3521:

Two Bits: The Cultural Significance of Free Software

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Open Sources: Voices from the Open Source Revolution

1938:

Hoffmann, Manuel; Nagle, Frank; Zhou, Yanuo (2024).

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Comparison of free and open-source software licenses

1663: 1287:

Comparison of free and open-source software licenses

1258:

Comparison of open-source and closed-source software

59:

Software licensed to ensure source code usage rights

4355: 2952: 2209:"Why Open Source Misses the Point of Free Software" 316: 169:

file manager, all of which are open-source software

6022: 5760: 4820: 4590: 4234:Powers, Stephen M.; Hampton, Stephanie E. (2019). 3831: 3548: 3135: 2227:"Why "Free Software" is better than "Open Source"" 1612: 557: 6551: 5371: 4786:. New Zealand Ministry of Justice. Archived from 4444:"Open source software: A survey from 10,000 feet" 3166: 3138:"Organizational adoption of open source software" 3136:Spinellis, Diomidis; Giannikas, Vaggelis (2012). 2725:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 ( 2700: 1937: 1875: 1749:All articles with titles containing "Open source" 926: 877:or establishing a unique regulation. Ultimately, 348:suggests a model for developing OSS known as the 7916: 3985:"Geographic origin of libre software developers" 3709: 3603:Zhu, Kevin Xiaoguo; Zhou, Zach Zhizhong (2012). 3318:Wynants, M., & Cornelis, J. (Eds.). (2005). 3169:"Industry-Wide Analysis of Open Source Security" 1354:, which is a code that is readable. Software is 4910:— Many online research papers about Open Source 4642:. Boston: GNU Press, Free Software Foundation. 3710:Fortunato, Laura; Galassi, Mark (17 May 2021). 3498:(1. Aufl., ed.). Beijing Köln: O'Reilly. 2144:. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. pp. xvii. 2102: 687:. Within Europe some notable organizations are 281:(FSF), which were only widely available later. 4172:"The Diversity Crisis in Software Development" 2648:Reynolds, Carl; Jeremy Wyatt (February 2011). 1884: 1703:List of free and open-source software packages 750:Free and open-source software § Licensing 62:Open-source software shares similarities with 7240: 6537: 6008: 5357: 4938: 4840: 4673: 4529: 4479: 4442:; Kechagia, Maria; Gousios, Georgios (2010). 4401: 4385: 4373: 4345: 4329: 4233: 4021:Bosu, Amiangshu; Sultana, Kazi Zakia (2019). 3267:(2nd ed.). UK: Oxford University Press. 2142:Perspectives on Free and Open Source Software 5397:Comparison of source-code-hosting facilities 4777:"Open Source Discussion Paper – version 1.0" 4713: 4417: 3680:. Boston (Mass.): Free software foundation. 2022: 1556:: GNU is a free operating system created by 1527:and a community culture of distaste towards 1339: 1184:definition. The definition was based on the 726: 4615:and Sam Ockman and Mark Stone, ed. (1999). 4020: 3892:Technological Forecasting and Social Change 3675: 3464:"International Authority & Recognition" 2023:Dibona, Chris; Ockman, Sam (January 1999). 1974:"International Authority & Recognition" 1490: 658:and ownership are also important benefits. 95:It has been suggested that this article be 23: 7254: 7247: 7233: 6544: 6530: 6015: 6001: 5364: 5350: 4945: 4931: 4635: 4500: 3676:Stallman, Richard M.; Gay, Joshua (2002). 3436: 3389:The Journal of World Intellectual Property 2581: 2027:The Open Source Definition by Bruce Perens 1829:Corbly, James Edward (25 September 2014). 1537:Berkely Software Distribution (BSD) is an 671:, some American organizations include the 661: 24: 4952: 4757: 4739: 4597:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4589:Fadi P. Deek; James A. M. McHugh (2008). 4290: 4259: 4130: 3903: 3400: 2970: 2677: 2667: 2523: 2449: 2288: 1898: 1846: 1765:Timeline of free and open-source software 1041: 629: 369:Users should be treated as co-developers: 6186:Business models for open-source software 4692: 3646:"The Open Source Definition (Annotated)" 3026: 2221: 2206: 2169:. Open Source Initiative. Archived from 2111:"The Open Source Definition (Annotated)" 1053:History of free and open-source software 709:free and open source software for africa 245: 120: 75:For broader coverage of this topic, see 32:This is an accepted version of this page 3602: 3382: 3350: 3314: 3312: 3310: 3308: 3306: 3304: 2890: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2855: 2853: 2851: 2849: 2847: 2845: 2843: 2841: 2839: 2837: 2835: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2827: 2825: 2823: 2821: 2819: 2817: 2815: 2813: 2811: 2505: 2503: 2501: 2499: 2431: 2429: 2427: 2425: 2423: 2421: 2419: 2417: 2415: 2344: 2342: 2340: 2338: 2336: 2334: 2332: 2330: 2328: 2274: 2158: 2109:Open Source Initiative (24 July 2006). 721:GRUP de usuarios de software libre peru 14: 7917: 4774: 4569: 4361: 3827: 3825: 3777: 3775: 3773: 3771: 3769: 3705: 3703: 3701: 3699: 3697: 3671: 3669: 3667: 3640: 3638: 3598: 3596: 3594: 3592: 3544: 3542: 3540: 3489: 3487: 3485: 3458: 3456: 3378: 3376: 3374: 3372: 3302: 3300: 3298: 3296: 3294: 3292: 3290: 3288: 3286: 3284: 3258: 3256: 3254: 3252: 3250: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3242: 3240: 3238: 3236: 3234: 3232: 3230: 3228: 3022: 3020: 3018: 3016: 3014: 3012: 3010: 3008: 3006: 3004: 3002: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2809: 2807: 2805: 2803: 2801: 2799: 2797: 2795: 2793: 2791: 2740: 2738: 2736: 2643: 2641: 2497: 2495: 2493: 2491: 2489: 2487: 2485: 2483: 2481: 2479: 2413: 2411: 2409: 2407: 2405: 2403: 2401: 2399: 2397: 2395: 2348: 2326: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2318: 2316: 2314: 2312: 2310: 2308: 2202: 2200: 2198: 2196: 2194: 2192: 2190: 2188: 1828: 1409: 344:, open-source influential contributor 323:Open-source software development model 204:, meaning any capable user is able to 7228: 6525: 6375:Organization for Transformative Works 5996: 5345: 4926: 4908:Free / Open Source Research Community 4065: 4016: 4014: 4012: 4010: 3978: 3976: 3974: 3972: 3970: 3881: 3879: 3877: 3875: 3518: 3493: 3432: 3430: 3428: 3426: 3424: 3422: 3420: 3346: 3344: 3342: 3340: 3338: 3336: 3334: 3332: 3330: 3328: 3262: 3226: 3224: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3216: 3214: 3212: 3210: 3208: 3131: 3129: 3127: 3125: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2910: 2865: 2744: 2550: 2270: 2268: 2266: 2264: 2262: 2260: 2258: 2256: 2254: 2252: 481:personal goals speeds up innovation. 7145: 5920:Microsoft Open Specification Promise 4843:Production and Operations Management 4438:Androutsellis-Theotokis, Stephanos; 4208: 3443:Information Technology and Libraries 3265:Open Source Law, Policy and Practice 2655:Journal of Medical Internet Research 2626:from the original on 30 October 2008 2059:from the original on 15 October 2013 1835:Information Technology and Libraries 1674:Free and open-source software portal 1252:Closed source / proprietary software 691:, open source projects EU (OSP) and 587:, accessibility design and testing, 488: 333: 81: 5387:Alternative terms for free software 4507:. University of Westminster Press. 4202: 4059: 3822: 3766: 3694: 3664: 3635: 3589: 3537: 3482: 3453: 3369: 3281: 2939: 2899: 2788: 2733: 2638: 2569:from the original on 28 August 2016 2476: 2392: 2305: 2215: 2185: 2164: 1940:"The Value of Open Source Software" 1330:Free/Libre and Open Source Software 1281:Alternative terms for free software 56: 7550:List of American independent films 5727:Python Software Foundation License 4775:Polley, Barry (11 December 2007). 4702:. Turre Publishing. Archived from 4593:Open Source: Technology and Policy 4431: 4007: 3967: 3872: 3417: 3325: 3205: 3122: 2979: 2955:"Version Control System: A Review" 2249: 2237:from the original on 27 March 2021 1810:from the original on 22 April 2023 1205:destroyer in 2001. However, while 1095:, which would later allow for the 986: 501:distributed version control system 426:Dynamic decision-making structure: 57: 7946: 5790:Definition of Free Cultural Works 5407:Free software project directories 4862: 4674:v. Engelhardt, Sebastian (2008). 3439:"Open Source Software: A History" 2090:from the original on 17 July 2013 1980:from the original on 23 July 2019 1976:. Opensource.org. 21 April 2015. 1406:, licensing, copyright and fees. 1350:Software can be distributed with 1091:, was a driving force behind the 913:technological protection measures 884:Software is generally considered 839:GNU Lesser General Public License 695:. One Australian organization is 402:integration is done automatically 218:Open-source code can be used for 6196:Commercial use of copyleft works 5977: 5976: 5966: 5427:Open-source software development 4869: 4501:Birkinbine, Benjamin J. (2020). 4209:Popp, Karl Michael, ed. (2020). 4001:10.1016/j.infoecopol.2008.07.001 3989:Information Economics and Policy 2925:10.1046/j.1365-2575.2002.00118.x 2609:10.1046/j.1365-2575.2002.00116.x 1666: 1369: 1274: 1151:As free software developed, the 317:Open-source software development 296:Despite initially accepting it, 212:Open-source software development 86: 66:and is part of the broader term 7460:Experimental musical instrument 6176:Alternative compensation system 5785:Debian Free Software Guidelines 5617:Free Software Movement of India 4784:New Zealand Open Source Society 4533:Journal of Systems and Software 4284: 4227: 4163: 4106: 3920: 3551:"Free and Open Source Software" 3512: 3160: 3142:Journal of Systems and Software 3096: 3071: 3045: 2884: 2694: 2133: 2121:from the original on 5 May 2021 1863:from the original on 1 May 2021 1790:St. Laurent, Andrew M. (2008). 1613:Extensions for non-software use 1579:that was introduced in 1991 by 1516:open source software revolution 1495: 1414: 1186:Debian Free Software Guidelines 1034:Germany recently established a 970:move of selling computers with 856: 689:Free Software Foundation Europe 685:software in the public interest 562: 558:Opportunities for participation 275:Debian Free Software Guidelines 6360:Electronic Frontier Foundation 4683:Jena Economics Research Papers 3914:10.1016/j.techfore.2022.121478 3788:Empirical Software Engineering 2072: 2045: 2016: 1992: 1966: 1931: 1822: 1783: 1733:Open Source Software Institute 1468: 1448: 1159:. It was concluded that FSF's 1138:Berkeley Software Distribution 927:Economic/business implications 521:source-code-hosting facilities 241: 13: 1: 7925:Free and open-source software 7904:Social peer-to-peer processes 7122:Open-source software movement 6851:Free and open-source software 6580:Commons-based peer production 6201:Commons-based peer production 6069:Legal aspects of file sharing 5775:Contributor License Agreement 5589:Open-source-software movement 5373:Free and open-source software 4574:. IGI Global. pp. 1–24. 3832:Ågerfalk; Fitzgerald (2008). 2745:Nagle, Frank (3 March 2019). 2715:(inactive 12 September 2024). 2231:Philosophy of the GNU Project 1796:. O'Reilly Media. p. 4. 1776: 1770:Software composition analysis 1738:Open-source software security 1728:Open-source software advocacy 1605:. Soon, Apache came out with 1322:Free and Open Source Software 1207:free and open-source software 1074:commercialization of software 460: 102:Free and open-source software 77:Open-source-software movement 68:free and open-source software 6296:Access to Knowledge movement 5946:The Cathedral and the Bazaar 5800:The Free Software Definition 4741:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002598 3609:Information Systems Research 2870:. United States: MIT Press. 2534:10.1109/EDOC49727.2020.00025 2460:10.1109/EDOC49727.2020.00025 2233:. Free Software Foundation. 2053:"The Open Source Definition" 1157:commercial software industry 1087:. One of these enthusiasts, 980:Linux-based operating system 731: 677:software freedom conservancy 519:are hosted and published on 341:The Cathedral and the Bazaar 135:Cinnamon desktop environment 7: 5850:Mozilla software rebranding 5815:Permissive software license 5228:Software release life cycle 4821:Schrape, Jan-Felix (2017). 4291:Cheliotis, Giorgos (2009). 3678:Free software, free society 3519:Kelty, Christopher (2008). 3383:Maracke, Catharina (2019). 2972:10.1016/j.procs.2018.08.191 2913:Information Systems Journal 2866:Tozzi, Christopher (2017). 2754:Information Systems Journal 2597:Information Systems Journal 1659: 1541:that began as a variant of 1072:for users. Eventually, the 624:National Science Foundation 10: 7951: 7200:Open educational resources 5855:Proprietary device drivers 5805:The Open Source Definition 5296:Software protection dongle 5176:Unwanted software bundling 4720:PLOS Computational Biology 3437:Bretthauer, David (2001). 2559:"Open Source Software FAQ" 2557:US Department of Defense. 2518:. IEEE. pp. 135–144. 2444:. IEEE. pp. 135–144. 2207:Stallman, Richard (2007). 1567:GNU General Public License 1343: 1284: 1278: 1255: 1122:GNU General Public License 1050: 1046: 835:GNU General Public License 747: 741: 735: 681:the open source initiative 515:are examples of CVCS. The 505:concurrent versions system 442:bug reporting and tracking 326: 320: 284:Under Perens' definition, 270:The Open Source Definition 74: 61: 7854: 7793: 7758: 7691: 7648: 7639: 7540:American eccentric cinema 7517: 7481: 7472: 7445: 7365: 7356: 7348:Amateur press association 7260: 7087: 7026: 6988:Open Knowledge Foundation 6978:Open Architecture Network 6960: 6935: 6899: 6843: 6807: 6795:Open-door academic policy 6767: 6731: 6722: 6677: 6629: 6572: 6563: 6473: 6422: 6410:Students for Free Culture 6347: 6331: 6324: 6306:Cultural environmentalism 6288: 6263:Prizes instead of patents 6163: 6059:Digital rights management 6031: 5962: 5940:Source-available software 5898: 5840:Digital rights management 5832: 5630: 5607: 5569: 5445: 5379: 5291:Digital rights management 5281: 5226: 5168: 5117: 5025: 4960: 4903:definition of open source 4545:10.1016/j.jss.2021.111152 4374:Zhou & Choudhary 2022 4309:10.1016/j.dss.2009.02.006 4066:Nafus, Dawn (June 2012). 4035:10.1109/ESEM.2019.8870179 3800:10.1007/s10664-018-9609-6 3523:. Duke University Press. 3154:10.1016/j.jss.2011.09.037 2959:Procedia Computer Science 2893:Harvard Management Update 2563:Chief Information Officer 2005:15 September 2014 at the 1346:Source-available software 1340:Source-available software 1317:Developers have used the 1217: 1023:was prevented from using 917:digital rights management 727:Legal and economic issues 648:media & entertainment 184:that is released under a 6973:Free Software Foundation 6886:Open-source architecture 6365:Free Software Foundation 5935:Shared Source Initiative 5732:Shared Source Initiative 5685:Free Software Foundation 5622:Free Software Foundation 5472:Configuration management 5169:Deceptive and/or illicit 4693:Välimäki, Mikko (2005). 4636:Joshua Gay, ed. (2002). 4297:Decision Support Systems 4084:10.1177/1461444811422887 3181:10.1109/PST.2018.8514185 3027:Brasseur, V. M. (2018). 1760:Shared Source Initiative 1639: 1491:Adoption and application 1385: 1190:free software definition 1153:Free Software Foundation 1114:Free Software Foundation 673:free software foundation 438:requirements elicitation 279:Free Software Foundation 112:Proposed since May 2024. 39:latest accepted revision 7935:Transparency (behavior) 7530:Cinema of Transgression 6936:Politics and governance 6496:RiP!: A Remix Manifesto 6206:Electronic sell-through 6101:Monopolies of knowledge 6044:Censorship by copyright 5870:SCO/Linux controversies 5321:Software license server 4834:Sustainable Open Source 4539:. Elsevier BV: 111152. 4240:Ecological Applications 4188:10.1109/MS.2020.3045817 4072:New Media & Society 4029:. IEEE. pp. 1–11. 3943:10.1145/3239235.3240504 3351:Pannier, Alice (2022). 3175:. IEEE. pp. 1–10. 2704:Harvard Business Review 1944:SSRN Electronic Journal 1848:10.6017/ital.v33i3.5105 1577:operating system kernel 1025:Google's android system 1017:artificial intelligence 911:Another issue includes 662:Prominent organizations 194:distribute the software 7846:Independent TV station 7775:Independent soft drink 7741:Open-source video game 7255:Independent production 7107:Free software movement 6998:Open Source Initiative 6948:Open-source governance 6831:Open-source journalism 6510:The Internet's Own Boy 6316:Free software movement 6143:software patent debate 6049:Copyright infringement 5770:Comparison of licenses 5579:Free software movement 4997:Freely redistributable 4899:Open Source Initiative 4494:10.1287/mnsc.2020.3674 3736:10.1098/rsta.2020.0079 3650:Open Source Initiative 3621:10.1287/isre.1110.0358 3468:Open Source Initiative 3263:Brock, Amanda (2023). 2275:Raymond, Eric (2005). 1909:10.1287/orsc.2013.0872 1743:Open-source video game 1718:Open Source Initiative 1698:Free software movement 1396:public domain software 1364:Open Source Definition 1300:Open Source Initiative 1178:Open Source Initiative 1174:Open Source Initiative 1165:free software movement 1093:free software movement 1042:Open software movement 978:itself has launched a 935:difficult within OSS. 851:Mozilla Public License 847:Eclipse Public License 792:GNU family of licenses 693:openforum europe (OFE) 669:open source initiative 630:Industry participation 455:continuous integration 303:Open Source Initiative 259:Open Source Initiative 254: 252:Open Source Initiative 170: 7826:Visionary environment 7525:Independent animation 7112:Open science movement 7102:Free-culture movement 6780:Educational resources 6739:Collaborative writing 6616:Participatory culture 6311:Free-culture movement 6221:Libertarian positions 6216:Free-software license 6181:Anti-copyright notice 6024:Intellectual property 5845:License proliferation 5160:Software as a service 4954:Software distribution 4560:Coleman, E. Gabriella 3937:. ACM. pp. 1–8. 3567:10.1109/mitp.2010.147 1693:Free-software license 1651:Software as a service 1203:intellectual property 1057:In the early days of 1051:Further information: 933:intellectual property 867:intellectual property 819:free software license 768:proprietary licensing 744:Free software license 742:Further information: 599:writing and editing, 396:Frequent integration: 267:definition. OSI uses 249: 124: 7838:Independent circuit 7668:Open-source software 7567:Guerrilla filmmaking 6891:Open-source hardware 6869:Open-design movement 6862:Open-source software 6630:Research and science 6231:Open-design movement 5930:Open-source hardware 5865:Proprietary software 5860:Proprietary firmware 5561:Formerly open-source 5556:Formerly proprietary 5422:Open-source software 5251:Software maintenance 5125:Digital distribution 4980:Free and open-source 4914:Open-source software 4887:Open-source software 4566:(Princeton UP, 2012) 3494:Fogel, Karl (2006). 3355:. Études de l'Ifri. 2766:10.2139/ssrn.3355486 2361:10.1109/icsm.2006.25 2355:. pp. 347–350. 2290:10.5210/fm.v0i0.1472 2173:on 24 September 2006 2167:"History of the OSI" 2086:. 16 February 2009. 1952:10.2139/ssrn.4693148 1887:Organization Science 1755:Proprietary software 1713:Open-source hardware 1548:proprietary software 1529:proprietary software 1376:proprietary software 1105:proprietary software 1097:open source movement 898:open-source licenses 823:open source licenses 760:permissive licensing 591:, code testing, and 418:High modularization: 174:Open-source software 18:Open source software 7806:Amateur photography 7499:Amateur pornography 7447:Musical instruments 7427:Tracker (MOD) music 7173:Free Cultural Works 7117:Open Source Ecology 7003:Open Web Foundation 6900:Economic principles 6857:Free/libre software 6754:Participatory media 6171:All rights reversed 6039:Artificial scarcity 5810:Open-source license 5412:Gratis versus libre 5256:Software maintainer 5038:Commercial software 5026:Compensation models 4793:on 23 February 2018 4732:2012PLSCB...8E2598M 4440:Spinellis, Diomidis 4252:2019EcoAp..29E1822P 3728:2021RSPTA.37900079F 3083:Sovereign Tech Fund 1723:Open-source license 1619:open source ecology 1410:Society and culture 1380:open source license 1036:Sovereign Tech Fund 974:already installed. 894:programing language 738:Open-source license 616:Sovereign Tech Fund 431:extreme programming 29:Page version status 7930:Software licensing 7270:Alternative comics 7039:Alexandra Elbakyan 6983:Openmod Initiative 6820:Citizen journalism 6697:Open communication 6678:Data, information, 6601:Open collaboration 6489:Good Copy Bad Copy 6435:Alexandra Elbakyan 6339:Copyright Alliance 5316:Software copyright 5306:Product activation 5261:Software publisher 4975:Floating licensing 4855:10.1111/poms.13575 4513:20.500.12657/37226 4482:Management Science 4463:10.1561/0200000026 3402:10.1111/jwip.12114 2165:Tiemann, Michael. 1630:open collaboration 1169:Christine Peterson 764:copyleft licensing 636:telecommunications 605:project management 338:In his 1997 essay 301:pragmatism of the 255: 206:participate online 202:open collaboration 171: 151:LibreOffice Writer 35: 7912: 7911: 7862:Independent media 7754: 7753: 7673:Software cracking 7635: 7634: 7562:Exploitation film 7468: 7467: 7437:Underground music 7385:Open-source label 7370:Independent music 7275:Alternative manga 7222: 7221: 7218: 7217: 7210:Open Web movement 7195:Open Data Indices 7049:Peter Murray-Rust 6993:Open Rights Group 6956: 6955: 6839: 6838: 6692:Knowledge commons 6519: 6518: 6418: 6417: 6370:Open Rights Group 5990: 5989: 5890:Trusted Computing 5880:Software security 5828: 5827: 5509:Operating systems 5417:Long-term support 5339: 5338: 5331:Torrent poisoning 5246:Long-term support 5070:Pay what you want 4649:978-1-882114-98-6 4628:978-1-56592-582-3 4604:978-0-511-36775-5 4581:978-1-4666-8337-2 4522:978-1-912656-43-1 4472:978-1-60198-484-5 4220:978-3-7386-1909-6 4044:978-1-7281-2968-6 3952:978-1-4503-5823-1 3687:978-1-882114-98-6 3530:978-0-8223-8900-2 3505:978-0-596-00759-1 3362:979-10-373-0641-8 3274:978-0-19-886234-5 3190:978-1-5386-7493-2 3110:. 25 October 2023 3059:. 20 October 2022 3038:978-1-68050-301-2 2877:978-0-262-34118-9 2669:10.2196/jmir.1521 2543:978-1-7281-6473-1 2469:978-1-7281-6473-1 2223:Stallman, Richard 2084:News.slashdot.org 2038:978-1-56592-582-3 1803:978-0-596-55395-1 1520:commercialization 1319:alternative terms 1005:operating systems 997:national security 620:German Government 489:Development tools 409:Several versions: 334:Development model 182:computer software 119: 118: 114: 47:12 September 2024 26: 16:(Redirected from 7942: 7894: 7841: 7678:Unofficial patch 7646: 7645: 7595: 7535:Independent film 7479: 7478: 7409:Cassette culture 7363: 7362: 7249: 7242: 7235: 7226: 7225: 7205:Open music model 7169:Definition docs 7158:Creative Commons 7143: 7142: 7059:Richard Stallman 7054:Douglas Rushkoff 6968:Creative Commons 6744:Democratic media 6729: 6728: 6652:Notebook science 6570: 6569: 6546: 6539: 6532: 6523: 6522: 6450:Richard Stallman 6395:Public Knowledge 6355:Creative Commons 6329: 6328: 6236:Open music model 6017: 6010: 6003: 5994: 5993: 5980: 5979: 5970: 5875:Software patents 5758: 5757: 5670:Creative Commons 5529:Web applications 5366: 5359: 5352: 5343: 5342: 5145:Product bundling 5118:Delivery methods 5017:Source-available 4947: 4940: 4933: 4924: 4923: 4873: 4872: 4858: 4829: 4827: 4802: 4800: 4798: 4792: 4781: 4771: 4761: 4743: 4710: 4709:on 4 March 2009. 4708: 4701: 4686: 4680: 4653: 4632: 4608: 4596: 4585: 4556: 4526: 4497: 4488:(5): 3041–3066. 4476: 4457:(3–4): 187–347. 4448: 4425: 4415: 4409: 4399: 4393: 4383: 4377: 4371: 4365: 4359: 4353: 4352:, p. 11152. 4343: 4337: 4327: 4321: 4320: 4288: 4282: 4281: 4263: 4261:10.1002/eap.1822 4231: 4225: 4224: 4206: 4200: 4199: 4167: 4161: 4160: 4134: 4110: 4104: 4103: 4063: 4057: 4056: 4018: 4005: 4004: 3980: 3965: 3964: 3924: 3918: 3917: 3907: 3883: 3870: 3869: 3850:10.2307/25148845 3829: 3820: 3819: 3794:(6): 3221–3247. 3779: 3764: 3763: 3707: 3692: 3691: 3673: 3662: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3642: 3633: 3632: 3600: 3587: 3586: 3546: 3535: 3534: 3516: 3510: 3509: 3491: 3480: 3479: 3477: 3475: 3460: 3451: 3450: 3434: 3415: 3414: 3404: 3380: 3367: 3366: 3348: 3323: 3316: 3279: 3278: 3260: 3203: 3202: 3164: 3158: 3157: 3133: 3120: 3119: 3117: 3115: 3100: 3094: 3093: 3091: 3089: 3075: 3069: 3068: 3066: 3064: 3049: 3043: 3042: 3024: 2977: 2976: 2974: 2950: 2937: 2936: 2908: 2897: 2896: 2888: 2882: 2881: 2863: 2786: 2785: 2751: 2742: 2731: 2730: 2724: 2716: 2698: 2692: 2691: 2681: 2671: 2645: 2636: 2635: 2633: 2631: 2625: 2594: 2585: 2579: 2578: 2576: 2574: 2554: 2548: 2547: 2527: 2507: 2474: 2473: 2453: 2433: 2390: 2389: 2387: 2385: 2346: 2303: 2302: 2292: 2272: 2247: 2246: 2244: 2242: 2225:(19 June 2007). 2219: 2213: 2212: 2204: 2183: 2182: 2180: 2178: 2162: 2156: 2155: 2137: 2131: 2130: 2128: 2126: 2106: 2100: 2099: 2097: 2095: 2076: 2070: 2068: 2066: 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6952: 6943:Open government 6931: 6927:Sharing economy 6912:Open innovation 6895: 6835: 6824:Wiki journalism 6803: 6763: 6749:Open publishing 6724: 6718: 6679: 6673: 6637:Citizen science 6625: 6565: 6559: 6550: 6520: 6515: 6482:Steal This Film 6469: 6445:Lawrence Lessig 6414: 6343: 6320: 6284: 6280:Video on demand 6159: 6054:Copyright troll 6027: 6021: 5991: 5986: 5958: 5925:Open-core model 5900: 5894: 5824: 5762: 5756: 5626: 5603: 5565: 5448: 5441: 5375: 5370: 5340: 5335: 5326:Software patent 5301:License manager 5283:Copy protection 5277: 5222: 5164: 5150:Retail software 5113: 5087:Open-core model 5043:Retail software 5021: 4956: 4951: 4894: 4893: 4892: 4874: 4870: 4865: 4825: 4796: 4794: 4790: 4779: 4726:(7): e1002598. 4706: 4699: 4678: 4650: 4629: 4605: 4582: 4523: 4473: 4446: 4434: 4432:Further reading 4429: 4428: 4416: 4412: 4400: 4396: 4392:, pp. 1–2. 4384: 4380: 4372: 4368: 4360: 4356: 4344: 4340: 4328: 4324: 4289: 4285: 4232: 4228: 4221: 4207: 4203: 4168: 4164: 4141:10.1145/3510460 4111: 4107: 4064: 4060: 4045: 4019: 4008: 3981: 3968: 3953: 3925: 3921: 3884: 3873: 3830: 3823: 3780: 3767: 3708: 3695: 3688: 3674: 3665: 3655: 3653: 3644: 3643: 3636: 3601: 3590: 3555:IT Professional 3547: 3538: 3531: 3517: 3513: 3506: 3492: 3483: 3473: 3471: 3470:. 21 April 2015 3462: 3461: 3454: 3435: 3418: 3395:(3–4): 78–102. 3381: 3370: 3363: 3349: 3326: 3317: 3282: 3275: 3261: 3206: 3191: 3165: 3161: 3134: 3123: 3113: 3111: 3102: 3101: 3097: 3087: 3085: 3077: 3076: 3072: 3062: 3060: 3057:Open Collective 3051: 3050: 3046: 3039: 3025: 2980: 2951: 2940: 2909: 2900: 2889: 2885: 2878: 2864: 2789: 2749: 2743: 2734: 2718: 2717: 2699: 2695: 2646: 2639: 2629: 2627: 2623: 2592: 2586: 2582: 2572: 2570: 2555: 2551: 2544: 2508: 2477: 2470: 2434: 2393: 2383: 2381: 2371: 2347: 2306: 2273: 2250: 2240: 2238: 2220: 2216: 2205: 2186: 2176: 2174: 2163: 2159: 2152: 2138: 2134: 2124: 2122: 2107: 2103: 2093: 2091: 2078: 2077: 2073: 2062: 2060: 2055:. 7 July 2006. 2051: 2050: 2046: 2039: 2021: 2017: 2007:Wayback Machine 1998:Perens, Bruce. 1997: 1993: 1983: 1981: 1972: 1971: 1967: 1936: 1932: 1883: 1876: 1866: 1864: 1827: 1823: 1813: 1811: 1804: 1788: 1784: 1779: 1774: 1747: 1672: 1667: 1665: 1662: 1642: 1615: 1607:its own license 1498: 1493: 1475:Social identity 1471: 1463:version control 1451: 1426:social networks 1417: 1412: 1388: 1372: 1348: 1342: 1289: 1283: 1277: 1260: 1254: 1249: 1220: 1161:social activism 1146:X Window System 1055: 1049: 1044: 989: 987:Government uses 953:incentivization 945:network effects 929: 859: 788:Apache licenses 756: 746: 740: 734: 729: 699:while Asia has 697:linux australia 664: 632: 612:Open Collective 593:security review 565: 560: 497:Version control 491: 463: 346:Eric S. Raymond 336: 331: 325: 319: 244: 115: 91: 87: 80: 71: 60: 55: 54: 53: 52: 51: 50: 34: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7948: 7938: 7937: 7932: 7927: 7910: 7909: 7907: 7906: 7901: 7896: 7886: 7879: 7872:Do it yourself 7869: 7864: 7858: 7856: 7852: 7851: 7849: 7848: 7843: 7835: 7830: 7829: 7828: 7823: 7818: 7813: 7808: 7797: 7795: 7791: 7790: 7788: 7787: 7782: 7777: 7771: 7769: 7767: 7766: 7763: 7759: 7756: 7755: 7752: 7751: 7749: 7748: 7743: 7738: 7733: 7725: 7720: 7715: 7714: 7713: 7708: 7697: 7695: 7689: 7688: 7686: 7685: 7680: 7675: 7670: 7665: 7660: 7655: 7649: 7643: 7637: 7636: 7633: 7632: 7630: 7629: 7627:Double feature 7624: 7622:No wave cinema 7619: 7617:No-budget film 7614: 7609: 7607:Midnight movie 7604: 7599: 7598: 7597: 7589: 7584: 7579: 7569: 7564: 7559: 7558: 7557: 7552: 7547: 7542: 7532: 7527: 7521: 7519: 7515: 7514: 7512: 7511: 7506: 7501: 7496: 7491: 7485: 7483: 7476: 7470: 7469: 7466: 7465: 7463: 7462: 7457: 7451: 7449: 7443: 7442: 7440: 7439: 7434: 7429: 7424: 7419: 7411: 7406: 7405: 7404: 7399: 7389: 7388: 7387: 7382: 7372: 7366: 7360: 7354: 7353: 7351: 7350: 7345: 7340: 7335: 7334: 7333: 7328: 7323: 7311: 7310: 7309: 7299: 7294: 7293: 7292: 7282: 7277: 7272: 7266: 7264: 7258: 7257: 7252: 7251: 7244: 7237: 7229: 7220: 7219: 7216: 7215: 7213: 7212: 7207: 7202: 7197: 7192: 7191: 7190: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7167: 7166: 7165: 7160: 7149: 7147: 7140: 7139: 7134: 7129: 7124: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7104: 7099: 7093: 7091: 7085: 7084: 7082: 7081: 7076: 7071: 7066: 7061: 7056: 7051: 7046: 7041: 7036: 7030: 7028: 7024: 7023: 7021: 7020: 7015: 7010: 7005: 7000: 6995: 6990: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6964: 6962: 6958: 6957: 6954: 6953: 6951: 6950: 6945: 6939: 6937: 6933: 6932: 6930: 6929: 6924: 6919: 6914: 6909: 6903: 6901: 6897: 6896: 6894: 6893: 6888: 6883: 6878: 6877: 6876: 6866: 6865: 6864: 6859: 6847: 6845: 6841: 6840: 6837: 6836: 6834: 6833: 6828: 6827: 6826: 6811: 6809: 6805: 6804: 6802: 6801: 6800: 6799: 6798: 6797: 6792: 6782: 6775:Open education 6771: 6769: 6765: 6764: 6762: 6761: 6756: 6751: 6746: 6741: 6735: 6733: 6726: 6720: 6719: 6717: 6716: 6715: 6714: 6709: 6702:Open knowledge 6699: 6694: 6689: 6683: 6681: 6675: 6674: 6672: 6671: 6670: 6669: 6664: 6659: 6654: 6649: 6639: 6633: 6631: 6627: 6626: 6624: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6587: 6582: 6576: 6574: 6567: 6561: 6560: 6549: 6548: 6541: 6534: 6526: 6517: 6516: 6514: 6513: 6506: 6499: 6492: 6485: 6477: 6475: 6471: 6470: 6468: 6467: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6440:Rick Falkvinge 6437: 6432: 6426: 6424: 6420: 6419: 6416: 6415: 6413: 6412: 6407: 6405:Shadow library 6402: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6380:The Pirate Bay 6377: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6351: 6349: 6345: 6344: 6342: 6341: 6335: 6333: 6326: 6322: 6321: 6319: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6301:Anti-copyright 6298: 6292: 6290: 6286: 6285: 6283: 6282: 6277: 6272: 6271: 6270: 6260: 6259: 6258: 6253: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6167: 6165: 6161: 6160: 6158: 6157: 6152: 6151: 6150: 6145: 6140: 6135: 6125: 6124: 6123: 6121:Bioprospecting 6113: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6097: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6035: 6033: 6029: 6028: 6020: 6019: 6012: 6005: 5997: 5988: 5987: 5985: 5984: 5974: 5963: 5960: 5959: 5957: 5956: 5949: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5910: 5904: 5902: 5896: 5895: 5893: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5836: 5834: 5830: 5829: 5826: 5825: 5823: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5766: 5764: 5755: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5703: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5636: 5634: 5628: 5627: 5625: 5624: 5619: 5613: 5611: 5605: 5604: 5602: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5575: 5573: 5567: 5566: 5564: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5537: 5536: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5490: 5489: 5484: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5462:Bioinformatics 5459: 5453: 5451: 5443: 5442: 5440: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5383: 5381: 5377: 5376: 5369: 5368: 5361: 5354: 5346: 5337: 5336: 5334: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5287: 5285: 5279: 5278: 5276: 5275: 5274: 5273: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5232: 5230: 5224: 5223: 5221: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5209: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5178: 5172: 5170: 5166: 5165: 5163: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5121: 5119: 5115: 5114: 5112: 5111: 5106: 5105: 5104: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5083: 5082: 5077: 5067: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5046: 5045: 5035: 5029: 5027: 5023: 5022: 5020: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4993: 4992: 4987: 4977: 4972: 4966: 4964: 4958: 4957: 4950: 4949: 4942: 4935: 4927: 4921: 4920: 4911: 4905: 4875: 4868: 4867: 4866: 4864: 4863:External links 4861: 4860: 4859: 4849:(2): 731–742. 4838: 4830: 4818: 4813: 4807: 4803: 4772: 4711: 4690: 4687: 4671: 4661: 4654: 4648: 4633: 4627: 4609: 4603: 4586: 4580: 4567: 4557: 4527: 4521: 4498: 4477: 4471: 4433: 4430: 4427: 4426: 4410: 4394: 4378: 4376:, p. 731. 4366: 4354: 4338: 4322: 4303:(3): 229–244. 4283: 4226: 4219: 4201: 4162: 4105: 4078:(4): 669–683. 4058: 4043: 4006: 3995:(4): 356–363. 3966: 3951: 3919: 3871: 3821: 3765: 3693: 3686: 3663: 3652:. 24 July 2006 3634: 3615:(2): 536–545. 3588: 3536: 3529: 3511: 3504: 3481: 3452: 3416: 3368: 3361: 3324: 3280: 3273: 3204: 3189: 3159: 3148:(3): 666–682. 3121: 3095: 3079:"Technologies" 3070: 3044: 3037: 2978: 2938: 2898: 2883: 2876: 2787: 2732: 2713:10.1225/F00503 2693: 2637: 2580: 2549: 2542: 2475: 2468: 2391: 2369: 2304: 2248: 2214: 2184: 2157: 2150: 2132: 2115:opensource.org 2101: 2071: 2044: 2037: 2015: 2011:O'Reilly Media 1991: 1965: 1930: 1874: 1821: 1802: 1781: 1780: 1778: 1775: 1773: 1772: 1767: 1762: 1757: 1752: 1745: 1740: 1735: 1730: 1725: 1720: 1715: 1710: 1705: 1700: 1695: 1690: 1685: 1679: 1678: 1677: 1661: 1658: 1641: 1638: 1614: 1611: 1581:Linus Torvalds 1575:: Linux is an 1497: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1480:manual testing 1470: 1467: 1459:issue tracking 1450: 1447: 1421:Silicon Valley 1416: 1413: 1411: 1408: 1387: 1384: 1371: 1368: 1344:Main article: 1341: 1338: 1279:Main article: 1276: 1273: 1256:Main article: 1253: 1250: 1248: 1245: 1233:Apache license 1219: 1216: 1130:Linus Torvalds 1085:hacker culture 1048: 1045: 1043: 1040: 1009:semiconductors 988: 985: 928: 925: 858: 855: 827:Apache License 736:Main article: 733: 730: 728: 725: 663: 660: 631: 628: 564: 561: 559: 556: 545:Tools such as 490: 487: 462: 459: 387:Early releases 335: 332: 321:Main article: 318: 315: 243: 240: 117: 116: 94: 92: 85: 58: 36: 30: 27: 25: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7947: 7936: 7933: 7931: 7928: 7926: 7923: 7922: 7920: 7905: 7902: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7891: 7887: 7885: 7884: 7880: 7877: 7873: 7870: 7868: 7865: 7863: 7860: 7859: 7857: 7853: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7836: 7834: 7831: 7827: 7824: 7822: 7819: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7804: 7803: 7802: 7799: 7798: 7796: 7792: 7786: 7783: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7773: 7772: 7770: 7764: 7761: 7760: 7757: 7747: 7744: 7742: 7739: 7737: 7734: 7732: 7730: 7726: 7724: 7721: 7719: 7716: 7712: 7709: 7707: 7704: 7703: 7702: 7699: 7698: 7696: 7694: 7690: 7684: 7681: 7679: 7676: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7663:Free software 7661: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7653:Cowboy coding 7651: 7650: 7647: 7644: 7642: 7638: 7628: 7625: 7623: 7620: 7618: 7615: 7613: 7610: 7608: 7605: 7603: 7600: 7596: 7590: 7588: 7585: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7575: 7574: 7573: 7570: 7568: 7565: 7563: 7560: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7537: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7522: 7520: 7516: 7510: 7507: 7505: 7502: 7500: 7497: 7495: 7492: 7490: 7487: 7486: 7484: 7480: 7477: 7475: 7471: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7452: 7450: 7448: 7444: 7438: 7435: 7433: 7430: 7428: 7425: 7423: 7420: 7418: 7416: 7412: 7410: 7407: 7403: 7400: 7398: 7395: 7394: 7393: 7390: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7377: 7376: 7373: 7371: 7368: 7367: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7355: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7341: 7339: 7336: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7319: 7318: 7317: 7316: 7312: 7308: 7305: 7304: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7291: 7288: 7287: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7267: 7265: 7263: 7259: 7250: 7245: 7243: 7238: 7236: 7231: 7230: 7227: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7178:Free Software 7176: 7174: 7171: 7170: 7168: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7155: 7154: 7151: 7150: 7148: 7144: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7094: 7092: 7086: 7080: 7079:John Wilbanks 7077: 7075: 7072: 7070: 7067: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7057: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7032: 7031: 7029: 7025: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6965: 6963: 6961:Organizations 6959: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6940: 6938: 6934: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6922:Open standard 6920: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6904: 6902: 6898: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6875: 6872: 6871: 6870: 6867: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6848: 6846: 6842: 6832: 6829: 6825: 6821: 6818: 6817: 6816: 6815:Citizen media 6813: 6812: 6810: 6806: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6787: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6777: 6776: 6773: 6772: 6770: 6766: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6736: 6734: 6730: 6727: 6725:and learning 6723:Communication 6721: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6704: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6684: 6682: 6680:and knowledge 6676: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6644: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6634: 6632: 6628: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6596: 6592: 6588: 6586: 6585:Crowdsourcing 6583: 6581: 6578: 6577: 6575: 6571: 6568: 6562: 6558: 6554: 6547: 6542: 6540: 6535: 6533: 6528: 6527: 6524: 6512: 6511: 6507: 6505: 6504: 6500: 6498: 6497: 6493: 6491: 6490: 6486: 6484: 6483: 6479: 6478: 6476: 6474:Documentaries 6472: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6430:Cory Doctorow 6428: 6427: 6425: 6421: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6352: 6350: 6346: 6340: 6337: 6336: 6334: 6332:Pro-copyright 6330: 6327: 6325:Organizations 6323: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6293: 6291: 6287: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6269: 6266: 6265: 6264: 6261: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6248: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6168: 6166: 6162: 6156: 6155:Public domain 6153: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6130: 6129: 6126: 6122: 6119: 6118: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6076: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6036: 6034: 6030: 6025: 6018: 6013: 6011: 6006: 6004: 5999: 5998: 5995: 5983: 5975: 5973: 5969: 5965: 5964: 5961: 5955: 5954: 5953:Revolution OS 5950: 5948: 5947: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5915: 5914:GNU Manifesto 5911: 5909: 5906: 5905: 5903: 5897: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5837: 5835: 5831: 5821: 5820:Public domain 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5767: 5765: 5759: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5687: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5637: 5635: 5633: 5629: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5614: 5612: 5610: 5609:Organisations 5606: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5576: 5574: 5572: 5568: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5535: 5532: 5531: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5504:Office suites 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5479: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5454: 5452: 5450: 5444: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5402:Free software 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5384: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5367: 5362: 5360: 5355: 5353: 5348: 5347: 5344: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5288: 5286: 5284: 5280: 5272: 5269: 5268: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5233: 5231: 5229: 5225: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5183: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5173: 5171: 5167: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5140:Pre-installed 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5122: 5120: 5116: 5110: 5107: 5103: 5100: 5099: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5072: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5044: 5041: 5040: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5030: 5028: 5024: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5012:Public domain 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4982: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4967: 4965: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4948: 4943: 4941: 4936: 4934: 4929: 4928: 4925: 4919: 4915: 4912: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4895: 4890: 4889: 4888: 4882: 4878: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4839: 4836: 4835: 4831: 4824: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4811: 4808: 4804: 4789: 4785: 4778: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4712: 4705: 4698: 4697: 4691: 4688: 4684: 4677: 4672: 4669: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4645: 4641: 4640: 4634: 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