52:
114:
government data, public policy, and the decision makers of the latter using the former. The first school of thought is called the Open
Government Data movement and the second school of thought is called the Right to Information movement. However, the two movements want access to different types of data; the Open Government Data movement is more interested in receiving quantitative data from government databases, whereas the Right to Information movement want access to qualitative documents and reports.
145:, which after launching in 2011, now represents over 2 billion people. The countries within the partnership have agreed to execute the guidelines within the Open Government National Action Plans. The notable points from the plan include increased transparency from government spending, increased dissemination of information through electronic means, and greater accountability for political figures through tracked data.
152:, making the OPEN Government Data Act from 2018 law. The acronym OPEN stands for Open Public Electronic Necessary. This law requires extensive data-keeping that is supervised non-partisan data officer. A review will be held in three years to determine whether agencies were properly maintaining their information and the usefulness of that information to the public.
17:
117:
A core component of OGD is the belief that the public should have free access to information rather than having to request it. For example, the
Freedom of Information Act only allows for public access when it is requested and thus takes several days to complete the order; journalists comprised 7.6%
175:
The fourth shortcoming stems from the philosophy of the Open
Government Data movement in which open governmental data can lead to greater economic growth if used commercially. Once again, this shortcoming is related to the fear that only those already at the highest socioeconomic level will derive
113:
As mentioned, the advocates for OGD typically fall within two schools: those who derive socioeconomic benefits from OGD in the belief that new competitors can penetrate the marketplace with access to government data and those who believe that is a social right that the general public has access to
167:
The second is the fear that open data will only benefit those who can understand the information, which is typically those at the top of the socioeconomic hierarchy. Although in theory open data is meant to benefit the average citizen who is meant to feel more connected with their government's
70:
The Open
Government Initiative began on President Obama's first day in office when he issued his Memorandum on Transparency and Open Government. He summarized three principles that previous proponents for OGD had advocated for: the idea that government should be transparent, participatory, and
171:
The third weakness, thus, is the possibility that the information will be delivered in a way that is incomprehensible to the average citizen and can only be understood and applied by those already deeply familiar with governmental processes or those with the resources to access those who are
163:
The first is sustainability; many initiatives offer no revenue for the governments that attempt to make their data transparent to the public. For the data to become freely available, the associated government must make an initial investment into the infrastructure that would circulate the
47:
would benefit the public, but these can generally be broken into two parts: 1) the general public deserves the information that is being used to represent them and 2) the private sector will be able to create better social and economic conditions with access to this data.
75:, after facilitating an online conversation between public employees and the public about their draft, published the Open Government plan using the Memorandum's three principles of transparency, participation, and collaboration.
43:
to increase the transparency with which they make decisions and create legislation; many civil servants share this sentiment with the public. There exist a few schools of thought regarding why
425:"FOIA Update: The Freedom of Information Act, 5 U.S.C. sect. 552, As Amended By Public Law No. 104-231, 110 Stat. 3048". Office of Information and Privacy, U.S. Department of Justice.
743:
409:"Veto Battle 30 Years Ago Set Freedom of Information Norms: Scalia, Rumsfeld, Cheney Opposed Open Government Bill; Congress Overrode President Ford's Veto of Court Review".
571:
86:
The next notable change came in 1996 when the FOIA made each resource available electronically to the public. Finally, the influences for the bill culminated with
39:
Since the rapid pace of technological growth at the turn of the century has given rise to the mass distribution of information, so too has the demand for the
36:
to " an unprecedented level of openness in
Government." The directive starting this initiative was issued on January 20, 2009, Obama's first day in office.
434:"Public Law 110-175 OPENNESS PROMOTES EFFECTIVENESS IN OUR NATIONAL GOVERNMENT ACT OF 2007". Government Printing Office. 2007-12-31. Retrieved 2010-06-13.
400:(PDF). 4th International Conference of Information Commissioners. pp. 54–74. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-10-18. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
738:
105:
within the
Department of State has been considering public input since 1789, alongside Secretary of State Rusk's Secretary's Open Forum from 1967.
224:
The Global Open Data Index provides an overview of 94 countries' open data efforts and ranks them based on their coverage of certain key sectors.
149:
138:
were also created to facilitate public policy discussions and promote administration practices to become more accessible for the general public.
204:) having generally robust access to information; however, these portals typically include specific sectors but not the government as a whole.
753:
244:
79:
733:
543:
294:
40:
444:
164:
information. Because Open Data does not hold bipartisan support, funding is one of the main barriers to open governmental data.
594:
72:
130:
and public policy forums were created with similar beliefs as the Open
Government Initiative. Similarly, Cloakroom,
469:
322:
227:
The Open Data
Barometer is another ranking site for open data efforts around the world, including 115 countries.
82:
in 1966. Later, the
Privacy Act Amendments of 1974 created the classically modern version of the FOIA under
249:
142:
91:
29:
51:
102:
94:, which was a philosophically similar act to the Memorandum given by President Obama in 2009.
58:
Beginning with
President Obama's Memorandum on Transparency and Open Government in 2009, the
214:
193:
230:
The World Bank provides catalogues for open data across over 200 countries/jurisdictions.
184:
Typically, most countries with OGD initiatives provide their information through portals.
8:
517:
413:. National Security Archive (George Washington University, Washington, D.C.). 2004-11-23.
101:, during his term, aimed for "open covenants of peace, openly arrived at." In fact, the
748:
600:
298:
160:
There are a few common shortcomings that exist in regards to Open Government efforts.
590:
604:
373:
666:
582:
493:
127:
239:
168:
democratic processes, the information must composed in a way that is accessible.
97:
Although not directly related to the idea of open government through technology,
44:
346:
78:
One of the earliest influences for the Open Government Initiative came from the
98:
87:
727:
269:
586:
33:
148:
The most recent form of Open Government legislation is the signing of the
83:
618:
131:
691:
59:
62:
has led to governments around the world creating similar projects.
398:
The Presidential Executive Order on the Freedom of Information Act
189:
718:
642:
221:
countries that you can filter by sector, country, keyword, etc.
218:
185:
135:
207:
201:
197:
579:
2014 47th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences
572:"A Framework for Benchmarking Open Government Data Efforts"
295:"White House launches open government initiative - Nextgov"
470:"Who files the most FOIA requests? It's not who you think"
210:
has a notable portal, but once again is limited in scope.
16:
619:"Home page - European Data Portal - European Data Portal"
188:
contains several national OGD portals with 4 countries (
570:
Sayogo, D. S.; Pardo, T. A.; Cook, M. (January 2014).
744:
Government services web portals in the United States
445:"Open Government beyond open data and transparency"
725:
569:
150:Foundations for Evidence-Based Policymaking Act
71:collaborative. Following this statement, the
65:
245:Freedom of Information Act (United States)
176:benefit from access to governmental data.
643:"Place overview - Global Open Data Index"
544:"Four critiques of open data initiatives"
518:"The OPEN Government Data Act is now law"
121:
719:Open Government at the National Archives
50:
15:
739:Internet properties established in 2009
541:
726:
667:"Global Report | Open Data Barometer"
565:
563:
421:
419:
317:
315:
754:Open government in the United States
368:
366:
323:"Open Government Data | READ online"
118:of those who requested information.
396:Metcalfe, Daniel J. (23 May 2006).
179:
13:
560:
437:
416:
312:
141:The most significant might be the
32:of President of the United States
14:
765:
712:
378:United States Department of State
363:
339:
80:Freedom of Information Act (FOIA)
734:Obama administration initiatives
411:Electronic Briefing Book No. 142
684:
659:
635:
611:
535:
510:
486:
462:
428:
403:
390:
287:
262:
1:
494:"Open Government Partnership"
255:
155:
108:
374:"Open Government Initiative"
347:"Open Government Initiative"
270:"Open Government Initiative"
7:
542:Kitchin, Rob (2013-11-27).
449:Open Government Partnership
250:OPEN Government Act of 2007
233:
143:Open Government Partnership
92:OPEN Government Act of 2007
10:
770:
474:Columbia Journalism Review
274:Obama White House Archives
45:Open Government Data (OGD)
26:Open Government Initiative
548:Impact of Social Sciences
66:Background and influences
99:President Woodrow Wilson
41:United States Government
587:10.1109/HICSS.2014.240
581:. pp. 1896–1905.
122:Modern implementations
55:
21:
671:opendatabarometer.org
126:The various forms of
54:
19:
623:European Data Portal
215:European Data Portal
194:United Arab Emirates
103:Ralph Bunche Library
28:is an effort by the
20:Open Government logo
696:data.worldbank.org
692:"Countries | Data"
217:consolidates many
60:Open Data Movement
56:
22:
596:978-1-4799-2504-9
524:. 15 January 2019
276:. The White House
134:, Liquid.us, and
761:
706:
705:
703:
702:
688:
682:
681:
679:
678:
663:
657:
656:
654:
653:
639:
633:
632:
630:
629:
615:
609:
608:
576:
567:
558:
557:
555:
554:
539:
533:
532:
530:
529:
522:www.fedscoop.com
514:
508:
507:
505:
504:
490:
484:
483:
481:
480:
466:
460:
459:
457:
456:
441:
435:
432:
426:
423:
414:
407:
401:
394:
388:
387:
385:
384:
370:
361:
360:
358:
357:
343:
337:
336:
334:
333:
319:
310:
309:
307:
306:
297:. Archived from
291:
285:
284:
282:
281:
266:
180:Similar projects
128:liquid democracy
88:President Bush's
73:State Department
769:
768:
764:
763:
762:
760:
759:
758:
724:
723:
715:
710:
709:
700:
698:
690:
689:
685:
676:
674:
665:
664:
660:
651:
649:
641:
640:
636:
627:
625:
617:
616:
612:
597:
574:
568:
561:
552:
550:
540:
536:
527:
525:
516:
515:
511:
502:
500:
498:The White House
492:
491:
487:
478:
476:
468:
467:
463:
454:
452:
443:
442:
438:
433:
429:
424:
417:
408:
404:
395:
391:
382:
380:
372:
371:
364:
355:
353:
351:The White House
345:
344:
340:
331:
329:
321:
320:
313:
304:
302:
293:
292:
288:
279:
277:
268:
267:
263:
258:
240:Open government
236:
182:
158:
124:
111:
90:signing of the
84:President Ford.
68:
12:
11:
5:
767:
757:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
722:
721:
714:
713:External links
711:
708:
707:
683:
658:
647:index.okfn.org
634:
610:
595:
559:
534:
509:
485:
461:
451:. 8 March 2013
436:
427:
415:
402:
389:
362:
338:
311:
286:
260:
259:
257:
254:
253:
252:
247:
242:
235:
232:
181:
178:
157:
154:
123:
120:
110:
107:
67:
64:
30:administration
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
766:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
731:
729:
720:
717:
716:
697:
693:
687:
672:
668:
662:
648:
644:
638:
624:
620:
614:
606:
602:
598:
592:
588:
584:
580:
573:
566:
564:
549:
545:
538:
523:
519:
513:
499:
495:
489:
475:
471:
465:
450:
446:
440:
431:
422:
420:
412:
406:
399:
393:
379:
375:
369:
367:
352:
348:
342:
328:
327:OECD iLibrary
324:
318:
316:
301:on 2012-03-03
300:
296:
290:
275:
271:
265:
261:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
237:
231:
228:
225:
222:
220:
216:
211:
209:
205:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
153:
151:
146:
144:
139:
137:
133:
129:
119:
115:
106:
104:
100:
95:
93:
89:
85:
81:
76:
74:
63:
61:
53:
49:
46:
42:
37:
35:
31:
27:
18:
699:. Retrieved
695:
686:
675:. Retrieved
673:. 8 May 2017
670:
661:
650:. Retrieved
646:
637:
626:. Retrieved
622:
613:
578:
551:. Retrieved
547:
537:
526:. Retrieved
521:
512:
501:. Retrieved
497:
488:
477:. Retrieved
473:
464:
453:. Retrieved
448:
439:
430:
410:
405:
397:
392:
381:. Retrieved
377:
354:. Retrieved
350:
341:
330:. Retrieved
326:
303:. Retrieved
299:the original
289:
278:. Retrieved
273:
264:
229:
226:
223:
212:
206:
183:
174:
170:
166:
162:
159:
147:
140:
125:
116:
112:
96:
77:
69:
57:
38:
34:Barack Obama
25:
23:
728:Categories
701:2019-10-09
677:2019-10-09
652:2019-10-09
628:2019-10-09
553:2019-10-30
528:2019-10-08
503:2019-10-08
479:2019-10-09
455:2019-10-08
383:2019-10-08
356:2019-10-08
332:2019-10-08
305:2010-05-03
280:2024-04-29
256:References
172:familiar.
156:Criticisms
132:Change.org
109:Philosophy
749:Open data
605:34057732
234:See also
219:European
190:Morocco
603:
593:
186:Africa
136:Loomio
601:S2CID
575:(PDF)
208:India
202:Kenya
198:Ghana
591:ISBN
213:The
200:and
24:The
583:doi
730::
694:.
669:.
645:.
621:.
599:.
589:.
577:.
562:^
546:.
520:.
496:.
472:.
447:.
418:^
376:.
365:^
349:.
325:.
314:^
272:.
196:,
192:,
704:.
680:.
655:.
631:.
607:.
585::
556:.
531:.
506:.
482:.
458:.
386:.
359:.
335:.
308:.
283:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
