230:
463:
343:
593:, showing him as a warrior defending Orthodox Christendom against the Bulgarian Empire, whose attacks on Christians are graphically illustrated. Even figures like the archangels were depicted in military guise by the painters. The persecution may have been motivated in part by the Byzantine invasion of 811 or with the beginning of Christian proselytizing by members of the substantial captive population. In connection with these policies, Omurtag disinherited his eldest son
412:. The Franks were defeated in several minor fights. The Bulgarian victory was to a large extent because the Franks did not have claims for Bulgarian territories. After that short-term conflict the relations between the two countries improved and Omurtag replaced the local Slavic chiefs with his deputies. Similar events took place again in 829 with the same result. Those events were described in a memorial inscription for the
256:
384:
574:
36:
424:
between the Danube and the Tisza called Kazárország (inhabited by certain "Cozar" people) which separated the two states. The problems in that case were the attempts of several Slavic tribes to gain more autonomy which was at variance to the
Bulgarian policy of centralization and incorporation of the
205:
in the
Byzantine sources. Several theories exist about the events in that period. According to them, those three nobles were either Krum's generals with a major role in the government but without assuming the throne; or regents to the infant Omurtag. The historians usually accept as a compromise the
399:
domains) rebelled against the increasingly centralized
Bulgarian suzerainty in the west and sought the support of the Frankish Emperor Louis the Pious. Between 824 and 826 Omurtag approached the Frankish court with an attempt to seek a diplomatic resolution of the problem. Failing to gain Frankish
196:
there was a short period of political instability in the country. Some sources mention that
Bulgaria was ruled by three nobles - "Dukum" (Δούκουμος; may be identical with Omurtag), "Ditseng" ( Δίτζενγος; from Bulgar Di-jevğu/jabğu? according to Peter B. Golden), it could also rather be a title of
350:
The two rulers had sworn to uphold the conditions of the treaty by each other's rites, which scandalized the
Byzantine court. The treaty was very favourable for Bulgaria because the country needed peace. The army was exhausted, the capital Pliska was still in ruins after the
275:
to make an alliance against
Bulgaria. It is unknown whether they reached an agreement but most probably the Frankish Emperor did not agree to any tangible actions. However, when the news for a possible alliance between the two empires reached
183:
tribes. He made administrative reforms which increased the power and the authority of the central government. His reign was marked with a strong development of
Bulgarian architecture with a number of significant construction projects.
529:, which had been destroyed by the Byzantines in 811, and to foster the development of a number of regional centers, palaces, and fortifications. His construction activities contributed greatly to the development of the
444:
has become increasingly popular. Although there is no direct evidence for the outcome of the war, it can be assumed that it ended with a
Bulgarian victory due to the swift and energetic precautions taken by Omurtag.
495:). The area around the capital had a special status. The Army was integrated and became unified; it no longer relied on separate Slav infantry and Bulgar cavalry. The importance of Kanasubigi's first ministers, the
453:
The long peace was a favourable time for an active internal policy for the further consolidation of the forming
Bulgarian Nation, removal of many internal threats to improve stability, and intensive building.
280:, the Bulgarians decided to conclude a peace. Moreover, they needed to consolidate their authority in the newly conquered lands. The appearance of the Frankish state and the new stirring of the tribes in the
512:...Even if a man lives well, he dies and another one comes into existence. Let the one who comes later upon seeing this inscription remember the one who had made it. And the name is Omurtag, Kanasubigi.
474:
chiefs to secede from
Bulgaria, Omurtag conclusively eliminated the autonomy of the Slavic tribes in the vast country. He made an administrative reform and divided the state into large provinces called
601:. Inferences about Omurtag's policy towards the Slavs based on his naming Slavic tribes among his enemies in one inscription or on the alleged Slavic names of his three sons are overly speculative.
288:. Those considerations gave reason for Omurtag to conclude a 30-year peace treaty with the Byzantines in 815, which was partly inscribed on a surviving column found near the village of Seltsi,
252:) the Byzantines were victorious - Omurtag escaped the battlefield on his swift horse. However, the battle was not a decisive blow for the Bulgarians although it certainly had some effect.
201:; and "Tsog" (Τζóκος?; compare Bulgar Coğ, ǰoɣ 'funeral feast'). It's been theorized that any of these names may also be synonyms with one another - who were recorded as persecutors of the
480:
359:
in 811 and the Byzantine Empire was no longer a serious threat for the Bulgarians. The treaty was honoured by both sides and was renewed after the accession of the new Byzantine Emperor
436:, testifies to military activities along the north-eastern border dating as early as 824. However, it is not certain whom the Bulgarians fought. It is usually agreed that it was the
585:
Omurtag pursued a policy of repression against Christians, particularly the Byzantine prisoners of war settled by his father Krum in Bulgaria (mostly north of the Danube). The
1399:
248:
made use of the short crisis in the summer of 814 and led his troops against the Bulgarians. In the ensuing battle near the town of Burtodizos (probably the modern
229:
793:
An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples: Ethnogenesis and State-Formation in Medieval and Early Modern Eurasia and the Middle East
777:
371:
to seize the Imperial throne for himself. Khan Omurtag sent an army to help Michael II put down the rebellion which attacked the rebels at the
926:
305:
267:
Besides that assault the Byzantines took other precautions against the Bulgarians. In the beginning of 814 they sent emissaries to the
744:
1394:
861:
224:
168:
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which remained in Byzantium. The Bulgarians proposed to exchange the Byzantine captives for the Slavic population of Thrace.
686:
1389:
919:
610:(a work of disputed authenticity) represents Amurtag or Yomyrčak (i.e., Omurtag) as the son of Korym (i.e., Krum).
542:
518:
259:
Greek Inscription bearing the words "kanas bigiom ourtag" (Kanas(u)bigi Omurtag) in the first two lines.
1092:
1239:
728:Веселин Бешевлиев, Първобългарски надписи. 2ed. София 1992. Chapter: VI. Възспоменателни надписи, Inscription
391:
In 818 the Slavic tribes of the Timočani, Abodrites, and Braničevci (who inhabited the lands along the middle
175:
which remained in force to the end of his life. Omurtag successfully coped with the aggressive policy of the
545:) and memorial inscriptions are preserved, which testify to the reconstruction of Pliska, the building of a
1249:
483:) whose governors were directly appointed by the Kanasubigi and had both military and civil authority. The
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1175:
912:
1404:
1409:
1289:
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1072:
1067:
935:
557:. A number of palaces and fortresses were built along the Danube, as well as the Khan's residences in
1279:
1214:
1106:
672:
565:. The construction of those projects required a strong economy, which Bulgaria obviously possessed.
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1334:
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8:
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1113:
1047:
1032:
1027:
1022:
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896:
647:
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At home Omurtag undertook large-scale construction, intended to both restore his capital
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93:
69:
678:
The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century
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grew. As a result, from the reforms Bulgaria was consolidated and further centralized.
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necessitated that the rear should be secured before further campaigning against the
1316:
1083:
987:
886:
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440:, but recently the opinion of Professor Ivan Bozhilov that the war was against the
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co-operation, Omurtag issued an ultimatum in 826 and in 827 sent a fleet along the
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115:
59:
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760:Бешевлиев, Веселин (1981). "5. Прабългарската обществена и държавна структура".
729:
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854:
Byzantinoturcica, Volume 1 byzantinischen Quellen der Geschichte der Türkvölker
553:. There was an alley of stone columns with the names of the conquered towns in
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207:
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to take Bulgaria's north-western lands and suppressed the unrest among several
139:
17:
210:
that Omurtag succeeded his father after short disturbances in the government.
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237:
After the abrupt death of Khan Krum there were many Bulgarian troops in
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The Bulgarian ruler Omurtag sends delegation to the Byzantine emperor.
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408:, which restored Bulgarian control over portions of southeastern
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841:. Routledge. pp. Last page of chapter 9, West Old Turkic.
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35:
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rebelled against the Byzantine Emperor and laid siege to
597:(Voin or Boyan), who had shown himself sympathetic to
292:. According to that inscription the treaty specified:
378:
808:"LES SOURCES ÉPIGRAPHIQUES DE L'HISTOIRE BULGARE"
487:were further divided into smaller regions called
1400:Bulgarian people of the Byzantine–Bulgarian Wars
1376:
716:Theophanes Continuatus, p.64 and George Kedrenos
568:
577:Bulgar soldiers slaughter Christians, from the
167:In the very beginning of his reign he signed a
724:
722:
920:
664:Jordan Andreev, Ivan Lazarov, Plamen Pavlov,
241:defending different strategic locations. The
387:Bulgarian Empire during the reign of Omurtag
16:"Omurtag" redirects here. For the town, see
719:
681:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
470:After the unsuccessful attempts of several
308:, continued to the Makri Livada (in modern
927:
913:
776:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
604:The 17th century Volga Bulgar compilation
549:with a large throne room, and a temple of
197:Tsokos, according to H. Grégoire, compare
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836:
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218:
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572:
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382:
341:
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228:
466:Omurtag orders the murder of Christians
1377:
934:
766:(in Bulgarian). София. pp. 39–40.
420:river. Furthermore, there was a large
296:the border in Thrace. It began on the
908:
187:
671:
633:is named after Omurtag of Bulgaria.
506:
130:) also known as Murtag or Murtagon (
666:Koj koj e v srednovekovna Bălgarija
13:
448:
428:Another memorial inscription, for
379:Relations with the Frankish Empire
14:
1421:
763:Прабългарски епиграфски паметници
457:
225:Byzantine–Bulgarian Treaty of 815
213:
160:from 814 to 831. He is known as "
346:Omurtag pursues Thomas the Slav.
742:Търновски надпис на кан Омуртаг
304:, passed along the earth ditch
1395:9th-century Bulgarian monarchs
852:Moravcsik, G. (January 1983).
845:
837:Johanson, Lars; Csató, Éva Á.
830:
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735:
710:
695:(primary source), Bahši Iman,
1:
658:
569:Persecution of the Christians
519:Omurtag's Tarnovo Inscription
363:to the throne in 820. In 821
703:
416:Onegavon who drowned in the
375:(winter 822 or spring 823).
316:river and from there to the
7:
636:
432:Okorsis who drowned in the
10:
1426:
699:, vol. III, Orenburg 1997.
334:the exchange of the other
324:within Bulgaria's borders.
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15:
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791:B. Golden, Peter (1992).
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47:
42:
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806:Grégoire, Henri (1934).
192:After the death of Khan
1390:Monarchs of the Bulgars
627:South Shetland Islands
587:Menologion of Basil II
582:
579:Menologion of Basil II
531:Pliska-Preslav culture
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320:but without including
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219:First years of Omurtag
1337:(1878–1908) and
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232:
171:with the neighboring
144:Μορτάγων and Ομουρτάγ
839:The Turkic Languages
673:Fine, John V. A. Jr.
543:Tarnovo inscriptions
169:30-year peace treaty
1299:Rebels against the
1082:Rebels against the
648:History of Bulgaria
373:Battle of Kedouktos
327:the issue with the
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747:2011-10-04 at the
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246:Leo V the Armenian
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206:view of Professor
188:Rise to the throne
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1342:(1908–1946)
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1134:(1185–1422)
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863:978-90-04-07109-4
643:Palace of Omurtag
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243:Byzantine Emperor
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43:Ruler of Bulgaria
23:Ruler of Bulgaria
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1317:Ivan Shishman II
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581:, 10th century.
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365:Thomas the Slav
290:Shumen Province
273:Louis the Pious
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1161:Ivan Asen II
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811:
801:
792:
786:
762:
755:
737:
712:
696:
677:
665:
619:Omurtag Pass
617:
605:
603:
599:Christianity
584:
534:
524:
511:
501:ichirgu-boil
492:
488:
484:
476:
469:
452:
429:
427:
414:zera-tarkhan
413:
390:
357:Nicephorus I
349:
266:
236:
191:
166:
161:
151:
127:
123:
122:
1354:Ferdinand I
1349:Alexander I
1285:Ivan Asen V
1187:Rostislav I
1146:Ivan Asen I
422:buffer zone
300:coast near
263:, Bulgaria.
162:the Builder
138:; original
56:Predecessor
1385:831 deaths
1379:Categories
1181:Mitso Asen
1093:Presian II
1084:Byzantines
818:(2): 767.
659:References
631:Antarctica
547:new palace
491:(singular
479:(singular
361:Michael II
223:See also:
203:Christians
153:Kanasubigi
148:Great Khan
1364:Simeon II
1359:Boris III
1028:Presian I
968:Kormisosh
812:Byzantion
772:cite book
704:Footnotes
675:(1991) .
563:Chepelare
395:, former
312:) on the
298:Black Sea
132:Bulgarian
66:Successor
1301:Ottomans
1141:Peter II
1053:Boris II
1043:Simeon I
1038:Vladimir
891:814–831
824:44168150
745:Archived
637:See also
595:Enravota
591:Basil II
539:Chatalar
515:—
499:and the
485:comitati
477:comitati
410:Pannonia
404:and the
353:invasion
306:Erkesiya
269:Frankish
250:Babaeski
158:Bulgaria
146:) was a
90:Zvinitsa
86:Enravota
1340:Kingdom
1310:Fruzhin
1230:Ivan II
1225:Smilets
1151:Kaloyan
1114:Alusian
1107:Tihomir
1048:Peter I
1033:Boris I
1023:Malamir
1018:Omurtag
1003:Telerig
953:Asparuh
897:Malamir
653:Bulgars
625:in the
559:Tarnovo
497:kavkhan
481:comitat
442:Khazars
438:Magyars
425:Slavs.
322:Plovdiv
314:Maritsa
282:steppes
136:Омуртаг
128:Omortag
124:Omurtag
94:Malamir
70:Malamir
51:814–831
29:Omurtag
1210:Ivaylo
1063:Samuel
1008:Kardam
978:Telets
958:Tervel
860:
822:
685:
614:Honour
555:Thrace
551:Tangra
537:, the
527:Pliska
472:Slavic
434:Dneper
402:Danube
393:Danube
302:Debelt
278:Pliska
271:ruler
261:Pliska
239:Thrace
181:Slavic
112:Father
1235:Chaka
1156:Boril
1058:Roman
998:Pagan
993:Toktu
983:Sabin
973:Vineh
963:Sevar
820:JSTOR
730:No.66
517:from
493:zhupa
489:zhupi
430:kopan
418:Tisza
406:Drava
329:Slavs
156:) of
140:Greek
101:House
81:Issue
48:Reign
1013:Krum
988:Umor
880:Krum
858:ISBN
778:link
683:ISBN
561:and
541:and
535:e.g.
397:Avar
194:Krum
126:(or
116:Krum
60:Krum
621:on
355:of
164:".
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814:.
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774:}}
770:{{
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629:,
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134::
928:e
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866:.
826:.
816:9
780:)
732:.
691:.
338:.
150:(
20:.
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