1304:
1256:
3380:
he was granted titles, including commander-in-chief of the
Kirghiz (Jian-kun). All of this implied Kirghiz subordination to Tang authority, at least in Chinese eyes. According to the letter, Kirghiz tribute had come to the Tang court "uninterruptedly" until the end of the Tianbao reign period (742–756) when Kirghiz contact with the Tang state was cut off by the rise of Uighur power in Mongolia.
2012:. The title "Khagan" or "Khaan" most literally translates to "great/supreme ruler" in the Mongol language, and by extension "sovereign", "monarch", "high king", or "emperor". The title can also be expanded with the addition of "Yekhe" (meaning "great" or "grand") to produce "Yekhe Khagan", meaning "Great Emperor".
2771:
During this period the Mongol emperors of the Yuan held the (nominal) title of Great Khan of all Mongol
Khanates (of the Mongol Empire), of which the three western Mongol khanates still showed their respect in several cases. For example, the Ilkhans' coins carried the Khagan's name up until the early
3379:
the successes of Tang
Taizong and to his taking the title of "Heavenly Qaghan" at the request of "the peoples of the northwest" in 630/631. The letter goes on to describe how Taizong's envoy was sent to pacify the Kirghiz in 632/633 and how in 647/648 a Kirghiz chieftain came to the Tang court where
2069:
Later, Yuan emperors made peace with the three western khanates of the Mongol Empire and were considered as their nominal suzerain. The nominal supremacy, while based on nothing like the same foundations as that of the earlier khagans (such as the continued border clashes among them), did last for a
3330:
territories within his empire. He took the title "Heavenly Khan," thus designating himself as their ruler. A little later the
Western Turks, although then at the height of their power, were badly defeated, and the Uighurs, a Turkish tribe, were detached from them and became sturdy supporters of the
3046:
but their ultimate origins may lie outside the Turkic family, as is most likely the case for the title of khagan (χαγάνος, chaganus) < ? Middle
Iranian *hva-kama- 'self-ruler, emperor' (Dybo, Reference Dybo2007: 119–120). Following Benveniste (Reference Benveniste1966), Dybo (Reference
3047:
Dybo2007: 106–107) considers Turkic *χatun 'king's wife' a word of ultimate
Eastern Iranian origin, borrowed presumably from Early Saka *hvatuñ, cf. the attested Soghdian words xwt'w 'ruler' (< *hva-tāvya-) and xwt'yn 'wife of the ruler' (< *hva-tāvyani).
1974:
2229:, Khan of Khans, Commander of the Faithful and Successor of the Prophet of the Lord of the Universe; next followed a series of specifically "regional" titles, starting with Protector of the Holy Cities of Mecca, Medina and Jerusalem.)
1967:
1960:
2346:
Chinese emperors were recognized as khagans of the Turks at least from 665 to 705; moreover, two appeal letters from the Turkic hybrid rulers, Ashina Qutluγ Ton Tardu in 727, the Yabgu of
2240:
shahs (kings) of Iran. For example, Agha
Muhammad Khan Qajar, Fath Ali Shah and other Qajar shahs used this title. The nickname of Shah Ismail and other Safavid shahs is
2217:, reflecting the historical legitimation of the dynasty's rule as political successor to various conquered (often Islamised) states. (The title began: Sultan Hân N.N.,
2062:
truly recognized the Yuan's overlordship as allies (although it was effectively autonomous). Because Kublai founded the Yuan, the members of the other branches of the
2762:, grandson of Kublai; most medieval historians such as Rashid al-Din and Alugh Beg Mirza described him as Grand khaan. See: Universal history and The Shajrat ul Atrak
2066:
could take part in the election of a new Khagan as the supporters of one or other of the contestants, but they could not enter the contest as candidates themselves.
1094:‘self-ruler, emperor’, following the view of Benveniste 1966. Savelyev and Jeong 2020 note that both the etymological root for Khagan and its female equivalent
3457:
1075:
It may be impossible to prove the ultimate origin of the title, but Vovin says: "Thus, it seems to be quite likely that the ultimate source of both
3670:
3099:
2073:
After the breakdown of Mongol Empire and the fall of the Yuan dynasty in the mid-14th century, the
Mongols turned into a political turmoil.
2081:, but with the distribution of his empire among his sons and relatives as fiefs it again caused decentralized rule. The last Khagan of the
1060:
is not found in any reconstructed proto-language and was used widely by Turkic, Mongolic, Chinese and Korean people with variations from
2772:
14th century. It was also once said that Khagan is "the blessing of the creator" at the court of the Golden Horde during the reign of
2274:, the mythical ancestors of Western Turks, through his senior grandson of his senior son, so giving the Ottoman sultans primacy among
3331:
T'ang in the Gobi. The Khitan, Mongols in
Eastern Mongolia and Southern Manchuria, made their submission (630). In the Tarim basin
3366:
2816:Ötüken'den İstanbul'a Türkçenin 1290 Yılı (720–2010) Sempozyumu / From Ötüken to Istanbul, 1290 Years of Turkish (720–2010).
3685:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2032:
3497:
2802:
3590:
3575:
3553:
3545:
3440:
3254:
Cihan Yüksel Muslu, (2014), The
Ottomans and the Mamluks: Imperial Diplomacy and Warfare in the Islamic World, p. 118
2482:
2342:
Qaghan explained that "the peoples of the northwest" had requested Tang Taizong to become the "Heavenly Qaghan". The
2258:
Ottoman rulers, after the 14th century, used only two titles "shah" and "khan" until end of the empire. Sultans like
1988:
3356:
2727:
3540:. Translated by Naomi Walford. Rutgers University Press. New Brunswick, New Jersey. 3rd Paperback printing, 1991.
2559:
1279:
1228:, and for over a century ruled the Carpathian region. Westerners Latinized the title "Khagan" into "Gaganus" (in
2409:) associated the Qing rulers with this name and commonly referred to the Qing emperors as the "Chinese khagan" (
2105:
usually does not differentiate between them. The title is also used as a generic term for a king or emperor (as
968:" or "supreme ruler") and was later borrowed and used in several languages, especially in Turkic and Mongolic.
698:
581:
3680:
2016:
845:
596:
3605:
3316:
3675:
1948:
1347:
50:
3525:
2402:
405:
227:
17:
2747:
2094:
1099:
3410:
3650:
2550:
2355:
2263:
2253:
2207:
2171:
1185:(330–555) was the first people to use the titles Khagan and Khan for their emperors, replacing the
418:
2839:
3665:
3640:
3635:
2378:
2323:
2213:, were among the titles in the official full style of the Great Sultan (and later Caliph) of the
42:
3086:
3645:
2604:
2478:
1606:
1237:
3529:
3342:
3660:
3655:
2486:
1903:
1764:
1725:
1249:
740:
3121:"A Sketch of the Earliest Mongolic Language: the Brāhmī Bugut and Khüis Tolgoi Inscriptions"
2405:
by the 18th century, their Turkic Muslim subjects (and surrounding Muslim khanates like the
1303:
2259:
983:
924:
438:
2077:(1464–1517/1543) once revived the Emperor's authority and recovered its reputation on the
8:
2447:
2050:, coexisting with the other independent Mongol-ruled khanates in the west, including the
1086:
Dybo (2007) suggests that the ultimate etymological root of Khagan comes from the Middle
1046:
774:
382:
361:
199:
179:
2039:. After the fall of the Yuan dynasty, the title continued to be used by monarchs of the
133:
3148:
3037:
3024:
2983:
2964:
2499:
2466:
2266:
used the title "Khagan of the two seas". Yazıcıoğlu Ali, in early 15th century, traced
2098:
1229:
1206:
1174:); some sources suggests that Tuyuhun might also have used the title after settling at
1147:
1026:), Shiratori rejects a Turkic etymology, instead supporting a Mongolic origin for both
975:
795:
553:
113:
3474:
3411:"Tendencies of Change of Socio-Political Lexicon in Persian and Azerbaijani Languages"
2889:
3586:
3571:
3549:
3541:
3436:
3362:
3152:
3140:
3100:"Ji 姬 and Jiang 姜: The Role of Exogamic Clans in the Organization of the Zhou Polity"
3041:
3029:
3011:
3007:
2956:
2929:
2470:
2422:
2406:
2275:
2226:
2078:
1352:
1342:
1271:
1233:
1087:
711:
3469:
3132:
3019:
3003:
2995:
2919:
2888:)'." by Pulleyblank, E. G. (1962) "The consonantal system of Old Chinese. Part II"
2879:
2659:
2641:
2623:
2615:
2581:
2459:
2440:
2374:
2196:
2102:
2051:
2036:
2020:
1596:
1511:
1182:
1167:
1159:
971:
946:
869:
838:
791:
631:
623:
573:
520:
397:
302:
269:
120:
3263:
3630:
3183:
Teikoku Gakushiin (Japan) – Proceedings of the Imperial Academy, volume 2, p. 241
3116:
2595:
2524:
2339:
2233:
2200:
2152:
1591:
1392:
1357:
1221:
991:
957:
920:
730:
723:
656:
528:
499:
491:
466:
458:
426:
157:
73:
35:
2984:"Early nomads of the Eastern Steppe and their tentative connections in the West"
3609:
2455:
2428:
2299:
2214:
2090:
1213:
1194:
644:
561:
541:
479:
446:
423:
369:
277:
187:
3499:
The Muslim Emperor of China: Everyday Politics in Colonial Xinjiang, 1877-1933
3136:
2158:
2146:
3624:
3197:
3144:
3015:
2960:
2933:
2335:
2237:
2181:
2133:
2040:
1938:
1816:
1650:
1616:
1516:
1442:
1432:
1327:
1260:
1217:
1202:
1198:
1103:
979:
892:
873:
853:
818:
80:
2947:
KRADER, LAWRENCE (1955). "QAN-QAγAN AND THE BEGINNINGS OF MONGOL KINGSHIP".
2858:
2759:
1255:
3268:
Narrative of Travels in Europe, Asia, and Africa in the Seventeenth Century
3033:
2924:
2907:
2504:
2463:
2398:
2390:
2343:
2279:
2271:
2177:
2140:
2055:
2001:
1888:
1876:
1846:
1841:
1759:
1670:
1556:
1521:
1501:
1481:
1412:
1295:
1287:
1175:
1151:
999:
849:
814:
2446:
It is believed that the tradition endured in the eleventh century, as the
1056:
itself is harder according to Vovin. He says that the origin for the word
3218:
The Cambridge History of China: Alien regimes and border states, 907–1368
3081:
2575:
2347:
2086:
2024:
1784:
1665:
1660:
1611:
1531:
1407:
1045:
for "great" or "supreme") is of non-Altaic origin, but instead linked to
987:
938:
3206:
History of the Eastern Mongols during the Ming Dynasty from 1368 to 1631
2999:
2968:
3358:
Tang China and the collapse of the Uighur Empire: a documentary history
2773:
2327:
2303:
2189:
2074:
1715:
1655:
1447:
1291:
1143:
349:
257:
207:
2206:(meaning literally "of both lands and both seas"), or rather fully in
1551:
2519:
2382:
2283:
2059:
1943:
1928:
1918:
1769:
1541:
1526:
1491:
1283:
803:
336:
323:
290:
3120:
3089:"蠕蠕，東胡之苗裔也，姓郁久閭氏" tr. "Rúrú, offsprings of Dōnghú, surnamed Yùjiŭlǘ"
2282:
doctrine, the Oghuz claim to sovereignty followed the same pattern.
1744:
1154:. In the speech one of Murong's generals, Yinalou, addressed him as
3243:
Caliphate Redefined: The Mystical Turn in Ottoman Political Thought
3076:
2830:
Vovin, Alexander (2007). "Once again on the etymology of the title
2509:
2394:
2351:
2218:
2063:
1913:
1871:
1827:
1794:
1789:
1779:
1710:
1706:
1690:
1626:
1601:
1546:
1402:
1377:
1337:
1332:
1134:
The title was first seen in a speech between 283 and 289, when the
310:
240:
3174:
Nihon Gakushiin-Proceedings of the Japan Academy, volume 2, p. 241
2818:
3–5 Aralık 2010, İstanbul / 3–5 December 2010, İstanbul, pp. 1–10.
2192:). Minor rulers were rather relegated to the lower title of khan.
2814:
Vovin, Alexander (2010). "Once Again on the Ruan-ruan language."
2570:
2514:
2363:
2267:
2185:
2082:
1923:
1866:
1836:
1739:
1645:
1576:
1486:
1313:
1190:
1139:
1135:
995:
965:
928:
799:
31:
1685:
3321:. Vol. 1–2 (4th, reprint ed.). Macmillan. p. 144
2649:
2631:
2529:
2386:
1933:
1908:
1893:
1799:
1675:
1621:
1586:
1566:
1506:
1471:
1458:
1417:
1387:
1317:
1225:
1186:
1095:
919:
The term is of unknown origin and possibly a loanword from the
877:
807:
787:
664:
611:
3563:, University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles, 1996.
3165:
Art, Iranian-Bulletin of the Asia Institute, volume 17, p. 122
1220:
crushed the Rouran ruling Mongolia, also used this title. The
982:) origin has been suggested by a number of scholars including
2564:
2331:
2287:
1898:
1851:
1831:
1811:
1755:
1734:
1680:
1641:
1581:
1571:
1561:
1536:
1496:
1437:
1422:
1382:
681:
214:
46:
2878:". The barbarian words ch'u k'o han mean in the language of
2101:
the words "Khaan" and "Khan" have different meanings, while
2451:
2373:, "Khagan of China") referring to the ruler of China (i.e.
1861:
1774:
1730:
1695:
1637:
1476:
1466:
1462:
1397:
1373:
1322:
1216:(567–804), who may have included Rouran elements after the
244:
3294:
Islamic Gunpowder Empires: Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals
2485:
gives the same title to the son of Iaroslav, grand prince
3216:
Ed. Herbert Franke, Denis Twitchett, John King Fairbank.
1856:
1720:
1427:
2184:
and their dynastic successors among such peoples as the
781:
2381:
literature works like the great 11th-century epic poem
2124:
2112:
2070:
few decades, until the Yuan dynasty collapsed in 1368.
1992:, written for that very dynasty, clearly distinguishes
764:
2868:
30:"Mongol emperor" redirects here. For emperors of the
3538:
The Empire of the Steppes: a History of Central Asia
2609:
2867:" translation: "Lou was glad. He bowed and said: "
1197:. The Rourans were stated to be descendants of the
798:, and some other languages, equal to the status of
3458:"The Qing Dynasty and Its Central Asian Neighbors"
3109:
1280:Imperial, royal, noble, gentry and chivalric ranks
1064:A relation exists possibly to the Yeniseian words
1022:"black", in Turkic (with the eventual loss of the
833:sound becoming almost silent or non-existent; the
3361:. illustrated. Vol. 13. Brill. p. 126.
3622:
3314:
2338:). A later letter sent by the Tang court to the
3604:
2732:
2118:
2106:
2046:Thus, the Yuan is sometimes referred to as the
2035:(1271–1368), who also took on the title of the
2031:(Great Khan, or Emperor) was still used by the
1083:can be traced back to Xiong-nu and Yeniseian".
905:
2982:Savelyev, Alexander; Jeong, Choongwon (2020).
3125:International Journal of Eurasian Linguistics
2981:
2883:
2873:
2862:
2589:
2278:. Though it was not entirely an imitation of
1968:
1142:tried to escape from his younger stepbrother
932:
27:Imperial title of Mongol and Turkic societies
2826:
2824:
2377:) as a symbol of power appeared in medieval
688:
671:
3585:. Guilin: Guangxi Normal University Press.
2850:
2848:
2330:, or "heavenly Khagan" after defeating the
825:, while in modern Turkic, the title became
3570:. Beijing: Chinese Social Sciences Press.
3495:
2350:, and Yina Tudun Qule in 741, the king of
1975:
1961:
821:. In Bulgarian, the title became known as
3473:
3377:– via Brill's Inner Asian library.
3023:
2923:
2905:
2821:
3430:
2845:
2254:Kut (mythology) § Usage by Ottomans
2008:, while other rulers are referred to as
1254:
1193:, whom Grousset and others assume to be
59:
3671:Titles of national or ethnic leadership
2165:
994:, and was reportedly first used by the
14:
3623:
3354:
3318:The Chinese, their history and culture
2946:
2758:Beginning in the last years (1304) of
2439:), reported by the Persian geographer
2290:, who denigrated the Ottoman lineage.
2199:form Hakan, with the specification in
2129:, "king/khaan of Spain Juan Carlos").
2004:and his ruling descendants are called
945:) might have been the original behind
139:
3455:
3435:. Taylor & Francis. p. 250.
3115:
2176:The title became associated with the
3462:Saksaha: A Journal of Manchu Studies
3433:The Turks in the Early Islamic World
3067:Grousset (1970), pp. 61, 585, n. 92.
2571:
2554:
2318:List of emperors of the Qing dynasty
2314:List of emperors of the Yuan dynasty
2310:List of emperors of the Tang dynasty
2244:(Khagan with the glory of Solomon).
872:equivalents of the title are common
778:
2912:Proceedings of the Imperial Academy
2663:
2599:
2308:For a more comprehensive list, see
2225:, Sovereign of the House of Osman,
1248:For a more comprehensive list, see
806:(empire). The female equivalent is
24:
3598:
3505:. Harvard University. p. 320.
3315:Scott Latourette, Kenneth (1964).
2416:
2385:, which were circulated widely in
2293:
2089:, died in 1634 while fighting the
2023:during 1260–1264 and the death of
1110:, cf. the attested Soghdian words
41:For people bearing the title, see
25:
3697:
3561:The Making of Byzantium, 600–1025
3475:10.3998/saksaha.13401746.0012.004
2443:, who wrote between 903 and 913.
2247:
2188:(cf. the compound military title
1989:The Secret History of the Mongols
1243:
960:(2007, 2010) the term comes from
3230:The Mongol Empire and Its Legacy
2728:Nominalia of the Bulgarian Khans
2232:"Khagan" is the second title of
1302:
1201:, who in turn are assumed to be
883:The common western rendering as
3522:The Cambridge History of China
3489:
3449:
3424:
3403:
3394:
3385:
3355:Drompp, Michael Robert (2005).
3348:
3336:
3308:
3299:
3286:
3273:
3257:
3248:
3235:
3223:
3210:
3186:
3177:
3168:
3159:
3092:
3070:
3061:
3052:
2975:
2908:"On the Titles KHAN and KAGHAN"
2836:Studia Etymologica Cracoviensia
2765:
2752:
2427:In the early 10th century, the
1146:, and began his route from the
3098:Pulleyblank, Edwin G. (2000).
2940:
2899:
2808:
2795:
2740:
2719:
2654:
2636:
2543:
2119:
2107:
927:(1962) first suggested that a
891:), notably in the case of the
813:It may also be translated as "
760:
13:
1:
3281:The Ottoman Empire, 1300–1650
2906:Shiratori, Kurakichi (1926).
2783:
2734:Именник на българските ханове
1037:According to Vovin, the word
846:division of the Mongol Empire
3400:Xue, pp. 674–675.
2788:
2576:
2565:
2473:(1019–1054) by the title of
2469:(978–1015) and grand prince
2286:advanced this claim against
2211:Hakan ül-Berreyn vel-Bahreyn
2195:Both Khagan as such and the
2033:emperors of the Yuan dynasty
1052:"big, great". The origin of
914:
782:
7:
3292:Douglas Streusand, (2010),
2988:Evolutionary Human Sciences
2869:
2610:
2492:
2369:The name "Chinese khagan" (
2126:Ispaniin khaan Khuan Karlos
2125:
2113:
2015:The Mongol Empire began to
1209:, or a "non-Altaic" group.
1122:‘wife of the ruler’ (< *
1102:, specifically from "Early
765:
51:Ibn Khaqan (disambiguation)
10:
3702:
3526:Cambridge University Press
3513:
3305:Liu, pp. 81–83.
2864:樓喜拜曰：「處可寒。」虜言「處可寒」，宋言爾官家也。
2420:
2307:
2297:
2251:
2169:
1247:
1129:
986:, Shiratori, Pulleyblank,
844:is also silent. After the
406:Anatolian Turkish language
45:. For personal names, see
40:
29:
3496:Schluessel, Eric (2016).
3345:, pp. 120–121.
3137:10.1163/25898833-12340008
3008:21.11116/0000-0007-772B-4
2884:
2874:
2863:
2748:voiceless velar fricative
2733:
2645:
2627:
2132:The early khagans of the
2120:Испанийн хаан Хуан Карлос
1171:
1163:
1100:Eastern Iranian languages
1018:is an intensification of
1010:is an intensification of
933:
906:
817:of Khans", equivalent to
722:
689:
672:
655:
622:
572:
552:
519:
490:
457:
437:
396:
389:
360:
301:
268:
198:
178:
112:
72:
3606:de la Vaissière, Étienne
3536:Grousset, René. (1970).
3456:Onuma, Takahiro (2014).
3241:Hüseyin Yılmaz, (2018),
2669:, alternatively spelled
2536:
2483:Saint Sophia's Cathedral
2403:extended into Inner Asia
2397:. During the Manchu-led
2356:Emperor Xuanzong of Tang
2264:Suleiman the Magnificent
2204:al-Barrayn wa al-Bahrayn
2048:Empire of the Great Khan
802:and someone who rules a
419:Ottoman Turkish language
3581:Zhou, Weizhou (2006).
3566:Xue, Zongzheng (1992).
2949:Central Asiatic Journal
2324:Emperor Taizong of Tang
1259:8 of 15 khagans of the
1236:), or "Cacano" (in the
1062:kan, qan, han and hwan.
1002:. While Sinor believes
3686:Titles of the Göktürks
3194:History of The Mongols
2925:10.2183/pjab1912.2.241
2590:
2585:
2431:employed the title of
2027:in 1294, but the term
1264:
1238:Historia Langobardorum
931:title, transcribed as
923:. Canadian sinologist
895:, is a translation of
104:Transcription (Vovin):
3614:Encyclopaedia Iranica
3520:Fairbank, John King.
3279:Colin Imber, (2002),
3202:The Empire of Steppes
2487:Sviatoslav II of Kiev
2242:Kagan-i Suleyman shan
2149:(1229–1241; 12 years)
2143:(1206–1227; 21 years)
2041:Northern Yuan dynasty
1258:
1250:List of Mongol rulers
3681:Chinese royal titles
3583:A History of Tuyuhun
3431:Bosworth, C (2017).
2896:9; p. 261 of 206‒65.
2260:Mehmed the Conqueror
2166:Among Turkic peoples
2161:(1251–1259; 8 years)
2155:(1246–1248; 2 years)
1178:in the 3rd century.
1098:may be derived from
1030:and the female form
925:Edwin G. Pulleyblank
699:Revised Romanization
3000:10.1017/ehs.2020.18
2882:, 'Be it so, sire (
2448:metropolitan bishop
2180:ruling clan of the
2172:Göktürk family tree
1949:Mostowfi ol-Mamalek
1607:Prince of the Sa'id
1263:(Yuan-era pictures)
1232:), "Cagan" (in the
582:Traditional Chinese
3676:Mongolian nobility
3568:A History of Turks
3058:Zhou 1985, pp. 3–6
2746:i.e. a very light
2500:Mongolian nobility
2467:Vladimir I of Kiev
2099:Mongolian language
2097:. In contemporary
1265:
1230:Historia Francorum
1148:Liaodong Peninsula
1072:meaning "ruler".
856:held the title of
848:, monarchs of the
597:Simplified Chinese
3391:Bai, p. 230.
3368:978-90-04-14129-2
2608:
2563:
2471:Yaroslav the Wise
2407:Khanate of Kokand
2227:Sultan of Sultans
2095:Later Jin dynasty
2079:Mongolian Plateau
2017:split politically
1985:
1984:
1343:Sultan of Sultans
1234:Annales Fuldenses
1207:Mongolic-speaking
998:, as recorded in
749:
748:
715:
712:McCune-Reischauer
702:
685:
668:
648:
635:
615:
600:
585:
565:
545:
532:
513:
503:
483:
470:
450:
430:
409:
386:
373:
353:
340:
327:
314:
294:
281:
261:
248:
231:
218:
211:
191:
171:
161:
148:
105:
95:
16:(Redirected from
3693:
3617:
3507:
3506:
3504:
3493:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3482:
3477:
3453:
3447:
3446:
3428:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3417:
3407:
3401:
3398:
3392:
3389:
3383:
3382:
3376:
3375:
3352:
3346:
3340:
3334:
3333:
3327:
3326:
3312:
3306:
3303:
3297:
3290:
3284:
3277:
3271:
3261:
3255:
3252:
3246:
3239:
3233:
3227:
3221:
3214:
3208:
3204:; D. Pokotilov.
3190:
3184:
3181:
3175:
3172:
3166:
3163:
3157:
3156:
3117:Vovin, Alexander
3113:
3107:
3096:
3090:
3074:
3068:
3065:
3059:
3056:
3050:
3049:
3027:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2944:
2938:
2937:
2927:
2903:
2897:
2887:
2886:
2877:
2876:
2872:
2866:
2865:
2852:
2843:
2840:online ressource
2828:
2819:
2812:
2806:
2799:
2777:
2769:
2763:
2756:
2750:
2744:
2738:
2736:
2735:
2723:
2717:
2665:
2656:
2647:
2638:
2629:
2621:
2616:Mongolian Script
2613:
2603:
2601:
2593:
2579:
2574:
2573:
2568:
2558:
2556:
2547:
2481:on the walls of
2460:Hilarion of Kiev
2441:Ahmad ibn Rustah
2375:Emperor of China
2276:Turkish monarchs
2270:'s genealogy to
2128:
2122:
2121:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2103:English language
2052:Chagatai Khanate
2037:Emperor of China
2021:Toluid Civil War
1977:
1970:
1963:
1306:
1267:
1266:
1183:Rouran Khaganate
1173:
1165:
1150:to the areas of
936:
935:
909:
908:
786:) is a title of
785:
780:
768:
762:
710:
697:
692:
691:
680:
675:
674:
663:
643:
632:Persian alphabet
630:
610:
595:
580:
560:
540:
527:
511:
498:
478:
465:
445:
417:
404:
391:
381:
368:
348:
335:
322:
309:
297:khākān / khāgān
289:
276:
256:
239:
226:
212:
206:
186:
170:Transliteration:
169:
156:
147:Transliteration:
146:
141:
134:ʼPhags-pa script
128:
121:Mongolian Script
103:
94:Transliteration:
93:
88:
68:
57:
56:
21:
3701:
3700:
3696:
3695:
3694:
3692:
3691:
3690:
3651:Imperial titles
3621:
3620:
3601:
3599:Further reading
3596:
3559:Whittow, Mark.
3516:
3511:
3510:
3502:
3494:
3490:
3480:
3478:
3454:
3450:
3443:
3429:
3425:
3415:
3413:
3409:
3408:
3404:
3399:
3395:
3390:
3386:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3353:
3349:
3341:
3337:
3324:
3322:
3313:
3309:
3304:
3300:
3291:
3287:
3278:
3274:
3262:
3258:
3253:
3249:
3240:
3236:
3228:
3224:
3215:
3211:
3191:
3187:
3182:
3178:
3173:
3169:
3164:
3160:
3114:
3110:
3097:
3093:
3075:
3071:
3066:
3062:
3057:
3053:
2980:
2976:
2945:
2941:
2904:
2900:
2853:
2846:
2829:
2822:
2813:
2809:
2801:Fairbank 1978,
2800:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2780:
2770:
2766:
2757:
2753:
2745:
2741:
2724:
2720:
2619:
2551:Ottoman Turkish
2548:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2525:Qapaghan Qaghan
2495:
2425:
2419:
2417:Among the Slavs
2340:Yenisei Kirghiz
2321:
2306:
2296:
2294:Chinese khagans
2256:
2250:
2208:Ottoman Turkish
2174:
2168:
1981:
1358:Maharajadhiraja
1253:
1246:
1132:
1114:‘ruler’ (< *
956:. According to
921:Rouran language
917:
750:
605:
590:
529:Cyrillic script
500:Cyrillic script
467:Cyrillic script
427:transliteration
422:
350:Transliteration
324:Transliteration
291:Transliteration
258:Transliteration
228:Transliteration
174:Khaan / Khagan
158:Cyrillic script
126:
86:
67:
60:
54:
39:
36:Mughal emperors
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3699:
3689:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3666:Lists of khans
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3641:Heads of state
3638:
3636:Ottoman titles
3633:
3619:
3618:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3594:
3579:
3564:
3557:
3534:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3488:
3448:
3441:
3423:
3402:
3393:
3384:
3367:
3347:
3335:
3307:
3298:
3285:
3272:
3256:
3247:
3234:
3222:
3209:
3185:
3176:
3167:
3158:
3131:(1): 162–197.
3108:
3091:
3069:
3060:
3051:
2974:
2939:
2918:(6): 241–244.
2898:
2844:
2820:
2807:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2764:
2751:
2739:
2718:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2423:Rus' Khaganate
2421:Main article:
2418:
2415:
2300:Khan of Heaven
2295:
2292:
2280:Genghis Khanid
2249:
2248:Ottoman Empire
2246:
2215:Ottoman Empire
2167:
2164:
2163:
2162:
2156:
2150:
2144:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1979:
1972:
1965:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1887:Governmental:
1882:
1881:
1880:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1822:
1821:
1820:
1819:
1814:
1805:
1804:
1803:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1750:
1749:
1748:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1701:
1700:
1699:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1453:
1452:
1451:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1308:
1307:
1299:
1298:
1276:
1275:
1245:
1244:Mongol khagans
1242:
1214:Avar Khaganate
1131:
1128:
916:
913:
747:
746:
743:
737:
736:
733:
727:
726:
720:
719:
716:
707:
706:
703:
694:
693:
686:
677:
676:
669:
660:
659:
653:
652:
649:
645:Latin alphabet
640:
639:
636:
627:
626:
620:
619:
616:
607:
606:
603:
601:
592:
591:
588:
586:
577:
576:
570:
569:
566:
562:Latin alphabet
557:
556:
550:
549:
546:
542:Latin alphabet
537:
536:
533:
524:
523:
517:
516:
514:
512:Pronunciation:
508:
507:
504:
495:
494:
488:
487:
484:
480:Latin alphabet
475:
474:
471:
462:
461:
455:
454:
451:
447:Latin alphabet
442:
441:
435:
434:
433:خاقان / Ḫākan
431:
424:Latin alphabet
414:
413:
410:
401:
400:
394:
393:
387:
378:
377:
376:Qağan / Kaɣan
374:
370:Latin alphabet
365:
364:
358:
357:
354:
345:
344:
341:
332:
331:
328:
319:
318:
315:
306:
305:
299:
298:
295:
286:
285:
284:খাকান / খাগান
282:
273:
272:
266:
265:
262:
253:
252:
249:
236:
235:
232:
223:
222:
219:
203:
202:
196:
195:
192:
188:Latin alphabet
183:
182:
176:
175:
172:
166:
165:
162:
153:
152:
149:
143:
142:
137:
130:
129:
124:
117:
116:
110:
109:
106:
100:
99:
96:
90:
89:
84:
77:
76:
70:
69:
61:
55:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3698:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3646:Khazar titles
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3602:
3592:
3591:7-5633-6044-1
3588:
3584:
3580:
3577:
3576:7-5004-0432-8
3573:
3569:
3565:
3562:
3558:
3555:
3554:0-8135-1304-9
3551:
3548:(casebound);
3547:
3546:0-8135-0627-1
3543:
3539:
3535:
3533:
3532:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3518:
3501:
3500:
3492:
3481:September 17,
3476:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3452:
3444:
3442:9781351880879
3438:
3434:
3427:
3416:September 21,
3412:
3406:
3397:
3388:
3381:
3370:
3364:
3360:
3359:
3351:
3344:
3339:
3332:
3320:
3319:
3311:
3302:
3295:
3289:
3282:
3276:
3269:
3265:
3264:Evliya Çelebi
3260:
3251:
3244:
3238:
3231:
3226:
3219:
3213:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3198:Rene Grousset
3195:
3189:
3180:
3171:
3162:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3112:
3105:
3101:
3095:
3088:
3084:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3064:
3055:
3048:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2978:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2943:
2935:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2902:
2895:
2891:
2881:
2871:
2860:
2856:
2851:
2849:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2827:
2825:
2817:
2811:
2804:
2798:
2794:
2775:
2768:
2761:
2755:
2749:
2743:
2730:
2729:
2722:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2661:
2657:
2651:
2643:
2639:
2633:
2625:
2617:
2612:
2606:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2583:
2578:
2567:
2561:
2552:
2546:
2542:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2490:
2489:(1073–1076).
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2465:
2462:, calls both
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2444:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2424:
2414:
2412:
2411:Khāqān-i Chīn
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2379:Turco-Persian
2376:
2372:
2371:Khāqān-i Chīn
2367:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2354:, addressing
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2305:
2301:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2255:
2245:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2230:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2209:
2205:
2202:
2198:
2193:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2173:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2134:Mongol Empire
2130:
2127:
2115:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2071:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2044:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1990:
1978:
1973:
1971:
1966:
1964:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1955:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1885:
1884:
1883:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1824:
1823:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:Royal house:
1809:
1808:
1807:
1806:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1752:
1751:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1703:
1702:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1651:Dewan Bahadur
1649:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1455:
1454:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1443:Amir al-umara
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1370:
1369:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1328:King of Kings
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1300:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1268:
1262:
1261:Mongol Empire
1257:
1251:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1203:proto-Mongols
1200:
1199:Donghu people
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1179:
1177:
1169:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1048:
1044:
1041:"great-qan" (
1040:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
980:Para-Mongolic
977:
973:
969:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
948:
944:
940:
930:
926:
922:
912:
910:
902:
901:Great Emperor
898:
894:
893:Mongol Empire
890:
886:
881:
879:
875:
874:Turkish names
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
854:Northern Yuan
851:
847:
843:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
819:King of Kings
816:
811:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
784:
776:
772:
767:
758:
754:
744:
742:
739:
738:
734:
732:
729:
728:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
708:
704:
700:
696:
695:
687:
683:
679:
678:
670:
666:
662:
661:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
641:
637:
633:
629:
628:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
608:
602:
598:
594:
593:
587:
583:
579:
578:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
558:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
538:
534:
530:
526:
525:
522:
518:
515:
510:
509:
505:
501:
497:
496:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
476:
472:
468:
464:
463:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
443:
440:
436:
432:
428:
425:
420:
416:
415:
411:
407:
403:
402:
399:
395:
388:
384:
380:
379:
375:
371:
367:
366:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
346:
342:
338:
334:
333:
329:
325:
321:
320:
316:
312:
308:
307:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
287:
283:
279:
275:
274:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
237:
233:
229:
225:
224:
220:
216:
209:
205:
204:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
184:
181:
177:
173:
168:
167:
164:Хаан / Хаган
163:
159:
155:
154:
151:Qagan, Xagan
150:
145:
144:
138:
135:
132:
131:
125:
122:
119:
118:
115:
111:
107:
102:
101:
97:
92:
91:
85:
82:
81:Brahmi Script
79:
78:
75:
71:
66:
65:
58:
52:
48:
44:
37:
33:
19:
3661:Noble titles
3656:Royal titles
3613:
3582:
3567:
3560:
3537:
3530:
3521:
3498:
3491:
3479:. Retrieved
3468:(20220303).
3465:
3461:
3451:
3432:
3426:
3414:. Retrieved
3405:
3396:
3387:
3378:
3372:. Retrieved
3357:
3350:
3338:
3329:
3323:. Retrieved
3317:
3310:
3301:
3293:
3288:
3280:
3275:
3267:
3259:
3250:
3242:
3237:
3229:
3225:
3217:
3212:
3205:
3201:
3196:, Volume 1;
3193:
3192:H. Howorth.
3188:
3179:
3170:
3161:
3128:
3124:
3111:
3103:
3094:
3080:
3072:
3063:
3054:
3045:
2991:
2987:
2977:
2955:(1): 17–35.
2952:
2948:
2942:
2915:
2911:
2901:
2893:
2854:
2835:
2831:
2815:
2810:
2797:
2767:
2754:
2742:
2726:
2721:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2653:
2635:
2545:
2505:Khan (title)
2474:
2464:grand prince
2445:
2436:
2432:
2426:
2410:
2399:Qing dynasty
2391:Central Asia
2370:
2368:
2359:
2344:Tang dynasty
2326:was crowned
2322:
2272:Oghuz Khagan
2257:
2241:
2231:
2222:
2210:
2203:
2194:
2175:
2141:Genghis Khan
2131:
2072:
2068:
2056:Golden Horde
2047:
2045:
2028:
2014:
2009:
2005:
2002:Genghis Khan
1997:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1671:Khan Bahadur
1362:
1296:North Africa
1211:
1180:
1176:Qinghai Lake
1155:
1152:Ordos Desert
1133:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1091:
1085:
1080:
1076:
1074:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1042:
1038:
1036:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
1000:Book of Song
970:
961:
953:
949:
942:
918:
904:
900:
897:Yekhe Khagan
896:
888:
884:
882:
865:
862:Kağan, Hakan
861:
857:
850:Yuan dynasty
841:
834:
830:
826:
822:
812:
770:
756:
752:
751:
741:Uyghur latin
612:Hanyu Pinyin
63:
62:
3343:Skaff 2012
3104:Early China
3082:Book of Wei
2870:Chu k'o han
2838:, vol. 12 (
2456:Kievan Rus'
2429:Rus' people
2366:expansion.
2362:during the
2348:Tokharistan
2159:Möngke Khan
2147:Ögedei Khan
2087:Ligdan Khan
2058:. Only the
2025:Kublai Khan
1785:Saranjamdar
1666:Rai Bahadur
1661:Rao Bahadur
1532:Chhatrapati
1408:Shirvanshah
1348:Chakravarti
1124:hva-tāvyani
939:Old Chinese
759:(Mongolian:
439:Azerbaijani
3625:Categories
3374:2012-02-08
3325:2012-02-08
2894:Asia Major
2784:References
2776:(1313–41).
2774:Ozbek Khan
2760:Temür Khan
2725:As in the
2477:, while a
2360:Tian Kehan
2328:Tian Kehan
2304:Bogda Khan
2298:See also:
2252:See also:
2190:Khagan Bek
2170:See also:
2153:Güyük Khan
2117:), as in "
2114:ezen khaan
2075:Dayan Khan
2029:Ikh Khagan
1716:Khan Sahib
1656:Sancak bey
1448:Khagan Bek
1323:Shahanshah
1292:South Asia
1144:Murong Hui
1116:hva-tāvya-
1050:*qεʔ ~ qaʔ
964:(meaning "
889:Grand Khan
885:Great Khan
837:in modern
775:Old Turkic
383:Old Turkic
362:Old Turkic
208:Devanagari
200:Hindustani
18:Great Khan
3528:, 1978.
3220:, p. 493.
3153:198833565
3145:2589-8825
3042:218935871
3016:2513-843X
2961:0008-9192
2934:0369-9846
2789:Citations
2605:romanized
2560:romanized
2520:Khaganate
2383:Shahnameh
2284:Bayezid I
2108:эзэн хаан
2060:Ilkhanate
2019:with the
1944:Chowdhury
1929:Lambardar
1919:Hazinedar
1770:Hazinedar
1542:Nawabzada
1527:Sahibzada
1492:Beylerbey
1092:hva-kama-
1047:Yeniseian
943:hʷaʔ-hʷaʰ
915:Etymology
829:with the
804:khaganate
554:Hungarian
337:Shahmukhi
311:Gurumukhi
241:Nasta'liq
180:Yeniseian
114:Mongolian
3610:"Khagan"
3608:(2017).
3531:web page
3245:, p. 124
3232:, p. 14.
3119:(2019).
3087:vol. 103
3077:Wei Shou
3034:35663512
2969:41926298
2861:quote: "
2510:Beg Khan
2493:See also
2479:graffito
2395:Xinjiang
2352:Tashkent
2336:Göktürks
2219:Padishah
2182:Göktürks
2064:Borjigin
1914:Hawladar
1872:al-Dawla
1828:Nobleman
1795:Tarafdar
1790:Taluqdar
1780:Jagirdar
1711:Zamindar
1707:Viscount
1691:Sparapet
1627:Baghatur
1602:Vali Ahd
1597:Shahzada
1522:Rajkumar
1403:Shahbanu
1378:Maharaja
1338:Banbishn
1333:Padishah
1272:a series
1270:Part of
1224:invaded
1218:Göktürks
1166:, later
1016:qap-qara
1014:just as
984:Ramstedt
976:Mongolic
852:and the
796:Mongolic
790:rank in
788:imperial
651:Khāghān
392:
356:K͟Hāqān
330:K͟Hāgān
317:ਖ਼ਾਗਾਨ੍
264:K͟Hāqān
234:K͟Hāgān
221:ख़ागान्
87:𑀓𑀕𑀦𑁆
3514:Sources
3296:, p. 66
3283:, p. 95
3270:, p. 19
3106:. p. 20
3025:7612788
2994:: e20.
2859:vol. 96
2855:Songshu
2691:Khakhan
2679:Khaghan
2660:Persian
2642:Chinese
2624:Chinese
2607::
2582:Turkish
2562::
2515:Kavkhan
2454:in the
2364:Umayyad
2234:Safavid
2197:Turkish
2186:Khazars
2091:Jurchen
2083:Chahars
2000:: only
1924:Faujdar
1867:Begzada
1837:Mankari
1817:Gurkani
1740:Begzada
1646:Mankari
1592:Ishkhan
1577:Khedive
1552:Şehzade
1487:Ikhshid
1393:Sultana
1314:Emperor
1288:Central
1191:Xiongnu
1189:of the
1168:Chinese
1160:Chinese
1140:Tuyuhun
1136:Xianbei
1130:History
1088:Iranian
1039:*qa-qan
996:Xianbei
992:Doerfer
966:emperor
929:Xiongnu
907:Их Хаан
870:Turkish
839:Turkish
800:emperor
745:Qaghan
624:Persian
574:Chinese
521:Russian
398:Turkish
303:Punjabi
278:Bengali
270:Bengali
32:Mughals
3631:Titles
3589:
3574:
3556:(pbk).
3552:
3544:
3439:
3365:
3151:
3143:
3040:
3032:
3022:
3014:
2967:
2959:
2932:
2803:p. 367
2715:Kha'an
2707:Chagan
2703:Qaghan
2699:Xagahn
2695:Khaqan
2687:Khakan
2683:Kaghan
2667:Khāqān
2652::
2650:pinyin
2644::
2634::
2632:pinyin
2626::
2611:Qaghan
2596:Uyghur
2555:خواقين
2530:Tughra
2437:qaghan
2401:which
2393:, and
2387:Persia
2316:, and
2223:Hünkar
2201:Arabic
2178:Ashina
2136:were:
2006:Khagan
1994:Khagan
1934:Mridha
1909:Haldar
1894:Vizier
1800:Sikdar
1745:Uç bey
1676:Atabeg
1622:Khanum
1587:Yabghu
1567:Murzin
1547:Yuvraj
1512:Mandal
1507:Sardar
1472:Sheikh
1459:Prince
1418:Khatun
1388:Sultan
1363:Khagan
1353:Samrat
1318:Caliph
1226:Europe
1195:Turkic
1187:Chanyu
1170::
1162::
1138:chief
1120:xwt'yn
1118:) and
1108:hvatuñ
1096:Khatun
1008:qapγan
972:Turkic
947:Turkic
878:Turkey
858:Khagan
808:Khatun
792:Turkic
779:𐰴𐰍𐰣
771:Khagan
757:Qaghan
753:Khagan
735:قاغان
731:Uyghur
724:Uyghur
718:Kahan
705:Gahan
665:Hangul
657:Korean
638:خاقان
618:Kèhán
568:Kagán
548:Kagan
535:Каган
506:Каган
492:Kyrgyz
486:Qağan
473:Қаған
459:Kazakh
453:Xaqan
412:Kağan
390:𐰴𐰍𐰣
343:خاقان
251:خاقان
194:Qaγan
108:qaɣan
98:Kagan
74:Rouran
64:Khagan
43:Qaghan
34:, see
3503:(PDF)
3149:S2CID
3038:S2CID
2965:JSTOR
2832:qaγan
2713:, or
2675:Kagan
2671:Kağan
2664:خاقان
2655:Dàhán
2637:Kèhán
2620:ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ
2600:قاغان
2591:Hakan
2586:Kağan
2569:, or
2566:Ḫākan
2549:Also
2537:Notes
2475:kagan
2433:kagan
2332:Tujue
2288:Timur
2268:Osman
2238:Qajar
2093:-led
1939:Nayak
1899:Dewan
1852:Pasha
1847:Mirza
1832:Jenmi
1812:Damat
1756:Baron
1735:Begum
1681:Boila
1642:Count
1582:Nizam
1572:Tegin
1562:Morza
1557:Mirza
1537:Nawab
1517:Patil
1497:Pasha
1438:Nawab
1433:Nizam
1423:Hatun
1383:Malik
1222:Avars
1156:kehan
1112:xwt'w
1077:qaγan
1070:*χʌ:j
1066:*qʌ:j
1032:qatun
1004:qaγan
988:Sinor
962:qaγan
958:Vovin
954:xaɣan
950:qaɣan
842:Kağan
827:Khaan
783:Kaɣan
766:Khaan
761:ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ
682:Hanja
215:Hindi
127:ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ
47:Hakan
3587:ISBN
3572:ISBN
3550:ISBN
3542:ISBN
3483:2023
3437:ISBN
3418:2023
3363:ISBN
3141:ISSN
3030:PMID
3012:ISSN
2957:ISSN
2930:ISSN
2880:Song
2452:Kiev
2435:(or
2302:and
2262:and
2236:and
2054:and
2010:Khan
1998:Khan
1996:and
1904:Agha
1889:Lala
1877:Bibi
1862:Baig
1842:Mian
1775:Rais
1765:Agha
1760:Lala
1731:Baig
1726:Kadi
1696:Azat
1686:Wāli
1638:Earl
1617:Shad
1502:Babu
1482:Rana
1477:Raja
1467:Emir
1463:Duke
1413:Khan
1398:Shah
1374:King
1294:and
1284:West
1212:The
1181:The
1126:)".
1104:Saka
1079:and
1043:*qa-
1020:qara
990:and
978:(or
974:and
887:(or
866:Kaan
864:and
823:Khan
815:Khan
245:Urdu
49:and
3470:doi
3133:doi
3020:PMC
3004:hdl
2996:doi
2920:doi
2890:pdf
2885:爾官家
2875:處可寒
2834:".
2711:Қан
2640:or
2588:or
2577:Ḫān
2572:خان
2450:of
2413:).
2358:as
2123:" (
2043:.
1857:Bey
1733:or
1721:Bey
1640:or
1612:Mir
1461:or
1428:Dey
1282:in
1240:).
1081:qan
1068:or
1058:qan
1054:qan
1028:qan
1012:qan
1006:or
941:: *
911:).
903:or
876:in
769:or
755:or
243:: (
140:ꡢꡖꡋ
3627::
3612:.
3524:.
3466:12
3464:.
3460:.
3328:.
3266:,
3200:.
3147:.
3139:.
3127:.
3123:.
3102:,
3085:.
3079:.
3044:.
3036:.
3028:.
3018:.
3010:.
3002:.
2990:.
2986:.
2963:.
2951:.
2928:.
2914:.
2910:.
2892:,
2857:,
2847:^
2823:^
2805:).
2731:,
2709:,
2705:,
2701:,
2697:,
2693:,
2689:,
2685:,
2681:,
2677:,
2673:,
2662::
2658:;
2648:;
2646:大汗
2630:;
2628:可汗
2622:;
2618::
2614:,
2602:,
2598::
2594:;
2584::
2580:,
2557:,
2553::
2458:,
2389:,
2312:,
2221:,
2111:,
2085:,
1830::
1758::
1709::
1644::
1465::
1376::
1316::
1290:,
1286:,
1274:on
1205:,
1172:可汗
1164:可寒
1034:.
952:~
934:護于
880:.
868:,
860:.
810:.
794:,
777::
773:;
763:;
690:可汗
673:가한
604:可汗
589:可汗
3616:.
3593:.
3578:.
3485:.
3472::
3445:.
3420:.
3155:.
3135::
3129:1
3006::
2998::
2992:2
2971:.
2953:1
2936:.
2922::
2916:2
2842:)
2737:.
2334:(
2320:.
1976:e
1969:t
1962:v
1252:.
1158:(
1106:*
1090:*
1024:p
937:(
899:(
835:ğ
831:g
714::
701::
684::
667::
647::
634::
614::
599::
584::
564::
544::
531::
502::
482::
469::
449::
429::
421:/
408::
385::
372::
352::
339::
326::
313::
293::
280::
260::
247:)
230::
217:)
213:(
210::
190::
160::
136::
123::
83::
53:.
38:.
20:)
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