3898:
3492:
11589:
733:
10309:
13519:
2842:. Subhash Kak disagrees with the proposed Semitic origins of the script, instead stating that the interaction between the Indic and the Semitic worlds before the rise of the Semitic scripts might imply a reverse process. However, the chronology thus presented and the notion of an unbroken tradition of literacy is opposed by a majority of academics who support an indigenous origin. Evidence for a continuity between Indus and Brahmi has also been seen in graphic similarities between Brahmi and the late Indus script, where the ten most common ligatures correspond with the form of one of the ten most common glyphs in Brahmi. There is also corresponding evidence of continuity in the use of numerals. Further support for this continuity comes from statistical analysis of the relationship carried out by Das.
3928:
3424:
3529:
869:
14229:, pp. 204–205. "Prinsep came to India in 1819 as assistant to the assay master of the Calcutta Mint and remained until 1838, when he returned to England for reasons of health. During this period Prinsep made a long series of discoveries in the fields of epigraphy and numismatics as well as in the natural sciences and technical fields. But he is best known for his breakthroughs in the decipherment of the Brahmi and Kharosthi scripts. ... Although Prinsep's final decipherment was ultimately to rely on paleographic and contextual rather than statistical methods, it is still no less a tribute to his genius that he should have thought to apply such modern techniques to his problem."
2750:
over time, which he takes to indicate that the script had been recently developed. Falk deviates from the mainstream of opinion in seeing Greek as also being a significant source for Brahmi. On this point particularly, Salomon disagrees with Falk, and after presenting evidence of very different methodology between Greek and Brahmi notation of vowel quantity, he states "it is doubtful whether Brahmi derived even the basic concept from a Greek prototype". Further, adds
Salomon, in a "limited sense Brahmi can be said to be derived from Kharosthi, but in terms of the actual forms of the characters, the differences between the two Indian scripts are much greater than the similarities".
11617:
3624:, started to analyse the inscriptions and made deductions on the general characteristics of the early Brahmi script essentially relying on statistical methods. This method, published in March 1834, allowed him to classify the characters found in inscriptions, and to clarify the structure of Brahmi as being composed of consonantal characters with vocalic "inflections". He was able to correctly guess four out of five vocalic inflections, but the value of consonants remained unknown. Although this statistical method was modern and innovative, the actual decipherment of the script would have to wait until after the discovery of bilingual inscriptions, a few years later.
1286:, a less prominent branch of the Semitic script family, has occasionally been proposed, but has not gained much acceptance. Finally, the Aramaic script being the prototype for Brahmi has been the more preferred hypothesis because of its geographic proximity to the Indian subcontinent, and its influence likely arising because Aramaic was the bureaucratic language of the Achaemenid empire. However, this hypothesis does not explain the mystery of why two very different scripts, Kharoṣṭhī and Brahmi, developed from the same Aramaic. A possible explanation might be that Ashoka created an imperial script for his edicts, but there is no evidence to support this conjecture.
10403:
13878:. The meetings and publications of the Society provided an unusually fertile environment for innovative speculation, with scholars constantly exchanging notes on, for instance, how they had deciphered the Brahmi letters of various epigraphs from Samudragupta's Allahabad pillar inscription, to the Karle cave inscriptions. The Eureka moment came in 1837 when James Prinsep, a brilliant secretary of the Asiatic Society, building on earlier pools of epigraphic knowledge, very quickly uncovered the key to the extinct Mauryan Brahmi script. Prinsep unlocked Ashoka; his deciphering of the script made it possible to read the inscriptions.
11677:
3992:
5950:
9206:
2815:
10438:
11702:
60:
10325:
2705:
114:
8932:
3082:
17061:, pp. 204–208 Equally impressive was Prinsep's arrangement, presented in plate V of JASB 3, of the unknown alphabet, wherein he gave each of the consonantal characters, whose phonetic values were still entirely unknown, with its "five principal inflections", that is, the vowel diacritics. Not only is this table almost perfectly correct in its arrangement, but the phonetic value of the vowels is correctly identified in four out of five cases (plus anusvard); only the vowel sign for i was incorrectly interpreted as o.
10504:
9248:
943:
11570:
12830:
who say it is "based" in ʼPhags-pa are partly right; those who say it is "based" on abstract drawings of articulatory organs are partly right. ... Nothing would disturb me more, after this study is published, than to discover in a work on the history of writing a statement like the following: "According to recent investigations, the Korean alphabet was derived from the Mongol ʼPhags-pa script" ... ʼPhags-pa contributed none of the things that make this script perhaps the most remarkable in the world.
3980:
3968:
15365:"Falk goes too far. It is fair to expect that we believe that Vedic memorisation – though without parallel in any other human society – has been able to preserve very long texts for many centuries without losing a syllable. ... However, the oral composition of a work as complex as Pāṇini's grammar is not only without parallel in other human cultures, it is without parallel in India itself. ... It just will not do to state that our difficulty in conceiving any such thing is our problem."
2882:
482:
10488:
7625:
4008:
13931:, but knowledge of how to read the script had been lost. Since inscriptions form the annals of Indian history, this decipherment was a major advance that led to the gradual unfolding of the past from sources other than religious and literary texts. ... Until about a hundred years ago in India, Ashoka was merely one of the many kings mentioned in the Mauryan dynastic list included in the Puranas. Elsewhere in the Buddhist tradition he was referred to as a
2203:
2095:
1804:
1586:
12421:
12407:
11204:
11164:
7468:
7454:
13588:
13582:
12540:
12533:
12491:
12477:
12456:
12442:
12428:
12414:
12400:
12393:
12372:
12358:
12351:
12337:
11498:
11458:
11351:
11311:
11264:
11224:
11184:
11144:
11115:
11075:
11015:
10946:
10926:
10886:
10694:
10557:
7587:
7580:
7538:
7524:
7503:
7489:
7475:
7461:
7447:
7440:
7419:
7405:
7398:
7384:
1914:
1768:
1703:
1511:
1361:
13939:. There were many inscriptions in which the King referred to himself as Devanampiya Piyadassi (the beloved of the gods, Piyadassi). The name did not tally with any mentioned in the dynastic lists, although it was mentioned in the Buddhist chronicles of Sri Lanka. Slowly the clues were put together but the final confirmation came in 1915, with the discovery of yet another version of the edicts in which the King calls himself Devanampiya Ashoka.
13668:, p. 17. "Until the late nineteenth century, the script of the Aśokan (non-Kharosthi) inscriptions and its immediate derivatives was referred to by various names such as 'lath' or 'Lat', 'Southern Aśokan', 'Indian Pali', 'Mauryan', and so on. The application to it of the name Brahmi , which stands at the head of the Buddhist and Jaina script lists, was first suggested by T de Lacouperie, who noted that in the Chinese Buddhist encyclopedia
934:
3363:). Ancient inscriptions have also been discovered in many North and Central Indian sites, occasionally in South India as well, that are in hybrid Sanskrit-Prakrit language called "Epigraphical Hybrid Sanskrit". These are dated by modern techniques to between the 1st and 4th centuries CE. Surviving ancient records of the Brahmi script are found as engravings on pillars, temple walls, metal plates, terracotta, coins, crystals and manuscripts.
3310:
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1477:
1402:
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2059:
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1986:
1950:
1732:
1436:
11658:
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10197:
9943:
9903:
7347:
7340:
7298:
7284:
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2131:
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9665:
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7361:
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1840:
10371:
10351:
3843:
3479:. In this new typeface, the letter were "neat and well-formed". The probable introduction of ink and pen writing, with the characteristic thickenned start of each stroke generated by the usage of ink, was reproduced in the calligraphy of stone inscriptions by the creation of a triangle-shaped form at the beginning of each stroke. This new writing style is particularly visible in the numerous dedicatory inscriptions made in
18306:
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17194:
pillars left by Ashoka and arranged them in a pattern like that used for teaching the
Ethiopian abugida (FIGURE 12). Apparently, there had never been a tradition of laying out the full set of aksharas thus—or anyone, Prinsep said, with a better knowledge of Sanskrit than he had had could have read the inscriptions straight away, instead of after discovering a very minor virtual bilingual a few years later. (p. 151)
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2754:
The stronger argument for this position is that we have no specimen of the script before the time of Ashoka, nor any direct evidence of intermediate stages in its development; but of course this does not mean that such earlier forms did not exist, only that, if they did exist, they have not survived, presumably because they were not employed for monumental purposes before Ashoka".
1921:
1811:
2355:
2246:
2066:
1993:
1957:
2427:
2391:
2636:, but because the alphabetical ordering was lost, the correspondences among them are not clear. Bühler was able to suggest Brahmi derivatives corresponding to all of the 22 North Semitic characters, though clearly, as Bühler himself recognized, some are more confident than others. He tended to place much weight on phonetic congruence as a guideline, for example connecting
1775:
1710:
2029:
2463:
2174:
2138:
1884:
2283:
1847:
1739:
13985:
Bengal (Kolkata). It was his interest in coins and inscriptions that made him such an important figure in the history of South Asian archaeology, utilising inscribed Indo-Greek coins to decipher
Kharosthi and pursuing earlier scholarly work to decipher Brahmi. This work was key to understanding a large part of the Early Historical period in South Asia ...
3073:, noted, a few decades prior, the use of cotton fabric for writing in Northern India. Indologists have variously speculated that this might have been Kharoṣṭhī or the Aramaic alphabet. Salomon regards the evidence from Greek sources to be inconclusive. Strabo himself notes this inconsistency regarding reports on the use of writing in India (XV.i.67).
712:; it is not known if their underlying system of numeration has a connection to the Brahmi script. But in the second half of the 1st millennium CE, some inscriptions in India and Southeast Asia written in scripts derived from the Brahmi did include numerals that are decimal place value, and constitute the earliest existing material examples of the
3475:"), after their establishment in northern India introduced "revolutionary changes" in the way Brahmi was written. In the 1st century BCE, the shape of Brahmi characters became more angular, and the vertical segments of letters were equalized, a phenomenon which is clearly visible in coin legends and made the script visually more similarly to the
1671:
Bühler's proposal, such as of six
Mauryan inscriptions in Aramaic, suggest Bühler's proposal about Phoenician as weak. It is more likely that Aramaic, which was virtually certainly the prototype for Kharoṣṭhī, also may have been the basis for Brahmi. However, it is unclear why the ancient Indians would have developed two very different scripts.
912:
theory of
Semitic origin is held by "nearly all" Western scholars, and Salomon agrees with Goyal that there has been "nationalist bias" and "imperialist bias" on the two respective sides of the debate. In spite of this, the view of indigenous development had been prevalent among British scholars writing prior to Bühler: a passage by
3134:(1987) had similarly suggested that ancient India likely had a "very old culture of writing" along with its oral tradition of composing and transmitting knowledge, because the Vedic literature is too vast, consistent and complex to have been entirely created, memorized, accurately preserved and spread without a written system.
13694:
exceptions of the Indus script in the protohistoric period, of
Kharosthi in the northwest in the ancient period, and of the Perso–Arabic and European scripts in the medieval and modern periods, respectively, the history of writing in India is virtually synonymous with the history of the Brahmi script and its derivatives."
3015:
adjacent areas in the third millennium B.C. The number of different signs suggest a syllabic script, but all attempts at decipherment have been unsuccessful so far. Attempts by some Indian scholars to connect this undeciphered script with the Indian scripts in vogue from the third century B.C. onward are total failures."
10324:
10402:
10308:
17193:
Brahmi: The Brahmi script of
Ashokan India (SECTION 30) is another that was deciphered largely on the basis of familiar language and familiar related script—but it was made possible largely because of the industry of young James Prinsep (1799-1840), who inventoried the characters found on the immense
3034:
almost entirely dismisses
Megasthenes as unreliable, questioning the wording used by Megasthenes' informant and Megasthenes' interpretation of them. Timmer considers it to reflect a misunderstanding that the Mauryans were illiterate "based upon the fact that Megasthenes rightly observed that the laws
2861:
of the South Indian megalithic culture, which may have some overlap with the Indus symbol inventory and persisted in use up at least through the appearance of the Brahmi and scripts up into the third century CE. These graffiti usually appear singly, though on occasion may be found in groups of two or
2810:
stated that there is a powerful argument against the idea that the Brahmi script has
Semitic borrowing because the whole structure and conception is quite different. He at one time suggested that the origin may have been purely indigenous with the Indus script as its predecessor. However, Allchin and
2656:
One of the key problems with a
Phoenician derivation is the lack of evidence for historical contact with Phoenicians in the relevant period. Bühler explained this by proposing that the initial borrowing of Brahmi characters dates back considerably earlier than the earliest known evidence, as far back
1281:
Many scholars link the origin of Brahmi to Semitic script models, particularly Aramaic. The explanation of how this might have happened, the particular Semitic script, and the chronology of the derivation have been the subject of much debate. Bühler followed Max Weber in connecting it particularly to
1002:
probably had a strong influence on this development. Some authors – both Western and Indian – suggest that Brahmi was borrowed or inspired by a Semitic script, invented in a short few years during the reign of Ashoka, and then used widely for Ashokan inscriptions. In contrast, some authors reject the
595:
period (4th century CE), and it is thought that as late as the 4th century CE, a literate person could still read and understand Mauryan inscriptions. Sometime thereafter, the ability to read the original Brahmi script was lost. The earliest (indisputably dated) and best-known Brahmi inscriptions are
4033:
is understood if no vowel is written. The initial vowel symbol for /au/ is also apparently lacking in the earliest attested phases, even though it has a diacritic. Ancient sources suggest that there were either 11 or 12 vowels enumerated at the beginning of the character list around the Ashokan era,
3048:
XV.i.53). For one, the observation may only apply in the context of the kingdom of "Sandrakottos" (Chandragupta). Elsewhere in Strabo (Strab. XV.i.39), Megasthenes is said to have noted that it was a regular custom in India for the "philosopher" caste (presumably Brahmins) to submit "anything useful
14125:
Ashoka's reign of more than three decades is the first fairly well-documented period of Indian history. Ashoka left us a series of great inscriptions (major rock edicts, minor rock edicts, pillar edicts) which are among the most important records of India's past. Ever since they were discovered and
13984:
and is best known for deciphering early Brahmi and Kharosthi scripts. He was something of a polymath, undertaking research into chemistry, meteorology, Indian scriptures, numismatics, archaeology and mineral resources, while fulfilling the role of Assay Master of the East India Company mint in East
13693:
as a fully developed pan-Indian national script (sometimes used as a second script even within the proper territory of Kharosthi in the north-west) and continued to play this role throughout history, becoming the parent of all of the modern Indic scripts both within India and beyond. Thus, with the
13676:
are described as written from left to right and from right to left, respectively. He therefore suggested that the name Brahmi should refer to the left-to-right 'Indo-Pali' script of the Aśokan pillar inscriptions, and Kharosthi to the right-to-left 'Bactro-Pali' script of the rock inscriptions from
5984:
In the late period, the system of interpunctuation marks gets more complicated. For instance, there are four different forms of vertically slanted double dashes that resemble "//" to mark the completion of the composition. Despite all the decorative signs that were available during the late period,
3127:
would be unlikely to have emerged so quickly if Brahmi had a single origin in the chancelleries of the Mauryan Empire. He suggests a date of not later than the end of the 4th century for the development of Brahmi script in the form represented in the inscriptions, with earlier possible antecedents.
3014:
was used, before around 300 BCE because Indian tradition "at every occasion stresses the orality of the cultural and literary heritage", yet Scharfe in the same book admits that "a script has been discovered in the excavations of the Indus Valley Civilization that flourished in the Indus valley and
2753:
Falk also dated the origin of Kharoṣṭhī to no earlier than 325 BCE, based on a proposed connection to the Greek conquest. Salomon questions Falk's arguments as to the date of Kharoṣṭhī and writes that it is "speculative at best and hardly constitutes firm grounds for a late date for Kharoṣṭhī.
14271:
The work of the reconstruction of the early period of Indian history was inaugurated by European scholars in the 18th century. Later on, Indians also became interested in the subject. The credit for the decipherment of early Indian inscriptions, written in the Brahmi and Kharosthi alphabets, which
12829:
I have devoted much space and discussion to the role of the Mongol ʼPhags-pa alphabet in the origin of the Korean alphabet, but it should be clear to any reader that in the total picture, that role was quite limited. The origin of the Korean alphabet is, in fact, not a simple matter at all. Those
11588:
5973:
Punctuation can be perceived as more of an exception than as a general rule in Asokan Brahmi. For instance, distinct spaces in between the words appear frequently in the pillar edicts but not so much in others. ("Pillar edicts" refers to the texts that are inscribed on the stone pillars oftentimes
4028:
are derived from the letters for short vowels. There are also four "secondary" vowels that do not have the long-short contrast, /e:/, /ai/, /o:/, /au/. Note though that the grapheme for /ai/ is derivative from /e/ in a way which parallels the short-long contrast of the primary vowels (historically
3777:
is a variant of the Brahmi alphabet that was in use in South India by about the 3rd century BCE, particularly in Tamil Nadu and Kerala. Inscriptions attest their use in parts of Sri Lanka in the same period. The language used in around 70 Southern Brahmi inscriptions discovered in the 20th century
3410:
of paddy grains and charcoal samples indicated that inscription contexts date to as far back as the 6th and perhaps 7th centuries BCE. As these were published very recently, they have as yet not been commented on extensively in the literature. Indologist Harry Falk has criticized Rajan's claims as
2853:
around 1500 BCE and the first widely accepted appearance of Brahmi in the 3rd or 4th centuries BCE. Iravathan Mahadevan makes the point that even if one takes the latest dates of 1500 BCE for the Indus script and earliest claimed dates of Brahmi around 500 BCE, a thousand years still separates the
2845:
Salomon considered simple graphic similarities between characters to be insufficient evidence for a connection without knowing the phonetic values of the Indus script, though he found apparent similarities in patterns of compounding and diacritical modification to be "intriguing". However, he felt
2749:
of Brahmi as being derived from the Kharoṣṭhī script, itself a derivative of Aramaic. At the time of his writing, the Ashoka edicts were the oldest confidently dateable examples of Brahmi, and he perceives in them "a clear development in language from a faulty linguistic style to a well honed one"
1014:
and India, while Kharoṣṭhī was used only in northwest South Asia (eastern parts of modern Afghanistan and neighboring regions of Pakistan) for a while before it died out in the third century. According to Salomon, evidence of the use of Kharoṣṭhī is found primarily in Buddhist records and those of
3879:
988:
Most scholars believe that Brahmi was likely derived from or influenced by a Semitic script model, with Aramaic being a leading candidate. However, the issue is not settled due to the lack of direct evidence and unexplained differences between Aramaic, Kharoṣṭhī, and Brahmi. Though Brahmi and the
13922:
The nineteenth century saw considerable advances in what came to be called Indology, the study of India by non-Indians using methods of investigation developed by European scholars in the nineteenth century. In India the use of modern techniques to 'rediscover' the past came into practice. Among
911:
The most disputed point about the origin of the Brahmi script has long been whether it was a purely indigenous development or was borrowed or derived from scripts that originated outside India. Goyal (1979) noted that most proponents of the indigenous view are fringe Indian scholars, whereas the
14580:
which describes the first visit of Prince Siddhartha, the future Buddha, to the writing school..." (page 6); "In the account of Prince Siddhartha's first visit to the writing school, extracted by Professor Terrien de la Couperie from the Chinese translation of the Lalitavistara of 308 CE, there
997:
Virtually all authors accept that regardless of the origins, the differences between the Indian script and those proposed to have influenced it are significant. The degree of Indian development of the Brahmi script in both the graphic form and the structure has been extensive. It is also widely
1670:
According to the Semitic hypothesis as laid out by Bühler in 1898, the oldest Brahmi inscriptions were derived from a Phoenician prototype. Salomon states Bühler's arguments are "weak historical, geographical, and chronological justifications for a Phoenician prototype". Discoveries made since
14925:
Brāhmī, writing system ancestral to all Indian scripts except Kharoṣṭhī. Of Aramaic derivation or inspiration, it can be traced to the 8th or 7th century BCE, when it may have been introduced to Indian merchants by people of Semitic origin.… a coin of the 4th century BCE, discovered in Madhya
9234:
Brahmi" was in use from the 1st-3rd centuries CE. It is more rounded than its predecessor, and introduces some significant variations in shapes. Several characters (r̩ and l̩), classified as vowels, were added during the "Middle Brahmi" period between the 1st and 3rd centuries CE, in order to
3386:
in Sri Lanka was correlated with its first appearance in the area. Salomon in his 1998 review states that the Anuradhapura inscriptions support the theory that Brahmi existed in South Asia before the Mauryan times, with studies favoring the 4th century BCE, but some doubts remain whether the
2757:
Unlike Bühler, Falk does not provide details of which and how the presumptive prototypes may have been mapped to the individual characters of Brahmi. Further, states Salomon, Falk accepts there are anomalies in phonetic value and diacritics in Brahmi script that are not found in the presumed
3483:, in association with devotional works of art. This new calligraphy of the Brahmi script was adopted in the rest of the subcontinent of the next half century. The "new-pen-style" initiated a rapid evolution of the script from the 1st century CE, with regional variations starting to emerge.
2761:
Hartmut Scharfe, in his 2002 review of Kharoṣṭī and Brāhmī scripts, concurs with Salomon's questioning of Falk's proposal, and states, "the pattern of the phonemic analysis of the Sanskrit language achieved by the Vedic scholars is much closer to the Brahmi script than the Greek alphabet".
14029:
In 1837, four years after Wilson's departure, James Prinsep, then Secretary of the Asiatic Society, unravelled the mystery of the Brahmi script and thus was able to read the edicts of the great Emperor Asoka. The rediscovery of Buddhist India was the last great achievement of the British
13503:
functioned as occasional vowel markers to indicate medial and final vowels in the otherwise consonant-only script. Aleph 𐤀 and particularly ʿayin 𐤏 only developed this function in later phases of Phoenician and related scripts, though 𐤀 also sometimes functioned to mark an initial
3743:, with earliest inscriptions dating from a few decades of Ashoka's reign, is believed to have evolved from a southern variant of the Brahmi alphabet. The language used in these inscriptions, nearly all of which have been found upon Buddhist relics, is exclusively Prakrit, though
3499:
in March 1834. The structure of Brahmi (consonantal characters with vocalic "inflections") was properly identified, but the individual values of characters remained undetermined, except for four of the vocalic inflections. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Volume 3 (March
908:(1895). Bühler's ideas have been particularly influential, though even by the 1895 date of his opus on the subject, he could identify no fewer than five competing theories of the origin, one positing an indigenous origin and the others deriving it from various Semitic models.
3726:
Pali scholar and linguist, Prinsep then completed the full decipherment of the Brahmi script. In a series of results that he published in March 1838 Prinsep was able to translate the inscriptions on a large number of rock edicts found around India, and provide, according to
2777:
script. Greek-style letter types were selected for their "broad, upright and symmetrical form", and writing from left to right was also adopted for its convenience. On the other hand, the Kharosthi treatment of vowels was retained, with its inherent vowel "a", derived from
8826:
was born here. (He) both caused to be made a stone bearing a horse (?) and caused a stone pillar to be set up, (in order to show) that the Blessed One was born here. (He) made the village of Lummini free of taxes, and paying (only) an eighth share (of the produce).
3146:(2002) takes the intermediate position that the oral transmission of the Vedic hymns may well have been achieved orally, but that the development of Panini's grammar presupposes writing (consistent with a development of Indian writing in c. the 4th century BCE).
993:
script share some general features, the differences between the Kharosthi and Brahmi scripts are "much greater than their similarities", and "the overall differences between the two render a direct linear development connection unlikely", states Richard Salomon.
2657:
as 800 BCE, contemporary with the Phoenician glyph forms that he mainly compared. Bühler cited a near-modern practice of writing Brahmic scripts informally without vowel diacritics as a possible continuation of this earlier abjad-like stage in development.
4053:
It has been noted that the basic system of vowel marking common to Brahmi and Kharosthī, in which every consonant is understood to be followed by a vowel, was well suited to Prakrit, but as Brahmi was adapted to other languages, a special notation called the
18205:"The three letters give us a complete name, which I read as Ṣastana (vide facsimile and cast). Dr. Vogel read it as Mastana but that is incorrect for Ma was always written with a circular or triangular knob below with two slanting lines joining the knob" in
3382:. The historical sequence of the specimens was interpreted to indicate an evolution in the level of stylistic refinement over several centuries, and they concluded that the Brahmi script may have arisen out of "mercantile involvement" and that the growth of
14215:(1832–39), oversaw one of the most productive periods of numismatic and epigraphic study in nineteenth-century India. Between 1833 and 1838, Prinsep published a series of papers based on Indo-Greek coins and his deciphering of Brahmi and Kharoshthi scripts.
5980:
In the middle period, the system seems to be developing. The use of a dash and a curved horizontal line is found. A lotus (flower) mark seems to mark the end, and a circular mark appears to indicate the full stop. There seem to be varieties of full stop.
3927:
1009:
states that Brahmi likely emerged from the Aramaic script (with extensive local development), but there is no evidence of a direct common source. According to Trigger, Brahmi was in use before the Ashoka pillars, at least by the 4th or 5th century BCE in
11616:
3137:
Opinions on this point, the possibility that there may not have been any writing scripts including Brahmi during the Vedic age, given the quantity and quality of the Vedic literature, are divided. While Falk (1993) disagrees with Goody, while
2664:
view of the development of Brahmi and Kharoṣṭhī, in which the idea of alphabetic sound representation was learned from the Aramaic-speaking Persians, but much of the writing system was a novel development tailored to the phonology of Prakrit.
4060:
was introduced to indicate the omission of the final vowel. Kharoṣṭhī also differs in that the initial vowel representation has a single generic vowel symbol that is differentiated by diacritics, and long vowels are not distinguished.
3921:. In modern Devanagari the components of a conjunct are written left to right when possible (when the first consonant has a vertical stem that can be removed at the right), whereas in Brahmi characters are joined vertically downwards.
3273:
to his daughter Bambhi (बाम्भी); she emphasized बाम्भी as the main script as she taught others, and therefore the name Brahmi for the script comes after her name. There is no early epigraphic proof for the expression "Brahmi script".
17303:
4023:
Vowels following a consonant are inherent or written by diacritics, but initial vowels have dedicated letters. There are three "primary" vowels in Ashokan Brahmi, which each occur in length-contrasted forms: /a/, /i/, /u/;
3817:
is in Tamil Brahmi script. Its date is uncertain and has been proposed to bolongs to 1th century CE. According to Frederick Asher, Tamil Brahmi inscriptions on potsherds have been found in Quseir al-Qadim and in Berenike,
924:
of 1877 speculated that Brahmi characters were derived from, among other things, a pictographic principle based on the human body, but Bühler noted that, by 1891, Cunningham considered the origins of the script uncertain.
15779:
In recent years, I have been leaning towards the view that the Brahmi script had an independent Indian evolution, probably emerging from the breakdown of the old Harappan script in the first half of the second millennium
13935:, ..., a universal monarch but this tradition had become extinct in India after the decline of Buddhism. However, in 1837, James Prinsep deciphered an inscription written in the earliest Indian script since the Harappan,
690:. Dozens of modern scripts used across South and South East Asia have descended from Brahmi, making it one of the world's most influential writing traditions. One survey found 198 scripts that ultimately derive from it.
3838:
is inscribed with Brahmi running from right to left, as in Aramaic. Several other instances of variation in the writing direction are known, though directional instability is fairly common in ancient writing systems.
3788:
Unlike the edicts of Ashoka, however, the majority of the inscriptions from this early period in Sri Lanka are found above caves. The language of Sri Lanka Brahmi inscriptions has been mostly been Prakrit though some
15251:
15347:
8774:, Ashoka describes his visit in the 21st year of his reign, and designates Lumbini as the birthplace of the Buddha. He also, for the first time in historical records, uses the epithet "Sakyamuni" (Sage of the
3030:, noted "... and this among a people who have no written laws, who are ignorant even of writing, and regulate everything by memory." This has been variously and contentiously interpreted by many authors.
2491:
According to Bühler, Brahmi added symbols for certain sounds not found in Semitic languages, and either deleted or repurposed symbols for Aramaic sounds not found in Prakrit. For example, Aramaic lacks the
3897:
1026:, and in the process of borrowing into another language, these syllables are taken to be the sound values of the symbols. They also accepted the idea that Brahmi was based on a North Semitic model.
916:, one of the earliest indigenous origin proponents, suggests that, in his time, the indigenous origin was a preference of British scholars in opposition to the "unknown Western" origin preferred by
14663:
Under different teachers, such as the Brahmin Lipikara and Deva Vidyasinha, he mastered Indian philology and scripts. According to Lalitavistara, there were as many as sixty-four scripts in India.
11721:
Over the course of a millennium, Brahmi developed into numerous regional scripts. Over time, these regional scripts became associated with the local languages. A Northern Brahmi gave rise to the
18468:
17844:
5977:
In the early Brahmi period, the existence of punctuation marks is not very well shown. Each letter has been written independently with some occasional space between words and longer sections.
3822:
which suggest that merchant and trade activity was flourishing in ancient times between India and the Red Sea region. Additional Tamil Brahmi inscription has been found in Khor Rori region of
716:, now in use throughout the world. The underlying system of numeration, however, was older, as the earliest attested orally transmitted example dates to the middle of the 3rd century CE in a
2794:
is supported by some Western and Indian scholars and writers. The theory that there are similarities to the Indus script was suggested by early European scholars such as the archaeologist
3142:
and John Hartley (2012) concur, not so much based on the difficulty of orally preserving the Vedic hymns, but on the basis that it is highly unlikely that Panini's grammar was composed.
18178:
3545:
15579:
Mohenjo-daro and the Indus civilization: being an official account of archaeological excavations at Mohenjo-Daro carried out by the government of India between the years 1922 and 1927
3387:
inscriptions might be intrusive into the potsherds from a later date. Indologist Harry Falk has argued that the Edicts of Ashoka represent an older stage of Brahmi, whereas certain
3366:
One of the most important recent developments regarding the origin of Brahmi has been the discovery of Brahmi characters inscribed on fragments of pottery from the trading town of
3347:, c. 250 BCE. Prakrit records predominate the epigraphic records discovered in the Indian subcontinent through about the 1st century CE. The earliest known Brahmi inscriptions in
3564:
in the northwest, which had both become extinct around the 4th century CE, and were yet undeciphered at the time the Edicts were discovered and investigated in the 19th century.
3491:
16245:
16193:
12825:). However, one of the authors, Gari Ledyard, on whose work much of this theorized connection rests, cautions against giving 'Phags-pa much credit in the development of Hangul:
18115:
13792:
Among the many descendants of Brāhmī are Devanāgarī (used for Sanskrit, Hindi and other Indian languages), the Bengali and Gujarati scripts and those of the Dravidian languages
3085:
Connections between Phoenician (4th column) and Brahmi (5th column). Note that 6th-to-4th-century BCE Aramaic (not shown) is in many cases intermediate in form between the two.
14792:, p. 19, fn. 42: "there is no doubt some truth in Goyal's comment that some of their views have been affected by 'nationalist bias' and 'imperialist bias,' respectively."
18511:
2806:(1934) proposed a derivation of the Brahmi alphabets from the Indus script, the match being considerably higher than that of Aramaic in his estimation. British archaeologist
15023:
14077:. The credit for decipherment of the Brahmi script goes to James Prinsep and thereafter Georg Buhler prepared complete and scientific tables of Brahmi and Khrosthi scripts.
3954:
2745:
is a study on writing in ancient India, and has a section on the origins of Brahmi. It features an extensive review of the literature up to that time. Falk sees the basic
18600:
14503:
or 'Greek horoscopy' of one Sphujidhvaja, which is a versified form of a translated Greek work on astrology. Some numbers in this text appear in concrete number format."
13470:(𑀢 and 𐡕) are nearly identical, as are several other pairs. Bühler also perceived a pattern of derivation in which certain characters were turned upside down, as with
15344:
1022:
through the recitation of its letter values. The idea is that learners of the source alphabet recite the sounds by combining the consonant with an unmarked vowel, e.g.
2846:
that it was premature to explain and evaluate them due to the large chronological gap between the scripts and the thus far indecipherable nature of the Indus script.
2782:, and stroke additions to represent other vowel signs. In addition, a new system of combining consonants vertically to represent complex sounds was also developed.
2758:
Kharoṣṭhī script source. Falk attempts to explain these anomalies by reviving the Greek influence hypothesis, a hypothesis that had previously fallen out of favor.
3704:
was then able to complete the decipherment of the Brahmi script. After acknowledging Lassen's first decipherment, Prinsep used a bilingual coin of Indo-Greek king
3650:(4th century CE) which had just been published, but this led to a mix of good (about 1/3) and bad guesses, which did not permit proper decipherment of the Brahmi.
3261:, which has been interpreted as "Bramhi". The Brahmi script is missing from the list of 18 scripts in the surviving versions of two later Jaina Sutras, namely the
2506:, and in Brahmi the symbols of the retroflex and non-retroflex consonants are graphically very similar, as if both had been derived from a single prototype. (See
19169:
4042:. Later versions of Brahmi add vowels for four syllabic liquids, short and long /ṛ/ and /ḷ/. Chinese sources indicate that these were later inventions by either
3411:"particularly ill-informed"; Falk argues that some of the earliest supposed inscriptions are not Brahmi letters at all, but merely misinterpreted non-linguistic
861:
script. These ideas however have lost credence, as they are "purely imaginative and speculative". Similar ideas have tried to connect the Brahmi script with the
19028:
18992:
14126:
deciphered by the British scholar James Prinsep in the 1830s, several generations of Indologists and historians have studied these inscriptions with great care.
11729:, sometimes also called "Late Brahmi" (used during the 5th century), which in turn diversified into a number of cursives during the Middle Ages, including the
3991:
3290:
686:
of the 5th century is sometimes called "Late Brahmi". From the 6th century onward, the Brahmi script diversified into numerous local variants, grouped as the
16886:
15933:
Das, S.; Ahuja, A.; Natarajan, B.; Panigrahi, B. K. (2009). "Multi-objective optimization of Kullback-Leibler divergence between Indus and Brahmi writing".
662:
638:
The origin of the script is still much debated, with most scholars stating that Brahmi was derived from or at least influenced by one or more contemporary
619:, the secretary of the Society, in a series of scholarly articles in the Society's journal in the 1830s. His breakthroughs built on the epigraphic work of
13564:
16084:
15202:
11569:
16239:
16187:
12880:
468:
20677:
20161:
19125:
16137:"The word dipi appears in the Old Persian inscription of Darius I at Behistan (Column IV. 39) having the meaning inscription or 'written document'."
16848:
Coningham, R.A.E.; Allchin, F.R.; Batt, C.M.; Lucy, D. (22 December 2008). "Passage to India? Anuradhapura and the Early Use of the Brahmi Script".
21107:
21097:
20672:
24012:
21087:
21077:
20667:
20662:
20657:
17574:
9197:
3728:
2873:, entirely independently from either Semitic models or the Indus script, though Salomon found these theories to be wholly speculative in nature.
846:, the genesis of the Brahmi script is less straightforward. Salomon reviewed existing theories in 1998, while Falk provided an overview in 1993.
2668:
Further evidence cited in favor of Persian influence has been the Hultzsch proposal in 1925 that the Prakrit/Sanskrit word for writing itself,
10437:
22803:
21092:
2983:, now generally simply translated as "writing" or "inscription". It is thought the word "lipi", which is also orthographed "dipi" in the two
1289:
The chart below shows the close resemblance that Brahmi has with the first four letters of Semitic script, the first column representing the
17374:
17330:
17231:
6011:
Brahmi is generally classified in three main types, which represent three main historical stages of its evolution over nearly a millennium:
5985:
the signs remained fairly simple in the inscriptions. One of the possible reasons may be that engraving is restricted while writing is not.
3875:
is understood. This "default short a" is a characteristic shared with Kharosthī, though the treatment of vowels differs in other respects.
3038:
Some proponents of the indigenous origin theories question the reliability and interpretation of comments made by Megasthenes (as quoted by
10416:("Great Satrap") in their Brahmi script inscriptions, as here in a dedicatory inscription by Prime Minister Ayama in the name of his ruler
3714:
16595:
14581:
occurs besides the mention of the sixty-four alphabets, known also from the printed Sanskrit text, the utterance of the Master Visvamitra"
10318:: RAJNO MAHAKSHATRAPASA GHSAMOTIKAPUTRASA CHASHTANASA "Of the Rajah, the Great Satrap, son of Ghsamotika, Chashtana". 1st–2nd century CE.
3594:
Early Brahmi, however, remained unreadable. Progress resumed in 1834 with the publication of proper facsimiles of the inscriptions on the
732:
20236:
20088:
18374:
18336:
18280:
18155:
18062:
17962:
17612:
17551:
17181:
16117:
15809:
15767:
15729:
15634:
15593:
15317:
14834:
14310:
14017:
13821:
17527:
17308:
14564:
14259:
14199:
14059:
11676:
18577:
16625:
14293:"Charles Masson: A footloose antiquarian in Afghanistan and the building up of numismatic collections in museums in India and England"
3544:, in March 1838. All the letters are correctly deciphered, except for two missing on the right: 𑀰(ś) and 𑀱(ṣ). Vowels and compounds
2854:
two. Furthermore, there is no accepted decipherment of the Indus script, which makes theories based on claimed decipherments tenuous.
22835:
19051:
18552:
18112:
3653:
The next major step towards deciphering the ancient Brahmi script of the 3rd-2nd centuries BCE was made in 1836 by Norwegian scholar
3391:
features of even the earliest Anuradhapura inscriptions are likely to be later, and so these potsherds may date from after 250 BCE.
2862:
three, and are thought to have been family, clan, or religious symbols. In 1935, C. L. Fábri proposed that symbols found on Mauryan
2684:
elsewhere, and this geographic distribution has long been taken, at least back to Bühler's time, as an indication that the standard
18496:
14073:
13874:
Facsimiles of the objects and writings unearthed—from pillars in North India to rocks in Orissa and Gujarat—found their way to the
13626:
3374:). In 1996, Coningham et al. stated that the script on the Anuradhapura inscriptions is Brahmi, but stated that the language was a
14071:
In 1836, James Prinsep published a long series of facsimiles of ancient inscriptions, and this series continued in volumes of the
13625:
The archeological sites near the northern Indian city of Mathura has been one of the largest source of such ancient inscriptions.
13518:
3712:, and noted that most of them ended with the same two Brahmi characters: "𑀤𑀦𑀁". Prinsep guessed correctly that they stood for "
3669:
script to correctly and securely identify several Brahmi letters. The matching legends on the bilingual coins of Agathocles were:
3370:
in Sri Lanka, which have been dated to between the 6th and the early 4th century BCE, although these finds are controversial (see
19174:
14499:, p. 47. "A firm upper bound for the date of this invention is attested by a Sanskrit text of the mid-third century CE, the
3520:
to correctly achieve in 1836 the first secure decipherment of several letters of the Brahmi script, which was later completed by
3007:
4072:, the traditional Vedic theory of Sanskrit phonology. This begins the list of characters with the initial vowels (starting with
2849:
The main obstacle to this idea is the lack of evidence for writing during the millennium and a half between the collapse of the
587:
to associate vowels with consonant symbols. The writing system only went through relatively minor evolutionary changes from the
17287:
17252:
17098:
15975:
15900:
14272:
paved the way for epigraphical and historical studies in India, is due to scholars like Prinsep, Lassen, Norris and Cunningham.
3722:
word for "gift" or "donation", which permitted to further increase the number of known letters. With the help of Ratna Pâla, a
3627:
The same year, in 1834, some attempts by Rev. J. Stevenson were made to identify intermediate early Brahmi characters from the
818:(3rd century BCE). These Jain script lists include Brahmi at number 1 and Kharoṣṭhi at number 4, but also Javanaliya (probably
22025:
18597:
18402:
9214:
1018:
Justeson and Stephens proposed that this inherent vowel system in Brahmi and Kharoṣṭhī developed by transmission of a Semitic
23905:
20154:
19118:
19040:
18963:
18939:
18864:
18840:
18819:
18800:
18766:
18728:
18697:
18662:
18630:
18056:
18018:
17649:
17606:
17462:
17175:
16917:
16654:
16563:
16525:
16475:
16437:
16375:
15942:
15761:
15723:
15587:
14828:
14632:
14304:
14253:
14193:
14152:
14107:
14053:
14011:
13962:
13904:
13856:
13815:
11682:
3049:
which they have committed to writing" to kings, but this detail does not appear in parallel extracts of Megasthenes found in
2765:
As of 2018, Harry Falk refined his view by affirming that Brahmi was developed from scratch in a rational way at the time of
22474:
18213:
18024:
17824:
17758:
17655:
17489:
17468:
17022:
16717:
16569:
16531:
16481:
16443:
16381:
16343:
16146:
14158:
14113:
13968:
13910:
13862:
2594:, which involved adding a curve or upward hook to the right side of the character (which has been speculated to derive from
24017:
18418:
8822:
When King Devanampriya Priyadarsin had been anointed twenty years, he came himself and worshipped (this spot) because the
3747:
and Telugu proper names have been identified in some inscriptions. Twenty-three letters have been identified. The letters
3428:
Calligraphical evolution: 3rd century BCE calligraphy (top), and a sample of the new calligraphic style introduced by the
3058:
21911:
20223:
18111:
Sukthankar, Vishnu Sitaram, V. S. Sukthankar Memorial Edition, Vol. II: Analecta, Bombay: Karnatak Publishing House 1945
16711:
16282:
3371:
3117:
2110:
1892:
481:
20447:
20093:
13427:
642:. Some non-specialists favour the idea of an indigenous origin or connection to the much older and as yet undeciphered
15872:
13723:
11822:, until the latter was merged into the former. The resulting script is widely adopted across India to write Sanskrit,
3708:
to decipher a few more letters. James Prinsep then analysed a large number of donatory inscriptions on the reliefs in
24022:
23673:
23659:
23629:
22768:
20098:
19702:
19004:
18889:
18453:
18368:
18330:
17956:
17818:
17568:
17521:
17016:
16329:
16111:
15803:
15628:
15541:
14913:
14170:
James Prinsep, an amateur epigraphist who worked in the British mint in Calcutta, first deciphered the Brāhmi script.
13780:
532:
17792:
Stefan Baums (2006). "Towards a computer encoding for Brahmi". In Gail, A.J.; Mevissen, G.J.R.; Saloman, R. (eds.).
4084:
attributes much of the popularity of the Brahmic script family to this "splendidly reasoned" system of arrangement.
2826:
Today the indigenous origin hypothesis is more commonly promoted by non-specialists, such as the computer scientist
657:. It was known by a variety of other names, including "lath", "Laṭ", "Southern Aśokan", "Indian Pali" or "Mauryan" (
23891:
22608:
22005:
20147:
19595:
19111:
15791:
15662:
15616:
12853:
3278:
himself when he created the first known inscriptions in the new script in the 3rd century BCE, used the expression
2435:
20452:
16883:
15846:
3423:
3246:
22331:
21592:
18083:
7616:
Early "Ashokan" Brahmi (3rd–1st century BCE) is regular and geometric, and organized in a very rational fashion:
3834:
Brahmi is usually written from left to right, as in the case of its descendants. However, an early coin found in
3528:
3356:
713:
450:
13462:
Aramaic is written from right to left, as are several early examples of Brahmi. For example, Brahmi and Aramaic
5974:
with the intention of making them public.) The idea of writing each word separately was not consistently used.
2811:
Erdosy later in 1995 expressed the opinion that there was as yet insufficient evidence to resolve the question.
868:
865:, but they remain unproven, and particularly suffer from the fact that the Indus script is as yet undeciphered.
23898:
22464:
22103:
18931:
Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan Languages
18875:
18435:
17990:
15555:
14995:
Trigger, Bruce G. (2004). "Writing Systems: a case study in cultural evolution". In Houston, Stephen D. (ed.).
14884:
1965:
13601:
8741:
The Brahmi script was the medium for some of the most famous inscriptions of ancient India, starting with the
22573:
22098:
21156:
19720:
17036:
3065:") can be read as a generic "composition" or "arrangement", rather than a written composition in particular.
2795:
2676:, suggesting a probable borrowing. A few of the Ashoka edicts from the region nearest the Persian empire use
999:
603:
The decipherment of Brahmi became the focus of European scholarly attention in the early 19th-century during
17:
21435:
3406:
and "Prakrit-Brahmi" inscriptions and fragments have been found. Their stratigraphic analysis combined with
3104:, inscribed with small numbers of characters which seem to be Brāhmī. These sherds have been dated, by both
3096:
Support for this idea of pre-Ashokan development has been given very recently by the discovery of sherds at
488:
23884:
23863:
21151:
20926:
20442:
20218:
19674:
19664:
19179:
2688:
form is a later alteration that appeared as it diffused away from the Persian sphere of influence. Persian
2218:
16918:"New evidences on scientific dates for Brāhmī Script as revealed from Porunthal and Kodumanal Excavations"
11550:
11530:
11510:
11490:
11470:
11450:
11423:
11403:
11383:
11363:
11343:
11323:
11303:
11276:
11256:
11236:
11216:
11196:
11176:
11156:
11127:
11107:
11087:
11067:
11047:
11027:
11007:
10980:
10958:
10938:
10918:
10898:
10878:
10773:
10757:
10739:
10723:
10705:
10687:
10672:
10654:
10634:
10621:
10601:
10588:
10568:
10550:
10289:
10269:
10249:
10229:
10209:
10189:
10162:
10142:
10122:
10102:
10082:
10062:
10042:
10015:
9995:
9975:
9955:
9935:
9915:
9895:
9866:
9846:
9826:
9806:
9786:
9766:
9746:
9719:
9697:
9677:
9657:
9637:
9617:
9512:
9496:
9478:
9462:
9444:
9426:
9411:
9393:
9373:
9360:
9340:
9327:
9307:
9289:
8707:
8689:
8671:
8653:
8635:
8617:
8592:
8574:
8556:
8538:
8520:
8502:
8484:
8459:
8441:
8423:
8405:
8387:
8369:
8351:
8324:
8306:
8288:
8270:
8252:
8234:
8216:
8191:
8171:
8153:
8135:
8117:
8099:
7996:
7980:
7964:
7948:
7930:
7914:
7898:
7882:
7864:
7848:
7832:
7816:
7798:
7782:
7766:
7750:
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7716:
7700:
7684:
4030:
3918:
3914:
3872:
3192:
and creation". Later Chinese Buddhist account of the 6th century CE also supports its creation to the god
2555:
1023:
464:
460:
23764:
23743:
22423:
22418:
22113:
22015:
20537:
20228:
19080:
18830:
17929:
8965:
3412:
2858:
2538:), and it appears that these unneeded emphatic letters filled in for some of Brahmi's aspirates: Aramaic
2254:
1855:
238:
17370:
Four Reports Made During the Years 1862-63-64-65 by Alexander Cunningha M: 1/ by Alexander Cunningham. 1
17326:
Four Reports Made During the Years 1862-63-64-65 by Alexander Cunningha M: 1/ by Alexander Cunningham. 1
17227:
Four Reports Made During the Years 1862-63-64-65 by Alexander Cunningha M: 1/ by Alexander Cunningham. 1
23831:
22428:
21995:
21408:
20469:
20062:
19220:
18398:
Notes on the Evolution of Alchon Coins Journal of the Oriental Numismatic Society, No. 216, Summer 2013
14030:
orientalists. The later discoveries would be made by Continental Orientalists or by Indians themselves.
11749:
8761:
3433:
2471:
2291:
2037:
21161:
20479:
18434:
Smith, Janet S. (Shibamoto) (1996). "Japanese Writing". In Daniels, Peter T.; Bright, William (eds.).
3556:
Besides a few inscriptions in Greek and Aramaic (which were only discovered in the 20th century), the
3006:
Scharfe adds that the best evidence is that no script was used or ever known in India, aside from the
896:(usually Aramaic). This is accepted by the vast majority of script scholars since the publications by
22081:
21803:
21356:
20943:
20113:
20078:
18776:
Norman, Kenneth R. (1992). "The Development of Writing in India and its Effect upon the Pāli Canon".
18190:
14212:
13981:
13875:
3541:
3154:
Several divergent accounts of the origin of the name "Brahmi" (ब्राह्मी) appear in history. The term
3109:
2850:
2469:
2433:
2397:
2361:
2325:
2289:
2252:
2216:
2180:
2144:
2108:
2072:
2035:
1999:
1963:
1929:
1927:
1890:
1853:
1817:
1781:
1745:
1613:
1538:
1463:
1388:
608:
18744:
The Korean Language Reform of 1446: The Origin, Background, and Early History of the Korean Alphabet
18536:
The Korean language reform of 1446: the origin, background, and early history of the Korean alphabet
24027:
23581:
23567:
22872:
21455:
21258:
20474:
20108:
19149:
3158:(बाम्भी in original) appears in Indian texts in different contexts. According to the rules of the
2661:
2363:
113:
23186:
20602:
18254:
18096:
14806:. Vol. 1: Inscriptions of Asoka. Calcutta: Superintendent of Government Printing. p. 54.
9089:
4068:
order of Brahmi is believed to have been the same as most of its descendant scripts, one based on
3739:
Ashokan inscriptions are found all over India and a few regional variants have been observed. The
653:
Brahmi was at one time referred to in English as the "pin-man" script, likening the characters to
23870:
22898:
21855:
21532:
21511:
21391:
21371:
21203:
20874:
20778:
20255:
20213:
20170:
19725:
19603:
19154:
19135:
18881:
18441:
17368:
17324:
17225:
14538:
13927:
script, largely by James Prinsep. Many inscriptions pertaining to the early past were written in
13505:
11714:
11595:
9048:
5988:
Baums identifies seven different punctuation marks needed for computer representation of Brahmi:
3781:
In English, the most widely available set of reproductions of Brahmi texts found in Sri Lanka is
3572:
3057:. The implication of writing per se is also not totally clear in the original Greek as the term "
2799:
2074:
1819:
1747:
1615:
1465:
959:
31:
18874:
Salomon, Richard (1996). "Brahmi and Kharoshthi". In Daniels, Peter T.; Bright, William (eds.).
16989:
15792:
Senarat Paranavitana; Leelananda Prematilleka; Johanna Engelberta van Lohuizen-De Leeuw (1978).
15617:
Senarat Paranavitana; Leelananda Prematilleka; Johanna Engelberta van Lohuizen-De Leeuw (1978).
3204:
and others thought it was more likely to have been given the name because it was moulded by the
252:
22588:
21527:
21517:
21450:
20960:
20393:
19735:
19201:
18472:
17848:
17410:
17114:
16590:
13417:
12899:
12840:
10833:
9572:
8736:
8056:
3197:
3162:
language, it is a feminine word which literally means "of Brahma" or "the female energy of the
833:
446:
18358:
18320:
18273:
18146:
18046:
17946:
17596:
17423:
17206:
17163:
16701:
16101:
15793:
15751:
15713:
15618:
15577:
15297:
14818:
14292:
14003:
British Orientalism and the Bengal Renaissance: The Dynamics of Indian Modernization 1773–1835
14001:
13805:
5949:
3217:
3092:(2005) suggests that Brahmi was devised over a longer period of time predating Ashoka's rule:
3026:, a Greek ambassador to the Mauryan court in Northeastern India only a quarter century before
2857:
A promising possible link between the Indus script and later writing traditions may be in the
2507:
773:
671:
23972:
23877:
23666:
23615:
23075:
22997:
22761:
22700:
22685:
22254:
22133:
21875:
21835:
21567:
21243:
20427:
20415:
20388:
20373:
19364:
19196:
17808:
17511:
17352:
17046:
16404:
Norman, Kenneth R. "The Development of Writing in India and its Effect upon the Pāli Canon".
14558:
14243:
14183:
14097:
14043:
13952:
13894:
13846:
12856:. As of June 2022 there are two non-commercially available fonts that support Brahmi, namely
10801:
9540:
8024:
3681:
3662:
3517:
2709:
2399:
2182:
2146:
1283:
721:
639:
604:
344:
172:
22680:
21885:
18573:
17548:
16906:
Rajan prefers the term "Prakrit-Brahmi" to distinguish Prakrit-language Brahmi inscriptions.
16613:
11734:
9205:
4076:), then lists a subset of the consonants in five phonetically related groups of five called
4029:
they were /ai/ and /a:i/). However, there are only nine distinct vowel diacritics, as short
3863:, meaning that each letter represents a consonant, while vowels are written with obligatory
2866:
were remnants of the Indus script that had survived the collapse of the Indus civilization.
2814:
23736:
23487:
23164:
22660:
22315:
22279:
21684:
21607:
21440:
21188:
21178:
21017:
21000:
20316:
20103:
19651:
19461:
19331:
17754:
Mālwa in Post-Maurya Period: A Critical Study with Special Emphasis on Numismatic Evidences
15880:
14973:
3979:
3967:
3740:
3579:
king Anantavarman. Wilkins seems to have relied essentially on the similarities with later
3000:
2819:
1783:
1540:
1324:
913:
885:
881:
858:
709:
704:) written in the Brahmi script a few numerals were found, which have come to be called the
632:
628:
167:
19015:
18692:, vol. 1, pp. 118–130, Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 976 pages,
18548:
18445:
17598:
Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: Reflections on the Chola Naval Expeditions to Southeast Asia
15605:
Langdon also suggested that the Brahmi script was derived from the Indus writing, ...
3785:; in volume 1 (1976), many of the inscriptions are dated to the 3rd–2nd century BCE.
990:
8:
22563:
22459:
22181:
21704:
20410:
20118:
19384:
19299:
19294:
19243:
19159:
18010:
India: The Ancient Past: A History of the Indian Subcontinent from C. 7000 BCE to CE 1200
17948:
India: The Ancient Past: A History of the Indian Subcontinent from c. 7000 BCE to CE 1200
15340:
13633:(Maharashtra) are other important sources of Brahmi inscriptions from the 1st century CE.
12810:
11745:
11137:
10806:
9876:
9545:
8835:
8334:
8029:
3379:
3143:
2511:
2493:
1680:
1290:
893:
141:
20726:
17269:
3871:
s in Sanskrit, except when the vowels begin a word. When no vowel is written, the vowel
2818:
A proposed connection between the Brahmi and Indus scripts, made in the 19th century by
1282:
Phoenician, and proposed an early 8th century BCE date for the borrowing. A link to the
669:, associated it with the Brahmi script, the first in a list of scripts mentioned in the
23722:
23699:
23333:
23222:
23212:
23104:
23047:
23033:
22990:
22695:
22578:
22413:
22305:
22264:
22218:
22213:
22108:
22090:
21758:
21689:
21654:
21602:
21415:
21403:
20814:
20736:
20637:
20192:
19991:
19913:
19798:
19431:
19369:
19319:
19286:
19191:
19164:
18916:
18641:
16865:
16409:
16041:
16033:
15547:
15447:
15406:
15271:
14876:
14684:
14624:
14402:
14363:
14093:
13743:
11796:
11730:
11701:
10375:
3906:
3892:
3621:
3463:
The calligraphy of the Brahmi script remained virtually unchanged from the time of the
3105:
2863:
2704:
2629:
The attached table lists the correspondences between Brahmi and North Semitic scripts.
2527:
917:
768:
334:
59:
22955:
22613:
18814:, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 685 pages, pp 385–514, pp. 385–514,
16268:
Historiography and Self-Definition: Josephos, Luke–Acts, and Apologetic Historiography
5999:
dot (𑁉), double dot (𑁊), and horizontal line (𑁋) – delimiting shorter textual units
3269:. Jain legend recounts that 18 writing scripts were taught by their first Tirthankara
666:
23845:
23838:
23574:
23560:
23472:
23361:
23271:
23250:
23229:
23157:
23089:
22948:
22906:
22858:
22593:
22583:
22228:
22223:
22128:
22123:
22030:
21985:
21808:
21788:
21778:
21768:
21763:
21699:
21694:
21622:
21557:
21542:
21492:
21487:
21430:
21366:
21324:
21166:
21052:
20975:
20491:
20486:
20363:
20050:
19803:
19712:
19575:
19501:
19466:
19436:
19411:
19379:
19349:
19344:
19314:
19228:
19036:
19000:
18959:
18935:
18885:
18860:
18836:
18815:
18796:
18762:
18724:
18693:
18658:
18626:
18449:
18364:
18326:
18235:
18052:
18014:
17952:
17814:
17810:
A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century
17645:
17602:
17517:
17458:
17171:
17012:
16869:
16707:
16703:
A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century
16650:
16559:
16521:
16471:
16433:
16371:
16335:
16325:
16107:
16045:
16016:
Fábri, C. L. (1935). "The Punch-Marked Coins: A Survival of the Indus Civilization".
15938:
15799:
15757:
15719:
15624:
15583:
15551:
15537:
15275:
14880:
14824:
14628:
14406:
14300:
14249:
14189:
14148:
14103:
14049:
14007:
13958:
13900:
13852:
13811:
10988:
10813:
9727:
9552:
9225:
9209:
Heliodorus pillar rubbing (inverted colors). The text is in the Brahmi script of the
8953:
8823:
8199:
8036:
3910:
3567:
Inscriptions of the 6th century CE in late Brahmi were already deciphered in 1785 by
3561:
3394:
More recently in 2013, Rajan and Yatheeskumar published excavations at Porunthal and
2327:
2001:
951:
814:
694:
216:
65:
14540:
Sugh Terracotta with Brahmi Barakhadi: appears in the Bulletin National Museum No. 2
3415:, which were used in South India for several centuries during the pre-literate era.
3081:
23979:
23917:
23810:
23771:
23757:
23715:
23590:
23536:
23517:
23451:
23443:
23429:
23422:
23347:
23143:
23118:
23054:
23026:
22941:
22927:
22844:
22817:
22754:
22665:
22568:
22390:
22233:
21860:
21840:
21830:
21825:
21709:
21465:
21398:
21386:
21351:
21346:
21329:
21268:
21233:
21193:
20995:
20990:
20938:
20889:
20773:
20707:
20647:
20597:
20542:
20459:
20437:
20422:
20368:
20358:
20292:
20123:
19951:
19936:
19831:
19823:
19813:
19808:
19773:
19679:
19636:
19631:
19562:
19552:
19534:
19509:
19491:
19486:
19476:
19456:
19441:
19421:
19416:
19354:
19309:
18949:
18908:
18396:
17906:
17859:
17284:
17159:
16857:
16172:
16025:
15998:
15967:
15897:
15529:
15439:
15309:
15267:
15263:
15236:
14868:
14616:
14394:
14355:
13735:
12822:
12818:
11831:
11823:
11792:
11741:
11431:
11284:
10859:
10494:
10170:
10023:
9598:
8742:
8600:
8467:
8082:
7611:
4081:
3794:
3723:
3654:
3647:
3603:
3595:
3557:
3509:
3472:
3407:
3344:
3298:
3054:
2900:
2835:
2693:
2497:
2202:
2094:
1803:
1685:
1585:
1334:
843:
752:
620:
597:
506:
370:
318:
286:
262:
257:
177:
23817:
23012:
22638:
22289:
21659:
19697:
18778:
Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde Südasiens / Vienna Journal of South Asian Studies
18322:
The Imperial Maukharis: History of Imperial Maukharis of Kanauj and Harshavardhana
16928:
16649:. Motilal Banarsidass (Reprint of Oxford Clarendon). p. xxvi with footnotes.
14604:
14500:
11705:
1800 years separate these two inscriptions: Brahmi script of the 3rd century BCE (
23803:
23495:
23436:
23382:
23375:
23354:
23340:
23324:
23302:
23257:
23150:
23125:
23097:
23082:
23005:
22983:
22976:
22934:
22894:
22865:
22553:
22523:
22346:
22269:
22035:
21965:
21870:
21818:
21798:
21734:
21724:
21714:
21679:
21644:
21639:
21634:
21547:
21502:
21497:
21381:
21376:
21223:
21213:
21067:
21032:
21027:
21007:
20901:
20859:
20799:
20682:
20652:
20562:
20522:
20464:
20398:
20378:
20326:
20309:
20297:
19941:
19923:
19898:
19783:
19768:
19689:
19669:
19613:
19547:
19481:
19446:
19426:
19359:
19271:
19251:
19233:
18974:
18953:
18929:
18854:
18790:
18756:
18742:
18718:
18690:
Companion Encyclopedia of the History and Philosophy of the Mathematical Sciences
18652:
18604:
18422:
18207:
18119:
18008:
17994:
17752:
17639:
17555:
17547:
Epigraphia Zeylanica: 1904–1912, Volume 1. Government of Sri Lanka, 1976.
17483:
17452:
17291:
17006:
16890:
16599:
16553:
16515:
16465:
16427:
16365:
16319:
16140:
15904:
15876:
15351:
14142:
14138:
13842:
13495:
13442:
11761:
11706:
11696:
10796:
10503:
10455:
10409:
10335:
9535:
9247:
8931:
8019:
3580:
3568:
3549:
3124:
2807:
1913:
1767:
1702:
1510:
1360:
1344:
1339:
808:
803:
705:
687:
565:
267:
226:
145:
38:
22000:
21183:
19103:
17457:. Harvard University Department of Sanskrit and Indian Studies. pp. 91–94.
15699:
The Archaeology of Early Historic South Asia: The Emergence of Cities and States
14820:
The Archaeology of Early Historic South Asia: The Emergence of Cities and States
14398:
12904:
3229:
as some of the sixty-four scripts the Buddha knew as a child. Several sutras of
3201:
3035:
were unwritten and that oral tradition played such an important part in India."
2311:
942:
901:
676:
436:
23940:
23824:
23708:
23688:
23597:
23465:
23396:
23295:
23243:
23236:
23068:
23061:
23040:
23019:
22920:
22913:
22720:
22675:
22603:
22598:
22449:
22433:
22408:
22351:
22341:
22336:
22176:
22050:
22010:
21980:
21926:
21921:
21916:
21890:
21865:
21813:
21753:
21719:
21669:
21617:
21582:
21537:
21507:
21460:
21420:
21319:
21273:
21228:
21146:
21082:
21037:
21022:
20985:
20965:
20933:
20921:
20869:
20864:
20854:
20844:
20839:
20756:
20741:
20731:
20697:
20687:
20632:
20617:
20582:
20432:
20336:
20284:
20174:
20038:
19971:
19966:
19956:
19869:
19836:
19778:
19748:
19626:
19570:
19524:
19374:
19304:
19266:
18415:
17871:
17428:. Calcutta : Printed at the Baptist Mission Press 1838. pp. 219–285.
17211:. Calcutta : Printed at the Baptist Mission Press 1834. pp. 495–499.
15345:
Emergence of Viṣṇu and Śiva Images in India: Numismatic and Sculptural Evidence
14383:"The hybrid origin of Brahmi script from Aramaic, Phoenician and Greek letters"
13690:
11777:
11769:
10791:
9530:
8014:
3764:
3744:
3468:
3429:
2746:
2347:
2238:
2058:
2021:
1985:
1949:
1731:
1435:
1349:
1329:
955:
897:
792:
588:
573:
561:
553:
365:
349:
339:
313:
298:
281:
276:
247:
206:
22150:
18688:
Hayashi, Takao (2003), "Indian Mathematics", in Grattan-Guinness, Ivor (ed.),
16861:
16495:
16029:
15533:
15430:
Salomon, Richard (1995). "Review: On the Origin of the Early Indian Scripts".
14872:
14620:
3418:
751:
The Brahmi script is mentioned in the ancient Indian texts of the three major
24006:
23947:
23796:
23729:
23652:
23622:
23480:
23458:
23389:
23285:
23264:
23111:
22969:
22887:
22880:
22851:
22810:
22725:
22715:
22710:
22497:
22191:
21850:
21793:
21445:
21218:
21102:
21057:
21012:
20980:
20829:
20746:
20719:
20692:
20622:
20607:
20592:
20304:
20128:
19981:
19890:
19788:
19763:
19753:
19641:
19580:
19451:
19276:
19186:
17890:
17641:
The Indian Ocean Trade in Antiquity: Political, Cultural and Economic Impacts
17354:
To cherish and conserve the early years of the archaeological survey of India
16809:
14089:
13890:
13552:
13527:
13478:, which he attributed to a stylistic preference against top-heavy characters.
13422:
12814:
11807:
11800:
11603:
11579:
10421:
10331:
8981:
6889:
3768:
3701:
3617:
3537:
3521:
3496:
3464:
3281:
3270:
3139:
2946:
2936:
2831:
2455:
2419:
2383:
2166:
2130:
1876:
1498:
1006:
783:
616:
557:
430:
354:
221:
211:
137:
20766:
18812:
The Mathematics of Egypt, Mesopotamia, China, India, and Islam: A Sourcebook
17488:. State Department of Archaeology, Government of Tamil Nadu. pp. 1–12.
16339:
16089:. Vol. 1: Inscriptions of Asoka. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. xlii.
15313:
15143:
Andersen, F. I.; Freedman, D. N. (1992). "Aleph as a vowel in Old Aramaic".
14382:
13954:
The Archaeology of South Asia: From the Indus to Asoka, c. 6500 BCE – 200 CE
10342:, with inscription "Shastana" in Middle Brahmi script of the Kushan period (
8988:. Historically, it is one of the earliest known inscriptions related to the
2941:
2881:
23403:
23368:
23309:
22796:
22558:
22454:
22367:
22259:
22160:
21970:
21783:
21748:
21729:
21664:
21552:
21314:
21238:
21047:
21042:
20953:
20948:
20884:
20824:
20804:
20761:
20751:
20702:
20587:
20567:
20557:
20405:
20383:
20341:
20139:
19999:
19976:
19874:
19659:
19585:
18752:
18738:
18623:
Sound and Communication: An Aesthetic Cultural History of Sanskrit Hinduism
18256:
Das Buch der Schrift: Enthaltend die Schriftzeichen und Alphabete aller ...
17910:
17902:
17874:
15869:
15658:
The Script of Harappa and Mohenjodaro and Its Connection with Other Scripts
15207:. Vol. 1: Inscriptions of Asoka. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. xlii
14239:
13576:
13558:
13538:
13437:
12323:
11788:
11726:
11722:
11631:
11575:
10467:
10461:
9210:
9193:
8846:
7369:
6026:
4025:
3950:
3798:
3790:
3774:
3643:
3639:
3611:
3607:
3476:
3403:
3367:
3097:
3089:
2804:
The Script of Harappa and Mohenjodaro and Its Connection with Other Scripts
2791:
2770:
2558:), etc. And just where Aramaic did not have a corresponding emphatic stop,
2275:
1839:
1493:
1488:
1457:
1390:
873:
862:
850:
683:
654:
643:
624:
592:
308:
303:
293:
233:
201:
21612:
19086:
17724:
Daniels, Peter T. (2008), "Writing systems of major and minor languages",
15367:
Bronkhorst, Johannes (2002). "Literacy and Rationality in Ancient India".
14905:
13772:
11543:
11523:
11503:
11483:
11463:
11443:
11416:
11396:
11376:
11356:
11336:
11316:
11296:
11269:
11249:
11229:
11209:
11189:
11169:
11149:
11120:
11100:
11080:
11060:
11040:
11020:
11000:
10973:
10951:
10931:
10911:
10891:
10871:
10767:
10751:
10733:
10717:
10699:
10681:
10666:
10648:
10628:
10615:
10595:
10582:
10562:
10544:
10487:
10282:
10262:
10242:
10222:
10202:
10182:
10155:
10135:
10115:
10095:
10075:
10055:
10035:
10008:
9988:
9968:
9948:
9928:
9908:
9888:
9859:
9839:
9819:
9799:
9779:
9759:
9739:
9712:
9690:
9670:
9650:
9630:
9610:
9506:
9490:
9472:
9456:
9438:
9420:
9405:
9387:
9367:
9354:
9334:
9321:
9301:
9283:
8722:
8700:
8682:
8664:
8646:
8628:
8610:
8585:
8567:
8549:
8531:
8513:
8495:
8477:
8452:
8434:
8416:
8398:
8380:
8362:
8344:
8317:
8299:
8281:
8263:
8245:
8227:
8209:
8184:
8164:
8146:
8128:
8110:
8092:
7990:
7974:
7958:
7942:
7924:
7908:
7892:
7876:
7858:
7842:
7826:
7810:
7792:
7776:
7760:
7744:
7726:
7710:
7694:
7678:
7624:
4007:
3797:. The earliest widely accepted examples of writing in Brahmi are found in
2660:
The weakest forms of the Semitic hypothesis are similar to Gnanadesikan's
2570:
are graphically very similar, as if taken from the same source in Aramaic
2521:
2515:
2501:
736:
A northern example of Brahmi epigraphy: ancient terracotta sculpture from
23986:
23750:
23681:
22962:
22653:
22513:
22274:
22118:
21975:
21880:
21649:
21577:
21562:
21470:
21263:
21173:
21072:
21062:
20916:
20879:
20834:
20819:
20794:
20714:
20642:
20627:
20331:
20083:
19961:
19793:
19743:
19621:
18850:
15795:
Studies in South Asian Culture: Senarat Paranavitana Commemoration Volume
15620:
Studies in South Asian Culture: Senarat Paranavitana Commemoration Volume
13537:
For example, according to Hultzsch, the first line of the First Edict at
13432:
11815:
11757:
11623:
10443:
9070:
9064:
8989:
8985:
8973:
8924:
3628:
3584:
3388:
3383:
3360:
3328:
3172:
3070:
3044:
3031:
3023:
2988:
2967:
2928:
2869:
Another form of the indigenous origin theory is that Brahmi was invented
2827:
2574:. Bühler saw a systematic derivational principle for the other aspirates
2562:, Brahmi seems to have doubled up for the corresponding aspirate: Brahmi
967:
963:
819:
17988:
Greek Culture in Afghanistan and India: Old Evidence and New Discoveries
16413:
16037:
15711:
14926:
Pradesh, is inscribed with Brāhmī characters running from right to left.
14688:
13672:
the scripts whose names corresponded to the Brahmi and Kharosthi of the
13612:
More numerous inscribed Sanskrit records in Brahmi have been found near
9042:
8885:𑀲𑀺𑀮𑀸𑀯𑀺𑀕𑀥𑀪𑀺𑀘𑀸𑀓𑀸𑀳𑀸𑀧𑀺𑀢 𑀲𑀺𑀮𑀸𑀣𑀪𑁂𑀘 𑀉𑀲𑀧𑀸𑀧𑀺𑀢𑁂
2209:
975:
22643:
22618:
22186:
21629:
21119:
21114:
20970:
20911:
20552:
19931:
19542:
15997:
Ray, Himanshu Prabha (2006), "Inscribed pots, emerging identities", in
15661:, Studies in the history of culture, London: K. Paul, Trench, Trubner,
14961:
14367:
13997:
13751:
13587:
13581:
13572:
12873:
12561:
11811:
11710:
11627:
8969:
3658:
3588:
3533:
3513:
3399:
3131:
3112:, to pre-Ashokan times, perhaps as much as two centuries before Ashoka.
2839:
2318:
2101:
877:
854:
569:
327:
18920:
18899:
Salomon, Richard (1995). "On the Origin of the Early Indian Scripts".
18810:
Plofker, K. (2007), "Mathematics of India", in Katz, Victor J. (ed.),
18784:(Proceedings of the VIIIth World Sanskrit Conference Vienna): 239–249.
15831:
15451:
13747:
12420:
12406:
11837:
The arrangement of Brahmi was adopted as the modern order of Japanese
11203:
11163:
8956:
is a stone column that was erected around 113 BCE in central India in
8730:
7467:
7453:
1920:
23954:
23933:
23926:
22705:
22542:
22238:
22205:
22040:
21931:
21480:
21208:
21124:
20849:
19880:
19261:
18714:
16018:
The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland
14861:
The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland
14609:
The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland
13531:
12539:
12532:
12490:
12476:
12455:
12441:
12427:
12413:
12399:
12392:
12371:
12357:
12350:
12336:
11765:
11657:
11647:
11497:
11457:
11350:
11310:
11263:
11223:
11183:
11143:
11114:
11074:
11014:
10945:
10925:
10885:
10693:
10556:
9172:𑀢𑁆𑀭𑀺𑀦𑀺 𑀅𑀫𑀼𑀢𑁋𑀧𑀸𑀤𑀸𑀦𑀺 (𑀇𑀫𑁂) (𑀲𑀼)𑀅𑀦𑀼𑀣𑀺𑀢𑀸𑀦𑀺
8872:
8850:
8831:
7586:
7579:
7537:
7523:
7502:
7488:
7474:
7460:
7446:
7439:
7418:
7404:
7397:
7383:
6015:
Early Brahmi represented in the Ashokan script. (3rd-1st century BCE)
4065:
4043:
3864:
3802:
3705:
3395:
3332:
3309:
3177:
3101:
2984:
2774:
1011:
970:. The pillar's Brahmi-script inscription states that Heliodorus is a
839:
647:
584:
545:
396:
384:
22648:
17987:
15715:
The Search of the Cradle of Civilization: New Light on Ancient India
15521:
14856:
14605:"The So-Called "Mahapadana" Suttanta and the Date of the Pali Canon"
14359:
14045:
Women and Society in Early Medieval India: Re-interpreting Epigraphs
13980:
Like William Jones, Prinsep was also an important figure within the
13807:
Greek Buddha: Pyrrho's Encounter with Early Buddhism in Central Asia
12852:
The Unicode block for Brahmi is U+11000–U+1107F. It lies within the
12553:
12546:
12525:
12518:
12511:
12504:
12497:
12483:
12469:
12462:
12448:
12434:
12378:
12364:
12343:
12329:
12076:
12069:
12062:
12055:
12048:
12041:
12034:
12027:
12020:
12013:
12006:
11999:
11992:
11985:
11978:
11971:
11964:
11957:
11950:
11943:
11936:
11929:
11922:
11915:
11908:
11901:
11894:
11887:
11880:
11873:
11866:
11859:
11852:
11662:
11652:
11642:
11636:
11537:
11517:
11477:
11437:
11410:
11390:
11370:
11330:
11290:
11243:
11094:
11034:
10994:
10967:
10905:
10865:
10660:
10642:
10609:
10576:
10538:
7600:
7593:
7572:
7565:
7558:
7551:
7544:
7530:
7516:
7509:
7495:
7481:
7425:
7411:
7390:
7376:
7227:
7213:
6267:
6260:
6253:
6246:
6239:
6232:
6225:
6218:
6211:
6204:
6197:
6190:
6183:
6176:
6169:
6162:
6155:
6148:
6141:
6134:
6127:
6120:
6113:
6106:
6099:
6092:
6085:
6078:
6071:
6064:
6057:
6050:
6043:
4056:
3878:
3504:
2790:
The possibility of an indigenous origin such as a connection to the
2354:
2245:
2065:
1992:
1956:
1631:
1626:
1551:
1476:
1401:
933:
747:, showing the first letters of the Brahmi alphabet, 2nd century BCE.
22670:
22633:
22628:
22508:
22469:
22310:
22069:
21954:
21845:
21587:
21475:
21425:
21296:
20809:
20612:
20572:
20353:
20346:
20197:
20043:
19946:
19908:
19758:
19471:
19399:
18912:
18416:
Coinindia Alchon Coins (for an exact description of this coin type)
16324:. Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur. pp. 241–245.
15935:
World Congress on Nature & Biologically Inspired Computing 2009
15443:
15011:
14185:
Inscriptions of Nature: Geology and the Naturalization of Antiquity
13739:
13542:
12869:
11819:
11773:
11753:
11599:
10447:
10417:
10370:
10350:
10339:
10315:
10196:
9942:
9902:
9236:
9076:
8961:
8896:
7346:
7339:
7297:
7283:
7262:
7248:
7234:
7220:
7206:
7199:
7178:
7164:
7157:
7143:
7043:
6987:
6973:
6803:
6747:
6733:
3814:
3719:
3675:
3576:
3348:
3250:
3212:
3159:
3066:
2996:
2951:
2633:
2426:
2390:
2028:
1015:
Indo-Greek, Indo-Scythian, Indo-Parthian, and Kushana dynasty era.
764:
756:
717:
708:. The numerals are additive and multiplicative and, therefore, not
456:
125:
22690:
17780:
Brāhmī Script: Development in North-Western India and Central Asia
16961:
Buddhist art of Mathurā, Ramesh Chandra Sharma, Agam, 1984 Page 26
15656:
13571:
This appears in the reading of Hultzsch's original rubbing of the
13350:
13347:
12385:
11054:
10344:
10236:
10089:
10049:
10002:
9962:
9922:
9882:
9853:
9813:
9793:
9753:
9684:
9664:
9624:
9432:
9295:
7432:
7360:
7353:
7332:
7325:
7318:
7311:
7304:
7290:
7276:
7269:
7255:
7241:
7192:
7185:
7171:
7150:
7136:
7106:
7099:
7057:
7022:
7008:
6994:
6980:
6966:
6959:
6952:
6938:
6924:
6917:
6903:
6817:
6782:
6768:
6754:
6740:
6726:
6719:
6712:
6698:
6684:
6677:
6663:
4019:
The Brahmi symbol for /ka/, modified to represent different vowels
3343:, dated to be from the 3rd to 1st centuries BCE, particularly the
3249:
include a list of 18 writing scripts known to teachers before the
2632:
Bühler states that both Phoenician and Brahmi had three voiceless
2462:
2173:
2137:
1883:
795:(~500 BCE), mastered philology, Brahmi and other scripts from the
22777:
22284:
22155:
22045:
22020:
21906:
21743:
21597:
21572:
21341:
21248:
20896:
20510:
20321:
19256:
19070:
18305:
15148:
13613:
12846:
10392:
10383:
10356:
10276:
10256:
10216:
10176:
10149:
10129:
10109:
10069:
10029:
9982:
9833:
9773:
9733:
9706:
9644:
9604:
9399:
9381:
9348:
9315:
9277:
9231:
9026:
8957:
8936:
8900:
8812:
8775:
8767:
7129:
7120:
7113:
7092:
7085:
7078:
7071:
7064:
7050:
7036:
7029:
7015:
7001:
6945:
6931:
6910:
6896:
6880:
6873:
6852:
6845:
6838:
6831:
6824:
6810:
6796:
6789:
6775:
6761:
6705:
6691:
6670:
6656:
6019:
5966:
4069:
3958:
3946:
3860:
3480:
3437:
3375:
3372:
Tamil Brahmi § Conflicting theories about origin since 1990s
3352:
3340:
3314:
3286:
3258:
3230:
3205:
3163:
3118:
Tamil Brahmi § Conflicting theories about origin since 1990s
3011:
2779:
2282:
1846:
1305:
796:
760:
737:
612:
580:
492:
412:
133:
89:
69:
18657:. Department of Archaeological Survey, Government of Sri Lanka.
14675:
Tsung-i, Jao (1964). "Chinese Sources on Brāhmī and Kharoṣṭhī".
14655:
The Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies
13493:(cha) from qoph. "M.L." indicates that the letter was used as a
4047:
3842:
2979:
2950:, the Indian word for writing scripts in his definitive work on
2887:
2510:
for a similar later development.) Aramaic did not have Brahmi's
978:. A couplet in it closely paraphrases a Sanskrit verse from the
23778:
21522:
21334:
21253:
21198:
20906:
20577:
20015:
19519:
19406:
19339:
18259:(in German). K. k. Hof- und Staatsdruckerei. 1880. p. 126.
17878:
17261:
13548:
13523:
13157:
12861:
12806:
12085:
9054:
9038:
8977:
8868:
6649:
6277:
5954:
3731:, a "virtually perfect" rendering of the full Brahmi alphabet.
3709:
3686:
3599:
3548:. All scripts derived from Brahmi are gathered under the term "
3455:
3324:
3319:
3294:
3275:
3193:
3185:
3181:
3062:
3050:
3039:
3027:
2896:
2766:
2723:
1253:
unaspirated glyph back formed as if aspirated glyph with curve
742:
18674:
Schrift im alten Indien: ein Forschungsbericht mit Anmerkungen
17304:
Extract of Prinsep's communication about Lassen's decipherment
13344:
13341:
13219:
12805:
Some authors have theorized that some of the basic letters of
6002:
crescent (𑁌) and lotus (𑁍) – delimiting larger textual units
4080:, and ends with four liquids, three sibilants, and a spirant.
3532:
Consonants of the Brahmi script, and evolution down to modern
3327:) in the Brahmi script, as inscribed by Ashoka in his Edicts.
2769:, by consciously combining the advantages of the pre-existing
1099:
Semitic emphatic (heth) (hook addition in Bhattiprolu script)
22145:
22140:
21990:
21773:
21674:
21361:
20272:
19389:
18955:
Languages and Nations: The Dravidian Proof in Colonial Madras
18789:
Patel, Purushottam G.; Pandey, Pramod; Rajgor, Dilip (2007).
17119:. Calcutta : Printed at the Baptist Mission Press 1838.
15097:
14774:
Goyal, S. R. (1979). S. P. Gupta; K. S. Ramachandran (eds.).
14653:
Nado, Lopon (1982). "The Development of Language in Bhutan".
13724:"On The Origin Of The Early Indian Scripts: A Review Article"
13630:
13616:
and elsewhere, but these are from the 1st century CE onwards.
11827:
11799:(also called slanting Brahmi), and the one used to write the
11781:
11607:
8771:
5993:
3819:
3167:
2715:
2646:
1648:
1643:
1607:
1568:
1563:
1532:
1418:
1413:
1382:
1269:
1247:
1019:
518:
19097:
18792:
The Indic Scripts: Palaeographic and Linguistic Perspectives
16826:
16824:
16736:
16734:
16687:Āgama Aura Tripiṭaka, Eka Anuśilana: Language and literature
13489:
13213:
3997:
Hmī (Ha+Ma+i+i), as in the word "Brāhmī" (𑀩𑁆𑀭𑀸𑀳𑁆𑀫𑀻).
3351:
are from the 1st century BCE, such as the few discovered in
2443:
2371:
2226:
2009:
1973:
1827:
1262:
1240:
1225:
1203:
1181:
1159:
1137:
1115:
1093:
1071:
22623:
22518:
20055:
19903:
19514:
19394:
18476:
17732:
17123:
14936:
14934:
14468:
14466:
14464:
14297:
Buddhism and Gandhara: An Archaeology of Museum Collections
13338:
13186:
13175:
13151:
13145:
12849:
Standard in October, 2010 with the release of version 6.0.
11838:
9101:𑀤𑁂𑀯𑀤𑁂𑀯𑀲 𑀯𑀸(𑀲𑀼𑀤𑁂)𑀯𑀲 𑀕𑀭𑀼𑀟𑀥𑁆𑀯𑀚𑁄 𑀅𑀬𑀁
9060:
8854:
5963:𑀯𑁂𑀤𑀺𑀲𑀓𑁂𑀳𑀺 𑀤𑀁𑀢𑀓𑀸𑀭𑁂𑀳𑀺 𑀭𑀼𑀧𑀓𑀁𑀫𑀁 𑀓𑀢𑀁
4015:
3941:
3935:
3835:
3823:
3666:
3419:
Calligraphical evolution (3rd century BCE - 1st century CE)
3189:
2650:
2641:
2600:
2479:
2407:
2335:
2299:
2263:
2190:
2154:
2118:
2082:
2046:
1937:
1901:
1864:
1791:
1755:
1719:
1218:
1196:
1174:
1152:
1130:
1108:
1086:
1064:
524:
129:
18991:
Buswell, Robert E. Jr.; Lopez, David S. Jr., eds. (2017).
18708:
Der Beginn der Schrift und frühe Schriftlichkeit in Indien
18620:
16799:
16797:
16501:
16367:
Buddhist Forum Volume V: Philological Approach to Buddhism
16321:
Der Beginn der Schrift und frühe Schriftlichkeit in Indien
15920:
Kak, S. (1990). "Indus and Brahmi – further connections".
15412:
15396:
15394:
15042:
15040:
14997:
The First Writing: Script Invention as History and Process
14979:
14518:
14211:
Prinsep, the Orientalist scholar, as the secretary of the
13702:
13700:
13689:, p. 17. "... the Brahmi script appeared in the
13353:
13183:
13172:
13148:
8718:
The final letter does not fit into the table above; it is
3571:, who published an essentially correct translation of the
1653:
1573:
1423:
18497:"On Writing Syllables: Three Episodes of Script Transfer"
17681:
17669:
17549:
http://www.royalasiaticsociety.lk/inscriptions/?q=node/12
17267:
16821:
16782:
16758:
16746:
16731:
14742:
14740:
13390:
13300:
3467:
to the end of the 1st century BCE. Around this time, the
3176:, it appears in the sense of a goddess, particularly for
2995:
also meaning "inscription", which is used for example by
1810:
787:(scripts), with the Brahmi script starting the list. The
675:. Thence the name was adopted in the influential work of
149:
18684:, in Annuaire du Collège de France 1988–1989 (in French)
18549:"Google Noto Fonts – Download Noto Sans Brahmi zip file"
18082:
Archaeological Survey of India, Annual report 1908–1909
16847:
15947:
15494:
15126:
15124:
15071:
15069:
15067:
15052:
14931:
14461:
13899:. University of California Press. pp. 11, 178–179.
13297:
9226:
Middle Brahmi or "Kushana Brahmi" (1st–3rd centuries CE)
1774:
1709:
18471:, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838
17847:, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838
17595:
P Shanmugam (2009). Hermann Kulke; et al. (eds.).
17432:
17388:
16794:
16003:
Between the Empires: Society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE
15686:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 301–302 (note 4)
15391:
15167:
15155:
15037:
14700:
14698:
14449:
14413:
13697:
13647:
13222:
13013:
13007:
9121:𑀯𑀢𑁂𑀦 𑀤𑀺𑀬𑀲 𑀧𑀼𑀢𑁆𑀭𑁂𑀡 𑀢𑀔𑁆𑀔𑀲𑀺𑀮𑀸𑀓𑁂𑀦
8766:
In a particularly famous Edict, the Rummindei Edict in
3560:
were written in the Brahmi script and sometimes in the
3180:
as the goddess of speech and elsewhere as "personified
1738:
18654:
The Prehistory of Sri Lanka: An Ecological Perspective
16895:
Zeitchriftfür Archäeologie Aussereuropäischer Kulturen
16770:
16644:
16299:
16219:
16064:
14757:
14755:
14737:
14710:
14506:
13216:
13010:
13004:
12981:
12976:
12967:
12886:) in the Brahmi script should be rendered as follows:
9151:𑀓𑀸𑀲𑀻𑀧𑀼𑀢𑁆𑀭𑀲 𑀪𑀸𑀕𑀪𑀤𑁆𑀭𑀲 𑀢𑁆𑀭𑀸𑀢𑀸𑀭𑀲
8755:
7612:
Early Brahmi or "Ashokan Brahmi" (3rd–1st century BCE)
3339:
The earliest known full inscriptions of Brahmi are in
2613:
2532:
17705:
17693:
17601:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 208.
17570:
Early settlements in Jaffna, an archaeological survey
16470:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 42–47, 65–81.
16238:
Strabo (1903). Hamilton, H. C.; Falconer, W. (eds.).
16186:
Strabo (1903). Hamilton, H. C.; Falconer, W. (eds.).
16171:, Handbook of Oriental Studies, Leiden, Netherlands:
16052:
15712:
Georg Feuerstein; Subhash Kak; David Frawley (2005).
15522:"The Creation and Spread of Scripts in Ancient India"
15470:
15458:
15235:, Handbook of Oriental Studies, Leiden, Netherlands:
15121:
15064:
14490:
14478:
14324:
13210:
11752:
during the early centuries CE, also gave rise to the
9086:
Three immortal precepts (footsteps)... when practiced
3620:, an archaeologist, philologist, and official of the
3297:") but this is not to describe the script of his own
2730:
533:
18051:. University of California Press. pp. 216–217.
17796:. New Delhi: Shri Jainendra Press. pp. 111–143.
16517:
Orality and Literacy: The Technologizing of the Word
16284:
Ancient India As Described By Megasthenes And Arrian
15361:
15359:
15298:"On the so-called earliest representation of Ganesa"
14695:
14677:
Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute
13575:
inscription of the first line of the First Edict at
13288:
12800:
10456:
Late Brahmi or "Gupta Brahmi" (4th–6th centuries CE)
9182:𑀦𑁂𑀬𑀁𑀢𑀺 𑀲𑁆𑀯(𑀕𑀁) 𑀤𑀫 𑀘𑀸𑀕 𑀅𑀧𑁆𑀭𑀫𑀸𑀤
8862:
Devānaṃpiyena Piyadasina lājina vīsati-vasābhisitena
3901:
Some major conjunct consonants in the Brahmi script.
892:
The mainstream view is that Brahmi has an origin in
842:
script is widely accepted to be a derivation of the
515:
512:
455:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
17481:
17450:
17310:
Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol V 1836
17254:
Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol V 1836
17100:
Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol V 1836
16207:
15959:
15482:
15109:
14752:
14425:
14082:
13374:
13294:
13291:
13271:
13268:
13198:
13192:
13169:
13163:
13154:
12970:
9161:𑀯𑀲𑁂𑀦 (𑀘𑀢𑀼)𑀤𑀲𑁂𑀁𑀦 𑀭𑀸𑀚𑁂𑀦 𑀯𑀥𑀫𑀸𑀦𑀲
8890:
silā vigaḍabhī cā kālāpita silā-thabhe ca usapāpite
8731:
Some famous inscriptions in the Early Brahmi script
2977:. To describe his own Edicts, Ashoka used the word
802:A list of eighteen ancient scripts is found in the
521:
509:
18538:, University of California, pp. 367–368, 370, 376.
17170:, Oxford University Press, pp. 141–159, 151,
17152:
16843:
16841:
16839:
16363:
15798:. Brill Academic. pp. 119–20 with footnotes.
15252:"The Case of Elamite Tep-/Tip- and Akkadian Tuppu"
14437:
14131:
13944:
13285:
13277:
13274:
13259:
13256:
13244:
13207:
13195:
13189:
13166:
13160:
12973:
11845:Evolution from Brahmi to Gupta, and to Devanagari
11787:Also in the Brahmic family of scripts are several
2680:as the Prakrit word for writing, which appears as
857:origin for the Brahmi script, on the model of the
663:Albert Étienne Jean Baptiste Terrien de Lacouperie
19133:
19100:, a paleographic database of Brahmi and Kharosthi
17923:
17921:
17919:
17638:Frederick Asher (2018). Matthew Adam Cobb (ed.).
17357:. Archaeological Survey of India. pp. 30–31.
16915:
16689:. New Delhi: Concept Publishing. pp. 223–24.
16614:"The Kharostra Country and the Kharostri Writing"
16555:Sanskrit English Dictionary (Practical Hand Book)
16317:
16244:. London: George Bell and Sons. p. 15.1.39.
16192:. London: George Bell and Sons. p. 15.1.53.
15756:. Cambridge University Press. p. 301 fn. 4.
15425:
15423:
15421:
15356:
15188:The Writing Revolution: Cuneiform to the Internet
14188:. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 48ff.
13327:
13324:
13312:
13262:
13250:
13247:
13077:
13066:
8880:atana āgāca mahīyite hida Budhe jāte Sakyamuni ti
6006:
2699:
880:origin of the Brahmi script, on the model of the
560:that appeared as a fully developed script in the
102:At least by the 3rd century BCE to 5th century CE
24004:
18209:Journal of the Bihar and Orissa Research Society
17373:. Government central Press. 1871. p. XIII.
15379:
15142:
15009:
14898:
14380:
14374:
14346:Scharfe, Hartmut (2002). "Kharosti and Brahmi".
13330:
13318:
13315:
13303:
13265:
13253:
13241:
13238:
13142:
13133:
13130:
13107:
13101:
13092:
13086:
13080:
13069:
13063:
13060:
13057:
13051:
13045:
13042:
13036:
9141:𑀅𑀁𑀢𑀮𑀺𑀓𑀺𑀢𑀲 𑀉𑀧𑀁𑀢𑀸 𑀲𑀁𑀓𑀸𑀲𑀁𑀭𑀜𑁄
8947:
1594:
1519:
1444:
1369:
469:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
18598:Script and Font Support in Windows – Windows 10
18401:. Oriental Numismatic Society. pp. 24–34.
17637:
17285:More details about Buddhist monuments at Sanchi
17230:. Government central Press. 1871. p. XII.
16836:
16432:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 110–24.
15785:
15336:
15334:
15226:
15224:
15222:
14823:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 309–10.
14552:
14550:
14175:
14088:
13680:
13659:
13321:
13309:
13306:
13139:
13136:
13122:
13119:
13116:
13113:
13110:
13104:
13098:
13095:
13089:
13083:
13054:
13048:
13039:
13033:
13030:
13024:
13001:
12995:
12989:
11841:, though the letters themselves are unrelated.
9111:𑀓𑀭𑀺𑀢𑁄 𑀇(𑀅) 𑀳𑁂𑀮𑀺𑀉𑁄𑀤𑁄𑀭𑁂𑀡 𑀪𑀸𑀕
8908:hida Bhagavaṃ jāte ti Luṃmini-gāme ubalike kaṭe
3793:inscriptions have also been found, such as the
2785:
2526:, etc.), whereas Brahmi did not have Aramaic's
1675:Comparison of North Semitic and Brahmi scripts
962:, who was an ambassador of the Indo-Greek king
600:in north-central India, dating to 250–232 BCE.
17916:
17509:
17329:. Government central Press. 1871. p. XI.
16884:Owner's graffiti on pottery from Tissamaharama
16678:
16429:The Interface Between the Written and the Oral
15753:The Interface Between the Written and the Oral
15684:The Interface Between the Written and the Oral
15418:
14857:"Besnagar Pillar Inscription B Re-Interpreted"
14006:. Univ of California Press. pp. 265–266.
13957:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 71–72.
13950:
13717:
13715:
13027:
13016:
12998:
12992:
12986:
5764:
5585:
5406:
5227:
5048:
4869:
4690:
4511:
4332:
4323:
4316:
4309:
4302:
4295:
4288:
4281:
4274:
4267:
4260:
4253:
4246:
4239:
4232:
4225:
4218:
4211:
4204:
4197:
4190:
4183:
4176:
4169:
4162:
4155:
4148:
4141:
4134:
4127:
4120:
4113:
4106:
4099:
4092:
3123:He also notes that the variations seen in the
2653:𐤊, as preferred by many of his predecessors.
2612:(not to be confused with the Semitic emphatic
966:from Taxila, and was sent to the Indian ruler
958:. Installed about 113 BCE and now named after
822:) and others not found in the Buddhist lists.
22762:
20155:
19119:
18835:, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press,
18044:
17794:Script and Image: Papers on Art and Epigraphy
17717:
17166:, in Peter T. Daniels, William Bright (ed.),
15696:
15575:
15012:"The evolution of syllabaries from alphabets"
14999:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 60–61.
14816:
14602:
14341:
14339:
14248:. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 11ff.
13851:. Harvard University Press. pp. 14, 15.
10314:Early/Middle Brahmi legend on the coinage of
3808:
646:, although this is not generally accepted by
30:"Brahmi" redirects here. For other uses, see
20169:
19033:The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Linguistics
18990:
18650:
18195:. Seaby Publications Ltd. 1980. p. 219.
18006:
17934:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 164–165.
17791:
17633:
17631:
17629:
16311:
15697:Allchin, F. Raymond; Erdosy, George (1995),
15331:
15295:
15219:
15190:, John Wiley and Sons Ltd., pp. 173–174
15185:
14990:
14988:
14556:
14547:
13499:in some phase of Phoenician or Aramaic. The
13402:Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points
13201:
12864:which covers almost all the characters, and
3813:The Khuan Luk Pat inscription discovered in
3778:have been identified as a Prakrit language.
3657:, who used a bilingual Greek-Brahmi coin of
3116:However, these finds are controversial, see
3018:
2740:
20089:Meitei associate official language movement
18643:On the Origin of the Indian Brahma Alphabet
17750:
17644:. Taylor & Francis Group. p. 158.
17594:
17503:
17407:Ashoka: The Search for India's Lost Emperor
17278:
16558:. Asian Educational Services. p. 200.
16005:, Oxford University Press, pp. 121–122
15648:
15582:. Asian Educational Services. p. 423.
14563:. K.J. Trübner. pp. 6, 14–15, 23, 29.
14560:On the Origin of the Indian Brahma Alphabet
14387:Indialogs: Spanish Journal of India Studies
14220:
14181:
13810:. Princeton University Press. p. 242.
13712:
13204:
11582:, one of the earliest descendants of Brahmi
3512:used the bilingual Greek-Brahmi coinage of
2987:-version of the rock edicts, comes from an
906:On the origin of the Indian Brahma alphabet
591:period (3rd century BCE) down to the early
37:For later scripts derived from Brahmi, see
22769:
22755:
20162:
20148:
19126:
19112:
18192:Seaby's Coin and Medal Bulletin: July 1980
17566:
17444:
16583:
16513:
16425:
16406:Wiener Zeitschrift Für Die Kunde Südasiens
16287:. London: Trübner and Co. pp. 40, 209
15898:"A frequency analysis of the Indus script"
15366:
14867:(4). Cambridge University Press: 1031–37.
14801:
14336:
14232:
5992:single (𑁇) and double (𑁈) vertical bar (
3933:Kya (vertical assembly of consonants "Ka"
799:Lipikāra and Deva Vidyāsiṃha at a school.
112:
18973:Timmer, Barbara Catharina Jacoba (1930).
18948:
18309:) is an early variant of the Gupta script
18129:
18127:
17738:
17728:, Cambridge University Press, p. 287
17626:
17220:
17218:
17142:
17140:
17138:
17081:
17079:
17077:
17075:
17073:
17071:
17069:
17067:
16551:
16280:
16076:
15832:"The evolution of early writing in India"
15701:, Cambridge University Press, p. 336
15249:
15145:Studies in Hebrew and Aramaic Orthography
15010:Justeson, J. S.; Stephens, L. D. (1993).
14985:
14668:
14455:
14035:
13883:
13835:
13569:(in Sanskrit) (New ed.). p. 51.
9177:Trini amuta𑁋pādāni (i me) (su)anuthitāni
8782:Rummindei pillar, inscription of Ashoka (
5959:"Vedisakehi daṃtakārehi rupakaṃmaṃ kataṃ"
2712:with Indian deities, in Greek and Brahmi.
791:states that young Siddhartha, the future
19026:
18901:Journal of the American Oriental Society
18710:, Franz Steiner Verlag, 1990 (in German)
18682:Les premiers systèmes d'écriture en Inde
18048:Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300
17927:
17425:Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal
17413:, Little, Brown Book Group Limited, 2012
17271:Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal
17208:Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal
17116:Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal
16706:. Pearson Education India. p. 351.
16684:
16370:. Routledge. pp. 67, 56–57, 65–73.
16265:
16138:
16106:. Oxford University Press. p. 163.
16082:
15718:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 136–37.
15432:Journal of the American Oriental Society
15200:
14584:
14348:Journal of the American Oriental Society
14299:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 181ff.
14074:Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal
13990:
13896:Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300
13803:
13728:Journal of the American Oriental Society
13562:
13557:("This Dharma-Edict was written by King
13517:
13398:
12879:The Sanskrit word for Brahmi, ब्राह्मी (
11806:The Brahmi script also evolved into the
11700:
9246:
9204:
9203:
9131:𑀬𑁄𑀦𑀤𑀢𑁂𑀦 𑀅𑀕𑀢𑁂𑀦 𑀫𑀳𑀸𑀭𑀸𑀚𑀲
8930:
8929:
7623:
5948:
4014:
4006:
3896:
3877:
3841:
3673:Greek legend: ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ / ΑΓΑΘΟΚΛΕΟΥΣ (
3527:
3503:
3490:
3422:
3308:
3080:
2880:
2813:
2703:
867:
731:
27:Ancient script of Central and South Asia
19035:(3 ed.). Oxford University Press.
19020:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. IV, Fasc. 4
18976:Megasthenes en de Indische maatschappij
18927:
18898:
18873:
18828:
18809:
18737:
18687:
18494:
18482:
18325:(in Hindi). Notion Press. p. 264.
18249:
18247:
18233:
18133:
17813:. Pearson Education India. p. 43.
17723:
17687:
17675:
17438:
17394:
17294:, Archaeological Survey of India, 1989.
17158:
17146:
17129:
17085:
17058:
17042:
16983:
16981:
16979:
16977:
16975:
16973:
16971:
16969:
16967:
16830:
16815:
16803:
16788:
16776:
16764:
16752:
16740:
16672:
16668:
16666:
16400:
16398:
16305:
16166:
16058:
15953:
15515:
15513:
15511:
15509:
15500:
15476:
15464:
15429:
15230:
15130:
15115:
15088:
15075:
15058:
14994:
14967:
14955:
14940:
14854:
14817:Allchin, F. R.; Erdosy, George (1995).
14789:
14746:
14731:
14727:
14725:
14704:
14674:
14590:
14536:
14524:
14512:
14496:
14484:
14472:
14345:
14330:
14226:
14147:. Oxford University Press. p. 62.
14137:
13721:
13706:
13686:
13665:
13653:
13487:Bühler notes that other authors derive
11750:contact of Hinduism with Southeast Asia
11709:), and its derivative, 16th century CE
11670:("Let there be victory to Mihirakula").
10472:
9242:
3826:on an archaeological site storage jar.
3638:) based on their similarities with the
3495:Classification of Brahmi characters by
3076:
1055:origin of aspirate according to Bühler
771:. For example, the 10th chapter of the
679:, albeit in the variant form "Brahma".
658:
14:
24013:3rd-century BC establishments in India
24005:
19056:Lexikon des gesamten Buchwesens Online
18972:
18849:
18788:
18775:
18751:
18639:
18394:
18356:
18268:
18266:
18237:Archaeological Survey Of Western India
18124:
18094:
17983:
17981:
17979:
17711:
17699:
17215:
17135:
17064:
17004:
16952:Falk, H. (2014), p.46, with footnote 2
16916:Rajan, K.; Yatheeskumar, V.P. (2013).
16514:Ong, Walter J.; Hartley, John (2012).
16502:Annette Wilke & Oliver Moebus 2011
16237:
16225:
16213:
16185:
16099:
16070:
15654:
15413:Annette Wilke & Oliver Moebus 2011
15173:
15161:
15103:
15093:. London: Reaction Books. p. 126.
15046:
14980:Annette Wilke & Oliver Moebus 2011
14761:
14646:
14443:
14286:
14284:
14282:
14280:
14238:
13951:Coningham, Robin; Young, Ruth (2015).
13889:
13841:
12905:Official Unicode Consortium code chart
12845:Early Ashokan Brahmi was added to the
5953:A 1st century BCE/CE inscription from
3886:
3003:, suggesting borrowing and diffusion.
2876:
2618:) were derived by back formation from
1665:
23906:American Printing House for the Blind
23682:International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
23334:Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)
22750:
22540:
22495:
22388:
22067:
21952:
21294:
20508:
20270:
20253:
20143:
19107:
19013:
18856:Studies in Hindu Law and Dharmaśāstra
18832:Mathematics in India: 500 BCE–1800 CE
18621:Annette Wilke; Oliver Moebus (2011).
18433:
18318:
17944:
17806:
16987:
16818:, pp. 122–123, 129–131, 262–307.
16699:
16463:
16142:Proceedings – Indian History Congress
16015:
15749:
15681:
14951:
14949:
14773:
14041:
11683:Sanchi inscription of Chandragupta II
11602:language and using the Gupta script.
11132:
9871:
9126:vatena Diyasa putreṇa Takhkhasilākena
9081:in the fourteenth year of his reign.
8329:
7619:
3755:are similar to Mauryan Brahmi, while
3691:𑀭𑀚𑀦𑁂 / 𑀅𑀕𑀣𑀼𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀮𑁂𑀬𑁂𑀲
3540:, as published in the Journal of the
3149:
1029:
495:characters in this article correctly.
22389:
19049:
18997:The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism
18713:
18671:
18363:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 376.
18244:
18199:
18105:
17350:
17052:
16998:
16964:
16663:
16611:
16395:
15839:Indian Journal of History of Science
15519:
15506:
15488:
15400:
15385:
15369:Asiatische Studien/Études Asiatiques
14722:
14716:
14652:
14431:
14419:
14290:
14102:. London: Routledge. pp. 39ff.
14048:. London: Routledge. pp. 27ff.
13996:
13797:
11630:. Obv: Bust of king, with legend in
10396:, vertically combined. Circa 100 CE.
9075:the Savior son of the princess from
8867:𑀅𑀢𑀦𑀆𑀕𑀸𑀘 𑀫𑀳𑀻𑀬𑀺𑀢𑁂 𑀳𑀺𑀤
920:scholars. Cunningham in the seminal
661:, p. 17), until the 1880s when
459:. For the distinction between ,
22776:
18263:
17976:
16602:, Oxford University Press, page 742
15996:
15978:from the original on 4 October 2021
15870:"Akhenaten, Surya, and the Rigveda"
15829:
14277:
13466:(𑀕 and 𐡂) and Brahmi and Aramaic
9192:— Adapted from transliterations by
9187:neyamti sva(gam) dama cāga apramāda
9106:Devadevasa Vāvasa Garuḍadhvaje ayaṃ
8756:Birthplace of the historical Buddha
4046:or Śarvavarman, a minister of King
2672:is similar to the Old Persian word
1295:
1187:hook addition with some alteration
1143:hook addition with some alteration
568:, continue to be used today across
24:
22496:
20094:Meitei classical language movement
18984:
18958:. University of California Press.
18607:, MSDN Go Global Developer Center.
18504:Studies in the Linguistic Sciences
17268:Asiatic Society of Bengal (1837).
16552:Macdonell, Arthur Anthony (2004).
14946:
13923:these was the decipherment of the
13428:Pre-Islamic scripts in Afghanistan
8923:— Adapted from transliteration by
3829:
3734:
3451:Svāmisya Mahakṣatrapasya Śudasasya
2958:. According to Scharfe, the words
2944:(6th to 4th century BCE) mentions
25:
24039:
20099:Meitei linguistic purism movement
19063:
18495:Daniels, Peter T. (Spring 2000).
16991:The Palaeography Of Brahmi Script
16139:Congress, Indian History (2007).
15526:Literacy in Ancient Everyday Life
14576:, Quote: "(...) a passage of the
13804:Beckwith, Christopher I. (2017).
13579:(here attached, which reads "Di"
12801:Possible tangential relationships
11740:Southern Brahmi gave rise to the
9235:accommodate the transcription of
9166:vasena daseṃna rājena vadhamānasa
5996:) – delimiting clauses and verses
2735:"King Agathocles". Circa 180 BCE.
998:accepted that theories about the
18676:(in German). Gunter Narr Verlag.
18591:
18566:
18541:
18528:
18488:
18462:
18427:
18388:
18350:
18312:
18304:
18297:
18227:
18183:
18172:
18139:
18088:
18076:
18038:
18000:
17938:
17896:
17884:
17864:
17852:
17838:
17800:
17785:
17772:
17744:
17588:
17567:Raghupathy, Ponnambalam (1987).
17560:
17541:
17416:
17400:
17361:
17344:
17317:
17297:
17245:
17199:
17107:
17091:
16955:
16946:
16927:. 21–22: 280–295. Archived from
16909:
16900:
16876:
16850:Cambridge Archaeological Journal
16693:
16638:
16605:
16545:
16507:
16457:
16419:
16357:
16274:
16259:
16231:
16179:
16160:
16131:
16093:
15968:"Mahadevan Interview: Full Text"
15965:
15186:Gnanadesikan, Amalia E. (2009),
14982:, p. 194 with footnote 421.
14970:, pp. 19–21 with footnotes.
14381:Damodaram Pillai, Karan (2023).
14295:. In Himanshu Prabha Ray (ed.).
13619:
13606:
13594:
13586:
13580:
13511:
13488:
12868:which only covers Tamil Brahmi.
12854:Supplementary Multilingual Plane
12809:may have been influenced by the
12552:
12545:
12538:
12531:
12524:
12517:
12510:
12503:
12496:
12489:
12482:
12475:
12468:
12461:
12454:
12447:
12440:
12433:
12426:
12419:
12412:
12405:
12398:
12391:
12384:
12377:
12370:
12363:
12356:
12349:
12342:
12335:
12328:
11675:
11661:
11656:
11651:
11646:
11641:
11635:
11615:
11587:
11568:
11536:
11516:
11496:
11476:
11456:
11436:
11409:
11389:
11369:
11349:
11329:
11309:
11289:
11262:
11242:
11222:
11202:
11182:
11162:
11142:
11113:
11093:
11073:
11053:
11033:
11013:
10993:
10966:
10944:
10924:
10904:
10884:
10864:
10692:
10659:
10641:
10608:
10575:
10555:
10537:
10502:
10486:
10436:
10401:
10391:
10382:
10369:
10355:
10349:
10343:
10323:
10307:
10275:
10255:
10235:
10215:
10195:
10175:
10148:
10128:
10108:
10088:
10068:
10048:
10028:
10001:
9981:
9961:
9941:
9921:
9901:
9881:
9852:
9832:
9812:
9792:
9772:
9752:
9732:
9705:
9683:
9663:
9643:
9623:
9603:
9431:
9398:
9380:
9347:
9314:
9294:
9276:
9156:Kāsīputasa āgabhadrasa trātārasa
9146:Aṃtalikitasa upatā samkāsam-raño
9047:was erected here by the devotee
8857:𑀦𑀯𑀻𑀲𑀢𑀺𑀯𑀲𑀸𑀪𑀺𑀲𑀺𑀢𑁂𑀦
7599:
7592:
7585:
7578:
7571:
7564:
7557:
7550:
7543:
7536:
7529:
7522:
7515:
7508:
7501:
7494:
7487:
7480:
7473:
7466:
7459:
7452:
7445:
7438:
7431:
7424:
7417:
7410:
7403:
7396:
7389:
7382:
7375:
7359:
7352:
7345:
7338:
7331:
7324:
7317:
7310:
7303:
7296:
7289:
7282:
7275:
7268:
7261:
7254:
7247:
7240:
7233:
7226:
7219:
7212:
7205:
7198:
7191:
7184:
7177:
7170:
7163:
7156:
7149:
7142:
7135:
7119:
7112:
7105:
7098:
7091:
7084:
7077:
7070:
7063:
7056:
7049:
7042:
7035:
7028:
7021:
7014:
7007:
7000:
6993:
6986:
6979:
6972:
6965:
6958:
6951:
6944:
6937:
6930:
6923:
6916:
6909:
6902:
6895:
6879:
6872:
6851:
6844:
6837:
6830:
6823:
6816:
6809:
6802:
6795:
6788:
6781:
6774:
6767:
6760:
6753:
6746:
6739:
6732:
6725:
6718:
6711:
6704:
6697:
6690:
6683:
6676:
6669:
6662:
6655:
3990:
3978:
3966:
3940:
3934:
3926:
3221:(possibly 4th century CE), list
2973:, in turn derived from Sumerian
2838:, and the social anthropologist
2640:
2599:
2478:
2461:
2454:
2442:
2425:
2418:
2406:
2389:
2382:
2370:
2353:
2346:
2334:
2317:
2310:
2298:
2281:
2274:
2262:
2244:
2237:
2225:
2208:
2201:
2189:
2172:
2165:
2153:
2136:
2129:
2117:
2100:
2093:
2081:
2064:
2057:
2045:
2027:
2020:
2008:
1991:
1984:
1972:
1955:
1948:
1936:
1919:
1912:
1900:
1882:
1875:
1863:
1845:
1838:
1826:
1809:
1802:
1790:
1773:
1766:
1754:
1737:
1730:
1718:
1708:
1701:
1630:
1625:
1584:
1550:
1509:
1475:
1434:
1400:
1359:
1268:
1261:
1246:
1239:
1224:
1217:
1202:
1195:
1180:
1173:
1158:
1151:
1136:
1129:
1114:
1107:
1092:
1085:
1070:
1063:
941:
932:
605:East India Company rule in India
505:
480:
58:
22541:
19087:"Brahmi Texts | Virtual Vinodh"
18614:
18580:from the original on 2021-10-16
18555:from the original on 2017-01-08
18517:from the original on 2021-10-08
18405:from the original on 2019-08-09
18377:from the original on 2020-07-27
18339:from the original on 2020-07-27
18286:from the original on 2021-12-03
18216:from the original on 2020-02-27
18161:from the original on 2021-12-03
18065:from the original on 2020-07-27
18027:from the original on 2019-12-29
18013:. Routledge. pp. 165–167.
17965:from the original on 2020-05-22
17827:from the original on 2021-10-28
17761:from the original on 2021-07-08
17658:from the original on 2021-10-14
17615:from the original on 2021-12-02
17577:from the original on 2012-06-11
17530:from the original on 2021-11-04
17492:from the original on 2021-11-04
17471:from the original on 2019-12-11
17377:from the original on 2021-06-02
17333:from the original on 2021-08-15
17234:from the original on 2021-02-26
17184:from the original on 2021-12-09
17025:from the original on 2022-01-26
17005:Sharma, Ramesh Chandra (1984).
16720:from the original on 2021-10-28
16685:Nagrajji, Acharya Shri (2003).
16645:Monier Monier-Williams (1970).
16628:from the original on 2016-12-30
16589:Monier Monier Willians (1899),
16572:from the original on 2020-07-27
16534:from the original on 2016-12-24
16484:from the original on 2016-12-24
16446:from the original on 2017-02-25
16384:from the original on 2020-07-27
16346:from the original on 2020-07-27
16248:from the original on 2021-03-08
16196:from the original on 2021-03-12
16149:from the original on 2019-12-27
16120:from the original on 2021-07-13
16009:
15990:
15927:
15914:
15890:
15862:
15852:from the original on 2021-02-24
15823:
15812:from the original on 2016-12-24
15770:from the original on 2016-12-24
15743:
15732:from the original on 2020-07-27
15705:
15690:
15675:
15665:from the original on 2021-02-24
15637:from the original on 2016-12-24
15623:. Brill Academic. p. 119.
15610:
15596:from the original on 2020-07-27
15569:
15558:from the original on 2021-12-10
15320:from the original on 2022-07-27
15289:
15243:
15194:
15179:
15136:
15081:
15026:from the original on 2021-03-08
15003:
14916:from the original on 2020-07-19
14887:from the original on 2022-08-27
14848:
14837:from the original on 2017-03-25
14810:
14795:
14783:
14767:
14635:from the original on 2010-12-06
14596:
14567:from the original on 2020-07-27
14530:
14313:from the original on 2020-01-02
14262:from the original on 2021-10-14
14202:from the original on 2021-10-14
14161:from the original on 2016-05-01
14116:from the original on 2021-05-15
14062:from the original on 2021-10-14
14020:from the original on 2021-10-14
13971:from the original on 2021-11-10
13913:from the original on 2021-07-22
13865:from the original on 2021-10-18
13824:from the original on 2021-10-14
13783:from the original on 2020-07-19
13508:vowel from a very early period.
13481:
13456:
12876:, also features Brahmi glyphs.
10781:
10493:Gupta script vowel diacritics (
9520:
8996:Heliodorus pillar inscription (
8004:
6036:Evolution of the Brahmi script
6025:Late Brahmi represented in the
3606:as well as inscriptions by the
3486:
3061:" (source of the English word "
2728:𑀭𑀸𑀚𑀦𑁂 𑀅𑀕𑀣𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀮𑀬𑁂𑀲
872:A later (mistaken) theory of a
779:Lipisala samdarshana parivarta,
451:International Phonetic Alphabet
20235:Languages by writing system /
18999:. Princeton University Press.
18761:. Cambridge University Press.
17997:Shane Wallace, 2016, p.222-223
17893:inscriptions circa 150-250 CE.
17757:. Punthi Pustak. p. 100.
17516:. Brill Academic. p. 44.
16408:, vol. 36, 1992, pp. 239–249.
16086:Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum
15268:10.1080/05786967.2007.11864718
15204:Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum
15151:: Eisenbrauns. pp. 79–90.
14804:Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum
14802:Cunningham, Alexander (1877).
14593:, pp. 8–10 with footnotes
13765:
13372:
13370:
13368:
13366:
13364:
13362:
13360:
13358:
13356:
13236:
13234:
13227:
13225:
11748:(8th century), and due to the
11690:
9251:Middle Brahmi vowel diacritics
8935:The Rummindei pillar edict in
7628:Early Brahmi vowel diacritics.
6022:Brahmi" (1st-3rd centuries CE)
6007:Evolution of the Brahmi script
5944:
3454:"Of the Lord and Great Satrap
3253:was born, the first one being
3188:, the god of Hindu scriptures
2700:Greek-Semitic model hypothesis
1231:unaspirated glyph back formed
1037:Bühler's aspirate derivations
922:Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum
13:
1:
23674:Gardner–Salinas braille codes
23630:Gardner–Salinas braille codes
22068:
21953:
21295:
18319:Verma, Thakur Prasad (2018).
18179:James Prinsep table of vowels
16988:Verma, Thakur Prasad (1971).
16520:. Routledge. pp. 64–69.
16266:Sterling, Gregory E. (1992).
15296:Bopearachchi, Osmund (1993).
14543:. New Delhi: National Museum.
13640:
12817:, itself a derivative of the
11843:
11561:
10425:
9136:Yonadatena agatena mahārājasa
8997:
8948:Heliodorus Pillar inscription
8783:
8746:
6032:
6018:Middle Brahmi also known as "
3854:
3632:
3441:
1000:grammar of the Vedic language
698:
665:, based on an observation by
73:
23885:National Braille Association
23864:Braille Institute of America
23582:Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin)
20509:
18651:Deraniyagala, Siran (2004).
18574:"Adinatha font announcement"
17751:Chakrabarti, Manika (1981).
17513:Handbook of Oriental Studies
17482:Iravatham Mahadevan (1970).
17451:Iravatham Mahadevan (2003).
15415:, p. 194, footnote 421.
14182:Chakrabarti, Pratik (2020).
13555:Devanapriyasa Raño likhapitu
10480:Late Brahmi vowel diacritics
3583:, such as the script of the
2786:Indigenous origin hypothesis
2714:Obverse: With Greek legend:
2614:
2533:
2452:
2416:
2380:
2344:
2308:
2272:
2235:
2199:
2163:
2127:
2091:
2055:
2018:
1982:
1946:
1910:
1873:
1836:
1800:
1764:
1728:
1699:
1678:
777:(c. 200–300 CE), titled the
444: This article contains
7:
24018:Linguistic history of India
23765:Refreshable braille display
23744:Optical braille recognition
23341:Bengali (Bangla / Assamese)
22873:Chinese (mainland Mandarin)
22016:New Epoch Notation Painting
19081:Indian Institute of Science
18934:. Oxford University Press.
18877:The World's Writing Systems
18534:Gari Keith Ledyard (1966).
18437:The World's Writing Systems
17168:The World's Writing Systems
16647:Sanskrit-English Dictionary
16364:Kenneth Roy Norman (2005).
15089:Fischer, Steven R. (2001).
14776:The Origin of Brahmi Script
13410:
11810:which in turn evolved into
11544:
11524:
11504:
11484:
11464:
11444:
11417:
11397:
11377:
11357:
11337:
11317:
11297:
11270:
11250:
11230:
11210:
11190:
11170:
11150:
11121:
11101:
11081:
11061:
11041:
11021:
11001:
10974:
10952:
10932:
10912:
10892:
10872:
10768:
10752:
10734:
10718:
10700:
10682:
10667:
10649:
10629:
10616:
10596:
10583:
10563:
10545:
10300:
10283:
10263:
10243:
10223:
10203:
10183:
10156:
10136:
10116:
10096:
10076:
10056:
10036:
10009:
9989:
9969:
9949:
9929:
9909:
9889:
9860:
9840:
9820:
9800:
9780:
9760:
9740:
9713:
9691:
9671:
9651:
9631:
9611:
9507:
9491:
9473:
9457:
9439:
9421:
9406:
9388:
9368:
9355:
9335:
9322:
9302:
9284:
9116:karito i Heliodoreṇa bhāga-
8903:𑀕𑀸𑀫𑁂 𑀉𑀩𑀮𑀺𑀓𑁂𑀓𑀝𑁂
8778:), to describe the Buddha.
8723:
8701:
8683:
8665:
8647:
8629:
8611:
8586:
8568:
8550:
8532:
8514:
8496:
8478:
8453:
8435:
8417:
8399:
8381:
8363:
8345:
8318:
8300:
8282:
8264:
8246:
8228:
8210:
8185:
8165:
8147:
8129:
8111:
8093:
7991:
7975:
7959:
7943:
7925:
7909:
7893:
7877:
7859:
7843:
7827:
7811:
7793:
7777:
7761:
7745:
7727:
7711:
7695:
7679:
3413:Megalithic graffiti symbols
3008:Persian-dominated Northwest
2859:megalithic graffiti symbols
2802:. G. R. Hunter in his book
2692:itself is thought to be an
2522:
2516:
2502:
2496:that appears among Prakrit
1003:idea of foreign influence.
720:prose adaptation of a lost
714:Hindu–Arabic numeral system
615:. Brahmi was deciphered by
10:
24044:
23832:Thakur Vishva Narain Singh
20271:
19170:list by number of speakers
19058:(in German). Brill Online.
19014:Hitch, Douglas A. (1989).
18646:. Strassburg K.J. Trübner.
17951:. Routledge. p. 167.
16318:Oskar von Hinüber (1989).
16169:Education in Ancient India
15233:Education in Ancient India
13394:As of Unicode version 16.0
13383:
12897:
12838:
12834:
11818:. Both were used to write
11694:
10465:
10459:
9096:
9053:the son of Dion, a man of
8841:
8762:Lumbini pillar inscription
8759:
8734:
6035:
3890:
3809:Red Sea and Southeast Asia
3665:and similarities with the
3434:Mirzapur stele inscription
3304:
3110:Thermo-luminescence dating
2934:
2927:ii). The word would be of
2716:
2494:phonetic retroflex feature
1595:
1520:
1445:
1370:
1312:
849:Early theories proposed a
831:
825:
812:(2nd century BCE) and the
36:
29:
23964:
23915:
23855:
23788:
23698:
23644:
23607:
23568:Mainland Chinese Mandarin
23547:
23528:
23509:
23414:
23320:
23281:
23208:
23135:
22834:
22827:
22788:
22746:
22549:
22536:
22504:
22491:
22442:
22401:
22397:
22384:
22360:
22324:
22298:
22247:
22204:
22169:
22089:
22082:Chinese family of scripts
22080:
22076:
22063:
21961:
21948:
21899:
21307:
21303:
21290:
21152:Boyd's syllabic shorthand
21139:
20787:
20530:
20521:
20517:
20504:
20279:
20266:
20262:
20254:
20249:
20237:by first written accounts
20206:
20185:
20181:
20071:
20028:
20008:
19990:
19922:
19889:
19856:
19849:
19822:
19734:
19711:
19688:
19650:
19612:
19594:
19561:
19533:
19500:
19330:
19285:
19242:
19219:
19210:
19142:
18928:Salomon, Richard (1998).
17485:Tamil-Brahmi Inscriptions
17313:. 1836. pp. 723–724.
17164:"Methods of Decipherment"
16862:10.1017/S0959774300001608
16467:Myth, Ritual and the Oral
16281:McCrindle, J. W. (1877).
16167:Scharfe, Hartmut (2002),
16030:10.1017/S0035869X00086482
15534:10.1515/9783110594065-004
15231:Scharfe, Hartmut (2002),
14873:10.1017/S0035869X00047523
14621:10.1017/S0035869X00047055
14399:10.5565/rev/indialogs.213
14213:Asiatic Society of Bengal
13876:Asiatic Society of Bengal
13722:Salomon, Richard (1995).
13506:prosthetic (or prothetic)
11713:script (1524 CE), on the
11555:
10963:
10853:
10850:
10847:
10844:
10841:
10838:
10827:
10824:
10821:
10818:
10805:
10800:
10795:
10790:
10294:
9702:
9592:
9589:
9586:
9583:
9580:
9577:
9566:
9563:
9560:
9557:
9544:
9539:
9534:
9529:
9092:, charity, consciousness
9034:
8820:
8712:
8176:
8076:
8073:
8070:
8067:
8064:
8061:
8050:
8047:
8044:
8041:
8028:
8023:
8018:
8013:
4002:
3763:resemble those of modern
3542:Asiatic Society of Bengal
3432:(bottom, fragment of the
3257:(बाम्भी) in the original
3019:Megasthenes' observations
2851:Indus Valley civilisation
2830:, the spiritual teachers
1637:
1596:
1557:
1521:
1482:
1446:
1407:
1371:
1309:
1304:
1301:
1298:
688:Brahmic family of scripts
609:Asiatic Society of Bengal
442:
428:
418:
411:
395:
390:
378:
193:
160:
155:
121:
106:
96:
84:
57:
46:
24023:Obsolete writing systems
23555:Chinese semi-syllabaries
22818:Unicode braille patterns
22804:International uniformity
21259:Thomas Natural Shorthand
19027:Matthews, P. H. (2014).
18758:The Indo-Aryan Languages
18747:. University Microfilms.
15528:: 43–66 (online 57–58).
14537:Chhabra, B. Ch. (1970).
13449:
11598:of Anantavarman, in the
9018:(original Brahmi script)
8804:(original Brahmi script)
5969:have done the carving").
4011:Brahmi diacritic vowels.
2662:trans-cultural diffusion
1313:Corresponding letter in
1209:Semitic emphatic (teth)
1077:Semitic emphatic (qoph)
727:
491:to display the uncommon
23892:Blindness organizations
23871:Braille Without Borders
23660:Canadian currency marks
23282:Egyptian lineage family
22465:Southwest Paleohispanic
19604:Sri Lankan Creole Malay
19136:languages of South Asia
18882:Oxford University Press
18442:Oxford University Press
18395:Tandon, Pankaj (2013).
18360:Studies in Indian Coins
17807:Singh, Upinder (2008).
17510:Bertold Spuler (1975).
17008:Buddhist art of Mathurā
16700:Singh, Upinder (2008).
16416:. Accessed 11 May 2020.
15937:. NaBIC 2009. 1282–86.
15314:10.3406/topoi.1993.1479
15250:Tavernier, Jan (2007).
14910:Encyclopedia Britannica
14855:Waddell, L. A. (1914).
13848:Ashoka in Ancient India
13777:Encyclopedia Britannica
12821:, a Brahmi script (see
12077:
12070:
12063:
12056:
12049:
12042:
12035:
12028:
12021:
12014:
12007:
12000:
11993:
11986:
11979:
11972:
11965:
11958:
11951:
11944:
11937:
11930:
11923:
11916:
11909:
11902:
11895:
11888:
11881:
11874:
11867:
11860:
11853:
11596:Gopika Cave Inscription
8968:, an ambassador of the
6268:
6261:
6254:
6247:
6240:
6233:
6226:
6219:
6212:
6205:
6198:
6191:
6184:
6177:
6170:
6163:
6156:
6149:
6142:
6135:
6128:
6121:
6114:
6107:
6100:
6093:
6086:
6079:
6072:
6065:
6058:
6051:
6044:
4034:probably adding either
3573:Gopika Cave Inscription
3293:, "Inscriptions of the
3235:Vyakhya Pragyapti Sutra
2742:Schrift im Alten Indien
954:in the Indian state of
838:While the contemporary
722:Greek work on astrology
607:, in particular in the
583:which uses a system of
564:. Its descendants, the
447:phonetic transcriptions
239:Bengali–Assamese script
32:Brahmi (disambiguation)
23209:Russian lineage family
22609:Great Lakes Algonquian
21518:Greco-Iberian alphabet
21451:Gabelsberger shorthand
20394:Inscriptional Parthian
19075:brahmi.sourceforge.net
18640:Bühler, Georg (1898).
18357:Sircar, D. C. (2008).
18095:Rapson, E. J. (1914).
18045:Romila Thapar (2004).
17945:Avari, Burjor (2016).
17726:Language in South Asia
17573:. Madras: Raghupathy.
16612:Levi, Silvain (1906),
16100:Sharma, R. S. (2006).
15655:Hunter, G. R. (1934),
15576:John Marshall (1931).
15375:(4): 803–804, 797–831.
15302:Topoi. Orient-Occident
15106:, p. 59,68,71,75.
14780:, apud Salomon (1998).
14603:L. A. Waddell (1914).
14144:A New History of India
14042:Verma, Anjali (2018).
13535:
13418:Early Indian epigraphy
12841:Brahmi (Unicode block)
12832:
11830:and its dialects, and
11718:
10446:inscription No.10. of
9252:
9218:
8940:
8737:Early Indian epigraphy
7629:
6029:(4th-6th centuries CE)
5970:
5965:, "Ivory workers from
5765:
5586:
5407:
5228:
5049:
4870:
4691:
4512:
4333:
4324:
4317:
4310:
4303:
4296:
4289:
4282:
4275:
4268:
4261:
4254:
4247:
4240:
4233:
4226:
4219:
4212:
4205:
4198:
4191:
4184:
4177:
4170:
4163:
4156:
4149:
4142:
4135:
4128:
4121:
4114:
4107:
4100:
4093:
4020:
4012:
3902:
3883:
3851:
3699:
3553:
3525:
3501:
3460:
3402:, where numerous both
3357:Ghosundi and Hathibada
3336:
3289:in the Brahmi script:
3198:Monier Monier-Williams
3114:
3086:
2966:are borrowed from the
2932:
2823:
2798:and the Assyriologist
2741:
2736:
889:
834:Early Indian epigraphy
748:
702: 3rd century BCE
695:inscriptions of Ashoka
23973:Accessible publishing
23899:Schools for the blind
23878:Japan Braille Library
23667:Computer Braille Code
23321:Indian lineage family
22701:Old Persian cuneiform
21568:Carolingian minuscule
20374:Ancient North Arabian
19091:www.virtualvinodh.com
18829:Plofker, Kim (2009),
18625:. Walter de Gruyter.
18234:Burgess, Jas (1883).
18212:. The Society. 1920.
18007:Burjor Avari (2016).
17931:Inscriptions of Asoka
17928:Hultzsch, E. (1925).
17454:Early Tamil Epigraphy
16083:Hultzsch, E. (1925).
15830:Kak, Subhash (1994),
15201:Hultzsch, E. (1925).
14557:Georg Bühler (1898).
14291:Garg, Sanjay (2017).
13566:Inscriptions of Asoka
13563:Hultzsch, E. (1925).
13521:
12983: 𑀄
12978: 𑀃
12827:
11704:
11610:, or 6th century CE.
9250:
9208:
9200:, and Shane Wallace.
9029:in the Brahmi script)
8934:
8815:in the Brahmi script)
7627:
5952:
4018:
4010:
3900:
3881:
3850:in modern Brahmi font
3845:
3697:, "King Agathocles").
3671:
3636: 1st century CE
3602:, notably containing
3531:
3507:
3494:
3436:, in the vicinity of
3426:
3312:
3094:
3084:
2903:". Brahmi script (Li=
2884:
2817:
2707:
1284:South Semitic scripts
882:Egyptian hieroglyphic
871:
859:Egyptian hieroglyphic
735:
407:, Brahmi
345:Telugu-Kannada script
173:Proto-Sinaitic script
23737:Mountbatten Brailler
23092:(largely reassigned)
22875:(largely reassigned)
22424:Southeastern Iberian
22419:Northeastern Iberian
20317:Egyptian hieroglyphs
18672:Falk, Harry (1993).
17858:Inscriptions of the
17274:. Oxford University.
17011:. Agam. p. 26.
16618:The Indian Antiquary
16464:Goody, Jack (2010).
16270:. Brill. p. 95.
16103:India's Ancient Past
15881:Govind Chandra Pande
15750:Goody, Jack (1987).
15682:Goody, Jack (1987),
15520:Falk, Harry (2018).
15091:A History of Writing
14958:, pp. 23, 46–54
8980:to the court of the
8847:𑀤𑁂𑀯𑀸𑀦𑀁𑀧𑀺𑀬𑁂
3783:Epigraphia Zeylanica
3741:Bhattiprolu alphabet
3695:Rajane Agathukleyesa
3211:Alternatively, some
3077:Debate on time depth
3069:, a contemporary of
3001:Behistun inscription
2820:Alexander Cunningham
2732:Rājane Agathukleyesa
2717:ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΑΓΑΘΟΚΛΕΟΥΣ
2512:aspirated consonants
914:Alexander Cunningham
886:Alexander Cunningham
769:Chinese translations
633:Alexander Cunningham
168:Egyptian hieroglyphs
23689:Nemeth braille code
23475:(reassigned vowels)
23000:(extended to 8-dot)
22574:Canadian Aboriginal
22460:Khitan small script
22182:Khitan large script
21372:Coorgi–Cox alphabet
20119:Pure Tamil movement
19675:Southern Nicobarese
19022:. pp. 432–433.
18795:. D.K. Printworld.
18706:Oscar von Hinüber,
17905:inscription of the
17351:Keay, John (2011).
17132:, pp. 204–206.
16504:, pp. 182–183.
16426:Jack Goody (1987).
15403:, pp. 109–167.
15341:Osmund Bopearachchi
14527:, pp. 396–397.
14139:Wolpert, Stanley A.
14094:Rothermund, Dietmar
11846:
11746:Vatteluttu alphabet
11744:(6th century), the
11668:(Ja)yatu Mihirakula
9004:
8836:Minor Pillar Edicts
8790:
3907:conjunct consonants
3887:Conjunct consonants
3646:inscription of the
3587:and early forms of
3218:Lalitavistara Sūtra
3215:sutras such as the
3144:Johannes Bronkhorst
2877:Foreign origination
2528:emphatic consonants
1676:
1666:Bühler's hypothesis
1291:Phoenician alphabet
1038:
789:Lalitavistara Sūtra
774:Lalitavistara Sūtra
767:, as well as their
672:Lalitavistara Sūtra
110:Left-to-right
23723:Braille translator
23700:Braille technology
23676:(science; GS8/GS6)
23645:Symbols in braille
23575:Taiwanese Mandarin
23090:Taiwanese Mandarin
22696:Nwagu Aneke script
22248:Other logosyllabic
22170:Chinese-influenced
22109:Oracle bone script
22091:Chinese characters
22026:Ojibwe Hieroglyphs
21416:Eclectic shorthand
21404:Duployan shorthand
21357:Caucasian Albanian
21157:Canadian syllabics
20193:History of writing
20029:Prestige language-
19665:Central Nicobarese
18603:2016-08-13 at the
18485:, p. 336–349.
18469:Evolutionary chart
18421:2019-08-09 at the
18136:, pp. 265–267
18118:2020-10-24 at the
17993:2021-08-15 at the
17845:Evolutionary chart
17554:2016-08-26 at the
17290:2011-07-21 at the
17149:, pp. 206–207
17088:, pp. 204–208
16934:on 13 October 2015
16889:2021-11-10 at the
16882:Falk, H. (2014). "
16598:2021-02-25 at the
15903:2021-02-24 at the
15875:2007-02-04 at the
15350:2017-11-23 at the
14719:, pp. 109–67.
14422:, p. 129–131.
14099:A History of India
13602:Column IV, Line 89
13536:
11844:
11733:(6th century) and
11719:
11715:Delhi-Topra pillar
10473:Independent vowels
10408:The rulers of the
10376:conjunct consonant
9253:
9243:Independent vowels
9230:Middle Brahmi or "
9219:
9069:to King Kasiputra
9059:sent by the Great
8995:
8941:
8913:𑀅𑀞𑀪𑀸𑀕𑀺𑀬𑁂𑀘
8834:Edict, one of the
8781:
7630:
7620:Independent vowels
5971:
4021:
4013:
3911:consonant clusters
3909:are used to write
3903:
3893:Conjunct consonant
3884:
3882:Brahmi consonants.
3852:
3622:East India Company
3554:
3526:
3508:Norwegian scholar
3502:
3461:
3380:Dravidian language
3337:
3335:(3rd century BCE).
3263:Vishesha Avashyaka
3170:texts such as the
3150:Origin of the name
3087:
2933:
2864:punch-marked coins
2824:
2737:
1674:
1036:
1030:Semitic hypothesis
890:
749:
24000:
23999:
23996:
23995:
23918:tactile alphabets
23846:William Bell Wait
23839:Sabriye Tenberken
23640:
23639:
23505:
23504:
23490:(Japanese vowels)
23288:-mediated scripts
23215:-mediated scripts
22742:
22741:
22738:
22737:
22734:
22733:
22594:Ditema tsa Dinoko
22532:
22531:
22487:
22486:
22483:
22482:
22380:
22379:
22376:
22375:
22200:
22199:
22059:
22058:
21944:
21943:
21940:
21939:
21286:
21285:
21282:
21281:
21135:
21134:
20500:
20499:
20487:Teeline Shorthand
20245:
20244:
20137:
20136:
20051:Perso-Arabization
20024:
20023:
19845:
19844:
19042:978-0-19-967512-8
18965:978-0-520-24455-9
18950:Trautmann, Thomas
18941:978-0-19-535666-3
18866:978-1-78308-315-2
18842:978-0-691-12067-6
18821:978-0-691-11485-9
18802:978-81-246-0406-9
18768:978-0-521-29944-2
18730:978-0-8021-3797-5
18699:978-0-8018-7396-6
18664:978-955-9159-00-1
18632:978-3-11-024003-0
18058:978-0-520-24225-8
18020:978-1-317-23673-3
17690:, pp. 373–4.
17678:, pp. 27–28.
17651:978-1-138-73826-3
17608:978-981-230-937-2
17464:978-0-674-01227-1
17177:978-0-19-507993-7
17160:Daniels, Peter T.
16994:. pp. 82–85.
16833:, pp. 12–13.
16791:, pp. 81–84.
16767:, pp. 87–89.
16755:, pp. 86–87.
16743:, pp. 72–81.
16656:978-5-458-25035-1
16565:978-81-206-1779-7
16527:978-0-415-53837-4
16477:978-1-139-49303-1
16439:978-0-521-33794-6
16377:978-1-135-75154-8
15956:, pp. 20–21.
15943:978-1-4244-5053-4
15763:978-0-521-33794-6
15725:978-81-208-2037-1
15589:978-81-206-1179-5
15503:, pp. 19–24.
15061:, pp. 23–24.
14943:, pp. 18–24.
14830:978-0-521-37695-2
14475:, pp. 44–45.
14306:978-1-351-25274-4
14255:978-81-208-4103-1
14195:978-1-4214-3874-0
14154:978-0-19-533756-3
14109:978-1-317-24212-3
14055:978-0-429-82642-9
14013:978-0-520-36163-8
13964:978-0-521-84697-4
13906:978-0-520-24225-8
13858:978-0-674-05777-7
13817:978-0-691-17632-1
13709:, pp. 19–30.
13691:third century BCE
13656:, pp. 11–13.
13585:rather than "Li"
13408:
13407:
12870:Segoe UI Historic
12798:
12797:
11559:
11558:
10779:
10778:
10298:
10297:
9518:
9517:
9223:
9222:
9215:recent photograph
9188:
9178:
9167:
9157:
9147:
9137:
9127:
9117:
9107:
9045:, the God of Gods
9030:
9019:
9012:
8954:Heliodorus pillar
8945:
8944:
8919:
8909:
8891:
8881:
8863:
8824:Buddha Shakyamuni
8816:
8805:
8798:
8716:
8715:
8002:
8001:
7607:
7606:
7372:
7132:
6892:
6652:
6280:
5942:
5941:
3562:Kharoshthi script
3408:radiocarbon dates
2899:to describe his "
2739:Falk's 1993 book
2489:
2488:
1663:
1662:
1279:
1278:
952:Heliodorus pillar
815:Samavāyāṅga Sūtra
804:early Jaina texts
753:Dharmic religions
585:diacritical marks
574:Southeastern Asia
489:rendering support
476:
475:
217:Devanagari script
64:Brahmi script on
16:(Redirected from
24035:
23989:
23982:
23980:Braille literacy
23975:
23957:
23950:
23943:
23936:
23929:
23908:
23901:
23894:
23887:
23880:
23873:
23866:
23848:
23841:
23834:
23827:
23820:
23813:
23806:
23799:
23781:
23774:
23772:Slate and stylus
23767:
23760:
23758:Perkins Brailler
23753:
23746:
23739:
23732:
23725:
23718:
23716:Braille embosser
23711:
23691:
23684:
23677:
23669:
23662:
23655:
23633:
23625:
23618:
23600:
23593:
23584:
23577:
23570:
23563:
23556:
23540:
23537:American Braille
23521:
23518:Algerian Braille
23498:
23491:
23483:
23476:
23468:
23461:
23454:
23447:
23439:
23432:
23425:
23407:
23399:
23392:
23385:
23378:
23371:
23364:
23357:
23350:
23343:
23336:
23313:
23305:
23298:
23274:
23267:
23260:
23253:
23246:
23239:
23232:
23225:
23199:
23194:
23189:
23182:
23177:
23172:
23167:
23160:
23153:
23146:
23133:
23132:
23128:
23121:
23114:
23107:
23100:
23093:
23085:
23078:
23071:
23064:
23057:
23050:
23043:
23036:
23029:
23022:
23015:
23008:
23001:
22993:
22986:
22979:
22972:
22965:
22958:
22951:
22944:
22937:
22930:
22923:
22916:
22909:
22902:
22890:
22883:
22876:
22868:
22861:
22854:
22847:
22832:
22831:
22820:
22813:
22806:
22799:
22782:
22771:
22764:
22757:
22748:
22747:
22538:
22537:
22493:
22492:
22399:
22398:
22391:Semi-syllabaries
22386:
22385:
22087:
22086:
22078:
22077:
22065:
22064:
21950:
21949:
21305:
21304:
21292:
21291:
21194:Japanese Braille
20779:Zanabazar square
20648:Nepalese scripts
20538:Bengali–Assamese
20528:
20527:
20519:
20518:
20506:
20505:
20423:Pitman shorthand
20268:
20267:
20264:
20263:
20251:
20250:
20183:
20182:
20164:
20157:
20150:
20141:
20140:
20124:Sanskrit revival
20114:Punjabi Movement
20079:Bengali movement
19854:
19853:
19221:Great Andamanese
19217:
19216:
19128:
19121:
19114:
19105:
19104:
19094:
19078:
19059:
19052:"Brahmi-Schrift"
19046:
19023:
19010:
18980:
18969:
18945:
18924:
18895:
18870:
18859:. Anthem Press.
18845:
18824:
18806:
18785:
18772:
18748:
18734:
18720:India: A History
18702:
18680:Gérard Fussman,
18677:
18668:
18647:
18636:
18608:
18595:
18589:
18588:
18586:
18585:
18570:
18564:
18563:
18561:
18560:
18545:
18539:
18532:
18526:
18525:
18523:
18522:
18516:
18501:
18492:
18486:
18480:
18474:
18466:
18460:
18459:
18431:
18425:
18413:
18411:
18410:
18392:
18386:
18385:
18383:
18382:
18354:
18348:
18347:
18345:
18344:
18316:
18310:
18308:
18301:
18295:
18294:
18292:
18291:
18285:
18278:
18270:
18261:
18260:
18251:
18242:
18241:
18231:
18225:
18224:
18222:
18221:
18203:
18197:
18196:
18187:
18181:
18176:
18170:
18169:
18167:
18166:
18160:
18154:. pp. 4–6.
18153:
18143:
18137:
18131:
18122:
18109:
18103:
18102:
18092:
18086:
18080:
18074:
18073:
18071:
18070:
18042:
18036:
18035:
18033:
18032:
18004:
17998:
17985:
17974:
17973:
17971:
17970:
17942:
17936:
17935:
17925:
17914:
17907:Allahabad Pillar
17900:
17894:
17888:
17882:
17870:Inscriptions of
17868:
17862:
17860:Edicts of Ashoka
17856:
17850:
17842:
17836:
17835:
17833:
17832:
17804:
17798:
17797:
17789:
17783:
17776:
17770:
17769:
17767:
17766:
17748:
17742:
17741:, p. 62–64.
17736:
17730:
17729:
17721:
17715:
17709:
17703:
17697:
17691:
17685:
17679:
17673:
17667:
17666:
17664:
17663:
17635:
17624:
17623:
17621:
17620:
17592:
17586:
17585:
17583:
17582:
17564:
17558:
17545:
17539:
17538:
17536:
17535:
17507:
17501:
17500:
17498:
17497:
17479:
17477:
17476:
17448:
17442:
17436:
17430:
17429:
17420:
17414:
17404:
17398:
17392:
17386:
17385:
17383:
17382:
17365:
17359:
17358:
17348:
17342:
17341:
17339:
17338:
17321:
17315:
17314:
17301:
17295:
17282:
17276:
17275:
17265:
17259:
17258:
17249:
17243:
17242:
17240:
17239:
17222:
17213:
17212:
17203:
17197:
17196:
17190:
17189:
17156:
17150:
17144:
17133:
17127:
17121:
17120:
17111:
17105:
17104:
17095:
17089:
17083:
17062:
17056:
17050:
17040:
17034:
17033:
17031:
17030:
17002:
16996:
16995:
16985:
16962:
16959:
16953:
16950:
16944:
16943:
16941:
16939:
16933:
16922:
16913:
16907:
16904:
16898:
16880:
16874:
16873:
16845:
16834:
16828:
16819:
16813:
16807:
16801:
16792:
16786:
16780:
16774:
16768:
16762:
16756:
16750:
16744:
16738:
16729:
16728:
16726:
16725:
16697:
16691:
16690:
16682:
16676:
16670:
16661:
16660:
16642:
16636:
16635:
16634:
16633:
16609:
16603:
16587:
16581:
16580:
16578:
16577:
16549:
16543:
16542:
16540:
16539:
16511:
16505:
16499:
16493:
16492:
16490:
16489:
16461:
16455:
16454:
16452:
16451:
16423:
16417:
16402:
16393:
16392:
16390:
16389:
16361:
16355:
16354:
16352:
16351:
16315:
16309:
16303:
16297:
16296:
16294:
16292:
16278:
16272:
16271:
16263:
16257:
16256:
16254:
16253:
16235:
16229:
16223:
16217:
16211:
16205:
16204:
16202:
16201:
16183:
16177:
16176:
16173:Brill Publishers
16164:
16158:
16157:
16155:
16154:
16135:
16129:
16128:
16126:
16125:
16097:
16091:
16090:
16080:
16074:
16068:
16062:
16056:
16050:
16049:
16013:
16007:
16006:
15999:Patrick Olivelle
15994:
15988:
15987:
15985:
15983:
15963:
15957:
15951:
15945:
15931:
15925:
15918:
15912:
15896:Kak, S. (1988).
15894:
15888:
15885:The Golden Chain
15868:Kak, S. (2005).
15866:
15860:
15859:
15858:
15857:
15851:
15836:
15827:
15821:
15820:
15818:
15817:
15789:
15783:
15782:
15776:
15775:
15747:
15741:
15740:
15738:
15737:
15709:
15703:
15702:
15694:
15688:
15687:
15679:
15673:
15672:
15671:
15670:
15652:
15646:
15645:
15643:
15642:
15614:
15608:
15607:
15602:
15601:
15573:
15567:
15566:
15564:
15563:
15517:
15504:
15498:
15492:
15486:
15480:
15474:
15468:
15462:
15456:
15455:
15427:
15416:
15410:
15404:
15398:
15389:
15383:
15377:
15376:
15363:
15354:
15338:
15329:
15328:
15326:
15325:
15293:
15287:
15286:
15284:
15282:
15247:
15241:
15240:
15239:, pp. 10–12
15237:Brill Publishers
15228:
15217:
15216:
15214:
15212:
15198:
15192:
15191:
15183:
15177:
15176:, p. 82–83.
15171:
15165:
15164:, p. 76–77.
15159:
15153:
15152:
15140:
15134:
15128:
15119:
15113:
15107:
15101:
15095:
15094:
15085:
15079:
15073:
15062:
15056:
15050:
15049:, p. 84–91.
15044:
15035:
15034:
15032:
15031:
15007:
15001:
15000:
14992:
14983:
14977:
14971:
14965:
14959:
14953:
14944:
14938:
14929:
14928:
14922:
14921:
14902:
14896:
14895:
14893:
14892:
14852:
14846:
14845:
14843:
14842:
14814:
14808:
14807:
14799:
14793:
14787:
14781:
14779:
14771:
14765:
14759:
14750:
14744:
14735:
14734:, pp. 19–20
14729:
14720:
14714:
14708:
14702:
14693:
14692:
14672:
14666:
14665:
14650:
14644:
14643:
14641:
14640:
14600:
14594:
14588:
14582:
14575:
14573:
14572:
14554:
14545:
14544:
14534:
14528:
14522:
14516:
14510:
14504:
14494:
14488:
14482:
14476:
14470:
14459:
14453:
14447:
14441:
14435:
14429:
14423:
14417:
14411:
14410:
14378:
14372:
14371:
14343:
14334:
14328:
14322:
14321:
14319:
14318:
14288:
14275:
14274:
14268:
14267:
14245:Indian Epigraphy
14236:
14230:
14224:
14218:
14217:
14208:
14207:
14179:
14173:
14172:
14167:
14166:
14135:
14129:
14128:
14122:
14121:
14086:
14080:
14079:
14068:
14067:
14039:
14033:
14032:
14026:
14025:
13994:
13988:
13987:
13977:
13976:
13948:
13942:
13941:
13919:
13918:
13887:
13881:
13880:
13871:
13870:
13843:Lahiri, Nayanjot
13839:
13833:
13832:
13830:
13829:
13801:
13795:
13794:
13789:
13788:
13769:
13763:
13762:
13760:
13759:
13750:. Archived from
13719:
13710:
13704:
13695:
13684:
13678:
13670:Fa yiian chu lin
13663:
13657:
13651:
13634:
13623:
13617:
13610:
13604:
13598:
13592:
13590:
13584:
13570:
13515:
13509:
13501:matres lectionis
13492:
13485:
13479:
13460:
13401:
13393:
13379:
13378:
12984:
12979:
12895:
12894:
12890:
12889:𑀩𑁆𑀭𑀸𑀳𑁆𑀫𑀻
12860:commissioned by
12858:Noto Sans Brahmi
12823:Origin of Hangul
12819:Tibetan alphabet
12811:'Phags-pa script
12793:
12786:
12779:
12772:
12765:
12758:
12751:
12744:
12737:
12730:
12723:
12716:
12709:
12702:
12695:
12688:
12681:
12674:
12667:
12660:
12653:
12646:
12639:
12632:
12625:
12618:
12611:
12604:
12597:
12590:
12583:
12576:
12569:
12556:
12549:
12542:
12535:
12528:
12521:
12514:
12507:
12500:
12493:
12486:
12479:
12472:
12465:
12458:
12451:
12444:
12437:
12430:
12423:
12416:
12409:
12402:
12395:
12388:
12381:
12374:
12367:
12360:
12353:
12346:
12339:
12332:
12317:
12310:
12303:
12296:
12289:
12282:
12275:
12268:
12261:
12254:
12247:
12240:
12233:
12226:
12219:
12212:
12205:
12198:
12191:
12184:
12177:
12170:
12163:
12156:
12149:
12142:
12135:
12128:
12121:
12114:
12107:
12100:
12093:
12080:
12073:
12066:
12059:
12052:
12045:
12038:
12031:
12024:
12017:
12010:
12003:
11996:
11989:
11982:
11975:
11968:
11961:
11954:
11947:
11940:
11933:
11926:
11919:
11912:
11905:
11898:
11891:
11884:
11877:
11870:
11863:
11856:
11847:
11791:scripts such as
11742:Grantha alphabet
11679:
11665:
11660:
11655:
11650:
11645:
11639:
11619:
11591:
11572:
11553:
11552:
11547:
11540:
11533:
11532:
11527:
11520:
11513:
11512:
11507:
11500:
11493:
11492:
11487:
11480:
11473:
11472:
11467:
11460:
11453:
11452:
11447:
11440:
11426:
11425:
11420:
11413:
11406:
11405:
11400:
11393:
11386:
11385:
11380:
11373:
11366:
11365:
11360:
11353:
11346:
11345:
11340:
11333:
11326:
11325:
11320:
11313:
11306:
11305:
11300:
11293:
11279:
11278:
11273:
11266:
11259:
11258:
11253:
11246:
11239:
11238:
11233:
11226:
11219:
11218:
11213:
11206:
11199:
11198:
11193:
11186:
11179:
11178:
11173:
11166:
11159:
11158:
11153:
11146:
11130:
11129:
11124:
11117:
11110:
11109:
11104:
11097:
11090:
11089:
11084:
11077:
11070:
11069:
11064:
11057:
11050:
11049:
11044:
11037:
11030:
11029:
11024:
11017:
11010:
11009:
11004:
10997:
10983:
10982:
10977:
10970:
10961:
10960:
10955:
10948:
10941:
10940:
10935:
10928:
10921:
10920:
10915:
10908:
10901:
10900:
10895:
10888:
10881:
10880:
10875:
10868:
10786:
10785:
10775:
10771:
10764:
10759:
10755:
10748:
10741:
10737:
10730:
10725:
10721:
10714:
10707:
10703:
10696:
10689:
10685:
10674:
10670:
10663:
10656:
10652:
10645:
10636:
10632:
10623:
10619:
10612:
10603:
10599:
10590:
10586:
10579:
10570:
10566:
10559:
10552:
10548:
10541:
10516:
10515:
10506:
10490:
10440:
10430:
10427:
10405:
10395:
10386:
10373:
10359:
10353:
10347:
10327:
10311:
10292:
10291:
10286:
10279:
10272:
10271:
10266:
10259:
10252:
10251:
10246:
10239:
10232:
10231:
10226:
10219:
10212:
10211:
10206:
10199:
10192:
10191:
10186:
10179:
10165:
10164:
10159:
10152:
10145:
10144:
10139:
10132:
10125:
10124:
10119:
10112:
10105:
10104:
10099:
10092:
10085:
10084:
10079:
10072:
10065:
10064:
10059:
10052:
10045:
10044:
10039:
10032:
10018:
10017:
10012:
10005:
9998:
9997:
9992:
9985:
9978:
9977:
9972:
9965:
9958:
9957:
9952:
9945:
9938:
9937:
9932:
9925:
9918:
9917:
9912:
9905:
9898:
9897:
9892:
9885:
9869:
9868:
9863:
9856:
9849:
9848:
9843:
9836:
9829:
9828:
9823:
9816:
9809:
9808:
9803:
9796:
9789:
9788:
9783:
9776:
9769:
9768:
9763:
9756:
9749:
9748:
9743:
9736:
9722:
9721:
9716:
9709:
9700:
9699:
9694:
9687:
9680:
9679:
9674:
9667:
9660:
9659:
9654:
9647:
9640:
9639:
9634:
9627:
9620:
9619:
9614:
9607:
9525:
9524:
9514:
9510:
9503:
9498:
9494:
9487:
9480:
9476:
9469:
9464:
9460:
9453:
9446:
9442:
9435:
9428:
9424:
9413:
9409:
9402:
9395:
9391:
9384:
9375:
9371:
9362:
9358:
9351:
9342:
9338:
9329:
9325:
9318:
9309:
9305:
9298:
9291:
9287:
9280:
9255:
9254:
9186:
9183:
9176:
9173:
9165:
9162:
9155:
9152:
9145:
9142:
9135:
9132:
9125:
9122:
9115:
9112:
9105:
9102:
9088:lead to heaven:
9024:
9017:
9010:
9005:
9002:
8999:
8994:
8917:
8914:
8907:
8904:
8889:
8886:
8879:
8876:
8873:𑀲𑀓𑁆𑀬𑀫𑀼𑀦𑀺
8861:
8858:
8810:
8803:
8796:
8791:
8788:
8785:
8780:
8751:
8748:
8743:Edicts of Ashoka
8726:
8721:
8710:
8709:
8704:
8697:
8692:
8691:
8686:
8679:
8674:
8673:
8668:
8661:
8656:
8655:
8650:
8643:
8638:
8637:
8632:
8625:
8620:
8619:
8614:
8607:
8595:
8594:
8589:
8582:
8577:
8576:
8571:
8564:
8559:
8558:
8553:
8546:
8541:
8540:
8535:
8528:
8523:
8522:
8517:
8510:
8505:
8504:
8499:
8492:
8487:
8486:
8481:
8474:
8462:
8461:
8456:
8449:
8444:
8443:
8438:
8431:
8426:
8425:
8420:
8413:
8408:
8407:
8402:
8395:
8390:
8389:
8384:
8377:
8372:
8371:
8366:
8359:
8354:
8353:
8348:
8341:
8327:
8326:
8321:
8314:
8309:
8308:
8303:
8296:
8291:
8290:
8285:
8278:
8273:
8272:
8267:
8260:
8255:
8254:
8249:
8242:
8237:
8236:
8231:
8224:
8219:
8218:
8213:
8206:
8194:
8193:
8188:
8181:
8174:
8173:
8168:
8161:
8156:
8155:
8150:
8143:
8138:
8137:
8132:
8125:
8120:
8119:
8114:
8107:
8102:
8101:
8096:
8089:
8009:
8008:
7998:
7994:
7987:
7982:
7978:
7971:
7966:
7962:
7955:
7950:
7946:
7939:
7932:
7928:
7921:
7916:
7912:
7905:
7900:
7896:
7889:
7884:
7880:
7873:
7866:
7862:
7855:
7850:
7846:
7839:
7834:
7830:
7823:
7818:
7814:
7807:
7800:
7796:
7789:
7784:
7780:
7773:
7768:
7764:
7757:
7752:
7748:
7741:
7734:
7730:
7723:
7718:
7714:
7707:
7702:
7698:
7691:
7686:
7682:
7675:
7632:
7631:
7603:
7596:
7589:
7582:
7575:
7568:
7561:
7554:
7547:
7540:
7533:
7526:
7519:
7512:
7505:
7498:
7491:
7484:
7477:
7470:
7463:
7456:
7449:
7442:
7435:
7428:
7421:
7414:
7407:
7400:
7393:
7386:
7379:
7368:
7363:
7356:
7349:
7342:
7335:
7328:
7321:
7314:
7307:
7300:
7293:
7286:
7279:
7272:
7265:
7258:
7251:
7244:
7237:
7230:
7223:
7216:
7209:
7202:
7195:
7188:
7181:
7174:
7167:
7160:
7153:
7146:
7139:
7128:
7123:
7116:
7109:
7102:
7095:
7088:
7081:
7074:
7067:
7060:
7053:
7046:
7039:
7032:
7025:
7018:
7011:
7004:
6997:
6990:
6983:
6976:
6969:
6962:
6955:
6948:
6941:
6934:
6927:
6920:
6913:
6906:
6899:
6888:
6883:
6876:
6868:
6861:
6855:
6848:
6841:
6834:
6827:
6820:
6813:
6806:
6799:
6792:
6785:
6778:
6771:
6764:
6757:
6750:
6743:
6736:
6729:
6722:
6715:
6708:
6701:
6694:
6687:
6680:
6673:
6666:
6659:
6648:
6640:
6629:
6618:
6607:
6596:
6585:
6574:
6563:
6552:
6541:
6530:
6519:
6508:
6497:
6486:
6475:
6464:
6453:
6442:
6431:
6420:
6409:
6398:
6387:
6376:
6365:
6354:
6343:
6332:
6321:
6310:
6299:
6288:
6276:
6271:
6264:
6257:
6250:
6243:
6236:
6229:
6222:
6215:
6208:
6201:
6194:
6187:
6180:
6173:
6166:
6159:
6152:
6145:
6138:
6131:
6124:
6117:
6110:
6103:
6096:
6089:
6082:
6075:
6068:
6061:
6054:
6047:
6033:
5964:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5903:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5490:
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5455:
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5425:
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5396:
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5366:
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5316:
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5217:
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5177:
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5097:
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5082:
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5067:
5062:
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5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
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4948:
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4938:
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4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
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4859:
4854:
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4819:
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4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
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4739:
4734:
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4714:
4709:
4704:
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4655:
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4605:
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4506:
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4456:
4451:
4446:
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4416:
4411:
4406:
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4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4327:
4320:
4313:
4306:
4299:
4292:
4285:
4278:
4271:
4264:
4257:
4250:
4243:
4236:
4229:
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4215:
4208:
4201:
4194:
4187:
4180:
4173:
4166:
4159:
4152:
4145:
4138:
4131:
4124:
4117:
4110:
4103:
4096:
4087:
4086:
4082:Thomas Trautmann
4032:
3994:
3982:
3970:
3955:𑀲𑀓𑁆𑀬𑀫𑀼𑀦𑀻
3944:
3938:
3930:
3920:
3916:
3874:
3795:Annaicoddai seal
3655:Christian Lassen
3648:Allahabad pillar
3637:
3634:
3604:Edicts of Ashoka
3596:Allahabad pillar
3558:Edicts of Ashoka
3510:Christian Lassen
3473:Northern Satraps
3446:
3443:
3345:Edicts of Ashoka
3239:Samvayanga Sutra
3055:Diodorus Siculus
2931:origin ("Dipi").
2926:
2925:
2920:
2919:
2914:
2913:
2908:
2907:
2894:
2836:Georg Feuerstein
2744:
2734:
2733:
2729:
2719:
2718:
2644:
2617:
2603:
2557:
2536:
2525:
2519:
2508:Tibetan alphabet
2505:
2482:
2475:
2465:
2458:
2446:
2439:
2429:
2422:
2410:
2403:
2393:
2386:
2374:
2367:
2357:
2350:
2338:
2331:
2321:
2314:
2302:
2295:
2285:
2278:
2266:
2258:
2248:
2241:
2229:
2222:
2212:
2205:
2193:
2186:
2176:
2169:
2157:
2150:
2140:
2133:
2121:
2114:
2104:
2097:
2085:
2078:
2068:
2061:
2049:
2041:
2031:
2024:
2012:
2005:
1995:
1988:
1976:
1969:
1959:
1952:
1940:
1933:
1923:
1916:
1904:
1896:
1886:
1879:
1867:
1859:
1849:
1842:
1830:
1823:
1813:
1806:
1794:
1787:
1777:
1770:
1758:
1751:
1741:
1734:
1722:
1712:
1705:
1677:
1673:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1619:
1604:
1603:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1588:
1559:
1554:
1544:
1529:
1528:
1527:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1513:
1484:
1479:
1469:
1454:
1453:
1452:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1438:
1409:
1404:
1394:
1379:
1378:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1363:
1296:
1272:
1265:
1250:
1243:
1228:
1221:
1206:
1199:
1184:
1177:
1162:
1155:
1140:
1133:
1118:
1111:
1096:
1089:
1074:
1067:
1052:
1047:
1039:
1035:
1025:
945:
936:
844:Aramaic alphabet
741:"Child learning
703:
700:
635:, among others.
621:Christian Lassen
598:edicts of Ashoka
543:
542:𑀩𑁆𑀭𑀸𑀳𑁆𑀫𑀻
536:
531:
530:
527:
526:
523:
520:
517:
514:
511:
484:
472:
466:
462:
406:
403:
319:Malayalam script
263:Khudabadi script
258:Gurumukhi script
178:Aramaic alphabet
117:
116:
78:
75:
62:
44:
43:
21:
24043:
24042:
24038:
24037:
24036:
24034:
24033:
24032:
24028:Brahmic scripts
24003:
24002:
24001:
23992:
23985:
23978:
23971:
23960:
23953:
23946:
23939:
23932:
23925:
23911:
23904:
23897:
23890:
23883:
23876:
23869:
23862:
23851:
23844:
23837:
23830:
23823:
23816:
23809:
23804:Charles Barbier
23802:
23795:
23784:
23777:
23770:
23763:
23756:
23749:
23742:
23735:
23728:
23721:
23714:
23707:
23694:
23687:
23680:
23672:
23665:
23658:
23651:
23636:
23628:
23621:
23614:
23603:
23596:
23589:
23580:
23573:
23566:
23559:
23554:
23543:
23535:
23529:Frequency-based
23524:
23516:
23501:
23494:
23486:
23479:
23471:
23464:
23457:
23450:
23442:
23435:
23428:
23421:
23410:
23402:
23395:
23388:
23381:
23374:
23367:
23360:
23353:
23346:
23339:
23332:
23325:Bharati Braille
23322:
23316:
23308:
23301:
23294:
23283:
23277:
23270:
23263:
23256:
23249:
23242:
23235:
23228:
23221:
23210:
23204:
23197:
23192:
23185:
23180:
23175:
23170:
23163:
23156:
23149:
23142:
23131:
23124:
23117:
23110:
23103:
23096:
23088:
23081:
23074:
23067:
23060:
23053:
23046:
23039:
23032:
23025:
23018:
23011:
23004:
22996:
22989:
22982:
22975:
22968:
22961:
22954:
22947:
22940:
22933:
22926:
22919:
22912:
22905:
22899:Unified English
22893:
22886:
22879:
22871:
22864:
22857:
22850:
22843:
22828:Braille scripts
22823:
22816:
22809:
22802:
22795:
22784:
22780:
22775:
22730:
22545:
22528:
22524:Stokoe notation
22500:
22479:
22438:
22393:
22372:
22356:
22320:
22299:Logoconsonantal
22294:
22243:
22196:
22165:
22072:
22055:
22036:Siglas poveiras
21957:
21936:
21895:
21799:Younger Futhark
21503:Gregg shorthand
21299:
21278:
21131:
20783:
20513:
20496:
20275:
20258:
20241:
20214:Writing systems
20202:
20177:
20175:writing systems
20168:
20138:
20133:
20109:Nepali movement
20067:
20063:Sanskritisation
20031:
20030:
20020:
20004:
19986:
19918:
19899:Arabi Malayalam
19885:
19841:
19818:
19730:
19707:
19684:
19646:
19608:
19590:
19557:
19529:
19496:
19326:
19281:
19238:
19212:
19206:
19138:
19132:
19085:
19069:
19066:
19043:
19007:
18987:
18985:Further reading
18966:
18942:
18892:
18867:
18843:
18822:
18803:
18769:
18731:
18723:. Grove Press.
18700:
18665:
18633:
18617:
18612:
18611:
18605:Wayback Machine
18596:
18592:
18583:
18581:
18572:
18571:
18567:
18558:
18556:
18547:
18546:
18542:
18533:
18529:
18520:
18518:
18514:
18499:
18493:
18489:
18481:
18477:
18467:
18463:
18456:
18432:
18428:
18423:Wayback Machine
18408:
18406:
18393:
18389:
18380:
18378:
18371:
18355:
18351:
18342:
18340:
18333:
18317:
18313:
18302:
18298:
18289:
18287:
18283:
18276:
18274:"Gupta Unicode"
18272:
18271:
18264:
18253:
18252:
18245:
18232:
18228:
18219:
18217:
18206:
18204:
18200:
18189:
18188:
18184:
18177:
18173:
18164:
18162:
18158:
18151:
18145:
18144:
18140:
18132:
18125:
18120:Wayback Machine
18110:
18106:
18093:
18089:
18081:
18077:
18068:
18066:
18059:
18043:
18039:
18030:
18028:
18021:
18005:
18001:
17995:Wayback Machine
17986:
17977:
17968:
17966:
17959:
17943:
17939:
17926:
17917:
17901:
17897:
17889:
17885:
17877:on the rock at
17869:
17865:
17857:
17853:
17843:
17839:
17830:
17828:
17821:
17805:
17801:
17790:
17786:
17777:
17773:
17764:
17762:
17749:
17745:
17737:
17733:
17722:
17718:
17710:
17706:
17698:
17694:
17686:
17682:
17674:
17670:
17661:
17659:
17652:
17636:
17627:
17618:
17616:
17609:
17593:
17589:
17580:
17578:
17565:
17561:
17556:Wayback Machine
17546:
17542:
17533:
17531:
17524:
17508:
17504:
17495:
17493:
17474:
17472:
17465:
17449:
17445:
17437:
17433:
17422:
17421:
17417:
17405:
17401:
17393:
17389:
17380:
17378:
17367:
17366:
17362:
17349:
17345:
17336:
17334:
17323:
17322:
17318:
17307:
17302:
17298:
17292:Wayback Machine
17283:
17279:
17266:
17262:
17251:
17250:
17246:
17237:
17235:
17224:
17223:
17216:
17205:
17204:
17200:
17187:
17185:
17178:
17157:
17153:
17145:
17136:
17128:
17124:
17113:
17112:
17108:
17097:
17096:
17092:
17084:
17065:
17057:
17053:
17041:
17037:
17028:
17026:
17019:
17003:
16999:
16986:
16965:
16960:
16956:
16951:
16947:
16937:
16935:
16931:
16920:
16914:
16910:
16905:
16901:
16891:Wayback Machine
16881:
16877:
16846:
16837:
16829:
16822:
16814:
16810:
16802:
16795:
16787:
16783:
16775:
16771:
16763:
16759:
16751:
16747:
16739:
16732:
16723:
16721:
16714:
16713:978-813171120-0
16698:
16694:
16683:
16679:
16671:
16664:
16657:
16643:
16639:
16631:
16629:
16610:
16606:
16600:Wayback Machine
16588:
16584:
16575:
16573:
16566:
16550:
16546:
16537:
16535:
16528:
16512:
16508:
16500:
16496:
16487:
16485:
16478:
16462:
16458:
16449:
16447:
16440:
16424:
16420:
16403:
16396:
16387:
16385:
16378:
16362:
16358:
16349:
16347:
16332:
16316:
16312:
16304:
16300:
16290:
16288:
16279:
16275:
16264:
16260:
16251:
16249:
16236:
16232:
16224:
16220:
16212:
16208:
16199:
16197:
16184:
16180:
16165:
16161:
16152:
16150:
16136:
16132:
16123:
16121:
16114:
16098:
16094:
16081:
16077:
16069:
16065:
16057:
16053:
16014:
16010:
15995:
15991:
15981:
15979:
15964:
15960:
15952:
15948:
15932:
15928:
15919:
15915:
15905:Wayback Machine
15895:
15891:
15877:Wayback Machine
15867:
15863:
15855:
15853:
15849:
15834:
15828:
15824:
15815:
15813:
15806:
15790:
15786:
15773:
15771:
15764:
15748:
15744:
15735:
15733:
15726:
15710:
15706:
15695:
15691:
15680:
15676:
15668:
15666:
15653:
15649:
15640:
15638:
15631:
15615:
15611:
15599:
15597:
15590:
15574:
15570:
15561:
15559:
15544:
15518:
15507:
15499:
15495:
15491:, pp. 104.
15487:
15483:
15475:
15471:
15463:
15459:
15428:
15419:
15411:
15407:
15399:
15392:
15384:
15380:
15364:
15357:
15352:Wayback Machine
15339:
15332:
15323:
15321:
15294:
15290:
15280:
15278:
15248:
15244:
15229:
15220:
15210:
15208:
15199:
15195:
15184:
15180:
15172:
15168:
15160:
15156:
15147:. Winona Lake,
15141:
15137:
15129:
15122:
15114:
15110:
15102:
15098:
15086:
15082:
15074:
15065:
15057:
15053:
15045:
15038:
15029:
15027:
15008:
15004:
14993:
14986:
14978:
14974:
14966:
14962:
14954:
14947:
14939:
14932:
14919:
14917:
14904:
14903:
14899:
14890:
14888:
14853:
14849:
14840:
14838:
14831:
14815:
14811:
14800:
14796:
14788:
14784:
14772:
14768:
14760:
14753:
14745:
14738:
14730:
14723:
14715:
14711:
14703:
14696:
14673:
14669:
14651:
14647:
14638:
14636:
14601:
14597:
14589:
14585:
14570:
14568:
14555:
14548:
14535:
14531:
14523:
14519:
14511:
14507:
14495:
14491:
14483:
14479:
14471:
14462:
14454:
14450:
14442:
14438:
14430:
14426:
14418:
14414:
14379:
14375:
14360:10.2307/3087634
14344:
14337:
14329:
14325:
14316:
14314:
14307:
14289:
14278:
14265:
14263:
14256:
14237:
14233:
14225:
14221:
14205:
14203:
14196:
14180:
14176:
14164:
14162:
14155:
14136:
14132:
14119:
14117:
14110:
14087:
14083:
14065:
14063:
14056:
14040:
14036:
14023:
14021:
14014:
13995:
13991:
13982:Asiatic Society
13974:
13972:
13965:
13949:
13945:
13916:
13914:
13907:
13888:
13884:
13868:
13866:
13859:
13840:
13836:
13827:
13825:
13818:
13802:
13798:
13786:
13784:
13771:
13770:
13766:
13757:
13755:
13720:
13713:
13705:
13698:
13685:
13681:
13677:the northwest."
13664:
13660:
13652:
13648:
13643:
13638:
13637:
13624:
13620:
13611:
13607:
13599:
13595:
13516:
13512:
13496:mater lectionis
13486:
13482:
13461:
13457:
13452:
13447:
13443:Anaikoddai seal
13413:
13377: BNJ
13376:
13375:
12982:
12977:
12903:
12891:
12888:
12872:, tied in with
12843:
12837:
12803:
12791:
12784:
12777:
12770:
12763:
12756:
12749:
12742:
12735:
12728:
12721:
12714:
12707:
12700:
12693:
12686:
12679:
12672:
12665:
12658:
12651:
12644:
12637:
12630:
12623:
12616:
12609:
12602:
12595:
12588:
12581:
12574:
12567:
12315:
12308:
12301:
12294:
12287:
12280:
12273:
12266:
12259:
12252:
12245:
12238:
12231:
12224:
12217:
12210:
12203:
12196:
12189:
12182:
12175:
12168:
12161:
12154:
12147:
12140:
12133:
12126:
12119:
12112:
12105:
12098:
12091:
11762:Javanese script
11737:(9th century).
11707:Edict of Ashoka
11699:
11697:Brahmic scripts
11693:
11686:
11680:
11671:
11620:
11611:
11592:
11583:
11573:
11564:
11549:
11529:
11509:
11489:
11469:
11449:
11422:
11402:
11382:
11362:
11342:
11322:
11302:
11275:
11255:
11235:
11215:
11195:
11175:
11155:
11126:
11106:
11086:
11066:
11046:
11026:
11006:
10979:
10957:
10937:
10917:
10897:
10877:
10784:
10762:
10746:
10728:
10712:
10531:
10523:
10514:
10513:
10512:
10511:
10510:
10509:Usage examples.
10507:
10499:
10498:
10491:
10482:
10481:
10475:
10470:
10464:
10458:
10451:
10441:
10432:
10428:
10410:Western Satraps
10406:
10397:
10364:
10354:
10336:Western Satraps
10328:
10319:
10312:
10303:
10288:
10268:
10248:
10228:
10208:
10188:
10161:
10141:
10121:
10101:
10081:
10061:
10041:
10014:
9994:
9974:
9954:
9934:
9914:
9894:
9865:
9845:
9825:
9805:
9785:
9765:
9745:
9718:
9696:
9676:
9656:
9636:
9616:
9523:
9501:
9485:
9467:
9451:
9270:
9262:
9245:
9228:
9198:Richard Salomon
9190:
9185:
9184:
9181:
9179:
9175:
9174:
9171:
9169:
9168:
9164:
9163:
9160:
9158:
9154:
9153:
9150:
9148:
9144:
9143:
9140:
9138:
9134:
9133:
9130:
9128:
9124:
9123:
9120:
9118:
9114:
9113:
9110:
9108:
9104:
9103:
9100:
9094:
9087:
9083:
9080:
9074:
9068:
9067:, as ambassador
9058:
9052:
9046:
9023:
9016:
9015:Transliteration
9009:
9000:
8950:
8921:
8918:aṭha-bhāgiye ca
8916:
8915:
8912:
8910:
8906:
8905:
8894:
8892:
8888:
8887:
8884:
8882:
8878:
8877:
8866:
8864:
8860:
8859:
8845:
8809:
8802:
8801:Transliteration
8795:
8786:
8764:
8758:
8749:
8739:
8733:
8719:
8706:
8695:
8688:
8677:
8670:
8659:
8652:
8641:
8634:
8623:
8616:
8605:
8591:
8580:
8573:
8562:
8555:
8544:
8537:
8526:
8519:
8508:
8501:
8490:
8483:
8472:
8458:
8447:
8440:
8429:
8422:
8411:
8404:
8393:
8386:
8375:
8368:
8357:
8350:
8339:
8323:
8312:
8305:
8294:
8287:
8276:
8269:
8258:
8251:
8240:
8233:
8222:
8215:
8204:
8190:
8179:
8170:
8159:
8152:
8141:
8134:
8123:
8116:
8105:
8098:
8087:
8007:
7985:
7969:
7953:
7937:
7919:
7903:
7887:
7871:
7853:
7837:
7821:
7805:
7787:
7771:
7755:
7739:
7721:
7705:
7689:
7673:
7667:
7657:
7649:
7639:
7622:
7614:
6866:
6859:
6643:
6642:
6638:
6632:
6631:
6627:
6621:
6620:
6616:
6610:
6609:
6605:
6599:
6598:
6594:
6588:
6587:
6583:
6577:
6576:
6572:
6566:
6565:
6561:
6555:
6554:
6550:
6544:
6543:
6539:
6533:
6532:
6528:
6522:
6521:
6517:
6511:
6510:
6506:
6500:
6499:
6495:
6489:
6488:
6484:
6478:
6477:
6473:
6467:
6466:
6462:
6456:
6455:
6451:
6445:
6444:
6440:
6434:
6433:
6429:
6423:
6422:
6418:
6412:
6411:
6407:
6401:
6400:
6396:
6390:
6389:
6385:
6379:
6378:
6374:
6368:
6367:
6363:
6357:
6356:
6352:
6346:
6345:
6341:
6335:
6334:
6330:
6324:
6323:
6319:
6313:
6312:
6308:
6302:
6301:
6297:
6291:
6290:
6286:
6009:
5962:
5947:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5771:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4005:
3998:
3995:
3986:
3983:
3974:
3971:
3962:
3957:, "Sage of the
3931:
3895:
3889:
3857:
3832:
3830:Characteristics
3811:
3737:
3735:Southern Brahmi
3729:Richard Salomon
3692:
3685:
3635:
3581:Brahmic scripts
3575:written by the
3569:Charles Wilkins
3550:Brahmic scripts
3536:, according to
3489:
3459:
3453:
3448:
3444:
3421:
3331:pillar, now in
3307:
3243:Pragyapna Sutra
3152:
3079:
3021:
2939:
2923:
2922:
2917:
2916:
2911:
2910:
2905:
2904:
2892:
2879:
2808:Raymond Allchin
2800:Stephen Langdon
2788:
2731:
2727:
2721:
2713:
2702:
2649:𐤑 rather than
2550:(Θ) for Brahmi
2500:stops, such as
1668:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1518:
1517:
1516:
1443:
1442:
1441:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1275:curve addition
1165:curve addition
1121:curve addition
1050:
1045:
1032:
1024:/kə/,/kʰə/,/gə/
986:
985:
984:
983:
948:
947:
946:
938:
937:
894:Semitic scripts
836:
828:
809:Paṇṇavaṇā Sūtra
730:
706:Brahmi numerals
701:
667:Gabriel Devéria
640:Semitic scripts
566:Brahmic scripts
562:3rd century BCE
541:
534:
508:
504:
498:
497:
496:
485:
443:
437:U+11000–U+1107F
433:
421:
404:
401:
381:
268:Mahajani script
227:Gujarati script
196:
189:
163:
156:Related scripts
111:
99:
92:
80:
76:
53:
48:
42:
39:Brahmic scripts
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
24041:
24031:
24030:
24025:
24020:
24015:
23998:
23997:
23994:
23993:
23991:
23990:
23983:
23976:
23968:
23966:
23965:Related topics
23962:
23961:
23959:
23958:
23951:
23944:
23941:New York Point
23937:
23930:
23922:
23920:
23913:
23912:
23910:
23909:
23902:
23895:
23888:
23881:
23874:
23867:
23859:
23857:
23853:
23852:
23850:
23849:
23842:
23835:
23828:
23825:Harris Mowbray
23821:
23814:
23807:
23800:
23792:
23790:
23786:
23785:
23783:
23782:
23775:
23768:
23761:
23754:
23747:
23740:
23733:
23726:
23719:
23712:
23709:Braille e-book
23704:
23702:
23696:
23695:
23693:
23692:
23685:
23678:
23670:
23663:
23656:
23648:
23646:
23642:
23641:
23638:
23637:
23635:
23634:
23626:
23619:
23611:
23609:
23605:
23604:
23602:
23601:
23594:
23587:
23586:
23585:
23578:
23571:
23564:
23551:
23549:
23545:
23544:
23542:
23541:
23532:
23530:
23526:
23525:
23523:
23522:
23513:
23511:
23507:
23506:
23503:
23502:
23500:
23499:
23492:
23484:
23477:
23469:
23462:
23455:
23448:
23440:
23433:
23426:
23418:
23416:
23412:
23411:
23409:
23408:
23400:
23393:
23386:
23379:
23372:
23365:
23358:
23351:
23344:
23337:
23329:
23327:
23318:
23317:
23315:
23314:
23306:
23299:
23291:
23289:
23279:
23278:
23276:
23275:
23268:
23261:
23254:
23247:
23240:
23233:
23226:
23218:
23216:
23206:
23205:
23203:
23202:
23201:
23200:
23195:
23190:
23183:
23178:
23173:
23161:
23154:
23147:
23139:
23137:
23130:
23129:
23122:
23115:
23108:
23101:
23094:
23086:
23079:
23072:
23065:
23058:
23051:
23044:
23037:
23030:
23023:
23016:
23009:
23002:
22994:
22987:
22980:
22973:
22966:
22959:
22952:
22945:
22938:
22931:
22924:
22917:
22910:
22903:
22891:
22884:
22877:
22869:
22862:
22855:
22848:
22840:
22838:
22836:French-ordered
22829:
22825:
22824:
22822:
22821:
22814:
22807:
22800:
22792:
22790:
22786:
22785:
22774:
22773:
22766:
22759:
22751:
22744:
22743:
22740:
22739:
22736:
22735:
22732:
22731:
22729:
22728:
22723:
22718:
22713:
22708:
22703:
22698:
22693:
22688:
22683:
22678:
22676:Linear Elamite
22673:
22668:
22663:
22658:
22657:
22656:
22651:
22646:
22641:
22636:
22631:
22621:
22616:
22611:
22606:
22601:
22596:
22591:
22586:
22581:
22576:
22571:
22566:
22561:
22556:
22550:
22547:
22546:
22534:
22533:
22530:
22529:
22527:
22526:
22521:
22516:
22511:
22505:
22502:
22501:
22498:Sign languages
22489:
22488:
22485:
22484:
22481:
22480:
22478:
22477:
22475:Quốc Âm Tân Tự
22472:
22467:
22462:
22457:
22452:
22450:Espanca script
22446:
22444:
22440:
22439:
22437:
22436:
22431:
22426:
22421:
22416:
22411:
22409:Linear Elamite
22405:
22403:
22395:
22394:
22382:
22381:
22378:
22377:
22374:
22373:
22371:
22370:
22364:
22362:
22358:
22357:
22355:
22354:
22349:
22344:
22339:
22334:
22328:
22326:
22322:
22321:
22319:
22318:
22313:
22308:
22302:
22300:
22296:
22295:
22293:
22292:
22290:Yi (Classical)
22287:
22282:
22277:
22272:
22267:
22262:
22257:
22251:
22249:
22245:
22244:
22242:
22241:
22236:
22231:
22226:
22221:
22216:
22210:
22208:
22202:
22201:
22198:
22197:
22195:
22194:
22189:
22184:
22179:
22173:
22171:
22167:
22166:
22164:
22163:
22158:
22153:
22148:
22143:
22138:
22137:
22136:
22131:
22126:
22116:
22114:Bronze scripts
22111:
22106:
22101:
22095:
22093:
22084:
22074:
22073:
22061:
22060:
22057:
22056:
22054:
22053:
22048:
22043:
22038:
22033:
22028:
22023:
22018:
22013:
22008:
22003:
21998:
21993:
21988:
21983:
21978:
21973:
21968:
21962:
21959:
21958:
21946:
21945:
21942:
21941:
21938:
21937:
21935:
21934:
21929:
21927:Flag semaphore
21924:
21922:New York Point
21919:
21917:Telegraph code
21914:
21912:Maritime flags
21909:
21903:
21901:
21897:
21896:
21894:
21893:
21888:
21883:
21878:
21873:
21868:
21866:Visible Speech
21863:
21858:
21853:
21848:
21843:
21838:
21836:Sorang Sompeng
21833:
21828:
21823:
21822:
21821:
21816:
21811:
21806:
21801:
21796:
21791:
21786:
21781:
21771:
21766:
21761:
21756:
21751:
21746:
21741:
21740:
21739:
21738:
21737:
21732:
21727:
21722:
21720:Galik alphabet
21717:
21702:
21697:
21692:
21687:
21682:
21677:
21672:
21667:
21662:
21657:
21652:
21647:
21642:
21637:
21632:
21627:
21626:
21625:
21620:
21618:Tironian notes
21615:
21610:
21605:
21600:
21595:
21590:
21585:
21580:
21575:
21570:
21565:
21560:
21550:
21545:
21540:
21535:
21530:
21525:
21520:
21515:
21505:
21500:
21495:
21490:
21485:
21484:
21483:
21478:
21473:
21463:
21461:Garay alphabet
21458:
21453:
21448:
21443:
21438:
21433:
21428:
21423:
21418:
21413:
21412:
21411:
21401:
21396:
21395:
21394:
21389:
21379:
21374:
21369:
21364:
21359:
21354:
21349:
21344:
21339:
21338:
21337:
21327:
21322:
21317:
21311:
21309:
21301:
21300:
21288:
21287:
21284:
21283:
21280:
21279:
21277:
21276:
21271:
21266:
21261:
21256:
21251:
21246:
21244:Sorang Sompeng
21241:
21236:
21231:
21226:
21221:
21216:
21211:
21206:
21201:
21196:
21191:
21186:
21181:
21176:
21171:
21170:
21169:
21167:Déné syllabics
21164:
21154:
21149:
21143:
21141:
21137:
21136:
21133:
21132:
21130:
21129:
21128:
21127:
21122:
21112:
21111:
21110:
21105:
21100:
21095:
21090:
21085:
21080:
21070:
21065:
21060:
21055:
21050:
21045:
21040:
21035:
21030:
21025:
21020:
21015:
21010:
21005:
21004:
21003:
20993:
20988:
20983:
20978:
20973:
20968:
20963:
20958:
20957:
20956:
20951:
20941:
20936:
20931:
20930:
20929:
20919:
20914:
20909:
20904:
20899:
20894:
20893:
20892:
20882:
20877:
20872:
20867:
20862:
20857:
20852:
20847:
20842:
20837:
20832:
20827:
20822:
20817:
20812:
20807:
20802:
20797:
20791:
20789:
20785:
20784:
20782:
20781:
20776:
20771:
20770:
20769:
20764:
20754:
20749:
20744:
20739:
20734:
20729:
20724:
20723:
20722:
20712:
20711:
20710:
20705:
20700:
20695:
20690:
20685:
20680:
20675:
20670:
20665:
20660:
20655:
20645:
20640:
20635:
20630:
20625:
20620:
20615:
20610:
20605:
20600:
20595:
20590:
20585:
20580:
20575:
20570:
20565:
20560:
20555:
20550:
20545:
20540:
20534:
20532:
20525:
20515:
20514:
20502:
20501:
20498:
20497:
20495:
20494:
20489:
20484:
20483:
20482:
20477:
20472:
20462:
20457:
20456:
20455:
20450:
20440:
20435:
20430:
20428:Proto-Sinaitic
20425:
20420:
20419:
20418:
20408:
20403:
20402:
20401:
20396:
20391:
20386:
20376:
20371:
20366:
20361:
20356:
20351:
20350:
20349:
20344:
20339:
20334:
20324:
20319:
20314:
20313:
20312:
20302:
20301:
20300:
20289:
20288:
20280:
20277:
20276:
20260:
20259:
20247:
20246:
20243:
20242:
20240:
20239:
20233:
20232:
20231:
20226:
20221:
20210:
20208:
20204:
20203:
20201:
20200:
20195:
20189:
20187:
20179:
20178:
20167:
20166:
20159:
20152:
20144:
20135:
20134:
20132:
20131:
20126:
20121:
20116:
20111:
20106:
20104:Newar movement
20101:
20096:
20091:
20086:
20081:
20075:
20073:
20069:
20068:
20066:
20065:
20060:
20059:
20058:
20048:
20047:
20046:
20039:Englishisation
20035:
20033:
20026:
20025:
20022:
20021:
20019:
20018:
20012:
20010:
20006:
20005:
20003:
20002:
19996:
19994:
19988:
19987:
19985:
19984:
19979:
19974:
19969:
19964:
19959:
19954:
19949:
19944:
19939:
19934:
19928:
19926:
19920:
19919:
19917:
19916:
19911:
19906:
19901:
19895:
19893:
19887:
19886:
19884:
19883:
19878:
19877:(Undeciphered)
19872:
19867:
19860:
19858:
19851:
19847:
19846:
19843:
19842:
19840:
19839:
19834:
19828:
19826:
19820:
19819:
19817:
19816:
19811:
19806:
19801:
19796:
19791:
19786:
19781:
19776:
19771:
19766:
19761:
19756:
19751:
19746:
19740:
19738:
19732:
19731:
19729:
19728:
19723:
19717:
19715:
19709:
19708:
19706:
19705:
19700:
19694:
19692:
19686:
19685:
19683:
19682:
19677:
19672:
19667:
19662:
19656:
19654:
19648:
19647:
19645:
19644:
19639:
19634:
19629:
19624:
19618:
19616:
19610:
19609:
19607:
19606:
19600:
19598:
19592:
19591:
19589:
19588:
19583:
19578:
19573:
19567:
19565:
19559:
19558:
19556:
19555:
19550:
19545:
19539:
19537:
19531:
19530:
19528:
19527:
19522:
19517:
19512:
19506:
19504:
19498:
19497:
19495:
19494:
19489:
19484:
19479:
19474:
19469:
19464:
19459:
19454:
19449:
19444:
19439:
19434:
19429:
19424:
19419:
19414:
19409:
19404:
19403:
19402:
19397:
19392:
19382:
19377:
19372:
19367:
19362:
19357:
19352:
19347:
19342:
19336:
19334:
19328:
19327:
19325:
19324:
19323:
19322:
19317:
19312:
19307:
19302:
19291:
19289:
19283:
19282:
19280:
19279:
19274:
19269:
19264:
19259:
19254:
19248:
19246:
19240:
19239:
19237:
19236:
19231:
19225:
19223:
19214:
19208:
19207:
19205:
19204:
19199:
19194:
19189:
19184:
19183:
19182:
19177:
19172:
19162:
19157:
19152:
19146:
19144:
19140:
19139:
19131:
19130:
19123:
19116:
19108:
19102:
19101:
19098:Indoskript 2.0
19095:
19083:
19065:
19064:External links
19062:
19061:
19060:
19047:
19041:
19024:
19011:
19005:
18986:
18983:
18982:
18981:
18970:
18964:
18946:
18940:
18925:
18913:10.2307/604670
18907:(2): 271–279.
18896:
18890:
18871:
18865:
18847:
18841:
18826:
18820:
18807:
18801:
18786:
18773:
18767:
18749:
18735:
18729:
18711:
18704:
18698:
18685:
18678:
18669:
18663:
18648:
18637:
18631:
18616:
18613:
18610:
18609:
18590:
18565:
18540:
18527:
18487:
18475:
18461:
18454:
18426:
18387:
18369:
18349:
18331:
18311:
18296:
18262:
18243:
18240:. p. 103.
18226:
18198:
18182:
18171:
18148:Brahmi Unicode
18138:
18123:
18104:
18101:. p. 157.
18087:
18075:
18057:
18037:
18019:
17999:
17975:
17957:
17937:
17915:
17895:
17883:
17872:Western Satrap
17863:
17851:
17837:
17819:
17799:
17784:
17771:
17743:
17739:Trautmann 2006
17731:
17716:
17704:
17692:
17680:
17668:
17650:
17625:
17607:
17587:
17559:
17540:
17522:
17502:
17463:
17443:
17441:, p. 208.
17431:
17415:
17399:
17397:, p. 207.
17387:
17360:
17343:
17316:
17296:
17277:
17260:
17257:. p. 723.
17244:
17214:
17198:
17176:
17151:
17134:
17122:
17106:
17103:. p. 723.
17090:
17063:
17051:
17035:
17017:
16997:
16963:
16954:
16945:
16908:
16899:
16897:. 6. pp.45–47.
16875:
16835:
16820:
16808:
16806:, p. 377.
16793:
16781:
16769:
16757:
16745:
16730:
16712:
16692:
16677:
16675:, pp. 8–9
16662:
16655:
16637:
16604:
16582:
16564:
16544:
16526:
16506:
16494:
16476:
16456:
16438:
16418:
16394:
16376:
16356:
16330:
16310:
16298:
16273:
16258:
16230:
16228:, p. 245.
16218:
16206:
16178:
16159:
16145:. p. 90.
16130:
16112:
16092:
16075:
16073:, p. 135.
16063:
16051:
16024:(2): 307–318.
16008:
15989:
15958:
15946:
15926:
15913:
15889:
15861:
15822:
15804:
15784:
15762:
15742:
15724:
15704:
15689:
15674:
15647:
15629:
15609:
15588:
15568:
15542:
15505:
15493:
15481:
15479:, pp. 23.
15469:
15457:
15444:10.2307/604670
15438:(2): 271–278.
15417:
15405:
15390:
15378:
15355:
15330:
15288:
15242:
15218:
15193:
15178:
15166:
15154:
15135:
15120:
15108:
15096:
15080:
15063:
15051:
15036:
15002:
14984:
14972:
14960:
14945:
14930:
14897:
14847:
14829:
14809:
14794:
14782:
14766:
14751:
14749:, p. 378.
14736:
14721:
14709:
14694:
14683:(1/4): 39–47.
14667:
14645:
14615:(3): 661–680.
14595:
14583:
14546:
14529:
14517:
14515:, p. 119.
14505:
14489:
14477:
14460:
14456:Trautmann 2006
14448:
14436:
14434:, p. 106.
14424:
14412:
14373:
14354:(2): 391–393.
14335:
14323:
14305:
14276:
14254:
14231:
14219:
14194:
14174:
14153:
14130:
14108:
14090:Kulke, Hermann
14081:
14054:
14034:
14012:
13989:
13963:
13943:
13905:
13891:Thapar, Romila
13882:
13857:
13834:
13816:
13796:
13764:
13740:10.2307/604670
13734:(2): 271–279.
13711:
13696:
13679:
13658:
13645:
13644:
13642:
13639:
13636:
13635:
13629:(Gujarat) and
13618:
13605:
13593:
13510:
13480:
13454:
13453:
13451:
13448:
13446:
13445:
13440:
13435:
13430:
13425:
13420:
13414:
13412:
13409:
13406:
13405:
13404:
13403:
13395:
13381:
13380:
13373:
13371:
13369:
13367:
13365:
13363:
13361:
13359:
13357:
13355:
13352:
13349:
13346:
13343:
13340:
13337:
13333:
13332:
13329:
13326:
13323:
13320:
13317:
13314:
13311:
13308:
13305:
13302:
13299:
13296:
13293:
13290:
13287:
13284:
13280:
13279:
13276:
13273:
13270:
13267:
13264:
13261:
13258:
13255:
13252:
13249:
13246:
13243:
13240:
13237:
13235:
13233:
13229:
13228:
13226:
13224:
13221:
13218:
13215:
13212:
13209:
13206:
13203:
13200:
13197:
13194:
13191:
13188:
13185:
13182:
13178:
13177:
13174:
13171:
13168:
13165:
13162:
13159:
13156:
13153:
13150:
13147:
13144:
13141:
13138:
13135:
13132:
13129:
13125:
13124:
13121:
13118:
13115:
13112:
13109:
13106:
13103:
13100:
13097:
13094:
13091:
13088:
13085:
13082:
13079:
13076:
13072:
13071:
13068:
13065:
13062:
13059:
13056:
13053:
13050:
13047:
13044:
13041:
13038:
13035:
13032:
13029:
13026:
13023:
13019:
13018:
13015:
13012:
13009:
13006:
13003:
13000:
12997:
12994:
12991:
12988:
12985:
12980:
12975:
12972:
12969:
12966:
12962:
12961:
12958:
12955:
12952:
12949:
12946:
12943:
12940:
12937:
12934:
12931:
12928:
12925:
12922:
12919:
12916:
12913:
12909:
12908:
12887:
12839:Main article:
12836:
12833:
12802:
12799:
12796:
12795:
12788:
12781:
12774:
12767:
12760:
12753:
12746:
12739:
12732:
12725:
12718:
12711:
12704:
12697:
12690:
12683:
12676:
12669:
12662:
12655:
12648:
12641:
12634:
12627:
12620:
12613:
12606:
12599:
12592:
12585:
12578:
12571:
12564:
12558:
12557:
12550:
12543:
12536:
12529:
12522:
12515:
12508:
12501:
12494:
12487:
12480:
12473:
12466:
12459:
12452:
12445:
12438:
12431:
12424:
12417:
12410:
12403:
12396:
12389:
12382:
12375:
12368:
12361:
12354:
12347:
12340:
12333:
12326:
12320:
12319:
12312:
12305:
12298:
12291:
12284:
12277:
12270:
12263:
12256:
12249:
12242:
12235:
12228:
12221:
12214:
12207:
12200:
12193:
12186:
12179:
12172:
12165:
12158:
12151:
12144:
12137:
12130:
12123:
12116:
12109:
12102:
12095:
12088:
12082:
12081:
12074:
12067:
12060:
12053:
12046:
12039:
12032:
12025:
12018:
12011:
12004:
11997:
11990:
11983:
11976:
11969:
11962:
11955:
11948:
11941:
11934:
11927:
11920:
11913:
11906:
11899:
11892:
11885:
11878:
11871:
11864:
11857:
11850:
11778:Old Mon script
11770:Khmer alphabet
11731:Siddhaṃ script
11695:Main article:
11692:
11689:
11688:
11687:
11681:
11674:
11672:
11621:
11614:
11612:
11593:
11586:
11584:
11574:
11567:
11563:
11560:
11557:
11556:
11554:
11541:
11534:
11521:
11514:
11501:
11494:
11481:
11474:
11461:
11454:
11441:
11434:
11428:
11427:
11414:
11407:
11394:
11387:
11374:
11367:
11354:
11347:
11334:
11327:
11314:
11307:
11294:
11287:
11281:
11280:
11267:
11260:
11247:
11240:
11227:
11220:
11207:
11200:
11187:
11180:
11167:
11160:
11147:
11140:
11134:
11133:
11131:
11118:
11111:
11098:
11091:
11078:
11071:
11058:
11051:
11038:
11031:
11018:
11011:
10998:
10991:
10985:
10984:
10971:
10964:
10962:
10949:
10942:
10929:
10922:
10909:
10902:
10889:
10882:
10869:
10862:
10856:
10855:
10852:
10849:
10846:
10843:
10840:
10837:
10830:
10829:
10826:
10823:
10820:
10817:
10810:
10809:
10804:
10799:
10794:
10789:
10783:
10780:
10777:
10776:
10765:
10760:
10749:
10743:
10742:
10731:
10726:
10715:
10709:
10708:
10697:
10690:
10679:
10676:
10675:
10664:
10657:
10646:
10638:
10637:
10626:
10624:
10613:
10605:
10604:
10593:
10591:
10580:
10572:
10571:
10560:
10553:
10542:
10534:
10533:
10528:
10525:
10520:
10508:
10501:
10500:
10492:
10485:
10484:
10483:
10479:
10478:
10477:
10476:
10474:
10471:
10460:Main article:
10457:
10454:
10453:
10452:
10442:
10435:
10433:
10407:
10400:
10398:
10348:
10329:
10322:
10320:
10313:
10306:
10302:
10299:
10296:
10295:
10293:
10280:
10273:
10260:
10253:
10240:
10233:
10220:
10213:
10200:
10193:
10180:
10173:
10167:
10166:
10153:
10146:
10133:
10126:
10113:
10106:
10093:
10086:
10073:
10066:
10053:
10046:
10033:
10026:
10020:
10019:
10006:
9999:
9986:
9979:
9966:
9959:
9946:
9939:
9926:
9919:
9906:
9899:
9886:
9879:
9873:
9872:
9870:
9857:
9850:
9837:
9830:
9817:
9810:
9797:
9790:
9777:
9770:
9757:
9750:
9737:
9730:
9724:
9723:
9710:
9703:
9701:
9688:
9681:
9668:
9661:
9648:
9641:
9628:
9621:
9608:
9601:
9595:
9594:
9591:
9588:
9585:
9582:
9579:
9576:
9569:
9568:
9565:
9562:
9559:
9556:
9549:
9548:
9543:
9538:
9533:
9528:
9522:
9519:
9516:
9515:
9504:
9499:
9488:
9482:
9481:
9470:
9465:
9454:
9448:
9447:
9436:
9429:
9418:
9415:
9414:
9403:
9396:
9385:
9377:
9376:
9365:
9363:
9352:
9344:
9343:
9332:
9330:
9319:
9311:
9310:
9299:
9292:
9281:
9273:
9272:
9267:
9264:
9259:
9244:
9241:
9227:
9224:
9221:
9220:
9202:
9196:, Sukthankar,
9180:
9170:
9159:
9149:
9139:
9129:
9119:
9109:
9099:
9097:
9095:
9090:self-restraint
9084:
9035:
9032:
9031:
9020:
9013:
9001: 113 BCE
8949:
8946:
8943:
8942:
8928:
8911:
8901:𑀮𑀼𑀁𑀫𑀺𑀦𑀺
8893:
8883:
8865:
8844:
8842:
8840:
8818:
8817:
8806:
8799:
8787: 248 BCE
8760:Main article:
8757:
8754:
8750: 250 BCE
8732:
8729:
8714:
8713:
8711:
8698:
8693:
8680:
8675:
8662:
8657:
8644:
8639:
8626:
8621:
8608:
8603:
8597:
8596:
8583:
8578:
8565:
8560:
8547:
8542:
8529:
8524:
8511:
8506:
8493:
8488:
8475:
8470:
8464:
8463:
8450:
8445:
8432:
8427:
8414:
8409:
8396:
8391:
8378:
8373:
8360:
8355:
8342:
8337:
8331:
8330:
8328:
8315:
8310:
8297:
8292:
8279:
8274:
8261:
8256:
8243:
8238:
8225:
8220:
8207:
8202:
8196:
8195:
8182:
8177:
8175:
8162:
8157:
8144:
8139:
8126:
8121:
8108:
8103:
8090:
8085:
8079:
8078:
8075:
8072:
8069:
8066:
8063:
8060:
8053:
8052:
8049:
8046:
8043:
8040:
8033:
8032:
8027:
8022:
8017:
8012:
8006:
8003:
8000:
7999:
7988:
7983:
7972:
7967:
7956:
7951:
7940:
7934:
7933:
7922:
7917:
7906:
7901:
7890:
7885:
7874:
7868:
7867:
7856:
7851:
7840:
7835:
7824:
7819:
7808:
7802:
7801:
7790:
7785:
7774:
7769:
7758:
7753:
7742:
7736:
7735:
7724:
7719:
7708:
7703:
7692:
7687:
7676:
7670:
7669:
7664:
7659:
7654:
7651:
7646:
7641:
7636:
7621:
7618:
7613:
7610:
7605:
7604:
7597:
7590:
7583:
7576:
7569:
7562:
7555:
7548:
7541:
7534:
7527:
7520:
7513:
7506:
7499:
7492:
7485:
7478:
7471:
7464:
7457:
7450:
7443:
7436:
7429:
7422:
7415:
7408:
7401:
7394:
7387:
7380:
7373:
7365:
7364:
7357:
7350:
7343:
7336:
7329:
7322:
7315:
7308:
7301:
7294:
7287:
7280:
7273:
7266:
7259:
7252:
7245:
7238:
7231:
7224:
7217:
7210:
7203:
7196:
7189:
7182:
7175:
7168:
7161:
7154:
7147:
7140:
7133:
7125:
7124:
7117:
7110:
7103:
7096:
7089:
7082:
7075:
7068:
7061:
7054:
7047:
7040:
7033:
7026:
7019:
7012:
7005:
6998:
6991:
6984:
6977:
6970:
6963:
6956:
6949:
6942:
6935:
6928:
6921:
6914:
6907:
6900:
6893:
6885:
6884:
6877:
6870:
6863:
6856:
6849:
6842:
6835:
6828:
6821:
6814:
6807:
6800:
6793:
6786:
6779:
6772:
6765:
6758:
6751:
6744:
6737:
6730:
6723:
6716:
6709:
6702:
6695:
6688:
6681:
6674:
6667:
6660:
6653:
6645:
6644:
6636:
6635:
6633:
6625:
6624:
6622:
6614:
6613:
6611:
6603:
6602:
6600:
6592:
6591:
6589:
6581:
6580:
6578:
6570:
6569:
6567:
6559:
6558:
6556:
6548:
6547:
6545:
6537:
6536:
6534:
6526:
6525:
6523:
6515:
6514:
6512:
6504:
6503:
6501:
6493:
6492:
6490:
6482:
6481:
6479:
6471:
6470:
6468:
6460:
6459:
6457:
6449:
6448:
6446:
6438:
6437:
6435:
6427:
6426:
6424:
6416:
6415:
6413:
6405:
6404:
6402:
6394:
6393:
6391:
6383:
6382:
6380:
6372:
6371:
6369:
6361:
6360:
6358:
6350:
6349:
6347:
6339:
6338:
6336:
6328:
6327:
6325:
6317:
6316:
6314:
6306:
6305:
6303:
6295:
6294:
6292:
6284:
6283:
6281:
6273:
6272:
6265:
6258:
6251:
6244:
6237:
6230:
6223:
6216:
6209:
6202:
6195:
6188:
6181:
6174:
6167:
6160:
6153:
6146:
6139:
6132:
6125:
6118:
6111:
6104:
6097:
6090:
6083:
6076:
6069:
6062:
6055:
6048:
6041:
6038:
6037:
6031:
6030:
6023:
6016:
6008:
6005:
6004:
6003:
6000:
5997:
5946:
5943:
5940:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5761:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
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5645:
5640:
5635:
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5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5582:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
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5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5461:
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5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5403:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5224:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5045:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4866:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4687:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4508:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4329:
4328:
4321:
4314:
4307:
4300:
4293:
4286:
4279:
4272:
4265:
4258:
4251:
4244:
4237:
4230:
4223:
4216:
4209:
4202:
4195:
4188:
4181:
4174:
4167:
4160:
4153:
4146:
4139:
4132:
4125:
4118:
4111:
4104:
4097:
4090:
4004:
4001:
4000:
3999:
3996:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3965:
3963:
3932:
3925:
3888:
3885:
3856:
3853:
3831:
3828:
3810:
3807:
3736:
3733:
3690:
3488:
3485:
3469:Indo-Scythians
3430:Indo-Scythians
3427:
3420:
3417:
3384:trade networks
3378:rather than a
3306:
3303:
3291:𑀥𑀁𑀫𑀮𑀺𑀧𑀺
3166:". In popular
3151:
3148:
3090:Kenneth Norman
3078:
3075:
3020:
3017:
2935:Main article:
2878:
2875:
2787:
2784:
2747:writing system
2722:Reverse: With
2701:
2698:
2487:
2486:
2483:
2476:
2466:
2459:
2451:
2450:
2447:
2440:
2430:
2423:
2415:
2414:
2411:
2404:
2394:
2387:
2379:
2378:
2375:
2368:
2358:
2351:
2343:
2342:
2339:
2332:
2322:
2315:
2307:
2306:
2303:
2296:
2286:
2279:
2271:
2270:
2267:
2260:
2249:
2242:
2234:
2233:
2230:
2223:
2213:
2206:
2198:
2197:
2194:
2187:
2177:
2170:
2162:
2161:
2158:
2151:
2141:
2134:
2126:
2125:
2122:
2115:
2105:
2098:
2090:
2089:
2086:
2079:
2069:
2062:
2054:
2053:
2050:
2043:
2032:
2025:
2017:
2016:
2013:
2006:
1996:
1989:
1981:
1980:
1977:
1970:
1960:
1953:
1945:
1944:
1941:
1934:
1924:
1917:
1909:
1908:
1905:
1898:
1887:
1880:
1872:
1871:
1868:
1861:
1850:
1843:
1835:
1834:
1831:
1824:
1814:
1807:
1799:
1798:
1795:
1788:
1778:
1771:
1763:
1762:
1759:
1752:
1742:
1735:
1727:
1726:
1723:
1716:
1713:
1706:
1698:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1683:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1657:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1635:
1623:
1620:
1610:
1605:
1589:
1581:
1580:
1577:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1555:
1548:
1545:
1535:
1530:
1514:
1506:
1505:
1502:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1480:
1473:
1470:
1460:
1455:
1439:
1431:
1430:
1427:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1405:
1398:
1395:
1385:
1380:
1364:
1356:
1355:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1330:Proto-Sinaitic
1327:
1322:
1319:
1315:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1303:
1300:
1277:
1276:
1273:
1266:
1259:
1255:
1254:
1251:
1244:
1237:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1222:
1215:
1211:
1210:
1207:
1200:
1193:
1189:
1188:
1185:
1178:
1171:
1167:
1166:
1163:
1156:
1149:
1145:
1144:
1141:
1134:
1127:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1112:
1105:
1101:
1100:
1097:
1090:
1083:
1079:
1078:
1075:
1068:
1061:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1031:
1028:
956:Madhya Pradesh
950:
949:
940:
939:
931:
930:
929:
928:
927:
898:Albrecht Weber
832:Main article:
827:
824:
806:, such as the
793:Gautama Buddha
729:
726:
554:writing system
486:
479:
478:
477:
474:
473:
467:⟩, see
440:
439:
434:
429:
426:
425:
422:
419:
416:
415:
409:
408:
399:
393:
392:
388:
387:
382:
380:Sister systems
379:
376:
375:
374:
373:
368:
363:
362:
361:
360:
359:
358:
357:
352:
350:Kannada script
332:
331:
330:
325:
324:
323:
322:
321:
311:
306:
291:
290:
289:
284:
279:
274:
273:
272:
271:
270:
265:
260:
245:
244:
243:
242:
241:
231:
230:
229:
224:
219:
197:
194:
191:
190:
188:
187:
186:
185:
184:
183:
166:
164:
162:Parent systems
161:
158:
157:
153:
152:
123:
119:
118:
108:
104:
103:
100:
97:
94:
93:
88:
86:
82:
81:
77: 250 BCE
63:
55:
54:
49:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
24040:
24029:
24026:
24024:
24021:
24019:
24016:
24014:
24011:
24010:
24008:
23988:
23984:
23981:
23977:
23974:
23970:
23969:
23967:
23963:
23956:
23952:
23949:
23948:Night writing
23945:
23942:
23938:
23935:
23931:
23928:
23924:
23923:
23921:
23919:
23914:
23907:
23903:
23900:
23896:
23893:
23889:
23886:
23882:
23879:
23875:
23872:
23868:
23865:
23861:
23860:
23858:
23856:Organisations
23854:
23847:
23843:
23840:
23836:
23833:
23829:
23826:
23822:
23819:
23818:Valentin Haüy
23815:
23812:
23808:
23805:
23801:
23798:
23797:Louis Braille
23794:
23793:
23791:
23787:
23780:
23776:
23773:
23769:
23766:
23762:
23759:
23755:
23752:
23748:
23745:
23741:
23738:
23734:
23731:
23730:Braille watch
23727:
23724:
23720:
23717:
23713:
23710:
23706:
23705:
23703:
23701:
23697:
23690:
23686:
23683:
23679:
23675:
23671:
23668:
23664:
23661:
23657:
23654:
23653:Braille music
23650:
23649:
23647:
23643:
23631:
23627:
23624:
23620:
23617:
23616:Luxembourgish
23613:
23612:
23610:
23606:
23599:
23595:
23592:
23588:
23583:
23579:
23576:
23572:
23569:
23565:
23562:
23558:
23557:
23553:
23552:
23550:
23546:
23538:
23534:
23533:
23531:
23527:
23519:
23515:
23514:
23512:
23508:
23497:
23493:
23489:
23485:
23482:
23478:
23474:
23470:
23467:
23463:
23460:
23456:
23453:
23449:
23445:
23441:
23438:
23434:
23431:
23427:
23424:
23420:
23419:
23417:
23415:Other scripts
23413:
23405:
23401:
23398:
23394:
23391:
23387:
23384:
23380:
23377:
23373:
23370:
23366:
23363:
23359:
23356:
23352:
23349:
23345:
23342:
23338:
23335:
23331:
23330:
23328:
23326:
23319:
23311:
23307:
23304:
23300:
23297:
23293:
23292:
23290:
23287:
23280:
23273:
23269:
23266:
23262:
23259:
23255:
23252:
23248:
23245:
23241:
23238:
23234:
23231:
23227:
23224:
23220:
23219:
23217:
23214:
23207:
23196:
23191:
23188:
23187:Northern Sámi
23184:
23179:
23174:
23169:
23168:
23166:
23162:
23159:
23155:
23152:
23148:
23145:
23141:
23140:
23138:
23136:Nordic family
23134:
23127:
23123:
23120:
23116:
23113:
23109:
23106:
23102:
23099:
23095:
23091:
23087:
23084:
23080:
23077:
23076:South African
23073:
23070:
23066:
23063:
23059:
23056:
23052:
23049:
23045:
23042:
23038:
23035:
23031:
23028:
23024:
23021:
23017:
23014:
23010:
23007:
23003:
22999:
22998:Luxembourgish
22995:
22992:
22988:
22985:
22981:
22978:
22974:
22971:
22967:
22964:
22960:
22957:
22953:
22950:
22946:
22943:
22939:
22936:
22932:
22929:
22925:
22922:
22918:
22915:
22911:
22908:
22904:
22900:
22896:
22892:
22889:
22885:
22882:
22878:
22874:
22870:
22867:
22863:
22860:
22856:
22853:
22849:
22846:
22842:
22841:
22839:
22837:
22833:
22830:
22826:
22819:
22815:
22812:
22811:ASCII braille
22808:
22805:
22801:
22798:
22794:
22793:
22791:
22787:
22779:
22772:
22767:
22765:
22760:
22758:
22753:
22752:
22749:
22745:
22727:
22724:
22722:
22719:
22717:
22714:
22712:
22709:
22707:
22704:
22702:
22699:
22697:
22694:
22692:
22689:
22687:
22684:
22682:
22679:
22677:
22674:
22672:
22669:
22667:
22664:
22662:
22659:
22655:
22652:
22650:
22647:
22645:
22642:
22640:
22637:
22635:
22632:
22630:
22627:
22626:
22625:
22622:
22620:
22617:
22615:
22612:
22610:
22607:
22605:
22602:
22600:
22597:
22595:
22592:
22590:
22587:
22585:
22582:
22580:
22577:
22575:
22572:
22570:
22567:
22565:
22562:
22560:
22557:
22555:
22552:
22551:
22548:
22544:
22539:
22535:
22525:
22522:
22520:
22517:
22515:
22512:
22510:
22507:
22506:
22503:
22499:
22494:
22490:
22476:
22473:
22471:
22468:
22466:
22463:
22461:
22458:
22456:
22453:
22451:
22448:
22447:
22445:
22441:
22435:
22432:
22430:
22427:
22425:
22422:
22420:
22417:
22415:
22412:
22410:
22407:
22406:
22404:
22400:
22396:
22392:
22387:
22383:
22369:
22366:
22365:
22363:
22359:
22353:
22350:
22348:
22345:
22343:
22342:Attic (Greek)
22340:
22338:
22335:
22333:
22330:
22329:
22327:
22323:
22317:
22314:
22312:
22309:
22307:
22304:
22303:
22301:
22297:
22291:
22288:
22286:
22283:
22281:
22280:Proto-Elamite
22278:
22276:
22273:
22271:
22268:
22266:
22263:
22261:
22258:
22256:
22253:
22252:
22250:
22246:
22240:
22237:
22235:
22232:
22230:
22227:
22225:
22222:
22220:
22217:
22215:
22212:
22211:
22209:
22207:
22203:
22193:
22190:
22188:
22185:
22183:
22180:
22178:
22175:
22174:
22172:
22168:
22162:
22159:
22157:
22154:
22152:
22149:
22147:
22144:
22142:
22139:
22135:
22132:
22130:
22127:
22125:
22122:
22121:
22120:
22117:
22115:
22112:
22110:
22107:
22105:
22102:
22100:
22097:
22096:
22094:
22092:
22088:
22085:
22083:
22079:
22075:
22071:
22066:
22062:
22052:
22049:
22047:
22044:
22042:
22039:
22037:
22034:
22032:
22029:
22027:
22024:
22022:
22019:
22017:
22014:
22012:
22009:
22007:
22004:
22002:
21999:
21997:
21994:
21992:
21989:
21987:
21984:
21982:
21979:
21977:
21974:
21972:
21969:
21967:
21964:
21963:
21960:
21956:
21951:
21947:
21933:
21930:
21928:
21925:
21923:
21920:
21918:
21915:
21913:
21910:
21908:
21905:
21904:
21902:
21898:
21892:
21889:
21887:
21884:
21882:
21879:
21877:
21874:
21872:
21869:
21867:
21864:
21862:
21859:
21857:
21854:
21852:
21849:
21847:
21844:
21842:
21839:
21837:
21834:
21832:
21829:
21827:
21824:
21820:
21817:
21815:
21812:
21810:
21807:
21805:
21802:
21800:
21797:
21795:
21794:Elder Futhark
21792:
21790:
21787:
21785:
21782:
21780:
21777:
21776:
21775:
21772:
21770:
21767:
21765:
21762:
21760:
21757:
21755:
21752:
21750:
21747:
21745:
21742:
21736:
21733:
21731:
21728:
21726:
21723:
21721:
21718:
21716:
21713:
21712:
21711:
21708:
21707:
21706:
21703:
21701:
21698:
21696:
21693:
21691:
21688:
21686:
21685:Old Hungarian
21683:
21681:
21678:
21676:
21673:
21671:
21668:
21666:
21663:
21661:
21658:
21656:
21653:
21651:
21648:
21646:
21643:
21641:
21638:
21636:
21633:
21631:
21628:
21624:
21621:
21619:
21616:
21614:
21611:
21609:
21606:
21604:
21601:
21599:
21596:
21594:
21591:
21589:
21586:
21584:
21581:
21579:
21576:
21574:
21571:
21569:
21566:
21564:
21561:
21559:
21556:
21555:
21554:
21551:
21549:
21546:
21544:
21541:
21539:
21536:
21534:
21531:
21529:
21526:
21524:
21521:
21519:
21516:
21513:
21509:
21506:
21504:
21501:
21499:
21496:
21494:
21491:
21489:
21486:
21482:
21479:
21477:
21474:
21472:
21469:
21468:
21467:
21464:
21462:
21459:
21457:
21454:
21452:
21449:
21447:
21444:
21442:
21439:
21437:
21434:
21432:
21429:
21427:
21424:
21422:
21419:
21417:
21414:
21410:
21407:
21406:
21405:
21402:
21400:
21397:
21393:
21390:
21388:
21385:
21384:
21383:
21380:
21378:
21375:
21373:
21370:
21368:
21365:
21363:
21360:
21358:
21355:
21353:
21350:
21348:
21345:
21343:
21340:
21336:
21333:
21332:
21331:
21328:
21326:
21323:
21321:
21318:
21316:
21313:
21312:
21310:
21306:
21302:
21298:
21293:
21289:
21275:
21272:
21270:
21267:
21265:
21262:
21260:
21257:
21255:
21252:
21250:
21247:
21245:
21242:
21240:
21237:
21235:
21232:
21230:
21227:
21225:
21222:
21220:
21219:Masaram Gondi
21217:
21215:
21212:
21210:
21207:
21205:
21202:
21200:
21197:
21195:
21192:
21190:
21189:Gunjala Gondi
21187:
21185:
21182:
21180:
21177:
21175:
21172:
21168:
21165:
21163:
21160:
21159:
21158:
21155:
21153:
21150:
21148:
21145:
21144:
21142:
21138:
21126:
21123:
21121:
21118:
21117:
21116:
21113:
21109:
21106:
21104:
21101:
21099:
21096:
21094:
21091:
21089:
21086:
21084:
21081:
21079:
21076:
21075:
21074:
21071:
21069:
21066:
21064:
21061:
21059:
21056:
21054:
21051:
21049:
21046:
21044:
21041:
21039:
21036:
21034:
21031:
21029:
21026:
21024:
21021:
21019:
21016:
21014:
21011:
21009:
21006:
21002:
21001:Old Sundanese
20999:
20998:
20997:
20994:
20992:
20989:
20987:
20984:
20982:
20979:
20977:
20974:
20972:
20969:
20967:
20964:
20962:
20959:
20955:
20952:
20950:
20947:
20946:
20945:
20944:Old Maldivian
20942:
20940:
20937:
20935:
20932:
20928:
20927:Bilang-bilang
20925:
20924:
20923:
20920:
20918:
20915:
20913:
20910:
20908:
20905:
20903:
20900:
20898:
20895:
20891:
20888:
20887:
20886:
20883:
20881:
20878:
20876:
20873:
20871:
20868:
20866:
20863:
20861:
20858:
20856:
20853:
20851:
20848:
20846:
20843:
20841:
20838:
20836:
20833:
20831:
20828:
20826:
20823:
20821:
20818:
20816:
20813:
20811:
20808:
20806:
20803:
20801:
20798:
20796:
20793:
20792:
20790:
20786:
20780:
20777:
20775:
20772:
20768:
20765:
20763:
20760:
20759:
20758:
20755:
20753:
20750:
20748:
20747:Sylheti Nagri
20745:
20743:
20740:
20738:
20735:
20733:
20730:
20728:
20725:
20721:
20718:
20717:
20716:
20713:
20709:
20706:
20704:
20701:
20699:
20696:
20694:
20691:
20689:
20686:
20684:
20681:
20679:
20676:
20674:
20671:
20669:
20666:
20664:
20661:
20659:
20656:
20654:
20651:
20650:
20649:
20646:
20644:
20641:
20639:
20636:
20634:
20631:
20629:
20626:
20624:
20621:
20619:
20616:
20614:
20611:
20609:
20606:
20604:
20601:
20599:
20596:
20594:
20591:
20589:
20586:
20584:
20581:
20579:
20576:
20574:
20571:
20569:
20566:
20564:
20561:
20559:
20556:
20554:
20551:
20549:
20548:Brahmi script
20546:
20544:
20541:
20539:
20536:
20535:
20533:
20529:
20526:
20524:
20520:
20516:
20512:
20507:
20503:
20493:
20490:
20488:
20485:
20481:
20478:
20476:
20473:
20471:
20468:
20467:
20466:
20463:
20461:
20458:
20454:
20451:
20449:
20446:
20445:
20444:
20443:South Arabian
20441:
20439:
20436:
20434:
20431:
20429:
20426:
20424:
20421:
20417:
20414:
20413:
20412:
20409:
20407:
20404:
20400:
20397:
20395:
20392:
20390:
20389:Inscriptional
20387:
20385:
20382:
20381:
20380:
20377:
20375:
20372:
20370:
20367:
20365:
20362:
20360:
20357:
20355:
20352:
20348:
20345:
20343:
20340:
20338:
20335:
20333:
20330:
20329:
20328:
20325:
20323:
20320:
20318:
20315:
20311:
20308:
20307:
20306:
20303:
20299:
20296:
20295:
20294:
20291:
20290:
20287:
20286:
20282:
20281:
20278:
20274:
20269:
20265:
20261:
20257:
20252:
20248:
20238:
20234:
20230:
20227:
20225:
20222:
20220:
20217:
20216:
20215:
20212:
20211:
20209:
20205:
20199:
20196:
20194:
20191:
20190:
20188:
20184:
20180:
20176:
20172:
20165:
20160:
20158:
20153:
20151:
20146:
20145:
20142:
20130:
20129:Urdu movement
20127:
20125:
20122:
20120:
20117:
20115:
20112:
20110:
20107:
20105:
20102:
20100:
20097:
20095:
20092:
20090:
20087:
20085:
20082:
20080:
20077:
20076:
20074:
20070:
20064:
20061:
20057:
20054:
20053:
20052:
20049:
20045:
20042:
20041:
20040:
20037:
20036:
20034:
20027:
20017:
20014:
20013:
20011:
20007:
20001:
19998:
19997:
19995:
19993:
19989:
19983:
19980:
19978:
19975:
19973:
19970:
19968:
19965:
19963:
19960:
19958:
19955:
19953:
19950:
19948:
19945:
19943:
19940:
19938:
19935:
19933:
19930:
19929:
19927:
19925:
19921:
19915:
19912:
19910:
19907:
19905:
19902:
19900:
19897:
19896:
19894:
19892:
19888:
19882:
19879:
19876:
19873:
19871:
19868:
19865:
19862:
19861:
19859:
19855:
19852:
19848:
19838:
19835:
19833:
19830:
19829:
19827:
19825:
19821:
19815:
19812:
19810:
19807:
19805:
19802:
19800:
19797:
19795:
19792:
19790:
19787:
19785:
19782:
19780:
19777:
19775:
19772:
19770:
19767:
19765:
19762:
19760:
19757:
19755:
19752:
19750:
19747:
19745:
19742:
19741:
19739:
19737:
19733:
19727:
19724:
19722:
19719:
19718:
19716:
19714:
19710:
19704:
19701:
19699:
19696:
19695:
19693:
19691:
19687:
19681:
19678:
19676:
19673:
19671:
19668:
19666:
19663:
19661:
19658:
19657:
19655:
19653:
19649:
19643:
19640:
19638:
19635:
19633:
19630:
19628:
19625:
19623:
19620:
19619:
19617:
19615:
19611:
19605:
19602:
19601:
19599:
19597:
19596:Malay creoles
19593:
19587:
19584:
19582:
19579:
19577:
19574:
19572:
19569:
19568:
19566:
19564:
19560:
19554:
19551:
19549:
19546:
19544:
19541:
19540:
19538:
19536:
19532:
19526:
19523:
19521:
19518:
19516:
19513:
19511:
19508:
19507:
19505:
19503:
19499:
19493:
19490:
19488:
19485:
19483:
19480:
19478:
19475:
19473:
19470:
19468:
19465:
19463:
19460:
19458:
19455:
19453:
19450:
19448:
19445:
19443:
19440:
19438:
19435:
19433:
19430:
19428:
19425:
19423:
19420:
19418:
19415:
19413:
19410:
19408:
19405:
19401:
19398:
19396:
19393:
19391:
19388:
19387:
19386:
19383:
19381:
19378:
19376:
19373:
19371:
19368:
19366:
19363:
19361:
19358:
19356:
19353:
19351:
19348:
19346:
19343:
19341:
19338:
19337:
19335:
19333:
19329:
19321:
19318:
19316:
19313:
19311:
19308:
19306:
19303:
19301:
19298:
19297:
19296:
19293:
19292:
19290:
19288:
19284:
19278:
19275:
19273:
19270:
19268:
19265:
19263:
19260:
19258:
19255:
19253:
19250:
19249:
19247:
19245:
19241:
19235:
19232:
19230:
19227:
19226:
19224:
19222:
19218:
19215:
19209:
19203:
19200:
19198:
19195:
19193:
19190:
19188:
19185:
19181:
19178:
19176:
19173:
19171:
19168:
19167:
19166:
19163:
19161:
19158:
19156:
19153:
19151:
19148:
19147:
19145:
19141:
19137:
19129:
19124:
19122:
19117:
19115:
19110:
19109:
19106:
19099:
19096:
19092:
19088:
19084:
19082:
19076:
19072:
19071:"Brahmi Home"
19068:
19067:
19057:
19053:
19050:Red. (2017).
19048:
19044:
19038:
19034:
19030:
19025:
19021:
19017:
19012:
19008:
19006:9780691157863
19002:
18998:
18994:
18989:
18988:
18979:. H.J. Paris.
18978:
18977:
18971:
18967:
18961:
18957:
18956:
18951:
18947:
18943:
18937:
18933:
18932:
18926:
18922:
18918:
18914:
18910:
18906:
18902:
18897:
18893:
18891:0-19-507993-0
18887:
18883:
18879:
18878:
18872:
18868:
18862:
18858:
18857:
18852:
18848:
18844:
18838:
18834:
18833:
18827:
18823:
18817:
18813:
18808:
18804:
18798:
18794:
18793:
18787:
18783:
18779:
18774:
18770:
18764:
18760:
18759:
18754:
18753:Masica, Colin
18750:
18746:
18745:
18740:
18739:Ledyard, Gari
18736:
18732:
18726:
18722:
18721:
18716:
18712:
18709:
18705:
18701:
18695:
18691:
18686:
18683:
18679:
18675:
18670:
18666:
18660:
18656:
18655:
18649:
18645:
18644:
18638:
18634:
18628:
18624:
18619:
18618:
18606:
18602:
18599:
18594:
18579:
18575:
18569:
18554:
18550:
18544:
18537:
18531:
18513:
18509:
18505:
18498:
18491:
18484:
18479:
18473:
18470:
18465:
18457:
18455:0-19-507993-0
18451:
18447:
18443:
18439:
18438:
18430:
18424:
18420:
18417:
18404:
18400:
18399:
18391:
18376:
18372:
18370:9788120829732
18366:
18362:
18361:
18353:
18338:
18334:
18332:9781643248813
18328:
18324:
18323:
18315:
18307:
18300:
18282:
18275:
18269:
18267:
18258:
18257:
18250:
18248:
18239:
18238:
18230:
18215:
18211:
18210:
18202:
18194:
18193:
18186:
18180:
18175:
18157:
18150:
18149:
18142:
18135:
18130:
18128:
18121:
18117:
18114:
18108:
18100:
18099:
18098:Ancient India
18091:
18085:
18079:
18064:
18060:
18054:
18050:
18049:
18041:
18026:
18022:
18016:
18012:
18011:
18003:
17996:
17992:
17989:
17984:
17982:
17980:
17964:
17960:
17958:9781317236733
17954:
17950:
17949:
17941:
17933:
17932:
17924:
17922:
17920:
17913:circa 350 CE.
17912:
17908:
17904:
17899:
17892:
17891:Kushan Empire
17887:
17880:
17876:
17873:
17867:
17861:
17855:
17849:
17846:
17841:
17826:
17822:
17820:9788131711200
17816:
17812:
17811:
17803:
17795:
17788:
17781:
17775:
17760:
17756:
17755:
17747:
17740:
17735:
17727:
17720:
17714:, p. 33.
17713:
17708:
17702:, p. 32.
17701:
17696:
17689:
17684:
17677:
17672:
17657:
17653:
17647:
17643:
17642:
17634:
17632:
17630:
17614:
17610:
17604:
17600:
17599:
17591:
17576:
17572:
17571:
17563:
17557:
17553:
17550:
17544:
17529:
17525:
17523:90-04-04190-7
17519:
17515:
17514:
17506:
17491:
17487:
17486:
17470:
17466:
17460:
17456:
17455:
17447:
17440:
17435:
17427:
17426:
17419:
17412:
17411:Charles Allen
17408:
17403:
17396:
17391:
17376:
17372:
17371:
17364:
17356:
17355:
17347:
17332:
17328:
17327:
17320:
17312:
17311:
17305:
17300:
17293:
17289:
17286:
17281:
17273:
17272:
17264:
17256:
17255:
17248:
17233:
17229:
17228:
17221:
17219:
17210:
17209:
17202:
17195:
17183:
17179:
17173:
17169:
17165:
17161:
17155:
17148:
17143:
17141:
17139:
17131:
17126:
17118:
17117:
17110:
17102:
17101:
17094:
17087:
17082:
17080:
17078:
17076:
17074:
17072:
17070:
17068:
17060:
17055:
17048:
17044:
17039:
17024:
17020:
17018:9780391031401
17014:
17010:
17009:
17001:
16993:
16992:
16984:
16982:
16980:
16978:
16976:
16974:
16972:
16970:
16968:
16958:
16949:
16930:
16926:
16919:
16912:
16903:
16896:
16892:
16888:
16885:
16879:
16871:
16867:
16863:
16859:
16855:
16851:
16844:
16842:
16840:
16832:
16827:
16825:
16817:
16812:
16805:
16800:
16798:
16790:
16785:
16779:, p. 82.
16778:
16773:
16766:
16761:
16754:
16749:
16742:
16737:
16735:
16719:
16715:
16709:
16705:
16704:
16696:
16688:
16681:
16674:
16669:
16667:
16658:
16652:
16648:
16641:
16627:
16623:
16619:
16615:
16608:
16601:
16597:
16594:
16593:
16586:
16571:
16567:
16561:
16557:
16556:
16548:
16533:
16529:
16523:
16519:
16518:
16510:
16503:
16498:
16483:
16479:
16473:
16469:
16468:
16460:
16445:
16441:
16435:
16431:
16430:
16422:
16415:
16411:
16407:
16401:
16399:
16383:
16379:
16373:
16369:
16368:
16360:
16345:
16341:
16337:
16333:
16331:9783515056274
16327:
16323:
16322:
16314:
16308:, p. 11.
16307:
16302:
16286:
16285:
16277:
16269:
16262:
16247:
16243:
16242:
16234:
16227:
16222:
16215:
16210:
16195:
16191:
16190:
16182:
16174:
16170:
16163:
16148:
16144:
16143:
16134:
16119:
16115:
16113:9780199087860
16109:
16105:
16104:
16096:
16088:
16087:
16079:
16072:
16067:
16061:, p. 21.
16060:
16055:
16047:
16043:
16039:
16035:
16031:
16027:
16023:
16019:
16012:
16004:
16000:
15993:
15977:
15973:
15969:
15962:
15955:
15950:
15944:
15940:
15936:
15930:
15923:
15917:
15910:
15906:
15902:
15899:
15893:
15886:
15882:
15878:
15874:
15871:
15865:
15848:
15844:
15840:
15833:
15826:
15811:
15807:
15805:90-04-05455-3
15801:
15797:
15796:
15788:
15781:
15769:
15765:
15759:
15755:
15754:
15746:
15731:
15727:
15721:
15717:
15716:
15708:
15700:
15693:
15685:
15678:
15664:
15660:
15659:
15651:
15636:
15632:
15630:90-04-05455-3
15626:
15622:
15621:
15613:
15606:
15595:
15591:
15585:
15581:
15580:
15572:
15557:
15553:
15549:
15545:
15543:9783110594065
15539:
15535:
15531:
15527:
15523:
15516:
15514:
15512:
15510:
15502:
15497:
15490:
15485:
15478:
15473:
15467:, p. 22.
15466:
15461:
15453:
15449:
15445:
15441:
15437:
15433:
15426:
15424:
15422:
15414:
15409:
15402:
15397:
15395:
15387:
15382:
15374:
15370:
15362:
15360:
15353:
15349:
15346:
15342:
15337:
15335:
15319:
15315:
15311:
15307:
15303:
15299:
15292:
15277:
15273:
15269:
15265:
15261:
15257:
15253:
15246:
15238:
15234:
15227:
15225:
15223:
15206:
15205:
15197:
15189:
15182:
15175:
15170:
15163:
15158:
15150:
15146:
15139:
15133:, p. 25.
15132:
15127:
15125:
15117:
15112:
15105:
15100:
15092:
15084:
15078:, p. 28.
15077:
15072:
15070:
15068:
15060:
15055:
15048:
15043:
15041:
15025:
15021:
15017:
15013:
15006:
14998:
14991:
14989:
14981:
14976:
14969:
14964:
14957:
14952:
14950:
14942:
14937:
14935:
14927:
14915:
14911:
14907:
14901:
14886:
14882:
14878:
14874:
14870:
14866:
14862:
14858:
14851:
14836:
14832:
14826:
14822:
14821:
14813:
14805:
14798:
14791:
14786:
14777:
14770:
14763:
14758:
14756:
14748:
14743:
14741:
14733:
14728:
14726:
14718:
14713:
14706:
14701:
14699:
14690:
14686:
14682:
14678:
14671:
14664:
14660:
14656:
14649:
14634:
14630:
14626:
14622:
14618:
14614:
14610:
14606:
14599:
14592:
14587:
14579:
14578:Lalitavistara
14566:
14562:
14561:
14553:
14551:
14542:
14541:
14533:
14526:
14521:
14514:
14509:
14502:
14501:Yavana-jātaka
14498:
14493:
14487:, p. 45.
14486:
14481:
14474:
14469:
14467:
14465:
14458:, p. 64.
14457:
14452:
14445:
14440:
14433:
14428:
14421:
14416:
14408:
14404:
14400:
14396:
14392:
14388:
14384:
14377:
14369:
14365:
14361:
14357:
14353:
14349:
14342:
14340:
14333:, p. 20.
14332:
14327:
14312:
14308:
14302:
14298:
14294:
14287:
14285:
14283:
14281:
14273:
14261:
14257:
14251:
14247:
14246:
14241:
14240:Sircar, D. C.
14235:
14228:
14223:
14216:
14214:
14201:
14197:
14191:
14187:
14186:
14178:
14171:
14160:
14156:
14150:
14146:
14145:
14140:
14134:
14127:
14115:
14111:
14105:
14101:
14100:
14095:
14091:
14085:
14078:
14076:
14075:
14061:
14057:
14051:
14047:
14046:
14038:
14031:
14019:
14015:
14009:
14005:
14004:
13999:
13993:
13986:
13983:
13970:
13966:
13960:
13956:
13955:
13947:
13940:
13938:
13934:
13930:
13926:
13912:
13908:
13902:
13898:
13897:
13892:
13886:
13879:
13877:
13864:
13860:
13854:
13850:
13849:
13844:
13838:
13823:
13819:
13813:
13809:
13808:
13800:
13793:
13782:
13778:
13774:
13768:
13754:on 2019-05-22
13753:
13749:
13745:
13741:
13737:
13733:
13729:
13725:
13718:
13716:
13708:
13703:
13701:
13692:
13688:
13683:
13675:
13674:Lalitavistara
13671:
13667:
13662:
13655:
13650:
13646:
13632:
13628:
13622:
13615:
13609:
13603:
13597:
13589:
13583:
13578:
13574:
13568:
13567:
13560:
13556:
13554:
13550:
13544:
13540:
13533:
13529:
13525:
13520:
13514:
13507:
13502:
13498:
13497:
13491:
13484:
13477:
13473:
13469:
13465:
13459:
13455:
13444:
13441:
13439:
13436:
13434:
13431:
13429:
13426:
13424:
13421:
13419:
13416:
13415:
13400:
13396:
13392:
13388:
13387:
13386:
13382:
13335:
13334:
13282:
13281:
13231:
13230:
13180:
13179:
13127:
13126:
13074:
13073:
13021:
13020:
12964:
12963:
12959:
12956:
12953:
12950:
12947:
12944:
12941:
12938:
12935:
12932:
12929:
12926:
12923:
12920:
12917:
12914:
12911:
12910:
12906:
12902:
12901:
12896:
12893:
12885:
12882:
12877:
12875:
12871:
12867:
12863:
12859:
12855:
12850:
12848:
12842:
12831:
12826:
12824:
12820:
12816:
12815:Mongol Empire
12812:
12808:
12794:
12789:
12787:
12782:
12780:
12775:
12773:
12768:
12766:
12761:
12759:
12754:
12752:
12747:
12745:
12740:
12738:
12733:
12731:
12726:
12724:
12719:
12717:
12712:
12710:
12705:
12703:
12698:
12696:
12691:
12689:
12684:
12682:
12677:
12675:
12670:
12668:
12663:
12661:
12656:
12654:
12649:
12647:
12642:
12640:
12635:
12633:
12628:
12626:
12621:
12619:
12614:
12612:
12607:
12605:
12600:
12598:
12593:
12591:
12586:
12584:
12579:
12577:
12572:
12570:
12565:
12563:
12560:
12559:
12555:
12551:
12548:
12544:
12541:
12537:
12534:
12530:
12527:
12523:
12520:
12516:
12513:
12509:
12506:
12502:
12499:
12495:
12492:
12488:
12485:
12481:
12478:
12474:
12471:
12467:
12464:
12460:
12457:
12453:
12450:
12446:
12443:
12439:
12436:
12432:
12429:
12425:
12422:
12418:
12415:
12411:
12408:
12404:
12401:
12397:
12394:
12390:
12387:
12383:
12380:
12376:
12373:
12369:
12366:
12362:
12359:
12355:
12352:
12348:
12345:
12341:
12338:
12334:
12331:
12327:
12325:
12322:
12321:
12318:
12313:
12311:
12306:
12304:
12299:
12297:
12292:
12290:
12285:
12283:
12278:
12276:
12271:
12269:
12264:
12262:
12257:
12255:
12250:
12248:
12243:
12241:
12236:
12234:
12229:
12227:
12222:
12220:
12215:
12213:
12208:
12206:
12201:
12199:
12194:
12192:
12187:
12185:
12180:
12178:
12173:
12171:
12166:
12164:
12159:
12157:
12152:
12150:
12145:
12143:
12138:
12136:
12131:
12129:
12124:
12122:
12117:
12115:
12110:
12108:
12103:
12101:
12096:
12094:
12089:
12087:
12084:
12083:
12079:
12075:
12072:
12068:
12065:
12061:
12058:
12054:
12051:
12047:
12044:
12040:
12037:
12033:
12030:
12026:
12023:
12019:
12016:
12012:
12009:
12005:
12002:
11998:
11995:
11991:
11988:
11984:
11981:
11977:
11974:
11970:
11967:
11963:
11960:
11956:
11953:
11949:
11946:
11942:
11939:
11935:
11932:
11928:
11925:
11921:
11918:
11914:
11911:
11907:
11904:
11900:
11897:
11893:
11890:
11886:
11883:
11879:
11876:
11872:
11869:
11865:
11862:
11858:
11855:
11851:
11849:
11848:
11842:
11840:
11835:
11833:
11829:
11825:
11821:
11817:
11813:
11809:
11808:Nagari script
11804:
11802:
11801:Saka language
11798:
11794:
11790:
11789:Central Asian
11785:
11783:
11779:
11775:
11771:
11767:
11763:
11759:
11755:
11751:
11747:
11743:
11738:
11736:
11735:Śāradā script
11732:
11728:
11724:
11716:
11712:
11708:
11703:
11698:
11684:
11678:
11673:
11669:
11664:
11659:
11654:
11649:
11644:
11638:
11633:
11629:
11625:
11618:
11613:
11609:
11605:
11604:Barabar Caves
11601:
11597:
11590:
11585:
11581:
11580:Kanheri Caves
11577:
11571:
11566:
11565:
11546:
11542:
11539:
11535:
11526:
11522:
11519:
11515:
11506:
11502:
11499:
11495:
11486:
11482:
11479:
11475:
11466:
11462:
11459:
11455:
11446:
11442:
11439:
11435:
11433:
11430:
11429:
11419:
11415:
11412:
11408:
11399:
11395:
11392:
11388:
11379:
11375:
11372:
11368:
11359:
11355:
11352:
11348:
11339:
11335:
11332:
11328:
11319:
11315:
11312:
11308:
11299:
11295:
11292:
11288:
11286:
11283:
11282:
11272:
11268:
11265:
11261:
11252:
11248:
11245:
11241:
11232:
11228:
11225:
11221:
11212:
11208:
11205:
11201:
11192:
11188:
11185:
11181:
11172:
11168:
11165:
11161:
11152:
11148:
11145:
11141:
11139:
11136:
11135:
11123:
11119:
11116:
11112:
11103:
11099:
11096:
11092:
11083:
11079:
11076:
11072:
11063:
11059:
11056:
11052:
11043:
11039:
11036:
11032:
11023:
11019:
11016:
11012:
11003:
10999:
10996:
10992:
10990:
10987:
10986:
10976:
10972:
10969:
10965:
10954:
10950:
10947:
10943:
10934:
10930:
10927:
10923:
10914:
10910:
10907:
10903:
10894:
10890:
10887:
10883:
10874:
10870:
10867:
10863:
10861:
10858:
10857:
10835:
10832:
10831:
10815:
10812:
10811:
10808:
10803:
10798:
10793:
10788:
10787:
10770:
10766:
10761:
10754:
10750:
10745:
10744:
10736:
10732:
10727:
10720:
10716:
10711:
10710:
10702:
10698:
10695:
10691:
10684:
10680:
10678:
10677:
10669:
10665:
10662:
10658:
10651:
10647:
10644:
10640:
10639:
10631:
10627:
10625:
10618:
10614:
10611:
10607:
10606:
10598:
10594:
10592:
10585:
10581:
10578:
10574:
10573:
10565:
10561:
10558:
10554:
10547:
10543:
10540:
10536:
10535:
10532:Sanskrit IPA
10529:
10526:
10524:Sanskrit IPA
10521:
10518:
10517:
10505:
10496:
10489:
10469:
10463:
10450:, Cave No.10.
10449:
10445:
10439:
10434:
10429: 100 CE
10423:
10422:Manmodi Caves
10419:
10415:
10411:
10404:
10399:
10394:
10390:
10385:
10381:
10377:
10372:
10368:
10362:
10358:
10352:
10346:
10341:
10337:
10333:
10326:
10321:
10317:
10310:
10305:
10304:
10285:
10281:
10278:
10274:
10265:
10261:
10258:
10254:
10245:
10241:
10238:
10234:
10225:
10221:
10218:
10214:
10205:
10201:
10198:
10194:
10185:
10181:
10178:
10174:
10172:
10169:
10168:
10158:
10154:
10151:
10147:
10138:
10134:
10131:
10127:
10118:
10114:
10111:
10107:
10098:
10094:
10091:
10087:
10078:
10074:
10071:
10067:
10058:
10054:
10051:
10047:
10038:
10034:
10031:
10027:
10025:
10022:
10021:
10011:
10007:
10004:
10000:
9991:
9987:
9984:
9980:
9971:
9967:
9964:
9960:
9951:
9947:
9944:
9940:
9931:
9927:
9924:
9920:
9911:
9907:
9904:
9900:
9891:
9887:
9884:
9880:
9878:
9875:
9874:
9862:
9858:
9855:
9851:
9842:
9838:
9835:
9831:
9822:
9818:
9815:
9811:
9802:
9798:
9795:
9791:
9782:
9778:
9775:
9771:
9762:
9758:
9755:
9751:
9742:
9738:
9735:
9731:
9729:
9726:
9725:
9715:
9711:
9708:
9704:
9693:
9689:
9686:
9682:
9673:
9669:
9666:
9662:
9653:
9649:
9646:
9642:
9633:
9629:
9626:
9622:
9613:
9609:
9606:
9602:
9600:
9597:
9596:
9574:
9571:
9570:
9554:
9551:
9550:
9547:
9542:
9537:
9532:
9527:
9526:
9509:
9505:
9500:
9493:
9489:
9484:
9483:
9475:
9471:
9466:
9459:
9455:
9450:
9449:
9441:
9437:
9434:
9430:
9423:
9419:
9417:
9416:
9408:
9404:
9401:
9397:
9390:
9386:
9383:
9379:
9378:
9370:
9366:
9364:
9357:
9353:
9350:
9346:
9345:
9337:
9333:
9331:
9324:
9320:
9317:
9313:
9312:
9304:
9300:
9297:
9293:
9286:
9282:
9279:
9275:
9274:
9271:Sanskrit IPA
9268:
9265:
9263:Sanskrit IPA
9260:
9257:
9256:
9249:
9240:
9238:
9233:
9216:
9212:
9207:
9201:
9199:
9195:
9189:
9093:
9091:
9082:
9078:
9072:
9066:
9062:
9056:
9050:
9044:
9041:-standard of
9040:
9033:
9028:
9021:
9014:
9007:
9006:
8993:
8991:
8987:
8983:
8979:
8975:
8971:
8967:
8963:
8959:
8955:
8938:
8933:
8927:
8926:
8920:
8902:
8898:
8874:
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7668:Sanskrit IPA
7665:
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7658:Sanskrit IPA
7655:
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7650:Sanskrit IPA
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7640:Sanskrit IPA
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4147:
4144:
4140:
4137:
4133:
4130:
4126:
4123:
4119:
4116:
4112:
4109:
4105:
4102:
4098:
4095:
4091:
4089:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4079:
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4071:
4067:
4062:
4059:
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4037:
4027:
4017:
4009:
3993:
3988:
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3976:
3969:
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3948:
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3924:
3923:
3922:
3912:
3908:
3899:
3894:
3880:
3876:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3859:Brahmi is an
3849:
3844:
3840:
3837:
3827:
3825:
3821:
3816:
3806:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3786:
3784:
3779:
3776:
3772:
3770:
3769:Telugu script
3766:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3732:
3730:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3716:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3702:James Prinsep
3698:
3696:
3688:
3683:
3679:
3677:
3670:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3651:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3630:
3625:
3623:
3619:
3618:James Prinsep
3615:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3592:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3565:
3563:
3559:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3538:James Prinsep
3535:
3530:
3523:
3522:James Prinsep
3519:
3515:
3511:
3506:
3498:
3497:James Prinsep
3493:
3484:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3465:Maurya Empire
3457:
3452:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3425:
3416:
3414:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3392:
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3377:
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3369:
3364:
3362:
3358:
3354:
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3326:
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3321:
3316:
3311:
3302:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3283:
3277:
3272:
3271:Rishabhanatha
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3174:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3147:
3145:
3141:
3135:
3133:
3129:
3126:
3125:Asokan edicts
3121:
3119:
3113:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3093:
3091:
3083:
3074:
3072:
3068:
3064:
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3056:
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3047:
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3036:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3016:
3013:
3009:
3004:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2981:
2976:
2972:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2954:grammar, the
2953:
2949:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2937:Lipi (script)
2930:
2902:
2898:
2890:
2889:
2883:
2874:
2872:
2867:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2852:
2847:
2843:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2832:David Frawley
2829:
2821:
2816:
2812:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2796:John Marshall
2793:
2783:
2781:
2776:
2773:and northern
2772:
2768:
2763:
2759:
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2711:
2706:
2697:
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2597:
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2565:
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2553:
2549:
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2537:
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2529:
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2513:
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2499:
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2207:
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2200:
2195:
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2178:
2175:
2171:
2168:
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2159:
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2139:
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2128:
2123:
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2019:
2014:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1997:
1994:
1990:
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1983:
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1076:
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1062:
1059:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1034:
1027:
1021:
1016:
1013:
1008:
1007:Bruce Trigger
1004:
1001:
995:
992:
981:
977:
974:(devotee) of
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
944:
935:
926:
923:
919:
915:
909:
907:
903:
899:
895:
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883:
879:
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870:
866:
864:
860:
856:
852:
847:
845:
841:
835:
830:
823:
821:
817:
816:
811:
810:
805:
800:
798:
794:
790:
786:
785:
780:
776:
775:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
746:
744:
739:
734:
725:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
696:
691:
689:
685:
680:
678:
674:
673:
668:
664:
660:
656:
655:stick figures
651:
649:
645:
641:
636:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
617:James Prinsep
614:
610:
606:
601:
599:
596:the rock-cut
594:
590:
586:
582:
579:Brahmi is an
577:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
558:ancient India
555:
551:
547:
539:
538:
529:
502:
494:
490:
487:You may need
483:
470:
458:
454:
452:
448:
441:
438:
435:
432:
431:Unicode range
427:
423:
420:Unicode alias
417:
414:
410:
400:
398:
394:
389:
386:
383:
377:
372:
369:
367:
364:
356:
355:Telugu script
353:
351:
348:
347:
346:
343:
342:
341:
338:
337:
336:
333:
329:
326:
320:
317:
316:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
301:
300:
297:
296:
295:
292:
288:
285:
283:
280:
278:
275:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
255:
254:
251:
250:
249:
246:
240:
237:
236:
235:
232:
228:
225:
223:
222:Kaithi script
220:
218:
215:
214:
213:
212:Nagari script
210:
209:
208:
205:
204:
203:
200:
199:
198:
195:Child systems
192:
181:
180:
179:
176:
175:
174:
171:
170:
169:
165:
159:
154:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
124:
120:
115:
109:
105:
101:
95:
91:
87:
83:
71:
67:
66:Ashoka Pillar
61:
56:
52:
45:
40:
33:
19:
18:Brahmi Script
23488:Thai and Lao
23165:Scandinavian
22797:1829 braille
22789:Braille cell
22589:Cypro-Minoan
22455:Pahawh Hmong
22368:Sitelen Pona
22332:Hindu-Arabic
21665:Mundari Bani
21239:Pahawh Hmong
21048:Tamil-Brahmi
20954:Eveyla Akuru
20949:Dhives Akuru
20547:
20416:Paleo-Hebrew
20283:
20219:undeciphered
19863:
19736:Sino-Tibetan
19365:Chittagonian
19211:Contemporary
19143:Languages of
19090:
19074:
19055:
19032:
19019:
18996:
18975:
18954:
18930:
18904:
18900:
18876:
18855:
18851:Rocher, Ludo
18831:
18811:
18791:
18781:
18777:
18757:
18743:
18719:
18707:
18689:
18681:
18673:
18653:
18642:
18622:
18615:Bibliography
18593:
18582:. Retrieved
18568:
18557:. Retrieved
18543:
18535:
18530:
18519:. Retrieved
18510:(1): 73–86.
18507:
18503:
18490:
18483:Ledyard 1994
18478:
18464:
18436:
18429:
18407:. Retrieved
18397:
18390:
18379:. Retrieved
18359:
18352:
18341:. Retrieved
18321:
18314:
18299:
18288:. Retrieved
18255:
18236:
18229:
18218:. Retrieved
18208:
18201:
18191:
18185:
18174:
18163:. Retrieved
18147:
18141:
18134:Salomon 1998
18107:
18097:
18090:
18078:
18067:. Retrieved
18047:
18040:
18029:. Retrieved
18009:
18002:
17967:. Retrieved
17947:
17940:
17930:
17911:Samudragupta
17903:Gupta Empire
17898:
17886:
17881:circa 150 CE
17875:Rudradaman I
17866:
17854:
17840:
17829:. Retrieved
17809:
17802:
17793:
17787:
17779:
17778:Ram Sharma,
17774:
17763:. Retrieved
17753:
17746:
17734:
17725:
17719:
17707:
17695:
17688:Salomon 1996
17683:
17676:Salomon 1998
17671:
17660:. Retrieved
17640:
17617:. Retrieved
17597:
17590:
17579:. Retrieved
17569:
17562:
17543:
17532:. Retrieved
17512:
17505:
17494:. Retrieved
17484:
17473:. Retrieved
17453:
17446:
17439:Salomon 1998
17434:
17424:
17418:
17406:
17402:
17395:Salomon 1998
17390:
17379:. Retrieved
17369:
17363:
17353:
17346:
17335:. Retrieved
17325:
17319:
17309:
17299:
17280:
17270:
17263:
17253:
17247:
17236:. Retrieved
17226:
17207:
17201:
17192:
17186:, retrieved
17167:
17154:
17147:Salomon 1998
17130:Salomon 1998
17125:
17115:
17109:
17099:
17093:
17086:Salomon 1998
17059:Salomon 1998
17054:
17043:Salomon 1998
17038:
17027:. Retrieved
17007:
17000:
16990:
16957:
16948:
16936:. Retrieved
16929:the original
16924:
16911:
16902:
16894:
16878:
16853:
16849:
16831:Salomon 1998
16816:Salomon 1998
16811:
16804:Salomon 1996
16789:Salomon 1998
16784:
16777:Salomon 1998
16772:
16765:Salomon 1998
16760:
16753:Salomon 1998
16748:
16741:Salomon 1998
16722:. Retrieved
16702:
16695:
16686:
16680:
16673:Salomon 1998
16646:
16640:
16630:, retrieved
16621:
16617:
16607:
16591:
16585:
16574:. Retrieved
16554:
16547:
16536:. Retrieved
16516:
16509:
16497:
16486:. Retrieved
16466:
16459:
16448:. Retrieved
16428:
16421:
16405:
16386:. Retrieved
16366:
16359:
16348:. Retrieved
16320:
16313:
16306:Salomon 1998
16301:
16289:. Retrieved
16283:
16276:
16267:
16261:
16250:. Retrieved
16240:
16233:
16221:
16209:
16198:. Retrieved
16188:
16181:
16168:
16162:
16151:. Retrieved
16141:
16133:
16122:. Retrieved
16102:
16095:
16085:
16078:
16066:
16059:Salomon 1998
16054:
16021:
16017:
16011:
16002:
15992:
15980:. Retrieved
15971:
15966:Khan, Omar.
15961:
15954:Salomon 1998
15949:
15934:
15929:
15921:
15916:
15911:12: 129–143.
15908:
15892:
15887:, CRC, 2005.
15884:
15864:
15854:, retrieved
15842:
15838:
15825:
15814:. Retrieved
15794:
15787:
15778:
15772:. Retrieved
15752:
15745:
15734:. Retrieved
15714:
15707:
15698:
15692:
15683:
15677:
15667:, retrieved
15657:
15650:
15639:. Retrieved
15619:
15612:
15604:
15598:. Retrieved
15578:
15571:
15560:. Retrieved
15525:
15501:Salomon 1998
15496:
15484:
15477:Salomon 1998
15472:
15465:Salomon 1998
15460:
15435:
15431:
15408:
15381:
15372:
15368:
15322:. Retrieved
15305:
15301:
15291:
15279:. Retrieved
15259:
15255:
15245:
15232:
15209:. Retrieved
15203:
15196:
15187:
15181:
15169:
15157:
15144:
15138:
15131:Salomon 1998
15116:Salomon 1996
15111:
15099:
15090:
15083:
15076:Salomon 1998
15059:Salomon 1998
15054:
15028:. Retrieved
15019:
15015:
15005:
14996:
14975:
14968:Salomon 1998
14963:
14956:Salomon 1998
14941:Salomon 1998
14924:
14918:. Retrieved
14909:
14900:
14889:. Retrieved
14864:
14860:
14850:
14839:. Retrieved
14819:
14812:
14803:
14797:
14790:Salomon 1998
14785:
14775:
14769:
14764:, p. 2.
14747:Salomon 1996
14732:Salomon 1998
14712:
14707:, p. 9.
14705:Salomon 1998
14680:
14676:
14670:
14662:
14658:
14654:
14648:
14637:. Retrieved
14612:
14608:
14598:
14591:Salomon 1998
14586:
14577:
14569:. Retrieved
14559:
14539:
14532:
14525:Plofker 2007
14520:
14513:Hayashi 2003
14508:
14497:Plofker 2009
14492:
14485:Plofker 2009
14480:
14473:Plofker 2009
14451:
14439:
14427:
14415:
14390:
14386:
14376:
14351:
14347:
14331:Salomon 1998
14326:
14315:. Retrieved
14296:
14270:
14264:. Retrieved
14244:
14234:
14227:Salomon 1998
14222:
14210:
14204:. Retrieved
14184:
14177:
14169:
14163:. Retrieved
14143:
14133:
14124:
14118:. Retrieved
14098:
14084:
14072:
14070:
14064:. Retrieved
14044:
14037:
14028:
14022:. Retrieved
14002:
13992:
13979:
13973:. Retrieved
13953:
13946:
13936:
13933:chakravartin
13932:
13928:
13924:
13921:
13915:. Retrieved
13895:
13885:
13873:
13867:. Retrieved
13847:
13837:
13826:. Retrieved
13806:
13799:
13791:
13785:. Retrieved
13776:
13767:
13756:. Retrieved
13752:the original
13731:
13727:
13707:Salomon 1998
13687:Salomon 1998
13682:
13673:
13669:
13666:Salomon 1998
13661:
13654:Salomon 1998
13649:
13621:
13608:
13600:For example
13596:
13577:Shahbazgarhi
13565:
13559:Devanampriya
13546:
13539:Shahbazgarhi
13513:
13500:
13494:
13483:
13475:
13471:
13467:
13463:
13458:
13438:Tamil-Brahmi
13399:
13391:
13384:
12898:
12883:
12878:
12865:
12857:
12851:
12844:
12828:
12804:
12790:
12783:
12776:
12769:
12762:
12755:
12748:
12741:
12734:
12727:
12720:
12713:
12706:
12699:
12692:
12685:
12678:
12671:
12664:
12657:
12650:
12643:
12636:
12629:
12622:
12615:
12608:
12601:
12594:
12587:
12580:
12573:
12566:
12314:
12307:
12300:
12293:
12286:
12279:
12272:
12265:
12258:
12251:
12244:
12237:
12230:
12223:
12216:
12209:
12202:
12195:
12188:
12181:
12174:
12167:
12160:
12153:
12146:
12139:
12132:
12125:
12118:
12111:
12104:
12097:
12090:
11836:
11805:
11786:
11739:
11727:Gupta Empire
11723:Gupta script
11720:
11667:
11632:Gupta script
11576:Gupta script
10468:Gupta Empire
10462:Gupta script
10413:
10412:were called
10388:
10379:
10366:
10360:
9229:
9211:Sunga period
9194:E. J. Rapson
9191:
9098:
9085:
9036:
8960:near modern
8951:
8922:
8851:𑀧𑀺𑀬𑀤𑀲𑀺
8843:
8829:
8821:
8765:
8740:
8717:
7661:
7643:
7615:
7608:
6865:
6858:
6637:
6626:
6615:
6604:
6593:
6582:
6571:
6560:
6549:
6538:
6527:
6516:
6505:
6494:
6483:
6472:
6461:
6450:
6439:
6428:
6417:
6406:
6395:
6384:
6373:
6362:
6351:
6340:
6329:
6318:
6307:
6296:
6285:
6027:Gupta script
6010:
5987:
5983:
5979:
5976:
5972:
5958:
4077:
4073:
4063:
4055:
4052:
4039:
4035:
4022:
3904:
3868:
3858:
3847:
3833:
3812:
3799:Anuradhapura
3791:Tamil-Brahmi
3787:
3782:
3780:
3775:Tamil-Brahmi
3773:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3738:
3713:
3700:
3694:
3678:Agathokleous
3674:
3672:
3652:
3644:Samudragupta
3640:Gupta script
3626:
3616:
3612:Samudragupta
3608:Gupta Empire
3593:
3566:
3555:
3487:Decipherment
3477:Greek script
3462:
3450:
3449:The text is
3445: 15 CE
3404:Tamil-Brahmi
3393:
3389:paleographic
3368:Anuradhapura
3365:
3338:
3318:
3279:
3266:
3262:
3254:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3233:such as the
3226:
3222:
3216:
3210:
3202:Sylvain Lévi
3184:(energy) of
3171:
3155:
3153:
3136:
3130:
3122:
3115:
3098:Anuradhapura
3095:
3088:
3043:
3037:
3022:
3005:
2992:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2945:
2940:
2886:
2870:
2868:
2856:
2848:
2844:
2825:
2803:
2792:Indus script
2789:
2771:Greek script
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2738:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2667:
2659:
2655:
2637:
2631:
2628:
2623:
2619:
2609:
2605:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2531:
2490:
1669:
1288:
1280:
1033:
1017:
1005:
996:
987:
979:
971:
921:
910:
905:
902:Georg Bühler
891:
874:pictographic
863:Indus script
851:pictographic
848:
837:
829:
813:
807:
801:
788:
782:
778:
772:
750:
740:
692:
684:Gupta script
681:
677:Georg Bühler
670:
659:Salomon 1998
652:
648:epigraphists
644:Indus script
637:
629:H. H. Wilson
625:Edwin Norris
602:
578:
549:
500:
499:
463:and ⟨
445:
309:Tamil script
304:Khmer script
294:Tamil-Brahmi
253:Laṇḍā script
234:Gaudi script
50:
23987:RoboBraille
23811:Róża Czacka
23751:Perforation
23548:Independent
23446:(Bhutanese)
23181:Greenlandic
22852:Azerbaijani
22654:Jindai moji
22543:Syllabaries
22514:SignWriting
22414:Celtiberian
22316:Hieroglyphs
22119:Seal script
22104:Traditional
21976:Blissymbols
21881:Warang Citi
21856:Tolong Siki
21809:Marcomannic
21789:Dalecarlian
21779:Anglo-Saxon
21759:Pau Cin Hau
21650:Medefaidrin
21603:Merovingian
21563:Blackletter
21471:Asomtavruli
21264:Warang Citi
21073:Ulu scripts
21018:New Tai Lue
20961:Mon–Burmese
20815:Bhattiprolu
20643:Nandinagari
20470:ʾEsṭrangēlā
20229:constructed
20084:Hela Havula
19794:Nepal Bhasa
19300:Bangladeshi
19150:Afghanistan
18444:. pp.
17712:Bühler 1898
17700:Bühler 1898
16226:Timmer 1930
16214:Rocher 2014
16175:, p. 9
16071:Masica 1993
15922:Cryptologia
15909:Cryptologia
15174:Bühler 1898
15162:Bühler 1898
15104:Bühler 1898
15047:Bühler 1898
15016:Die Sprache
14762:Bühler 1898
14444:Rajgor 2007
13998:Kopf, David
13433:Shankhalipi
11816:Nandinagari
11758:Philippines
11725:during the
11691:Descendants
11624:Alchon Huns
10802:Approximant
10414:Mahākhatapa
9541:Approximant
9071:Bhagabhadra
9065:Antialkidas
9022:Inscription
9008:Translation
8990:Vaishnavism
8986:Bhagabhadra
8974:Antialcidas
8925:E. Hultzsch
8899:𑀚𑀸𑀢𑀢𑀺
8838:of Ashoka.
8808:Inscription
8794:Translation
8025:Approximant
5945:Punctuation
4026:long vowels
3985:Sya (Sa+Ya)
3973:Sva (Sa+Va)
3680:, "of King
3629:Karla Caves
3585:Pala period
3361:Chittorgarh
3359:(both near
3329:Topra Kalan
3267:Kalpa Sutra
3247:Jain Agamas
3173:Mahabharata
3071:Megasthenes
3045:Geographica
3032:Ludo Rocher
3024:Megasthenes
2989:Old Persian
2968:Old Persian
2956:Ashtadhyayi
2929:Old Persian
2828:Subhash Kak
2542:for Brahmi
1325:Hieroglyphs
980:Mahabharata
968:Bhagabhadra
964:Antialcidas
918:continental
900:(1856) and
884:script, by
710:place value
335:Bhattiprolu
98:Time period
85:Script type
24007:Categories
23539:(obsolete)
23520:(obsolete)
23312:(Pakistan)
23223:Belarusian
23105:Vietnamese
23048:Portuguese
23034:Philippine
22991:Lithuanian
22644:Hentaigana
22639:Man'yōgana
22099:Simplified
21986:Ersu Shaba
21900:Non-linear
21705:Old Uyghur
21695:Old Permic
21690:Old Italic
21623:Visigothic
21558:Beneventan
21493:Glagolitic
21456:Gadabuursi
21120:Kolezhuthu
21115:Vatteluttu
21053:Tanchangya
20976:Saurashtra
20553:Devanagari
20411:Phoenician
20364:Manichaean
19992:Old Italic
19932:Devanagari
19857:Historical
19726:Portuguese
19543:Burushaski
19462:Rajasthani
19385:Hindustani
19332:Indo-Aryan
19320:Sri Lankan
19155:Bangladesh
18715:Keay, John
18584:2013-05-07
18559:2014-08-22
18521:2014-06-11
18409:2019-08-20
18381:2019-08-20
18343:2019-08-20
18290:2019-08-18
18220:2019-08-20
18165:2019-08-18
18069:2018-10-09
18031:2018-10-09
17969:2018-10-09
17831:2019-08-19
17765:2018-10-01
17662:2018-10-27
17619:2018-10-27
17581:2015-07-19
17534:2018-10-27
17496:2018-10-27
17475:2018-10-27
17381:2019-05-25
17337:2019-05-25
17238:2019-05-25
17188:2021-03-20
17045:, p.
17029:2022-01-26
16938:12 January
16724:2021-03-19
16632:2016-06-13
16576:2016-10-24
16538:2016-10-24
16488:2016-10-24
16450:2016-10-24
16388:2016-10-24
16350:2016-10-24
16252:2021-02-20
16200:2021-02-20
16153:2018-09-19
16124:2018-09-19
15924:14: 169–83
15856:2013-06-19
15845:: 375–88,
15816:2016-10-24
15774:2016-10-24
15736:2016-10-24
15669:2013-06-20
15641:2016-10-24
15600:2016-10-24
15562:2020-01-04
15324:2022-07-27
15308:(2): 436.
15030:2017-12-02
14920:2017-03-21
14891:2022-07-13
14841:2017-03-24
14639:2022-02-12
14571:2016-10-18
14393:: 93–122.
14317:2018-09-05
14266:2021-03-20
14206:2021-03-20
14165:2021-03-26
14120:2021-03-20
14066:2021-03-20
14024:2021-03-26
13975:2021-03-20
13917:2021-03-20
13869:2021-03-20
13828:2020-01-01
13787:2017-03-21
13758:2013-06-18
13641:References
13573:Kharoshthi
13474:𐡐 and 𑀧
13354:𑁵
13351:𑁴
13348:𑁳
13345:𑁲
13342:𑁱
13339:𑁰
13331:𑁯
13328:𑁮
13325:𑁭
13322:𑁬
13319:𑁫
13316:𑁪
13313:𑁩
13310:𑁨
13307:𑁧
13304:𑁦
13301:𑁥
13298:𑁤
13295:𑁣
13292:𑁢
13289:𑁡
13286:𑁠
13278:𑁟
13275:𑁞
13272:𑁝
13269:𑁜
13266:𑁛
13263:𑁚
13260:𑁙
13257:𑁘
13254:𑁗
13251:𑁖
13248:𑁕
13245:𑁔
13242:𑁓
13239:𑁒
13223:𑁍
13220:𑁌
13217:𑁋
13214:𑁊
13211:𑁉
13208:𑁈
13205:𑁇
13202:𑁆
13199:𑁅
13196:𑁄
13193:𑁃
13190:𑁂
13187:𑁁
13184:𑁀
13176:𑀿
13173:𑀾
13170:𑀽
13167:𑀼
13164:𑀻
13161:𑀺
13158:𑀹
13155:𑀸
13152:𑀷
13149:𑀶
13146:𑀵
13143:𑀴
13140:𑀳
13137:𑀲
13134:𑀱
13131:𑀰
13123:𑀯
13120:𑀮
13117:𑀭
13114:𑀬
13111:𑀫
13108:𑀪
13105:𑀩
13102:𑀨
13099:𑀧
13096:𑀦
13093:𑀥
13090:𑀤
13087:𑀣
13084:𑀢
13081:𑀡
13078:𑀠
13070:𑀟
13067:𑀞
13064:𑀝
13061:𑀜
13058:𑀛
13055:𑀚
13052:𑀙
13049:𑀘
13046:𑀗
13043:𑀖
13040:𑀕
13037:𑀔
13034:𑀓
13031:𑀒
13028:𑀑
13025:𑀐
13017:𑀏
13014:𑀎
13011:𑀍
13008:𑀌
13005:𑀋
13002:𑀊
12999:𑀉
12996:𑀈
12993:𑀇
12990:𑀆
12987:𑀅
12974:𑀂
12971:𑀁
12968:𑀀
12874:Windows 10
12562:Devanagari
11812:Devanagari
11776:, and the
11711:Devanagari
11628:Mihirakula
10834:Aspiration
10825:Voiceless
10819:Voiceless
10782:Consonants
10497:standard).
10466:See also:
10444:Nasik Cave
10334:statue of
10330:Inscribed
9573:Aspiration
9564:Voiceless
9558:Voiceless
9521:Consonants
9049:Heliodoros
8992:in India.
8970:Indo-Greek
8966:Heliodorus
8735:See also:
8057:Aspiration
8048:Voiceless
8042:Voiceless
8005:Consonants
3945:), as in "
3891:See also:
3865:diacritics
3855:Consonants
3724:Singhalese
3682:Agathocles
3663:Agathocles
3659:Indo-Greek
3589:Devanagari
3534:Devanagari
3518:Agathocles
3514:Indo-Greek
3400:Tamil Nadu
3140:Walter Ong
3132:Jack Goody
2991:prototype
2895:) used by
2840:Jack Goody
2710:Agathocles
2696:loanword.
1681:Phoenician
972:Bhagvatena
960:Heliodorus
878:acrophonic
855:acrophonic
693:Among the
328:Vatteluttu
23955:Vibratese
23934:Moon type
23927:Decapoint
23608:Eight-dot
23561:Cantonese
23510:Reordered
23473:Inuktitut
23362:Malayalam
23272:Ukrainian
23251:Mongolian
23230:Bulgarian
23193:Norwegian
23158:Icelandic
22949:Hungarian
22907:Esperanto
22859:Cantonese
22443:Redundant
22255:Anatolian
22206:Cuneiform
22134:bird-worm
22070:Logograms
22041:Testerian
21955:Ideograms
21932:Moon type
21819:Staveless
21710:Mongolian
21655:Molodtsov
21613:Sütterlin
21481:Mkhedruli
21347:Bassa Vah
21297:Alphabets
21269:Mwangwego
21234:Mwangwego
21209:Kharosthi
21162:Blackfoot
21125:Malayanma
20996:Sundanese
20991:Sukhothai
20939:Malayalam
20890:Khom Thai
20850:Goykanadi
20774:Tocharian
20727:ʼPhags-pa
20598:Khudabadi
20543:Bhaiksuki
20438:Samaritan
20369:Nabataean
20224:inventors
20032:influence
19952:Malayalam
19914:Shahmukhi
19881:Kharosthi
19866:(Abugida)
19799:Sikkimese
19652:Nicobaric
19315:Pakistani
19262:Malayalam
19244:Dravidian
19213:languages
19202:Sri Lanka
19180:classical
19175:scheduled
18303:The "h" (
16925:Prāgdhārā
16870:161465267
16856:(1): 73.
16241:Geography
16189:Geography
16046:162603638
15552:134470331
15489:Falk 1993
15401:Falk 1993
15386:Falk 1993
15276:191052711
15262:: 57–69.
14881:163470608
14717:Falk 1993
14661:(2): 95.
14629:162074807
14432:Falk 1993
14420:Keay 2000
14407:258147647
14242:(2017) .
13545:) reads:
13532:Kharosthi
11797:Tocharian
11766:Indonesia
11578:on stone
11138:Retroflex
10807:Fricative
10495:Allahabad
10361:Ṣa-sta-na
9877:Retroflex
9546:Fricative
9011:(English)
8832:Rummindei
8797:(English)
8335:Retroflex
8030:Fricative
4066:collation
4044:Nagarjuna
3939:and "Ya"
3846:The word
3803:Sri Lanka
3706:Pantaleon
3396:Kodumanal
3333:New Delhi
3196:, though
3178:Saraswati
3106:Carbon 14
3102:Sri Lanka
2985:Kharosthi
2924:𑀻
2918:𑀧
2912:𑀺
2906:𑀮
2885:The word
2871:ex nihilo
2775:Kharosthi
2634:sibilants
2604:), while
1051:+aspirate
1046:-aspirate
1012:Sri Lanka
991:Kharoṣṭhī
840:Kharoṣṭhī
781:lists 64
397:ISO 15924
391:ISO 15924
385:Kharosthi
371:Tocharian
287:Bhaiksuki
142:Tocharian
122:Languages
107:Direction
23591:Japanese
23452:Georgian
23444:Dzongkha
23430:Armenian
23348:Gujarati
23213:Cyrillic
23144:Estonian
23119:Yugoslav
23055:Romanian
23027:Nigerian
22942:Hawaiian
22928:Ghanaian
22845:Albanian
22706:Sumerian
22671:Linear B
22634:Katakana
22629:Hiragana
22579:Cherokee
22509:ASLwrite
22470:Bopomofo
22325:Numerals
22311:Hieratic
22270:Isthmian
22239:Sumerian
22219:Assyrian
22214:Akkadian
21871:Vithkuqi
21846:Tifinagh
21814:Medieval
21769:Pisidian
21764:Phrygian
21735:Vagindra
21680:Ol Chiki
21588:Interlac
21543:Kayah Li
21533:Jenticha
21488:Veso Bey
21476:Nuskhuri
21466:Georgian
21436:Formosan
21431:Etruscan
21426:Enochian
21382:Cyrillic
21367:Coelbren
21325:Armenian
21224:Meroitic
21214:Mandombe
21204:Jenticha
21068:Tigalari
21033:Tai Viet
21028:Tai Tham
21008:Tagbanwa
20860:Javanese
20810:Baybayin
20800:Balinese
20788:Southern
20683:Pracalit
20678:Pachumol
20653:Bhujimol
20613:Mahajani
20573:Gurmukhi
20563:Gujarati
20531:Northern
20511:Abugidas
20492:Ugaritic
20480:Maḏnḥāyā
20354:Tifinagh
20347:Solitreo
20285:Numerals
20198:Grapheme
20186:Overview
20072:Activism
20044:Hinglish
19947:Gurmukhi
19942:Gujarati
19909:Nastaliq
19804:Tenyidie
19759:Dzongkha
19576:Lyngngam
19535:Isolates
19472:Sanskrit
19467:Rangpuri
19437:Maithili
19412:Kashmiri
19400:Hinglish
19380:Gujarati
19350:Bhojpuri
19345:Assamese
19310:Nepalese
19287:Germanic
19229:Aka-Jeru
19197:Pakistan
19187:Maldives
19029:"Brahmi"
19016:"BRĀHMĪ"
18993:"Brāhmī"
18952:(2006).
18853:(2014).
18755:(1993).
18741:(1994).
18717:(2000).
18601:Archived
18578:Archived
18553:Archived
18512:Archived
18419:Archived
18403:Archived
18375:Archived
18337:Archived
18281:Archived
18214:Archived
18156:Archived
18116:Archived
18063:Archived
18025:Archived
17991:Archived
17963:Archived
17825:Archived
17759:Archived
17656:Archived
17613:Archived
17575:Archived
17552:Archived
17528:Archived
17490:Archived
17469:Archived
17375:Archived
17331:Archived
17288:Archived
17232:Archived
17182:archived
17162:(1996),
17023:Archived
16887:Archived
16718:Archived
16626:archived
16596:Archived
16570:Archived
16532:Archived
16482:Archived
16444:Archived
16414:24010823
16382:Archived
16344:Archived
16340:22195130
16291:14 April
16246:Archived
16194:Archived
16147:Archived
16118:Archived
16038:25201111
15976:Archived
15901:Archived
15873:Archived
15847:archived
15810:Archived
15768:Archived
15730:Archived
15663:archived
15635:Archived
15594:Archived
15556:Archived
15348:Archived
15343:, 2016,
15318:Archived
15024:Archived
15022:: 2–46.
14914:Archived
14912:. 1999.
14906:"Brahmi"
14885:Archived
14835:Archived
14689:41682442
14633:Archived
14565:Archived
14311:Archived
14260:Archived
14200:Archived
14159:Archived
14141:(2009).
14114:Archived
14096:(2016).
14060:Archived
14018:Archived
14000:(2021).
13969:Archived
13911:Archived
13893:(2004).
13863:Archived
13845:(2015).
13822:Archived
13781:Archived
13779:. 1999.
13773:"Brahmi"
13543:Mansehra
13411:See also
13336:U+1107x
13283:U+1106x
13232:U+1105x
13181:U+1104x
13128:U+1103x
13075:U+1102x
13022:U+1101x
12965:U+1100x
12866:Adinatha
11820:Sanskrit
11774:Cambodia
11754:Baybayin
11622:Coin of
11600:Sanskrit
11562:Examples
10530:IAST and
10522:IAST and
10448:Nahapana
10418:Nahapana
10340:Chastana
10316:Chastana
10301:Examples
9269:IAST and
9261:IAST and
9237:Sanskrit
9213:. For a
9077:Varanasi
9043:Vāsudeva
8962:Besnagar
8897:𑀪𑀕𑀯𑀁
8869:𑀩𑀼𑀥𑁂
8855:𑀮𑀸𑀚𑀺
7666:IAST and
7656:IAST and
7648:IAST and
7638:IAST and
3913:such as
3905:Special
3815:Thailand
3720:Sanskrit
3676:Basileōs
3577:Maukhari
3349:Sanskrit
3320:Dha-ṃ-ma
3265:and the
3251:Mahavira
3241:and the
3227:Kharoṣṭī
3213:Buddhist
3206:Brahmins
3160:Sanskrit
3067:Nearchus
2997:Darius I
2952:Sanskrit
2893:𑀮𑀺𑀧𑀻
2708:Coin of
2546:Aramaic
1640:
1560:
1485:
1410:
976:Vāsudeva
888:in 1877.
765:Buddhism
757:Hinduism
718:Sanskrit
613:Calcutta
461:/ /
457:Help:IPA
126:Sanskrit
23496:Tibetan
23437:Burmese
23423:Amharic
23406:(India)
23383:Sinhala
23376:Punjabi
23355:Kannada
23303:Persian
23258:Russian
23198:Swedish
23176:Finnish
23151:Faroese
23126:Zambian
23098:Turkish
23083:Spanish
23006:Maltese
22984:Latvian
22977:Italian
22956:Iñupiaq
22935:Guarani
22895:English
22866:Catalan
22783:⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑
22778:Braille
22661:Kikakui
22599:Eskayan
22584:Cypriot
22434:Dunging
22306:Demotic
22285:Tenevil
22229:Hittite
22224:Elamite
22177:Jurchen
22156:Sawndip
22151:Chữ Nôm
22051:Zapotec
22046:Yerkish
22021:Nsibidi
22006:Miꞌkmaw
21996:Isotype
21966:Adinkra
21907:Braille
21891:Zaghawa
21861:Vellara
21841:Sunuwar
21831:Sidetic
21826:Shavian
21754:Osmanya
21744:Ol Onal
21598:Kurrent
21583:Insular
21573:Fraktur
21548:Klingon
21538:Kaddare
21512:Archaic
21421:Elbasan
21409:Chinook
21399:Deseret
21387:Bosnian
21342:Avoiuli
21330:Avestan
21320:Ariyaka
21249:Tengwar
21147:Bharati
21108:Serawai
21098:Pasemah
21083:Lampung
21038:Lai Tay
21023:Tai Noi
20986:Sinhala
20966:Pallava
20934:Makasar
20922:Lontara
20897:Kulitan
20870:Kannada
20865:Kadamba
20855:Hanunoo
20845:Grantha
20840:Fakkham
20757:Tibetan
20742:Soyombo
20737:Siddhaṃ
20732:Sharada
20708:Litumol
20698:Tirhuta
20688:Ranjana
20673:Kvemmol
20633:Multani
20618:Marchen
20583:Kalinga
20523:Brahmic
20460:Sogdian
20399:Psalter
20379:Pahlavi
20359:Mandaic
20337:Cursive
20322:Elymaic
20293:Aramaic
19972:Sinhala
19967:Ranjana
19957:Kannada
19937:Bengali
19924:Brahmic
19850:Scripts
19832:Turkmen
19814:Tripuri
19809:Tibetan
19774:Ladakhi
19713:Romance
19680:Teressa
19637:Santali
19632:Mundari
19553:Kusunda
19510:Balochi
19502:Iranian
19492:Sylheti
19487:Sinhala
19477:Saraiki
19457:Punjabi
19442:Marathi
19422:Kumaoni
19417:Konkani
19370:Dhivehi
19355:Bengali
19295:English
19257:Kannada
19079:of the
16001:(ed.),
15972:Harappa
15883:(ed.),
15281:8 April
15211:8 April
14368:3087634
13614:Mathura
13547:(Ayam)
13541:(or at
13534:script.
12847:Unicode
12835:Unicode
12813:of the
11832:Konkani
11824:Marathi
11793:Tibetan
11756:in the
10989:Palatal
10828:Voiced
10822:Voiced
10814:Voicing
10527:Letter
10519:Letter
10374:is the
9728:Palatal
9567:Voiced
9561:Voiced
9553:Voicing
9266:Letter
9258:Letter
9232:Kushana
9027:Prakrit
8958:Vidisha
8937:Lumbini
8871:𑀚𑀸𑀢
8813:Prakrit
8776:Shakyas
8768:Lumbini
8200:Palatal
8051:Voiced
8045:Voiced
8037:Voicing
7653:Letter
7635:Letter
7130:Gujarat
6020:Kushana
5967:Vidisha
4070:Shiksha
3959:Shakyas
3867:called
3861:abugida
3848:Brā-hmī
3765:Kannada
3745:Kannada
3718:", the
3689:legend:
3642:of the
3481:Mathura
3438:Mathura
3376:Prakrit
3353:Ayodhya
3341:Prakrit
3315:Prakrit
3305:History
3287:Prakrit
3280:dhaṃma
3259:Prakrit
3245:of the
3231:Jainism
3164:Brahman
3059:συντάξῃ
3042:in the
3012:Aramaic
2999:in his
2780:Aramaic
2726:legend:
2694:Elamite
2534:q, ṭ, ṣ
2259:, M.L.
1686:Aramaic
1599:
1524:
1449:
1374:
1354:Brahmi
1335:Aramaic
1310:Origin
1306:Phoneme
1299:Letter
826:Origins
797:Brahmin
761:Jainism
589:Mauryan
581:abugida
552:) is a
493:Unicode
449:in the
413:Unicode
366:Sinhala
340:Kadamba
314:Grantha
299:Pallava
282:Kalinga
277:Tibetan
248:Sharada
207:Siddham
134:Prakrit
90:Abugida
70:Sarnath
23916:Other
23789:People
23779:Braigo
23598:Korean
23466:Hebrew
23397:Telugu
23296:Arabic
23286:Arabic
23244:Kyrgyz
23237:Kazakh
23171:Danish
23069:Slovak
23062:Samoan
23041:Polish
23020:Navajo
22921:German
22914:French
22781:
22726:Yugtun
22716:Woleai
22666:Kpelle
22649:Sōgana
22569:Byblos
22347:Muisca
22265:Cretan
22234:Luwian
22192:Tangut
22011:Mixtec
21981:Dongba
21886:Yezidi
21876:Wancho
21851:Todhri
21804:Gothic
21784:Cipher
21725:Manchu
21715:Evenki
21700:Orkhon
21645:Manchu
21640:Lydian
21635:Lycian
21578:Gaelic
21528:Hanifi
21523:Hangul
21498:Gothic
21446:Fraser
21441:Fox II
21377:Coptic
21352:Carian
21335:Pazend
21308:Linear
21254:Thaana
21199:Sarati
21140:Others
21103:Rejang
21088:Lembak
21078:Incung
21058:Telugu
21013:Tai Le
20907:Langdi
20830:Chakma
20720:Karani
20693:Tamyig
20668:Kummol
20663:Himmol
20658:Golmol
20638:Nagari
20623:Meitei
20608:Lepcha
20593:Khojki
20578:Kaithi
20465:Syriac
20453:Musnad
20332:Ashuri
20327:Hebrew
20310:Elifba
20305:Arabic
20298:Hatran
20273:Abjads
20016:Thaana
19982:Telugu
19891:Arabic
19864:Brahmi
19824:Turkic
19784:Meitei
19769:Hajong
19721:French
19703:Jarawa
19670:Chaura
19563:Khasic
19548:Nihali
19520:Pashto
19482:Sindhi
19447:Nepali
19427:Magahi
19407:Hindko
19360:Chakma
19340:Angika
19305:Indian
19272:Telugu
19252:Brahui
19234:Aka-Bo
19160:Bhutan
19134:Major
19039:
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13929:brahmi
13925:brahmi
13903:
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13748:604670
13746:
13627:Andhau
13549:Dhrama
13524:Dhrama
12912:
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12900:Brahmi
12884:Brāhmī
12862:Google
12807:hangul
12086:Brahmi
11768:, the
11760:, the
11626:ruler
11548:
11528:
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11468:
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11432:Labial
11421:
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10332:Kushan
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9039:Garuda
8982:Shunga
8978:Taxila
8895:𑀳𑀺𑀤
8830:— The
8705:
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8669:
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8601:Labial
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6890:Kushan
6650:Girnar
6278:Ashoka
5955:Sanchi
4078:vargas
4057:virāma
4003:Vowels
3947:Sa-kya
3710:Sanchi
3687:Brahmi
3610:ruler
3600:Ashoka
3500:1834).
3456:Śudāsa
3325:Dharma
3317:word "
3299:Edicts
3295:Dharma
3276:Ashoka
3255:Bambhi
3237:, the
3223:Brāhmī
3194:Brahma
3186:Brahma
3182:Shakti
3156:Brahmi
3063:syntax
3051:Arrian
3040:Strabo
3028:Ashoka
3010:where
2942:Pāṇini
2915:i; pī=
2901:Edicts
2897:Ashoka
2767:Ashoka
2724:Brahmi
2590:, and
2498:dental
2042:, M.L.
1897:, M.L.
1860:, M.L.
1696:Value
1693:Brahmi
1345:Syriac
1340:Hebrew
1318:Image
763:, and
743:Brahmi
550:Brāhmī
501:Brahmi
465:
424:Brahmi
182:Brahmi
146:Telugu
51:Brāhmī
47:Brahmi
23632:(GS8)
23623:Kanji
23481:Khmer
23459:Greek
23390:Tamil
23323:i.e.
23284:i.e.
23265:Tatar
23211:i.e.
23112:Welsh
23013:Māori
22970:Irish
22888:Dutch
22881:Czech
22691:Nüshu
22559:Bamum
22554:Afaka
22361:Other
22352:Roman
22337:Abjad
22260:Bagam
22161:Bowen
22146:Kanji
22141:Hanja
22129:small
22124:large
22031:Olmec
22001:Kaidā
21991:Emoji
21971:Aztec
21774:Runic
21749:Osage
21730:Oirat
21675:Ogham
21608:Sigla
21553:Latin
21508:Greek
21392:Early
21362:Cirth
21315:Adlam
21184:Geʽez
21179:Fox I
21043:Tamil
20902:Lanna
20885:Khmer
20875:Karen
20825:Buhid
20805:Batak
20762:Uchen
20752:Takri
20703:Limbu
20603:Laṇḍā
20588:Khema
20568:Gupta
20558:Dogri
20475:Serṭā
20448:Zabur
20433:Punic
20406:Pegon
20342:Rashi
20256:Types
20207:Lists
20171:Types
20009:Other
20000:Latin
19977:Tamil
19875:Indus
19870:Greek
19837:Uzbek
19779:Limbu
19749:Balti
19690:Ongan
19627:Korku
19614:Munda
19571:Khasi
19525:Wakhi
19432:Mahal
19390:Hindi
19375:Dogri
19267:Tamil
19192:Nepal
19165:India
18917:JSTOR
18515:(PDF)
18500:(PDF)
18414:also
18284:(PDF)
18277:(PDF)
18159:(PDF)
18152:(PDF)
18113:p.266
18084:p.129
16932:(PDF)
16921:(PDF)
16866:S2CID
16624:: 9,
16410:JSTOR
16042:S2CID
16034:JSTOR
15879:. In
15850:(PDF)
15835:(PDF)
15548:S2CID
15448:JSTOR
15272:S2CID
14877:S2CID
14685:JSTOR
14625:S2CID
14403:S2CID
14364:JSTOR
13744:JSTOR
13631:Nasik
13530:" in
13450:Notes
13385:Notes
12324:Gupta
11828:Hindi
11782:Burma
11608:Bihar
11551:/w,ʋ/
11364:/d̪ʱ/
11324:/t̪ʰ/
10860:Velar
10797:Nasal
10774:/l̩ː/
10740:/r̩ː/
10338:King
10290:/w,ʋ/
10103:/d̪ʱ/
10063:/t̪ʰ/
9599:Velar
9536:Nasal
9513:/l̩ː/
9479:/r̩ː/
9063:King
9037:This
8984:king
8972:king
8964:, by
8772:Nepal
8708:/w,ʋ/
8539:/d̪ʱ/
8503:/t̪ʰ/
8083:Velar
8020:Nasal
7997:/kɐu/
7965:/koː/
7931:/kɐi/
7899:/keː/
7865:/kuː/
7799:/kiː/
7733:/kaː/
7662:Mātrā
7644:Mātrā
7370:Gupta
5994:danda
3951:mu-nī
3869:mātrā
3820:Egypt
3715:danam
3661:king
3516:king
3168:Hindu
2647:tsade
2474:]
2470:[
2438:]
2434:[
2402:]
2398:[
2366:]
2362:[
2330:]
2326:[
2294:]
2290:[
2257:]
2253:[
2221:]
2217:[
2185:]
2181:[
2149:]
2145:[
2113:]
2109:[
2077:]
2073:[
2040:]
2036:[
2004:]
2000:[
1968:]
1964:[
1932:]
1928:[
1895:]
1891:[
1858:]
1854:[
1822:]
1818:[
1786:]
1782:[
1750:]
1746:[
1690:Value
1618:]
1614:[
1608:dālet
1543:]
1539:[
1468:]
1464:[
1393:]
1389:[
1383:ʾālep
1350:Greek
1321:Text
1302:Name
1020:abjad
820:Greek
728:Texts
593:Gupta
570:South
556:from
453:(IPA)
405:(300)
202:Gupta
23404:Urdu
23369:Odia
23310:Urdu
22686:Loma
22681:Lisu
22624:Kana
22614:Iban
22604:Geba
22564:Bété
22519:si5s
22429:Khom
22402:Full
22275:Maya
21670:N'Ko
21229:Miao
21174:Dham
21093:Ogan
21063:Thai
20981:Shan
20917:Leke
20880:Kawi
20835:Cham
20820:Buda
20795:Ahom
20715:Odia
20628:Modi
20384:Book
20056:Urdu
19962:Odia
19904:Arwi
19789:Mizo
19764:Garo
19754:Bodo
19698:Önge
19642:Sora
19581:Pnar
19515:Dari
19452:Odia
19395:Urdu
19277:Tulu
19037:ISBN
19001:ISBN
18960:ISBN
18936:ISBN
18886:ISBN
18861:ISBN
18837:ISBN
18816:ISBN
18797:ISBN
18763:ISBN
18725:ISBN
18694:ISBN
18659:ISBN
18627:ISBN
18450:ISBN
18365:ISBN
18327:ISBN
18053:ISBN
18015:ISBN
17953:ISBN
17815:ISBN
17646:ISBN
17603:ISBN
17518:ISBN
17459:ISBN
17172:ISBN
17013:ISBN
16940:2016
16708:ISBN
16651:ISBN
16622:XXXV
16560:ISBN
16522:ISBN
16472:ISBN
16434:ISBN
16372:ISBN
16336:OCLC
16326:ISBN
16293:2015
16108:ISBN
15984:2015
15939:ISBN
15800:ISBN
15758:ISBN
15720:ISBN
15625:ISBN
15584:ISBN
15538:ISBN
15283:2015
15256:Iran
15213:2015
14825:ISBN
14301:ISBN
14250:ISBN
14190:ISBN
14149:ISBN
14104:ISBN
14050:ISBN
14008:ISBN
13959:ISBN
13901:ISBN
13853:ISBN
13812:ISBN
13553:dipi
13528:Dipi
13423:Lipi
12881:IAST
11839:kana
11814:and
11594:The
11511:/bʱ/
11471:/pʰ/
11344:/d̪/
11304:/t̪/
11217:/ɖʱ/
11177:/ʈʰ/
11068:/ɟʱ/
11028:/cʰ/
10939:/ɡʱ/
10899:/kʰ/
10854:Yes
10848:Yes
10842:Yes
10792:Stop
10758:/l̩/
10724:/r̩/
10706:/əu/
10688:/əi/
10673:/oː/
10655:/eː/
10635:/uː/
10602:/iː/
10569:/aː/
10387:and
10250:/bʱ/
10210:/pʰ/
10083:/d̪/
10043:/t̪/
9956:/ɖʱ/
9916:/ʈʰ/
9807:/ɟʱ/
9767:/cʰ/
9678:/ɡʱ/
9638:/kʰ/
9593:Yes
9587:Yes
9581:Yes
9531:Stop
9497:/l̩/
9463:/r̩/
9445:/əu/
9427:/əi/
9412:/oː/
9394:/eː/
9374:/uː/
9341:/iː/
9308:/aː/
9061:Yona
8952:The
8875:𑀢𑀺
8672:/bʱ/
8636:/pʰ/
8521:/d̪/
8485:/t̪/
8406:/ɖʱ/
8370:/ʈʰ/
8271:/ɟʱ/
8235:/cʰ/
8154:/ɡʱ/
8118:/kʰ/
8077:Yes
8071:Yes
8065:Yes
8015:Stop
7986:𑀓𑁅
7981:/ɐu/
7954:𑀓𑁄
7949:/oː/
7920:𑀓𑁃
7915:/ɐi/
7888:𑀓𑁂
7883:/eː/
7854:𑀓𑀽
7849:/uː/
7833:/ku/
7822:𑀓𑀼
7788:𑀓𑀻
7783:/iː/
7767:/ki/
7756:𑀓𑀺
7722:𑀓𑀸
7717:/aː/
7701:/kɐ/
5937:𑀴𑁆
5932:𑀳𑁆
5927:𑀲𑁆
5922:𑀱𑁆
5917:𑀰𑁆
5912:𑀯𑁆
5907:𑀮𑁆
5902:𑀭𑁆
5897:𑀬𑁆
5892:𑀫𑁆
5887:𑀪𑁆
5882:𑀩𑁆
5877:𑀨𑁆
5872:𑀧𑁆
5867:𑀦𑁆
5862:𑀥𑁆
5857:𑀤𑁆
5852:𑀣𑁆
5847:𑀢𑁆
5842:𑀡𑁆
5837:𑀠𑁆
5832:𑀟𑁆
5827:𑀞𑁆
5822:𑀝𑁆
5817:𑀜𑁆
5812:𑀛𑁆
5807:𑀚𑁆
5802:𑀙𑁆
5797:𑀘𑁆
5792:𑀗𑁆
5787:𑀖𑁆
5782:𑀕𑁆
5777:𑀔𑁆
5772:𑀓𑁆
5758:𑀴𑁄
5753:𑀳𑁄
5748:𑀲𑁄
5743:𑀱𑁄
5738:𑀰𑁄
5733:𑀯𑁄
5728:𑀮𑁄
5723:𑀭𑁄
5718:𑀬𑁄
5713:𑀫𑁄
5708:𑀪𑁄
5703:𑀩𑁄
5698:𑀨𑁄
5693:𑀧𑁄
5688:𑀦𑁄
5683:𑀥𑁄
5678:𑀤𑁄
5673:𑀣𑁄
5668:𑀢𑁄
5658:𑀠𑁄
5653:𑀟𑁄
5648:𑀞𑁄
5643:𑀝𑁄
5638:𑀜𑁄
5633:𑀛𑁄
5628:𑀚𑁄
5623:𑀙𑁄
5618:𑀘𑁄
5613:𑀗𑁄
5608:𑀖𑁄
5603:𑀕𑁄
5598:𑀔𑁄
5593:𑀓𑁄
5579:𑀴𑁂
5574:𑀳𑁂
5569:𑀲𑁂
5564:𑀱𑁂
5559:𑀰𑁂
5554:𑀯𑁂
5549:𑀮𑁂
5544:𑀭𑁂
5539:𑀬𑁂
5534:𑀫𑁂
5529:𑀪𑁂
5524:𑀩𑁂
5519:𑀨𑁂
5514:𑀧𑁂
5509:𑀦𑁂
5504:𑀥𑁂
5499:𑀤𑁂
5494:𑀣𑁂
5489:𑀢𑁂
5479:𑀠𑁂
5474:𑀟𑁂
5469:𑀞𑁂
5464:𑀝𑁂
5459:𑀜𑁂
5454:𑀛𑁂
5449:𑀚𑁂
5444:𑀙𑁂
5439:𑀘𑁂
5434:𑀗𑁂
5429:𑀖𑁂
5424:𑀕𑁂
5419:𑀔𑁂
5414:𑀓𑁂
5400:𑀴𑀽
5395:𑀳𑀽
5390:𑀲𑀽
5385:𑀱𑀽
5380:𑀰𑀽
5375:𑀯𑀽
5370:𑀮𑀽
5365:𑀭𑀽
5360:𑀬𑀽
5355:𑀫𑀽
5350:𑀪𑀽
5345:𑀩𑀽
5340:𑀨𑀽
5335:𑀧𑀽
5330:𑀦𑀽
5325:𑀥𑀽
5320:𑀤𑀽
5315:𑀣𑀽
5310:𑀢𑀽
5300:𑀠𑀽
5295:𑀟𑀽
5290:𑀞𑀽
5285:𑀝𑀽
5280:𑀜𑀽
5275:𑀛𑀽
5270:𑀚𑀽
5265:𑀙𑀽
5260:𑀘𑀽
5255:𑀗𑀽
5250:𑀖𑀽
5245:𑀕𑀽
5240:𑀔𑀽
5235:𑀓𑀽
5221:𑀴𑀼
5216:𑀳𑀼
5211:𑀲𑀼
5206:𑀱𑀼
5201:𑀰𑀼
5196:𑀯𑀼
5191:𑀮𑀼
5186:𑀭𑀼
5181:𑀬𑀼
5176:𑀫𑀼
5171:𑀪𑀼
5166:𑀩𑀼
5161:𑀨𑀼
5156:𑀧𑀼
5151:𑀦𑀼
5146:𑀥𑀼
5141:𑀤𑀼
5136:𑀣𑀼
5131:𑀢𑀼
5126:𑀡𑀼
5121:𑀠𑀼
5116:𑀟𑀼
5111:𑀞𑀼
5106:𑀝𑀼
5101:𑀜𑀼
5096:𑀛𑀼
5091:𑀚𑀼
5086:𑀙𑀼
5081:𑀘𑀼
5076:𑀗𑀼
5071:𑀖𑀼
5066:𑀕𑀼
5061:𑀔𑀼
5056:𑀓𑀼
5042:𑀴𑀻
5037:𑀳𑀻
5032:𑀲𑀻
5027:𑀱𑀻
5022:𑀰𑀻
5017:𑀯𑀻
5012:𑀮𑀻
5007:𑀭𑀻
5002:𑀬𑀻
4997:𑀫𑀻
4992:𑀪𑀻
4987:𑀩𑀻
4982:𑀨𑀻
4977:𑀧𑀻
4972:𑀦𑀻
4967:𑀥𑀻
4962:𑀤𑀻
4957:𑀣𑀻
4952:𑀢𑀻
4947:𑀡𑀻
4942:𑀠𑀻
4937:𑀟𑀻
4932:𑀞𑀻
4927:𑀝𑀻
4922:𑀜𑀻
4917:𑀛𑀻
4912:𑀚𑀻
4907:𑀙𑀻
4902:𑀘𑀻
4897:𑀗𑀻
4892:𑀖𑀻
4887:𑀕𑀻
4882:𑀔𑀻
4877:𑀓𑀻
4863:𑀴𑀺
4858:𑀳𑀺
4853:𑀲𑀺
4848:𑀱𑀺
4843:𑀰𑀺
4838:𑀯𑀺
4833:𑀮𑀺
4828:𑀭𑀺
4823:𑀬𑀺
4818:𑀫𑀺
4813:𑀪𑀺
4808:𑀩𑀺
4803:𑀨𑀺
4798:𑀧𑀺
4793:𑀦𑀺
4788:𑀥𑀺
4783:𑀤𑀺
4778:𑀣𑀺
4773:𑀢𑀺
4768:𑀡𑀺
4763:𑀠𑀺
4758:𑀟𑀺
4753:𑀞𑀺
4748:𑀝𑀺
4743:𑀜𑀺
4738:𑀛𑀺
4733:𑀚𑀺
4728:𑀙𑀺
4723:𑀘𑀺
4718:𑀗𑀺
4713:𑀖𑀺
4708:𑀕𑀺
4703:𑀔𑀺
4698:𑀓𑀺
4684:𑀴𑀸
4679:𑀳𑀸
4674:𑀲𑀸
4669:𑀱𑀸
4664:𑀰𑀸
4659:𑀯𑀸
4654:𑀮𑀸
4649:𑀭𑀸
4644:𑀬𑀸
4639:𑀫𑀸
4634:𑀪𑀸
4629:𑀩𑀸
4624:𑀨𑀸
4619:𑀧𑀸
4614:𑀦𑀸
4609:𑀥𑀸
4604:𑀤𑀸
4599:𑀣𑀸
4594:𑀢𑀸
4589:𑀡𑀸
4584:𑀠𑀸
4579:𑀟𑀸
4574:𑀞𑀸
4569:𑀝𑀸
4564:𑀜𑀸
4559:𑀛𑀸
4554:𑀚𑀸
4549:𑀙𑀸
4544:𑀘𑀸
4539:𑀗𑀸
4534:𑀖𑀸
4529:𑀕𑀸
4524:𑀔𑀸
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1856:h
1820:d
1784:ɡ
1748:b
1715:*
1654:Δ
1649:ܕ
1644:ד
1616:d
1574:Γ
1569:ܓ
1564:ג
1541:ɡ
1499:Β
1494:ܒ
1489:ב
1466:b
1424:Α
1419:ܐ
1414:א
1391:ʔ
982:.
876:-
853:-
745:"
697:(
528:/
525:i
522:m
516:r
513:b
510:ˈ
507:/
503:(
471:.
79:)
72:(
41:.
34:.
20:)
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