Omar al-Bashir - Knowledge

2303: 1907:. In a speech broadcast live on state television, al-Bashir said the move was in response to Gaddafi's support for Sudanese rebels three years ago. Sudan and Libya have had a complicated and frequently antagonistic relationship for many years. President al-Bashir said the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM), a Darfuri rebel group, had attacked Khartoum three years ago using Libyan trucks, equipment, arms, ammunition and money. He said God had given Sudan a chance to respond, by sending arms, ammunition and humanitarian support to the Libyan revolutionaries. "Our God, high and exalted, from above the seven skies, gave us the opportunity to reciprocate the visit," he said. "The forces which entered Tripoli, part of their arms and capabilities, were 100% Sudanese," he told the crowd. His speech was well received by a large crowd in the eastern Sudanese town of Kassala. But the easy availability of weapons in Libya, and that country's poorly guarded border with Darfur, are also of great concern to the Sudanese authorities. 2295:

find their way to the International Criminal Court". He added "The same decision in which Darfur case being transferred to the court stated that the American soldiers would not be questioned by the court, so it is not about justice, it is a political issue." Al Bashir accused Luis Moreno Ocampo, the ICC's chief prosecutor since 2003 of repeatedly lying in order to damage his reputation and standing. Al-Bashir said "The behavior of the prosecutor of the court, it was clearly the behavior of a political activist not a legal professional. He is now working on a big campaign to add more lies." He added, "The biggest lie was when he said I have $ 9bn in one of the British banks, and thank God, the British bank and the finance minister … denied these allegations." He also said: "The clearest cases in the world such as Palestine and Iraq and Afghanistan, clear crimes to the whole humanity – all were not transferred to the court."

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held in the partially nationalized Lloyds Banking Group. He also reportedly told US officials it was necessary to go public with the scale of al-Bashir's extortion to turn public opinion against him. One US official stated "Ocampo suggested if Bashir's stash of money were disclosed (he put the figure at $ 9bn), it would change Sudanese public opinion from him being a 'crusader' to that of a thief." "Ocampo reported Lloyd's bank in London may be holding or knowledgeable of the whereabouts of his money," the report says. "Ocampo suggested exposing Bashir had illegal accounts would be enough to turn the Sudanese against him." A

1631: 8638: 1981: 2360:"insisted it was not aware of any link with Bashir," while a Sudanese government spokesman called the claim "ludicrous" and attacked the motives of the prosecutor. In an interview with the Guardian, al-Bashir said, referring to ICC Prosecutor Ocampo, "The biggest lie was when he said I have $ 9 billion in one of the British banks, and thank God, the British bank and the finance minister ... denied these allegations." The arrest warrant actively increased public support for al-Bashir in Sudan. 1519: 2541: 1852:, head of the UNAMID, said the war was over in the region, although low-level disputes remained. "Banditry, localised issues, people trying to resolve issues over water and land at a local level. But real war as such, I think we are over that," he said. This perspective is contradicted by reports which indicate that violence continues in Darfur while peace efforts have been stalled repeatedly. Violence between Sudan's military and rebel fighters has beset 1185: 428: 1841: 762: 8576: 1332:, criticised the polls as "not meeting international standards". Candidates opposed to the SPLM said they were often detained or stopped from campaigning. Sudan Democracy First, an umbrella organisation in the north, put forward what it called strong evidence of rigging by al-Bashir's NCP. The Sudanese Network for Democracy and Elections (Sunde) spoke of harassment and intimidation in the south, by the security forces of the SPLM. 404: 388: 1468: 2572: 1889:, even if the Western influence upon some countries is strong. We believe that the Chinese expansion was natural because it filled the space left by Western governments, the United States, and international funding agencies. The success of the Sudanese experiment in dealing with China without political conditions or pressures encouraged other African countries to look toward China." 1344:(SWTUF). They threatened to hold nationwide strikes in support of higher wages. The continued deterioration in the value of the Sudanese pound (SDG) posed grave downside risks to already soaring inflation. This, coupled with the economic slowdown, presents serious challenges to the implementation of the approved Interim Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (I-PRSP). 1689: 3725: 1578:, then Clinton's deputy national security adviser, and argued for the US to constructively engage the Sudanese and other Islamic countries. In April 1997, Ijaz persuaded al-Bashir to make an unconditional offer of counterterrorism assistance in the form of a signed presidential letter that Ijaz delivered to Congressman 2234:. It had been suggested that by holding and winning a legitimate presidential elections in 2010, al-Bashir had hoped to evade the ICC's warrant for his arrest. On 26 April, he was officially declared the winner after Sudan's election commission announced he had received 68% of the votes cast in the election. However, 1861:

to hostilities over the disputed Heglig (or Panthou) oil fields located along the Sudan-South Sudan border. Omar al-Bashir sought the assistance of numerous non-western countries after the West, led by America, imposed sanctions against him, he said: "From the first day, our policy was clear: To look eastward, toward

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however, and leaders from the United Nations called for al-Bashir to make efforts to end the conflict and allow humanitarian and international workers to deliver relief to the southern regions of Sudan. Much progress was made throughout 2003. The peace was consolidated with the official signing by both sides of the

3812: 1439:, tensions began to rise between al-Bashir and al-Turabi. Reportedly, al-Turabi was suspended as chairman of National Congress Party, after he urged a boycott of the president's re-election campaign. Then, a splinter-faction led by al-Turabi, the Popular National Congress Party (PNC) signed an agreement with 8248: 2396:

In 2012, al-Bashir proposed setting up a continent-wide space agency in Africa. In a statement he said, "I'm calling for the biggest project, an African space agency. Africa must have its space agency... will liberate Africa from technological domination". This followed previous calls in 2010 by the

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Al-Bashir has rejected the charges, saying "Whoever has visited Darfur, met officials and discovered their ethnicities and tribes ... will know that all of these things are lies." He described the charges as "not worth the ink they are written in". The warrant was to be delivered to the Sudanese

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During the Second Sudanese Civil War, Al-Bashir allegedly looted Sudan of much of its wealth. According to leaked US diplomatic cables, $ 9 billion of his siphoned wealth was stored in banks in London. Luis Moreno-Ocampo, the chief prosecutor of the ICC, stated that some of the funds were being

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2005, three weeks after being sworn in. This resulted in riots, but the peace was eventually re-established and allowed the southerners to vote in a referendum of independence at the end of the six-year period. On 9 July 2011, following a referendum, the region of Southern Sudan split off from Sudan

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and al-Bashir's government. The war resulted in millions of southerners being displaced, starved, and deprived of education and health care, with almost two million casualties. Because of these actions, various international sanctions were placed on Sudan. International pressure intensified in 2001,

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traveled to Sudan and met with senior officials including al-Turabi and al-Bashir. Ijaz asked Sudanese officials to share intelligence data with US officials on bin Laden and other Islamists who had traveled to and from Sudan during the previous five years. Ijaz conveyed his findings to US officials

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and other radical Islamic groups. The US demand list also encouraged Bashir's regime to move away from activities, such as hosting the Popular Arab and Islamic Congress, that impinged on Sudanese efforts to reconcile with the West. Sudan's Mukhabarat (central intelligence agency) spent half a decade

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that the C.I.A.'s evidence on which the attack was based was inadequate. Ms. Oakley asked them to double-check; perhaps there was some intelligence they had not yet seen. The answer came back quickly: There was no additional evidence. Ms. Oakley called a meeting of key aides and a consensus emerged:

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and (*) indicate that a person was convicted by the ICC and that the conviction remains valid; a name in (parentheses) indicates that charges were dropped or a conviction was overturned; † indicates a person deceased before or during trial; (x) after a name indicates that the case was closed by the

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after many months of protests and civil uprisings. He was immediately placed under house arrest pending the formation of a transitional council. At the time of his arrest al-Bashir had been the longest-serving leader of Sudan since the country gained independence in 1956, and was the longest-ruling

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to prevent his arrest. In March 2009, just before al-Bashir's visit to Qatar, the Sudanese government was reportedly considering sending fighter jets to accompany his plane to Qatar, possibly in response to France expressing support for an operation to intercept his plane in international airspace,

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states since disputed state elections in May 2011, an ongoing humanitarian crisis that has prompted international condemnation and U.S. congressional hearings. In 2012, tensions between Sudan and South Sudan reached a boiling point when the Sudanese military bombed territory in South Sudan, leading

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On 21 July 2020, his trial regarding the coup that brought him to power started. About 20 military personnel were indicted for their roles in the coup. On 20 December 2022, al-Bashir said that he bears full responsibility for the events that took place in the country on June 30, 1989. The trial is

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at the national level: movements that sign the agreement will be entitled to nominate two ministers and two four ministers of state at the federal level and will be able to nominate 20 members to the national legislature. The movements will be entitled to nominate two state governors in the Darfur

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Controversy erupted about whether Sudan had offered to extradite bin Laden in return for rescinding American sanctions that were interfering with Sudan's plans to develop oil fields in southern areas of the country. American officials insisted the secret meetings were agreed only to pressure Sudan

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Al-Bashir said that Sudan is not a party to the ICC treaty and could not be expected to abide by its provisions just like the United States, China and Russia. He said "It is a political issue and double standards, because there are obvious crimes like Palestine, Iraq and Afghanistan, but did not

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Al-Bashir in his speech said that his government's priority was to end the armed rebellion and tribal conflicts in order to save blood and direct the energies of young people towards building Sudan instead of "killing and destruction". He called upon youth of the rebel groups to lay down arms and

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Al-Bashir had achieved economic growth in Sudan. This was pushed further by the drilling and extraction of oil- However, economic growth was not shared by all. Headline inflation in 2012 approached the threshold of chronic inflation (period average 36%), about 11% up from the budget projection of

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In October 2013, several members of the African Union expressed anger at the ICC, calling it "racist" for failing to file charges against Western leaders or Western allies while prosecuting only African suspects so far. The African Union demanded that the ICC protect African heads of state from

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denounced the warrant as unwarranted and totally unacceptable. It argued that the warrant demonstrated "selectivity and double standard applied in relation to issues of war crimes". There have been large demonstrations by Sudanese people supporting President Bashir and opposing the ICC charges.

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characterized the indictment as a form of terrorism. He also believed that the warrant is an attempt "by (the west) to recolonize their former colonies". Egypt said, it was "greatly disturbed" by the ICC decision and called for an emergency meeting of the UN security council to defer the arrest

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Sudan's Islamist links with international terrorist organizations represented a special matter of concern for the American government, leading to Sudan's 1993 designation as a state sponsor of terrorism and a suspension of U.S. Embassy operations in Khartoum in 1996. In late 1994, in an initial

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in the northern part of Sudan. Further on, al-Bashir issued purges and executions of people whom he alleged to be coup leaders in the upper ranks of the army, the banning of associations, political parties, and independent newspapers, as well as the imprisonment of leading political figures and

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2009 on counts of war crimes and crimes against humanity, but ruled that there was insufficient evidence to prosecute him for genocide. However, on 12 July 2010, the court issued a second warrant containing three separate counts of genocide. The new warrant, like the first, was delivered to the

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ethnic groups in the Darfur region. The charges against al-Bashir, in three separate counts, include "genocide by killing", "genocide by causing serious bodily or mental harm" and "genocide by deliberately inflicting on each target group conditions of life calculated to bring about the group's

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meeting, al-Bashir was prohibited from leaving that country while a court decided whether he should be handed over to the ICC for war crimes. He, nevertheless, was allowed to leave South Africa soon afterward. Luis Moreno Ocampo and Amnesty International claimed that al-Bashir's plane could be

946:, which did not recognize either the warrant or the ICC. The indictments do not allege that Bashir personally took part in such activities; instead, they say that he is "suspected of being criminally responsible, as an indirect co-perpetrator". The court's decision was opposed by the 2211:. President Bashir described the aid agencies as thieves who take "99 percent of the budget for humanitarian work themselves, giving the people of Darfur 1 percent" and as spies in the work of foreign regimes. Bashir promised that national agencies will provide aid to Darfur. 1270:

was elected to a seat in the National Assembly where he served as speaker of the National Assembly "during the 1990s". In 1998, al-Bashir and the Presidential Committee put into effect a new constitution, allowing limited political associations in opposition to al-Bashir's

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The Sudanese Ministry of Defense website says that al-Bashir was in the Western Command from 1967 to 1969 and then the Airborne Forces from 1969 to 1987 until he was appointed commander of the 8th Infantry Brigade (independent) from the period 1987 to 30 June 1989.

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join efforts to build the country. Al Bashir sees himself as a man wronged and misunderstood. He takes full responsibility for the conflict in Darfur, he says, but says that his government did not start the fighting and has done everything in its power to end it.

1102:. His mother was Hedieh Mohamed al-Zain, who died in 2019. His father, Hassan ibn Ahmed, was a smalltime dairy farmer. He is the second among twelve brothers and sisters, his younger brother Othman was killed in South Sudan during his presidency. His uncle, 2342:

reported that "The war in Yemen has given Omar Hassan al-Bashir, a skilled political operator who has ruled Sudan for a quarter-century, an opportunity to show wealthy Sunni powers that he can be an asset against Iranian influence – if the price is right."

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On al-Bashir's orders, al-Turabi was imprisoned based on allegations of conspiracy in 2000 before being released in October 2003. Al-Turabi was again imprisoned in March 2004 and released in July 2005, at the height of the peace agreement in the civil war.

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over international crimes committed in Sudan and obligates Government of Sudan to cooperate with the ICC, and therefore the court, Amnesty International and others insist that Sudan must comply with the arrest warrant of the International Criminal Court.

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attended one of the Fairfax hotel meetings. In a joint opinion piece in the Washington Post Outlook Section in 2003, Carney and Ijaz argued that in fact the Sudanese had offered to extradite bin Laden to a third country in exchange for sanctions relief.

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2012 reflecting the combined effects of inflationary financing, the depreciation of the exchange rate, and the continued removal of subsidies, as well as high food and energy prices. This economic downturn prompted cost of living riots that erupted into

1815:. Sudan strongly objected to the resolution and said that it would see the UN forces in the region as "foreign invaders". A day after rejecting the UN forces into Sudan, the Sudanese military launched a major offensive in the region. In March 2007, the 1731:

militia: the Sudanese government claim that up to 10,000 have been killed in this conflict; the United Nations reported that about 300,000 had died as of 2010, and other reports place the figures at between 200,000 and 400,000. During an interview with

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stated that Bashir would be eventually transferred to the ICC. He was convicted of corruption in December of that year and sentenced to two years in prison. His trial regarding his role in the coup that brought him into power started on 21 July 2020.

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that same year, al-Bashir's National Congress Party won 355 out of 360 seats, with al-Turabi as its chairman. However, after al-Turabi introduced a bill to reduce the president's powers, prompting al-Bashir to dissolve parliament and declare a

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physical destruction". The new warrant acted as a supplement to the first, whereby the charges initially brought against al-Bashir all remained in place, but now included the crime of genocide which was initially ruled out, pending appeal.

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paid for sanctions violations was related to their trade with Sudan. While smaller fines have also been given to other banks, US Justice Department officials said that they found the BNP particularly uncooperative, calling it Sudan's

1593:'s possession. Within days, the U.S. reversed that decision and imposed harsher and more comprehensive economic, trade, and financial sanctions against Sudan, which went into effect in October 1997. In August 1998, in the wake of the 1535:

about American sanctions policy against Sudan and what measures might be taken by the Bashir regime to remove the sanctions. Erwa was presented with a series of demands from the United States, including demands for information about

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and all other rival political parties. The executive and legislative powers of the council were later given to al-Bashir completely. In the early 1990s, al-Bashir's administration gave the green light to float a new currency called

2480:, stated that it had reached a consensus decision in favor of transferring al-Bashir to the ICC after the completion of his corruption and money laundering trial. In the following days, Sudanese transition period Prime Minister 2397:

African Union (AU) to conduct a feasibility study that would draw up a "road map for the creation of the African space agency". African astronomy received a massive boost when South Africa was awarded the majority shares of the

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Further on, al-Turabi's influence and that of his party's "'internationalist' and ideological wing" waned "in favor of the 'nationalist' or more pragmatic leaders who focus on trying to recover from Sudan's disastrous

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2007 letters of the secretary-general and the chairperson of the African Union Commission, which were addressed to al-Bashir. The technical consultations were attended by delegations from the Government of Sudan, the

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effort to reverse his nation's growing image throughout the world as a country harboring terrorists, Bashir secretly cooperated with French special forces to orchestrate the capture and arrest on Sudanese soil of

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and a delegation arrived in Sudan to discuss with the government about Bashir's indictment. In a deal with Darfurian rebels, the government agreed to set up a special war crimes court that would include Bashir.

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accused Sudan's government of taking part in "gross violations" in Darfur and urged the international community to take urgent action to protect people in Darfur. A high-level technical consultation was held in

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that resulted in death tolls of around 10,000 according to the Sudanese Government, but most sources suggest between 200,000 and 400,000. During his presidency, there were several violent struggles between the

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In early 1996, al-Bashir authorized his Defense Minister at the time, El Fatih Erwa, to make a series of secret trips to the United States to hold talks with American officials, including officers of the

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amassing intelligence data on bin Laden and a wide array of Islamists through their periodic annual visits for the PAIC conferences. In May 1996, after the series of Erwa secret meetings on US soil, the

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that had lost 90 percent of its worth during the turbulent 1980s; the currency was later changed back to pounds, but at a much higher rate. He was later elected president (with a five-year term) in the

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Authorities said that BNP essentially functioned as the "central bank for the government of Sudan," concealing its tracks and failing to cooperate when first contacted by law enforcement

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has been committed in Darfur and that the Government of Sudan and the Janjaweed bear responsibility and that genocide may still be occurring". On 29 June 2004, U.S. Secretary of State

1161:. When he returned home, al-Bashir was made a garrison commander. In 1981, al-Bashir returned to his paratroop background when he became the commander of an armored parachute brigade. 2456:. On 13 May 2019, prosecutors charged al-Bashir with "inciting and participating in" the killing of protesters. A trial for corruption (after $ 130 million was found in his home) and 1208:

1989. Under al-Bashir's leadership, the new military government suspended political parties and introduced an Islamic legal code on the national level. He then became chairman of the

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and economic damage that resulted from ideological adventurism". At the same time, Sudan worked to appease the United States and other international critics by expelling members of

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visited Khartoum in 2010 and Chad kicked out the Darfuri rebels it had previously supported. Both Sudanese and Chadian sides together established a joint military border patrol.

8461: 7869: 6872: 4786: 4142:"Sudan Government 2001 – Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International Agreements, Population, Social Statistics, Political System" 4959: 2785: 2302: 2146:, Kenya's High Court Judge Nicholas Ombija ordered the Minister of Internal Security to arrest al-Bashir, "should he set foot in Kenya in the future". In June 2015, while in 9283: 5666: 7084: 9288: 2460:

against al-Bashir started during the following months. On 14 December 2019, he was convicted for money laundering and corruption. He was sentenced to two years in prison.

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of the Fur, Masalit, and Zaghawa tribes. The new warrant included the court's conclusion that there were reasonable grounds to suspect that al-Bashir acted with specific

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with 75.7% of the popular vote, al-Bashir issued the registration of legalized political parties in 1999 after being influenced by al-Turabi. Rival parties such as the

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that had been committed in Darfur since 2003. The prosecutor accused al-Bashir of having "masterminded and implemented" a plan to destroy the three main ethnic groups—

7552: 6296: 2401:, the world's biggest radio telescope. It will see dishes erected in nine African countries. But skeptics have questioned whether a continental body in the style of 1661:. It created a co-vice president position and allowed the north and south to split oil deposits equally, but also left both the north's and south's armies in place. 1601:

against Khartoum. U.S. Ambassador to Sudan, Tim Carney, departed post in February 1996 and no new ambassador was designated until December 2019, when U.S. president

1324:. These elections were agreed on earlier in the 2005 peace accord. The election was marked by corruption, intimidation, and inequality. European observers, from the 7843: 6961: 4618: 2079:

and intentionally directing attacks against civilians). The court ruled that there was insufficient evidence to prosecute him for genocide. However, Usacka wrote a

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The Sudanese government had been accused of suppressing information by jailing and killing witnesses since 2004, and tampering with evidence, such as covering up

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into compliance on a range of anti-terrorism issues. The Sudanese insisted that an offer to extradite bin Laden had been made in a secret one-on-one meeting at a

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stated that al-Bashir must turn himself in to face the charges, and that the Sudanese authorities must detain him and turn him over to the ICC if he refuses.

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met with al-Bashir in Sudan and urged him to make peace with the rebels, end the crisis, and lift restrictions on the delivery of humanitarian aid to Darfur.

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In late September 1997, months after the Sudanese overture (made by al-Bashir in the letter to Hamilton), the U.S. State Department, under Secretary of State

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Morrison, J. Stephen; de Waal, Alex (1 March 2005). "Can Sudan Escape its Intractability?". In Crocker, Chester A.; Hampson, Fen Osler; Aall, Pamela (eds.).

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In August 2013, Bashir's plane was blocked from entering Saudi Arabian airspace when Bashir was attempting to attend the inauguration of Iranian President

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The charges against al-Bashir have been criticized and ignored in Sudan and abroad, particularly in Africa and the Muslim world. Former president of the

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expressed that the organization emphasizes its solidarity with Sudan and condemned the warrant for "undermining the unity and stability of Sudan". The

1805: 1751:. The Sudanese government has also arrested and harassed journalists, thus limiting the extent of press coverage of the situation in Darfur. While the 8061: 7736: 5431: 5246: 4756: 3368: 7367: 6185: 749: 1396:

wrote a report in 1999 questioning the attack on the factory, suggesting that the connection to bin Laden was not accurate; James Risen reported in

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indicting him on five counts of crimes against humanity (murder, extermination, forcible transfer, torture and rape) and two counts of war crimes (

1654: 786: 664: 8039: 6902: 6040: 4178: 9293: 8270: 7787: 3240:"ICC Prosecutor presents case against Sudanese President, Hassan Ahmad AL BASHIR, for genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes in Darfur" 3002: 2091: 1797: 8169: 6991: 6274: 3450: 8710: 7245: 6731: 5696: 3524: 838:, which remained the dominant political party in the country until 2019. In March 2009, al-Bashir became the first sitting head of state to be 8300: 8143: 7223: 4432: 9393: 8564: 8494: 6145: 5814: 5783: 5501: 4818: 4393: 2815: 8360: 5952: 5844: 5378: 3092: 9358: 8626: 8616: 8598: 8485: 7280: 5612: 5565: 4073: 2250:

A second arrest warrant for al-Bashir was issued on 12 July 2010. The ICC issued an additional warrant adding 3 counts of genocide for the

1212:(a newly established body with legislative and executive powers for what was described as a transitional period), and assumed the posts of 5323: 4588: 3945: 2721: 1426:, however, they failed to achieve significant support, and al-Bashir was re-elected president, receiving 86.5% of the popular vote in the 1220:. Subsequent to al-Bashir's promotion to the chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council for National Salvation, he allied himself with 7522: 5883: 4840: 4241: 1658: 1634: 1341: 699: 6472: 6066: 3967: 1106:, was a journalist, politician, and noted opponent of South Sudan. As a boy, he was nicknamed 'Omeira' – Little Omar. He belongs to the 9348: 7924: 5913: 4875: 4778: 8542: 6862: 5471: 9403: 9398: 9368: 9273: 7336: 6361: 4145: 2972: 2648: 7681: 4936: 8475: 5663: 5587: 3782: 3449:

Abdelaziz, Khalid; Abdelaty, Ali; El Sherif, Mohamed; Saba, Yousef; Nichols, Michelle; Aboudi, Sami; Lewis, Aidan (11 April 2019).

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intercepted in International Airspace. Sudan announced that the presidential plane would always be escorted by fighter jets of the

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Since 1968, Sudanese politicians had attempted to create separate factions of "Africans" and "Arabs" in the western area of

810:. He was subsequently incarcerated, tried and convicted on multiple corruption charges. He came to power in 1989 when, as a 9353: 8786: 8730: 7544: 7489: 6608: 5284: 5224: 5167: 4549: 4465: 3560:"الوساطة تسلم مقترحات جديدة حول النقاط العالقة في وثيقة سلام دارفور Sudan's PM says al-Bashir to be handed over to the ICC" 3325: 3117: 2754: 2437: 2353: 2231: 1407:

Contrary to what the Administration was saying, the case tying Al Shifa to Mr. bin Laden or to chemical weapons was weak."

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and others labeled "terrorist leaders" by the United States and its allies resided in Khartoum. Sudan's role in the

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Malik, Mohamed; Malik, Malik (18 March 2015). "The Efficacy of United States Sanctions on the Republic of Sudan".

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named Widad Babiker Omer, who had a number of children with her first husband Ibrahim Shamsaddin, a member of the

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Arrest Warrant for Sudan's President Bashir: Arabs Are Leaving Themselves out of the International Justice System

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arguing that there were "reasonable grounds to believe that Omar Al Bashir has committed the crime of genocide".

1946: 1793: 1423: 1373: 1272: 835: 772: 754: 606: 347: 7193: 7110: 2418: 1179: 1046: 819: 807: 674: 659: 9298: 9242: 8771: 7359: 7046: 5975: 4718: 3210: 2576: 2227: 1923: 1812: 1431: 1427: 1411: 1317: 1291: 1255: 875: 626: 621: 616: 611: 7760: 7606: 5137: 2496:. On 11 February 2020, Sudan's ruling military council agreed to hand over the ousted al-Bashir to the ICC in 1297:

From 2005 to 2010, a transitional government was set up under a 2005 peace accord that ended the 21-year long

8379: 6753: 6713: 6304: 5583: 4378: 4316: 2266: 2037: 1931: 1717: 879: 724: 573: 57: 8065: 7013: 6175: 5099: 3358: 2376: 1130:. "Always in defence," a cousin said. "That's why he went into the army." He received his primary education 9363: 8953: 8646: 8550: 5441: 5254: 3666: 3235: 2518: 2493: 2485: 2473: 2433: 2363: 1993: 1062: 1054: 914: 851: 482: 8846: 4928: 3597:[A charged atmosphere hangs over Abyei after bloody clashes between the Dinka and the Misseriya]. 9408: 6005: 5664:

Report of the International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur to the United Nations Secretary-General (PDF)

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Estimates vary of the number of deaths resulting from attacks on the non-Arab/Arabized population by the

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as head of state. He was elected three times as president in elections that have been under scrutiny for

210: 6006:"Conclusions of the high-level AU UN consultations with the Government of Sudan on the Hybrid Operation" 4263: 1196:, al-Bashir led a group of army officers in ousting the unstable coalition government of Prime Minister 8677: 8572: 8031: 6894: 6546:"Decision on the Prosecution's Application for a Warrant of Arrest against Omar Hassan Ahmad Al Bashir" 6499: 6118: 6036: 4170: 1542: 215: 9308: 6270: 2994: 9388: 9373: 8610: 7784: 7674:"Pre-Trial Chamber I issues a second warrant of arrest against Omar Al Bashir for counts of genocide" 6778: 5688: 2214: 1950: 1641: 1625: 1415: 1310: 1298: 1131: 858: 712: 459: 370: 7249: 2282: 1616:. It was unclear to date if al-Bashir would have been allowed to travel, due to previous sanctions. 9153: 7991: 7219: 4808: 4424: 2464:

expected to continue for several more months and if convicted, Bashir could face a death sentence.

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allegedly reveals that the Sudanese president had embezzled US$ 9 billion in state funds, but

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since 1993, mostly due to al-Bashir and Hassan al-Turabi taking complete power in the early 1990s.

1352:

In the mid-1990s, a feud between al-Bashir and al-Turabi began, mostly due to al-Turabi's links to

1139: 891: 861:, leading to a referendum in the south, resulting in the separation of the south as the country of 669: 444: 6153: 5806: 5775: 5369: 2807: 842:(ICC), for allegedly directing a campaign of mass killing, rape, and pillage against civilians in 9278: 9268: 8856: 5936: 5836: 4065: 2603: 2009: 1605:'s administration reached an agreement with the new Sudanese government to exchange ambassadors. 1487:

and was accused of harboring and providing sanctuary and assistance to Islamic terrorist groups.

1448: 926: 7303:"IRIN Africa – SUDAN: The case against Bashir – Sudan – Conflict – Human Rights – Refugees/IDPs" 7272: 5602: 3089: 2711: 1644:

had been ongoing for nine years. The war soon effectively developed into a conflict between the

1630: 9323: 9145: 9008: 8742: 8726: 8420: 7512: 6774: 5638: 5307: 4813: 4572: 4233: 4115: 3941: 2398: 2001: 1919: 1452: 1353: 1266:

Omar al-Bashir was elected president (with a five-year term) in the 1996 national election and

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The Sudanese government retaliated against the warrant by expelling a number of international

1443:, which led al-Bashir to believe that they were plotting to overthrow him and the government. 9103: 8932: 8904: 8891: 6987: 6867: 6580: 6456: 6062: 4883: 3971: 3056: 2424: 2406: 2100: 2090:

establishing the ICC, and thus claims that it does not have to execute the warrant. However,

2041: 5463: 3562:[Mediation receives new proposals on sticking points in the Darfur Peace Document]. 2500:

to face charges of crimes against humanity in Darfur. In October 2020, ICC Chief Prosecutor

2240:

noted the voting was "marred by boycotts and reports of intimidation and widespread fraud".

9263: 9037: 8897: 8883: 6801:"India-Africa summit: Arrest Sudan President Omar al-Bashir, demands Amnesty International" 5250: 2131: 1741: 1154: 1127: 1123: 1035: 955: 337: 275: 150: 6370: 4141: 2964: 2432:. The army also ordered the arrest of all ministers in al-Bashir's cabinet, dissolved the 8: 9120: 7328: 4964: 3720:[Al-Bashir attends his mother's burial ceremony ... and controversy on Twitter]. 3206: 3029: 2526: 2521:

and two other former officials were taken from Kobar Prison to Alia Military Hospital in

1900: 1849: 1665:, the south's peace agreement appointed co-vice president, died in a helicopter crash on 1302: 1042: 847: 826:

after it began negotiations with rebels in the south; he subsequently replaced President

802:(born 1 January 1944) is a Sudanese former military officer and politician who served as 679: 205: 195: 165: 118: 3807:[The death of Al-Bashir's uncle... the most prominent opponent of South Sudan]. 3774: 3750:[Al-Bashir attending his mother's burial ceremony]. 30 July 2019. Archived from 2230:, the first democratic election with multiple political parties participating since the 1158: 9227: 8720: 8527: 7925:"Bashir's billions and the banks that helped him: Sudan fights to recover stolen funds" 7709: 7517: 6898: 6180: 5497: 5467: 5404: 4310: 4174: 4024: 2514: 2441: 2331: 2236: 2175: 2156: 2080: 1997: 1935: 1737: 1650: 1586: 1436: 1398: 1007: 918: 240: 190: 180: 175: 108: 73: 6088: 5276: 2934: 2838: 8828: 8683: 8520: 8330: 8210: 7673: 7655: 7302: 6747: 6707: 6462: 6425: 5942: 5873: 5560: 5315: 5194: 5107: 5078: 5067: 5016: 4969: 4688: 4649: 4578: 4372: 4338: 4229: 3844: 3501: 2554: 2335: 1562: 1550: 1512: 1488: 1418:

and the Alliance of the Peoples' Working Forces, headed by former Sudanese President

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who had died in a helicopter crash. Al-Bashir does not have any children of his own.

943: 883: 827: 811: 287: 8241:"الرئيس السوداني المعزول عمر البشير: أتحمل المسؤولية عن أحداث 30 يونيو 1989 (فيديو)" 7427: 7397: 6552: 6237: 5634: 5035: 4513: 3280: 1201: 9217: 9108: 9058: 8992: 8987: 8622: 8087: 7808: 7645: 7548: 6958:"Danish government must arrest Sudanese President if he attends climate conference" 6830: 6583:– Document – Sudan: Amnesty International calls for arrest of President Al Bashir. 6207: 5008: 4681:"After the Attacks: The Connection; Iraqi Deal with Sudan on Nerve Gas Is Reported" 3991: 3493: 3140: 2868: 2559: 2457: 2255: 2251: 1558: 1504: 1356:

groups, as well as allowing them to operate out of Sudan, even personally inviting

1280: 1267: 1221: 1095: 500: 9222: 9097: 8875: 8834: 8637: 8432: 8411: 8117: 7791: 7767: 7743: 7612: 5670: 5523: 5001:

Journal of Georgetown University-Qatar Middle Eastern Studies Student Association

4844: 4520: 4394:"U.S. lifts Sudan sanctions, wins commitment against arms deals with North Korea" 4200: 3876: 3629: 3594: 3559: 3096: 2678: 2617: 2546: 1980: 1904: 1857: 1688: 1579: 1537: 1492: 1472: 1385: 1357: 1103: 907: 831: 454: 8801: 7479: 6600: 5529:. Research, Development and Statistics (RDS), Home Office, UK. 27 October 2006. 5214: 5171: 4541: 4457: 3317: 3109: 2746: 1804:

force consisting of 17,300 military personnel and 3,300 civilians and named the

1402:: "Now, the analysts renewed their doubts and told Assistant Secretary of State 890:

out of a total population of 6.2 million in Darfur and created a crisis in

9232: 9191: 9044: 9013: 8982: 8938: 8911: 8851: 8656: 8604: 7747: 5603:"Police put on a show of force, but are Darfur's militia killers free to roam?" 5436: 3906: 2501: 2481: 2440:, led by his own First Vice President and Defense Minister, Lieutenant General 2287: 2259: 2244: 2163: 2068: 2052: 2025: 2021: 1853: 1785:

met with al-Bashir three days later and demanded that he disarm the Janjaweed.

1693: 1613: 1419: 1403: 1381: 1372:. firms have been barred from doing business in Sudan since 1997. In 1998, the 1325: 1250: 1246: 1213: 1197: 1135: 1119: 1058: 934: 823: 449: 200: 170: 155: 32: 7901: 6493: 4913: 3986: 3171:"Libya leader thanks Sudan for weapons that helped former rebels oust Gadhafi" 2595: 1893: 1744:

in June 2008, al-Bashir insisted that no more than 10,000 had died in Darfur.

1236:

On 16 October 1993, al-Bashir's increased his power when he appointed himself

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Bonkoungou, Mathieu; Bavier, Joe (5 November 2016). Evans, Catherine (ed.).

1518: 1422:, were established and were allowed to run for election against al-Bashir's 9198: 9078: 9065: 9051: 8948: 8840: 8000: 6930: 4871: 3914: 3363: 2489: 2453: 2275: 2147: 2095: 2087: 2060: 1899:

On 26 October 2011, al-Bashir said that Sudan gave military support to the

1808:(UNAMID). It was intended to have supplanted or supplemented a 7,000-troop 1801: 1778: 1602: 1575: 1570: 1083: 1070: 995: 533: 333: 8491:

Playing it firm, fair and smart: the EU and the ICC's indictment of Bashir

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International Criminal Court investigation in Darfur § Omar al-Bashir

1143: 9173: 9072: 8964: 8958: 8500: 7956:"BNP Paribas sentenced in $ 8.9 billion accord over sanctions violations" 7761:

Saudi-led coalition strikes rebels in Yemen, inflaming tensions in region

7357: 7132: 7106: 6656: 6631:"Everything you need to know about human rights. – Amnesty International" 6402: 5012: 2965:"Africa :: Sudan — The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency" 2429: 2380: 2357: 2219: 2208: 2180: 2118:

condemned the warrant. Following the indictment Al-Bashir visited China,

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Sudan's offer of and request for counter-terrorism assistance, April 1997

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in a military coup d'état. In September 2019, Bashir was replaced by the

951: 862: 160: 7246:"Arrest warrant against al-Bashir triggers int'l concern_English_Xinhua" 3751: 3418:"International Criminal Court Cases in Africa: Status and Policy Issues" 2540: 1930:. However, the agreement was rejected by two other, smaller groups, the 6512:"ICC issues a warrant of arrest for Omar Al Bashir, President of Sudan" 6238:"Bashir vows to end rebellion and tribal clashes before 2015 elections" 2200: 2184: 2160:

as France has military bases in Djibouti and the United Arab Emirates.

2017: 1782: 1748: 1590: 1410:

After being re-elected president of Sudan with a five-year-term in the

1258:, where he was the only candidate legally allowed to run for election. 1115: 504: 494: 365: 8331:"Omar Bashir: ICC delegation begins talks in Sudan over former leader" 3690:[Al-Bashir attends his mother's funeral amid tight security]. 2452:

On 17 April 2019, al-Bashir was moved from house arrest to Khartoum's

1696:

led to disputes over land between non-Arab sedentary farmers and Arab

1184: 8361:"Former Sudan Officials Leave Prison, Raising Questions about Bashir" 7453: 7118: 6146:"Omar al-Bashir Q&A: 'In Any War, Mistakes Happen on the Ground'" 5607: 5069:

Losing Bin Laden: How Bill Clinton's Failures Unleashed Global Terror

4642:"Sudanese Brigades Could Provide Key Aid for Iraq; Military Analysis" 3717: 3595:"اجواء مشحونة تخيم على ابيى بعد اشتباكات دامية بين الدينكا والمسيرية" 2497: 2013: 1878: 1728: 1697: 1496: 1340:-style anti-government demonstrations, raising discontent within the 1138:

where he completed his secondary education and became a supporter of

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by Michael Johns, Heritage Foundation Executive Memorandum No. 245,

4514:"Sudanese Islamist opposition leader denies link with Darfur rebels" 1840: 1279:

1999, al-Bashir sent troops and tanks against parliament and ousted

1045:

which demanded his removal from power. On 11 April 2019, Bashir was

822:

that ousted the democratically elected government of prime minister

427: 7513:"International Court Adds Genocide to Charges Against Sudan Leader" 7484: 6835: 5219: 2905: 2522: 2513:

On 26 April 2023, the Sudanese Armed Forces stated that al-Bashir,

2119: 2076: 2005: 1945:", was signed in July 2011 between the government of Sudan and the 1874: 1866: 1774: 1756: 1484: 1389: 1377: 1091: 1011: 983: 975: 922: 537: 6984:"Turkey: No to safe haven for fugitive from international justice" 5100:"Trump Administration Moves to Upgrade Diplomatic Ties With Sudan" 1479:

From the early 1990s, after al-Bashir assumed power, Sudan backed

1462: 1142:. Al-Bashir is married to his cousin Fatima Khalid. He also has a 806:

under various titles from 1989 until 2019, when he was deposed in

761: 8301:"Sudan signals it may send former dictator Omar al-Bashir to ICC" 7836:"WikiLeaks cables: Sudanese president 'stashed $ 9bn in UK banks" 7795: 7018: 3454: 3175: 2716: 2339: 2327: 2135: 2127: 1290:

He was reelected by popular vote for a five-year term during the

1111: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 987: 979: 959: 857:

In October 2005, al-Bashir's government negotiated an end to the

8203:"Sudan's Ousted Leader Is Sentenced to Two Years for Corruption" 7737:

Sudan Joining Saudi Campaign in Yemen Shows Shift in Region Ties

5370:"Bashir: Sudan's autocrat turned pariah leaves ruptured country" 3589: 3587: 3525:"Sudan's Forces for Freedom and Change: 'Hand Al Bashir to ICC'" 3442: 2476:

alliance (FFC), which holds indirect political power during the

1957:

can determine its permanent status within the Republic of Sudan.

19:"al-Bashir" redirects here. For other people with the name, see 8504: 8088:"Jubilation as Sudan's Omar Al-Bashir 'under house arrest now'" 4127:

Stefano Bellucci, "Islam and Democracy: The 1999 Palace Coup",

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Al-Bashir is accused of directing attacks against civilians in

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which transferred executive power to a mixed civilian–military

999: 967: 963: 843: 20: 8380:"Mystery of Ex-Dictator's Whereabouts Adds to Crisis in Sudan" 3687: 3448: 8575: 6831:"Sudan's Bashir offers help to Libya during criticised visit" 3584: 2596:"Sudan's Omar Al-Bashir attends Mid-East's Largest Arms Fair" 2423:

On 11 April 2019, al-Bashir was removed from his post by the

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People publicly indicted in the International Criminal Court

6514:. International Criminal Court. 4 March 2009. Archived from 6122: 6037:"Sudan accepts plan for joint peacekeeping force for Darfur" 5187:

Grasping the Nettle: Analyzing Cases of Intractable Conflict

3554: 3552: 3234: 8144:"Sudan's Omar al-Bashir charged over killing of protesters" 8118:"Sudan crisis: Ex-President Omar al-Bashir moved to prison" 7705:"African Union demands ICC exempt leaders from prosecution" 6926:"Chad refuses to arrest Omar al-Bashir on genocide charges" 5308:"After Years of Struggle, South Sudan Becomes a New Nation" 4425:"To Bomb Sudan Plant, or Not: A Year Later, Debates Rankle" 3359:"Omar al-Bashir: genocidal mastermind or bringer of peace?" 2839:"Official: Sudan to hand over al-Bashir for genocide trial" 2402: 2324: 2271: 2196:

government, which stated that they would not carry it out.

2033: 1709: 1608:

Al-Bashir announced in August 2015 that he would travel to

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and saw the formation of a power-sharing agreement between

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announced that it had agreed to hand over al-Bashir to the

6770: 4749:"Carlos the Jackal Reportedly Arrested During Liposuction" 4611:"Head of opposition backs ICC's arrest warrant for Bashir" 4331:"Families of USS Cole Victims Sue Sudan for $ 105 Million" 2679:"Omar al-Bashir: Sudan ex-leader sentenced for corruption" 2606:

from the original on 12 December 2021 – via YouTube.

2247:, whose country is the main supplier of weapons to Sudan. 1065:

alliance (which holds indirect political power during the

7771: 7332: 5720:"Powell to Press Sudan to Ease the Way for Aid in Darfur" 3549: 3519: 3517: 3515: 1554: 1528: 7480:"President Omar al-Bashir declared winner of Sudan poll" 7390:"SPLM Kiir to run for president in Sudan 2009 elections" 6734:. 9 May 2011. Archived from the original on 20 July 2012 2094:(2005) referred Sudan to the ICC, which gives the court 5941:. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. pp. xxii. 3389: 1914:

Al Bashir had signed two peace agreements for Darfur:

8271:"Sudan's Bashir admits role in 1989 coup during trial" 7575:"Under Omar al-Bashir, Sudan is in steepening decline" 7360:"Sudan: We will fill the aid gaps, government insists" 6323: 5869:

What's Wrong with the United Nations and How to Fix it

5807:"Burkina Faso to withdraw Darfur peacekeepers by July" 3512: 2995:"Darfur peace talks to resume in Abuja on Tuesday: AU" 1545:

demanded that Sudan expel Bin Laden. Bashir complied.

1228:, who, along with al-Bashir, began institutionalizing 7420:"Eastern Sudan Beja, SPLM discuss electoral alliance" 7014:"Kenyan court issues arrest order for Sudan's Bashir" 5976:"Sudan orchestrated Darfur crimes, U.N. mission says" 4121: 3055: 2649:"Omar al-Bashir on trial: Will justice be delivered?" 9284:

Fugitives wanted by the International Criminal Court

8815:

ICC because of a national-level trial of the accused

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