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as 4 feet high. The
Connecticut state website provides potential visitors with a description of the conditions and terrain to be expected (such as not being accessible to wheelchairs, strollers, or walkers and involves multiple sets of metal stairs leading down to the mine). A virtual tour of the underground mine is also available.
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Visitors are able to explore the prison courtyard, or they can take a guided tour provided by museum staff. A guided tour of the underground copper mine is offered, taking visitors through the mine. The underground tour involves traversing as low as 75 feet below ground, and includes tunnels as short
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After eighteen days' imprisonment, a snow storm struck. Around midnight, Viets went to check on his captive. Descending the ladder, he found Hinson’s bunk was empty and his few possessions were missing. It was later discovered that a female accomplice had braved the deep snow with a hundred-foot rope
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The colony purchased the remaining years of
Captain James Holmes’s mining lease and set about constructing the necessary infrastructure needed to convert the mine into a satisfactory prison. A small blockhouse was constructed over the main shaft with ladder – the only entrance and exit from the mine.
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At first, the number of
Loyalist prisoners remained low with only five or six being incarcerated in the prison, often for numerous offenses. However, this changed and upwards of thirty to forty loyalists at a time begun to be imprisoned purely for their sympathies to the Crown, often facing charges
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In response, the
General Assembly recommended a number of changes. Firstly, at least two guards were to watch the prison at night. The ventilating shaft in which Hinson had made his escape from was also to be covered with “stones about 15 to 18 inches square and of suitable length… secured with a
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and cutlasses, another escape attempt occurred on May 18, 1781. While two officers were raising the shaft’s gate, it was violently heaved upward and the men, armed with rocks and scraps of metal, scrambled up the ladder into the blockhouse. The guards were overpowered and disarmed in the ensuing
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The mine was purchased by private owners who, for a price, provided candles and guided tours of the old prison for curious visitors. The site has been considered a tourist attraction since the 1860s. Prison tours were still carried out and to attract more visitors, a variety of attractions were
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for the first offense – not to exceed ten years, and the second offense was life. The keeper of the prison was authorized to punish the convicts for offenses by “moderate whipping, not exceeding ten stripes, and by putting shackles and fetters upon them.” It was intended that prisoners would be
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In spring 1776, a number of prisoners attempted to escape the prison by burning a wooden door which sat over the exit shaft. Hay had been smuggled for weeks where it was deemed to be sufficiently combustible. Upon lighting the hay, however, the damp conditions underground caused only a smolder
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The treatment of loyalists in the prison was no different from that of other convicted criminals. With up to a hundred inmates being held at one time, air circulation in such a confined space was limited. There was no natural light, no opportunities for inmates to wash, and communal toilet
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Excavations were made on the summit of the hill and two perpendicular shafts, one nearly eighty feet deep and the other thirty-five, were dug through the rock to raise the ore. Caverns were carved out at the bottom of the shafts that extended several hundred feet in various directions.
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Mining was abandoned and the need for punitive work expanded their hard labor to include making hand wrought nails. Prisoners were bound in iron chains and forced into the compulsory construction of nails from 4am to 4pm. Lashes were dished out as punishment for disobedience.
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cell. Situated at an area near the end of one of the passageways, the cell was consisted of bare rock and was twenty feet square with no light. In the middle of the cell was a rock with an iron bolt affixed to it, allowing for a prisoner's legs to be chained to it.
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In 1790, the site became a state prison. Most of the above-ground facilities present today were built between then and 1802. These include the main prison wall, a new workshop for the convicts, and five brick-and-masonry buildings, all of which now stand in ruins.
488:, or imprisoned. By not obtaining the status of prisoner or war, a loyalist could not be pardoned, exchanged, or released. Patriotic leaders sought means to remove the more vocal loyalists from society and saw the answer in the ready-made prison at Simsbury.
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In order to assist the convict workers, a number of expert miners were hired to work alongside them. However this had an adverse effect, with the hired miners becoming friendly with the convicts and willingly entering into their escape plans with them.
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Though the improvements were many, the jail remained a miserable facility. Men were chained and forced to march the treadmill, an overseer standing by with his whip ready. In 1824, a four-story building was erected containing offices, a
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In May 1773, Colonel
William Pitkin, Eratus Wolcott, and Captain Jonathan Humphrey visited the mines. They determined that by carving a 15 by 12 foot lodging room near the first shaft they had the makings of a formidable prison.
2013:
361:
Others would renew the lease, however profits continued to remain small. Cargoes shipped to Europe had slim returns. Over the years, two ships were lost, one taken by the French as a prize during war and the other sunk in the
954:
A history of
Newgate of Connecticut, at Simsbury, now East Granby: its insurrections and massacres, the imprisonment of the Tories in the Revolution, and the working of its mines. Also, some account of the state prison, at
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sought a central prison to house its convicts. The unsuccessful mine, with its labyrinth of caves and shafts, was explored as an option as an escape-proof institution in which isolated prisoners could be kept from society.
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two years later. They also constructed a sloping tunnel to provide visitors access via stairs to the mines. The museum and grounds was closed in 2009 for structural repairs, re-opening to the public on July 14, 2018.
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brawl. The escapees then captured the night duty guards as well as those sleeping. All guards, regardless of their condition, were then transported down into the prison, before the prisoners fled from the scene.
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Some company owners defied the ban on smelting in
America and constructed furnaces in order to pound, smelt, and refine the ore. This was done is secrecy, but it too proved a financial burden and was abandoned.
295:, refine it, and cast it into bars. They invited the people of Simsbury to participate in the venture. Sixty-four residents, in exchange for financial and or labor investments, became shareholders as a result.
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was denounced as a traitor and marched by a crowd several miles in the direction of the prison. The fear of imprisonment at
Simsbury was enough for him to sign the crowd’s oath and beg for forgiveness.
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Today, Old New-Gate Prison is open for visitors typically between the months of May and
October with events usually being held the months of September and October. The site features a large wooden
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In order to combat the percolation of water into the mine drains were dug in order to draw it away. However this proved unsuccessful and pumps were required to be kept running throughout the day.
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Ongoing historical research project from
Trinity College students Camille Valentincic and Zeinab Bakayoko (2021), Zoë Gill and Madison Wilson (2022), and Ava Caudle and Elizabeth Ochoa (2023)
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The vein yielded three to five percent of pure copper, however it was not enough to offset the cost of running the mine. Speculators pulled out and eventually Belcher dissolved the venture.
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283:, in 1705. The construction of a mine began in 1707. The mine was created by digging a vertical shaft and tunneling horizontally, with additional vertical shafts dug for ventilation.
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In December 1773 the prison received its first convict, John Hinson sentenced to 10 years for burglary. Hinson was a career criminal who had spent time in half a dozen county jails.
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With the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1783 bringing a conclusion to the conflict, the new United States government lost interest in using the mine as a federal prison.
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The mine complex was acquired by the state historic commission in 1968. In the 1970s the state repurposed the old guardhouse for use as a visitors' center and interpretive
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The prison had only one point of entry and exit, a forty-foot ladder down into the mine from the guardhouse. Prisoners would be provided with musty straw to sleep on.
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251:, which visitors are able to explore through a guided tour, and the remains of the state's first official prison, which was used between 1776 and 1782 to house
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326:, William Partridge, and one of the original company’s clergy, Timothy Woodbridge Jr, leased the area from the town and raised £10,000 to resurrect the mine.
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Of all the inmates held in captivity in the prison during the war, it is estimated that approximately half absconded and escaped in some capacity.
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Several more buildings were constructed: a large kitchen, several small factories, a hospital, quarters for female convicts, and a thirty-foot
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Attempts were made to reactivate the mines in the 1830s and 1850s, but these ventures failed and mining at the site was again abandoned.
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On November 6, 1782, the wooden buildings of the prison were destroyed by fire, allowing for another escape of inmates to take place.
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in America. Because they could not construct a furnace to extract the copper from the ore the entire mass had to be shipped to
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strong iron gate, about six feet below the surface.” Further to this, it was decided that the prisoners were to be used as
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In 1709, three clergymen, John Woodbridge, Timothy Woodbridge, Jr., and Dudley Woodbridge, formed a company to extract the
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Skilled miners were brought in to the mine in order to dig and extract the ore. The ore was then hauled fourteen miles to
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coiled around her shoulder. She lowered the rope down the eighty-foot well shaft, allowing Hinson to climb out.
2018:
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989:"Simsbury Mine – American Revolution's First National Prison: A Dark Dismal Cavern of Slippery Stinking Filth"
1914:
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On December 2, 1773, representatives for the Colonial Legislature approached Captain John Viets, owner of a
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Archaeological Preserve. Previously closed for restoration since 2009, it was re-opened on July 14, 2018.
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666:) outside of the buildings entrance, allowing those visiting the opportunity to take a memorable photo.
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The psychological fear of the prison was itself used in order to torment Loyalists. Colonel
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Alongside miners brought specifically to the mine, local workers and farmers from nearby
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The ore was developed amateurishly, broken out by hand, upgraded, and shipped to British
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The site is now owned and administered by the State of Connecticut as a museum. Nearby
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In 1827, the prison was closed and the remaining prisoners were transferred to the new
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355:, both imported and indigenous, were leased from masters and forced to work the mines.
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626:, and took other steps to stabilize the ruins. Old New-Gate Prison was listed on the
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The lodging room was enlarged along with accommodations for the expected prisoners.
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University and college buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places
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An Historic Record and Pictorial Description of the Town of Meriden, Connecticut
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List of sites administered by the Connecticut State Historic Preservation Office
2014:
Government buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Connecticut
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that was operated by twenty two inmates climbing paddle blades to grind grain.
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Despite the increase of prison security, now numbering 27 soldiers armed with
1987:
1104:
747:
National Register of Historic Places listings in Hartford County, Connecticut
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Interest in the mine did not disappear with the Woodbridge Company. In 1714,
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1969:
Above currently open facilities are male-only unless noted by ♀(female-only)
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The General Assembly passed an act prescribing the terms of imprisonment:
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resulting in large shipping costs. Within four years, the venture failed.
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1210:"Old New-Gate Prison & Copper Mine, East Granby--Events and Programs"
701:
in which its history and use during the American Revolution is explored.
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849:"Old New-Gate Prison & Copper Mine, East Granby--Plan Your Visit- 1"
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facilities. Among inmates, the prison was often referred to as “Hell”.
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instead. The smoke was enough to result in the death of one prisoner.
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List of jails and prisons on the National Register of Historic Places
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National Register of Historic Places in Hartford County, Connecticut
890:
1235:"Old New-Gate Prison & Copper Mine, East Granby--Virtual Tours"
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307:
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and machining. All were incorporated into the prison workforce.
399:
337:, then loaded onto ships bound for England where it was refined.
311:
921:
60th Annual Report of the Connecticut Society of Civil Engineers
663:
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559:
529:
272:
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Connecticut Department of Economic & Community Development
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From nail making, the prison industry branched out to include
1333:
417:, with an offer to be the prison keeper, which he accepted.
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609:
567:
292:
1160:"Old New-Gate Prison & Copper Mine, East Granby, CT"
503:
For particularly unruly inmates, the prison possessed a
480:, but convicted before the superior court and either
232:
is a former prison and mine site on New-Gate Road in
1086:
Scars of independence : America's violent birth
1364:
History of the National Register of Historic Places
1261:"Episode 195: Old Newgate Prison & Copper Mine"
1185:"Old New-Gate Prison & Copper Mine | Visit CT"
742:List of National Historic Landmarks in Connecticut
2039:Ruins on the National Register of Historic Places
1395:List of U.S. National Historic Landmarks by state
1089:(1st ed.). New York: Crown. pp. 44–51.
697:The prison features in an episode of the podcast
1985:
1787:National Register of Historic Places portal
933:
843:
841:
1135:"A Deeper Look At Loyalists In Newgate Prison"
826:. Offices of Culture and Tourism. July 2, 2015
1823:
1319:
1294:CTvisit Old New-Gate Prison & Copper Mine
1239:CT.gov - Connecticut's Official State Website
1214:CT.gov - Connecticut's Official State Website
1164:CT.gov - Connecticut's Official State Website
853:CT.gov - Connecticut's Official State Website
558:(making and repairing wooden vessels such as
444:
1022:Connecticut History | a CTHumanities Project
838:
472:With the eruption of conflict following the
934:Gillespie, Charles; Curtis, George (1906).
469:, and their homes were raided and damaged.
465:. Loyalists were assaulted in the streets,
115:
90:
2029:National Historic Landmarks in Connecticut
1830:
1816:
1326:
1312:
940:. Meriden, CT: Journal Publishing Company.
798:National Historic Landmark summary listing
68:
1335:U.S. National Register of Historic Places
725:View of same wall as the postcard in 2010
492:of life imprisonment within the caverns.
317:
286:
48:U.S. National Register of Historic Places
788:
786:
449:The build-up of tensions throughout the
347:were employed as labor. On top of this,
2024:Museums in Hartford County, Connecticut
820:"Old New-Gate Prison & Copper Mine"
599:
14:
1986:
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767:"National Register Information System"
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236:. It is now operated by the state of
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1049:The Journal of the Historical Society
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958:. Albany, N.Y: J Munsell. p. 12.
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713:Postcard from late 1910s, early 1920s
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242:Old New-Gate Prison & Copper Mine
1846:Connecticut Department of Correction
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772:National Register of Historic Places
694:sent the contestants to the prison.
685:John Wolff escapes from the prison.
628:National Register of Historic Places
759:
373:
275:was discovered on the west side of
24:
1994:1773 establishments in Connecticut
1750:National Historic Preservation Act
1132:
1067:
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873:Abbott, Collamer M. (April 1970).
673:
25:
2055:
1999:Copper mines in the United States
1289:Old New-Gate Prison official site
1282:
962:
461:persecuted and targeted by local
247:The site includes a colonial-era
1839:
1792:
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1061:10.1111/j.1540-5923.2010.00323.x
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646:of Old New-Gate Prison from the
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951:Phelps, Richard Harvey (1860).
914:"Connecticut's Iron and Copper"
474:Battle of Lexington and Concord
57:U.S. National Historic Landmark
2004:Defunct prisons in Connecticut
1703:Federated States of Micronesia
1349:Architectural style categories
1259:White, Holly (July 17, 2018).
944:
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879:The William and Mary Quarterly
866:
812:
630:in 1970, and was designated a
608:eventually introduced – caged
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1:
2034:Prison museums in Connecticut
752:
123:Show map of the United States
380:Connecticut General Assembly
271:State records indicate that
259:. The site was designated a
29:United States historic place
7:
1018:"Notorious New-Gate Prison"
730:
10:
2060:
1755:Historic Preservation Fund
1734:American Legation, Morocco
1043:Levy, Barry (March 2011).
632:National Historic Landmark
570:manufacture, shoe making,
519:
455:American Revolutionary War
445:American Revolutionary War
261:National Historic Landmark
257:American Revolutionary War
1967:
1959:Wethersfield State Prison
1924:
1853:
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1742:
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1696:Lists by associated state
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993:Revolutionary War Journal
594:Wethersfield State Prison
437:in order to extract ore.
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194:NRHP reference
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2009:East Granby, Connecticut
1979:Cemetery finally located
1892:Manson Youth Institution
1677:Northern Mariana Islands
234:East Granby, Connecticut
912:Harte, Charles (1944).
875:"Colonial Copper Mines"
800:. National Park Service
688:In 2006, an episode of
98:Show map of Connecticut
1672:Minor Outlying Islands
1655:Lists by insular areas
1369:Keeper of the Register
1083:Hoock, Holger (2017).
681:Drums Along the Mohawk
662:(often referred to as
612:, antique cars, and a
415:tavern nearby the mine
353:Native American slaves
318:Continuation of mining
287:The Woodbridge Company
2019:Mining in Connecticut
1874:Corrigan-Radgowski CC
1374:National Park Service
1354:Contributing property
794:"Old New-Gate Prison"
777:National Park Service
173:5 acres (2.0 ha)
154:41.96194°N 72.74556°W
1887:MacDougall-Walker CI
1729:District of Columbia
1265:Ben Franklin's World
699:Ben Franklin’s World
600:Post-prison activity
505:solitary confinement
467:tarred and feathered
1910:Willard-Cybulski CI
1120:Connecticut Journal
779:. January 23, 2007.
546:The prison post-war
407:employed at labor.
230:Old New-Gate Prison
220:Designated NHL
159:41.96194; -72.74556
150: /
40:Old New-Gate Prison
1951:Old Newgate Prison
1139:Digital Farmington
1045:"Tar and Feathers"
1024:. October 22, 2016
995:. December 5, 2018
901:– via JSTOR.
654:Tourist attraction
482:sentenced to death
453:on the eve of the
421:The prison pre-war
18:Old Newgate Prison
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1973:
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1359:Historic district
1096:978-0-8041-3728-7
451:Thirteen Colonies
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223:November 28, 1972
207:Significant dates
16:(Redirected from
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1122:. May 24, 1781.
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1956:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1918:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1863:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1850:
1835:
1834:
1827:
1820:
1812:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1799:
1789:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1769:
1764:
1759:
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1757:
1746:
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1740:
1739:
1737:
1736:
1731:
1725:
1723:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1699:
1697:
1693:
1692:
1690:
1689:
1687:Virgin Islands
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1662:American Samoa
1658:
1656:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1596:South Carolina
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1561:North Carolina
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1391:
1389:
1388:Lists by state
1385:
1384:
1382:
1381:
1379:Property types
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1338:
1331:
1330:
1323:
1316:
1308:
1302:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1284:
1283:External links
1281:
1278:
1277:
1251:
1226:
1201:
1176:
1151:
1125:
1110:
1095:
1066:
1035:
1006:
961:
943:
926:
904:
885:(2): 295–309.
865:
837:
811:
782:
757:
756:
754:
751:
750:
749:
744:
739:
732:
729:
728:
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712:
705:
675:
672:
655:
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601:
598:
572:basket weaving
547:
544:
521:
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513:Abijah Willard
446:
443:
422:
419:
404:counterfeiting
375:
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319:
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28:
9:
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2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
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1997:
1995:
1992:
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1989:
1980:
1977:
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1966:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:Niantic Annex
1941:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1861:Bridgeport CC
1859:
1858:
1856:
1854:State prisons
1852:
1847:
1842:
1833:
1828:
1826:
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1814:
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1636:West Virginia
1634:
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1542:
1541:New Hampshire
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1501:Massachusetts
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
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1407:
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1344:
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1336:
1329:
1324:
1322:
1317:
1315:
1310:
1309:
1306:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1266:
1262:
1255:
1240:
1236:
1230:
1215:
1211:
1205:
1190:
1186:
1180:
1165:
1161:
1155:
1140:
1136:
1129:
1121:
1118:"New Haven".
1114:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1092:
1088:
1087:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1039:
1023:
1019:
1013:
1011:
994:
990:
984:
982:
980:
978:
976:
974:
972:
970:
968:
966:
957:
956:
947:
939:
938:
930:
922:
915:
908:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
869:
854:
850:
844:
842:
825:
821:
815:
799:
795:
789:
787:
778:
774:
773:
768:
762:
758:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
734:
721:
716:
709:
704:
703:
702:
700:
695:
693:
692:
686:
684:
682:
671:
667:
665:
661:
651:
649:
645:
641:
640:Peak Mountain
636:
633:
629:
625:
620:
618:
615:
611:
605:
597:
595:
590:
588:
582:
580:
575:
573:
569:
565:
564:blacksmithing
561:
557:
552:
543:
540:
537:
534:
531:
526:
517:
514:
509:
506:
501:
497:
493:
489:
487:
483:
479:
475:
470:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
442:
438:
436:
430:
426:
418:
416:
411:
408:
405:
401:
397:
392:
388:
384:
381:
378:By 1773, the
371:
367:
365:
359:
356:
354:
350:
346:
341:
338:
336:
335:New York City
333:, shipped to
332:
327:
325:
315:
313:
309:
305:
300:
296:
294:
284:
282:
278:
274:
267:Early history
264:
262:
258:
254:
250:
245:
243:
239:
235:
231:
222:
218:
214:
212:Added to NRHP
210:
205:
202:
199:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
163:
135:
131:
110:
85:
75:
71:
66:
62:
58:
53:
49:
44:
37:
33:
27:
19:
1896:New Haven CC
1601:South Dakota
1591:Rhode Island
1586:Pennsylvania
1566:North Dakota
1268:. Retrieved
1264:
1254:
1244:September 4,
1242:. Retrieved
1238:
1229:
1219:September 4,
1217:. Retrieved
1213:
1204:
1192:. Retrieved
1188:
1179:
1167:. Retrieved
1163:
1154:
1142:. Retrieved
1138:
1128:
1119:
1113:
1085:
1052:
1048:
1038:
1026:. Retrieved
1021:
997:. Retrieved
992:
955:Wethersfield
953:
946:
936:
929:
920:
907:
882:
878:
868:
858:September 4,
856:. Retrieved
852:
828:. Retrieved
823:
814:
802:. Retrieved
797:
770:
761:
698:
696:
689:
687:
679:
678:In the book
677:
668:
657:
637:
621:
606:
603:
591:
583:
576:
566:, wagon and
553:
549:
541:
538:
535:
527:
523:
510:
502:
498:
494:
490:
471:
448:
439:
435:forced labor
431:
427:
424:
412:
409:
393:
389:
385:
377:
368:
360:
357:
342:
339:
328:
321:
301:
297:
290:
270:
246:
241:
229:
228:
26:
1946:Northern CI
1905:Robinson CI
1882:Hartford CC
1869:Cheshire CI
1865:Brooklyn CI
1722:Other areas
1682:Puerto Rico
1516:Mississippi
1431:Connecticut
1194:January 19,
1169:January 19,
1144:January 19,
1028:January 19,
999:January 19,
830:January 31,
614:World War I
249:copper mine
238:Connecticut
157: /
133:Coordinates
1988:Categories
1955:Webster CI
1936:Enfield CI
1631:Washington
1551:New Mexico
1546:New Jersey
1421:California
1055:: 85–110.
923:: 146–149.
804:October 3,
753:References
304:consignees
189:mason levy
145:72°44′44″W
142:41°57′43″N
1932:Bergin CI
1900:Osborn CI
1878:Garner CI
1641:Wisconsin
1606:Tennessee
1511:Minnesota
1486:Louisiana
1105:953617831
642:offers a
579:treadmill
556:coopering
459:Loyalists
263:in 1972.
255:from the
186:Architect
1939:Gates CI
1797:Category
1626:Virginia
1576:Oklahoma
1556:New York
1531:Nebraska
1521:Missouri
1506:Michigan
1496:Maryland
1481:Kentucky
1461:Illinois
1436:Delaware
1426:Colorado
1416:Arkansas
731:See also
463:Patriots
396:burglary
331:Hartford
281:Simsbury
201:70000839
1925:Defunct
1915:York CI
1848:prisons
1743:Related
1646:Wyoming
1621:Vermont
1526:Montana
1466:Indiana
1446:Georgia
1441:Florida
1411:Arizona
1401:Alabama
1270:June 8,
899:1918655
660:pillory
587:granary
560:barrels
530:muskets
520:Escapes
486:whipped
400:robbery
349:African
345:Windsor
312:England
308:smelted
240:as the
1581:Oregon
1536:Nevada
1476:Kansas
1451:Hawaii
1406:Alaska
1342:Topics
1103:
1093:
897:
664:stocks
624:museum
457:, saw
402:, and
273:copper
1713:Palau
1611:Texas
1491:Maine
1456:Idaho
917:(PDF)
895:JSTOR
610:bears
178:Built
1667:Guam
1616:Utah
1571:Ohio
1471:Iowa
1272:2021
1246:2022
1221:2022
1196:2021
1171:2021
1146:2021
1101:OCLC
1091:ISBN
1030:2021
1001:2021
860:2022
832:2017
806:2007
617:tank
568:plow
351:and
181:1775
170:Area
1057:doi
887:doi
562:),
293:ore
196:No.
1990::
1263:.
1237:.
1212:.
1187:.
1162:.
1137:.
1099:.
1069:^
1053:11
1051:.
1047:.
1020:.
1009:^
991:.
964:^
919:.
893:.
883:27
881:.
877:.
851:.
840:^
822:.
796:.
785:^
775:.
769:.
650:.
619:.
596:.
484:,
398:,
366:.
1917:♀
1831:e
1824:t
1817:v
1397::
1327:e
1320:t
1313:v
1274:.
1248:.
1223:.
1198:.
1173:.
1148:.
1107:.
1063:.
1059::
1032:.
1003:.
889::
862:.
834:.
808:.
683:,
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
