Education in Germany

2447:) which count as two 'traditional' lessons. To manage classes that are taught three or five lessons per week there are two common ways. At some schools with 90-minute periods there is still one 45-minute lesson each day, mostly between the first two blocks; at other schools those subjects are taught in weekly or term rotations. There are about 12 compulsory subjects: up to three foreign languages (the first is often begun in primary school, the second one in 6th or 7th grade, and the third somewhere between 7th and 11th grade), physics, biology, chemistry, civics/social/political studies, history, geography (starting between 5th and 7th grade), mathematics, music, visual arts, German, physical education, and religious education/ethics (to be taken from primary school on). The range of offered afternoon activities is different from school to school; however, most German schools offer choirs or orchestras, and sometimes sports, theater or languages. Many of these are offered as semi-scholastic 3445: 3944: 841: 5007:(a poor neighbourhood) would not feel good about themselves if they had to attend that type of school that mainly serves pupils from social classes different from their own. They will not be able to integrate. Every field-day, every school party will show that very soon." He also said that "this kind of policy would weaken the Gymnasium" and that this would be dangerous, because "German society could not afford to do without the truly educated adults the Gymnasium produces". Stefan Zillich has answered to this, saying that "German society can not afford having only so few adults who were truly educated". While affirmative action laws were not passed (status: January 2010) sought after schools have been guaranteed the right to employ their own quotas since the 1970s. 5003:. According to Stefan Zillich, quotas should be "a possibility" to help working class children who did not do well in school gain access to a Gymnasium. Headmasters of Gymnasien have objected, saying that this type of policy would "be a disservice" to poor children, that they would not be able to academically keep up with their classmates and that they would not feel welcome at a Gymnasium. Wolfgang Harnischfeger, headmaster of a well known Berlin Gymnasium, stated: "It can be noticed in children as young as kindergarten-age, that children take after their parents. They emulate their language, their way of dressing, their way of spending their freetime. Children from 4565:

likely to meet the statewide performance targets, more likely to drop out of school and more likely to be classified emotionally disturbed. 86% of the pupils receiving special training because of emotional disturbance are male. Research shows a class-effect: native middle-class males perform as well as middle-class females in terms of educational achievement but lower-class males and immigrant males lag behind lower-class females and immigrant females. A lack of male role models contributes to a low academic achievement in the case of lower-class males . On the other hand, 58% of all postgraduate students and 84% of all German college professors were male in 2010.

4173:, "Federal Education Aid Act"). It ensures that less wealthy students can receive up to €735 per month for the standard period of study if they or their parents cannot afford all of the costs involved with studying. Furthermore, students need to have a prospect of remaining in Germany to be eligible; this includes German and EU citizens, but often also long-term residents of other countries. Part (typically half) of this money is an interest-free loan that is later repaid, with the other half considered a free grant, and the amount to be repaid is capped at €10,000. Currently, around a quarter of all students in Germany receive financial support via 4552:(former GDR). An analysis of PISA data on Gymnasium pupils for the year 2000 showed that, while in western Germany the child of an academic was 7.26 times as likely as that of a skilled worker to attend, in eastern Germany a child from an academic family was only 2.78 times as likely as a working-class child to attend. The reasons for this were unclear. Some people believed that immigrants were responsible, because more uneducated immigrant families lived in western than in eastern Germany. This assumption however could not be confirmed. The difference between east and west was even stronger when only ethnic German children were studied. 4866:. Others however, who have reanalyzed the data, claimed that those attending a Gymnasium were different ab initio and could not properly be compared to those attending a primary school. The data is of high political relevance as those who are in favour of the tripartite system and those who are in favour of comprehensive schools both use it to prove their point. Those, who are in favour of comprehensive schools, claim that the data shows that the primary schools which resembles a comprehensive schools boost children's ability, while those in favour of the tripartite system argue that the data shows the Gymnasium boost students ability. 4067:, often abbreviated NC), criteria by which applications will be evaluated differ from university to university and from program to program. Commonly used criteria include the final grade of the university entrance qualification (which takes into account the grades of the final exams as well as course grades), a weighted grade point average which increases the weight of relevant school subjects, interviews, motivational letters, letters of recommendation by previous professors, essays, relevant practical experience, and subject-specific entrance exams. Such restrictions are increasingly common at German universities. 4383: 3441:("primary school") education of 6 or 7 years. Only 5 percent of youths entered college at this time and still fewer graduated. In the 1960s, six percent of youths entered college. In 1961 there were still 8,000 cities in which no children received secondary education. However, this does not mean that Germany was a country of uneducated people. In fact, many of those who did not receive secondary education were highly skilled craftspeople and members of the upper middle class. Even though more people attend college today, a craftsperson is still highly valued in German society. 1780:, this orientation phase is embedded into the program of the secondary schools. The decision for a secondary school influences the student's future, but during this phase changes can be made more easily. In practice this rarely comes to bear because teachers are afraid of sending pupils to more academic schools whereas parents are afraid of sending their children to less academic schools. In Berlin and Brandenburg, the orientation is embedded into that of the elementary schools. Teachers give a so-called educational (path) recommendation ( 1291: 3497:

gives a blessing at a roofing ceremony may, in many cases, remind of the "virtues of the crafts I am part of". Certain virtues are also ascribed to certain crafts. For example, a person might be called "always on time like a bricklayer" to describe punctuality. On the other hand, "virtue" and "respectability", which in the past had been the center of the life of any craftsperson became less and less important for such education. Today, a young person who wants to start an apprenticeship must first find an

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instill the virtues of a good craftsman. He was supposed to teach honour, loyalty, fair-mindedness, courtesy and compassion for the poor. He was also supposed to offer spiritual guidance, to ensure his apprentices fulfilled their religious duties and to teach them to "honour the Lord" (Jesus Christ) with their lives. The master craftsman who failed to do this would lose his reputation and would accordingly be dishonoured – a very bad fate in those days. The apprenticeship ended with the so-called

1282:(compulsory schooling) beginning with elementary school to 18 years – illegal in Germany. The illegality has to do with the prioritization of children's rights over the rights of parents: children have the right to the company of other children and adults who are not their parents. For similar reasons, parents cannot opt their children out of sexual education classes because the state considers a child's right to information to be more important than a parent's desire to withhold it. 4244:) at university. There are no fixed classes of students who study and graduate together. Students can change universities according to their interests and the strengths of each university. Sometimes students attend multiple different universities over the course of their studies. This mobility means that at German universities there is a freedom and individuality unknown in the US, the UK, or France. Professors also choose their subjects for research and teaching freely. This 1520: 4533: 770: 4229: 3416: 1039: 3603: 3106: 3196: 3485: 247: 5067: 2381: 1966: 1366: 978: 709: 531: 76: 3465:(journeyman). He had two options: either to work for a master or to become a master himself. Working for another master had several disadvantages. One was that, in many cases, the journeyman who was not a master was not allowed to marry and found a family. Because the church disapproved of sex outside of marriage, he was obliged to become a master if he did not want to spend his life celibate. Accordingly, many of the so-called 5053: 2027: 35: 1649:

teaches skills that are required by law, including certain positions in a bank or those as legal assistants. The 16 states have exclusive responsibility in the field of education and professional education. The federal parliament and the federal government can influence the educational system only by financial aid to the states. There are many different school systems, but in each state the starting point is always the

5081: 2089:. Many private schools have a simplified dress code, for instance, such as "no shorts, no sandals, no clothes with holes". Some schools are testing school uniforms, but those are not as formal as seen in the UK. They mostly consist of a normal sweater/shirt and jeans of a certain color, sometimes with the school's symbol on it. It is however a common custom to design graduation class shirts in 178: 4240:). During their studies, students can usually choose freely from all courses offered at the university. However, all bachelor's degree programs require a number of particular compulsory courses and all degree programs require a minimum number of credits that must be earned in the core field of the program of study. It is not uncommon to spend longer than the regular period of study ( 630:. It provided not only the skills needed in an early industrialized world (reading, writing, and arithmetic) but also a strict education in ethics, duty, discipline and obedience. Children of affluent parents often went on to attend preparatory private schools for an additional four years, but the general population had virtually no access to secondary education and universities. 3233:(one case), had repeated a grade (four cases) or had grades that put them in the lower half of their class (the rest of cases). The report also concluded that most gifted persons had high self-esteem and good psychological health. Rost said that he was not in favour of special schools for the gifted. Gifted children seemed to be served well by Germany's existing school system. 1528: 4136:

initiative which collected 70,000 signatures against tuition fees, the government of Hesse was the first to reverse course before the state election in 2008; other state governments soon followed. Several parties which spoke out for tuition fees lost state elections. Bavaria in 2013 and Lower Saxony in 2014 were the last states to abolish tuition fees.

3073:(PISA) for example, after considering socioeconomic class, students at private schools underperformed those at state schools. One has, however, to be careful interpreting that data: it may be that such students do not underperform because they attend a private school, but that they attend a private school because they underperform. Some private 4147:), which is a defined number of semesters for each degree program. Even after the abolition of general tuition fees, tuition fees for long-time students remain in six states. Additionally, universities may charge tuition fees for so called non-consecutive master's degree programs, which do not build directly on a bachelor's degree, such as a 1099: 3242:

secondary students, wholly or partly in English outside an English-speaking country, or if a school in a country where English is one of the official languages, offers an English-medium curriculum other than the country's national curriculum and is international in its orientation." This definition is used by publications including

1062:) (which, however, is not comparable in timeframe nor competitiveness to the typical tenure track, e.g. at universities in the US). This practice depends on the state and is currently changing. A parents' council is elected to voice the parents' views to the school's administration. Each class elects one or two 4886:

Home visitors may provide information on childcare and social services, help parents in crisis and model problem-solving skills. They may help implement the preschool/school curriculum at home or provide a curriculum of educational games designed to improve language, development and cognitive skills.

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Kindergarten has been shown to improve school readiness in children at risk. Children attending a kindergarten were less likely to have impaired speech or impaired motor development. Only 50% of children whose parents did not graduate from school are ready for school at age six. If such children were

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and therefore do not qualify the bearer for admission to a German university. However, it is still possible for such applicants to be admitted to a German university if they fulfill additional formal criteria, such as a particular grade point average or points on a standardized admissions test. These

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The school year starts after the summer break (different from state to state, usually end/mid of August) and is divided into two terms. There are typically 12 weeks of holidays in addition to public holidays. Exact dates differ between states, but there are generally six weeks of summer and two weeks

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In German state schools lessons have a length of exactly 45 minutes. Each subject is usually taught for two to three periods every week (main subjects like mathematics, German or foreign languages are taught for four to six periods) and usually no more than two periods consecutively. The beginning of

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as their first foreign language and choose a second foreign language. The list of available foreign languages as well as the hours of compulsory foreign language lessons differ from state to state, but the more common choices besides Latin are English, French, Spanish, and ancient Greek. Many schools

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Rainer Geißler: Die Metamorphose der Arbeitertochter zum Migrantensohn. Zum Wandle der Chancenstruktur im bildungssystem nach Schicht, Geschlecht, Ethnie und deren Verknüpfungen, in: Peter A. Berger, Heike Kahlert (Hrsg.): Institutionalisierte Ungleichheiten. Wie das Bildungswesen Chancen blockiert,

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Journeymen were not the only group who were not allowed to marry in former Europe, other groups included farm-hands, who were only allowed to marry if it was approved by their betters, and the poor, who often were not allowed to marry at all; for some descriptions of this see: Shorter, Edward. 1977.

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Opponents of streaming have pointed out that countries that performed very well in PISA, such as Finland, do not stream by ability. Proponents have pointed out that German comprehensive schools ranked below other German schools on PISA and that children from the lower socio-economic groups attending

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between rich and poor areas, as wealthier parents in poor neighborhoods may still send their gifted children to a fairly good public school due to streaming, giving them less motivation to move to a wealthier area. They also say that potential access to a Selective school would allow gifted children

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Families whose children are at risk for low academic achievement may be visited by trained professionals. They offer a wide variety of services that relate to each child's and each family's background and needs. Such professionals may visit pregnant low-income women and talk with them about positive

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Children whose families receive welfare, children whose parents dropped out of school, children of teenage parents, children raised by a lone parent, children raised in crime-ridden inner-city neighbourhoods, children who have multiple young siblings, and children who live in overcrowded substandard

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Immigrant children and youths, mostly of lower-class background, are the fastest-growing segment of the German population. So their prospects bear heavily on the well-being of the country. More than 30% of Germans aged 15 years and younger have at least one parent born abroad. In the big cities, 60%

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Nowadays, the education of craftspersons has changed – in particular self-esteem and the concept of respectability. Yet even today, a craftsperson does sometimes refer to the "craftsperson's codex of virtues" and the crafts sometimes may be referred to as the "virtuous crafts" and a craftsperson who

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is normally attended twice a week during a two, three, or three-and-a-half-year apprenticeship; the other days are spent working at a company. This is intended to provide a knowledge of theory and practice. The company is obliged to accept the apprentice on its apprenticeship scheme. After this, the

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Did the Gymnasium boost students ability? There are different opinions about this. Some argue that this is the cases and even after testing performance in grade four, those who were admitted to a Gymnasium outperformed their peers who were not at grade six. That was also the interpretation of Prof.

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Immigrants from Pakistan, India, China and Vietnam perform exceptionally well. In eastern Germany, Vietnamese and Chinese of lower-class backgrounds outperform students from European backgrounds despite the fact that in most cases their parents are poorer and less educated than the parents of their

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Children from poor immigrant or working-class families are less likely to succeed in school than children from middle- or upper-class backgrounds. This disadvantage for the financially challenged of Germany is greater than in any other industrialized nation. However, the true reasons stretch beyond

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The highest German academic degree is the doctorate. Each doctoral degree has a particular designation in Latin (except for engineering, where the designation is in German), which signifies in which field the doctorate is conferred in. The doctorate is indicated before the name in abbreviated form,

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In those days, the crafts were called the "virtuous crafts" and the virtuousness of the craftspersons was greatly respected. For example, according to one source, a person should be greeted from "the bricklayer craftspersons in the town, who live in respectability, die in respectability, who strive

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Some German teachers' representatives and a number of scientists disputed the PISA findings. They claimed, amongst other things, that the questions had been ill-translated, that the samples drawn in some countries were not representative, that German students (most of whom had never done a multiple

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and passing the exit examinations set by the German Bar Association or other relevant associations, the apprentice receives a certificate and is ready for a career at all levels except in positions which require a specific higher degree, such as a doctorate. In some areas, the apprenticeship scheme

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was formed in 1871, the school system became more centralized. In 1872, Prussia recognized the first separate secondary schools for females. As learned professions demanded well-educated young people, more secondary schools were established, and the state claimed the sole right to set standards and

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at a vocationally oriented secondary school was changed by the statutory school regulations in 1981—with a one-year qualifying period. During the one-year qualifying period of the change to the new regulations, pupils could continue with class 10 to fulfil the statutory period of education. After

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Prof. Dr. Dr. Rainer Lehmann, Jenny Lenkeit: "ELEMENT – Erhebung zum Lese- und Mathematikverständnis Entwicklungen in den Jahrgangsstufen 4 bis 6 in Berlin – Abschlussbericht über die Untersuchungen 2003, 2004 und 2005 an Berliner Grundschulen und grundständigen Gymnasien". Humboldt Universität zu

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It was revealed by the study that the most important variable determining mathematical performance in the 6th grade was mathematical performance in the 4th grade. Children who have a head start in the 4th grade keep it until the 6th grade. It was also revealed by the study that some variables were

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Educational achievement varies more in German males than it does in German females: boys are more likely to attend special education schools but also more likely to be postgraduate students; 63% of pupils attending special education programs for the academically challenged are male. Males are less

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in the early 19th century, which identifies the unity of teaching and research as well as academic freedom as ideals. Colleges elsewhere had previously dedicated themselves to religion and classic literature, and Germany's shift to a research-based model was an institutional innovation. This model

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For international students there are different approaches to get a full scholarship or a funding of their studies. To be able to get a scholarship a successful application is mandatory. It can be submitted upon arrival in Germany as well as after arrival. But due to the fact that many scholarships

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has reintroduced tuition fees at public universities starting in 2017. From autumn 2017, students who are not citizens of an EU/EEA member state are expected to pay €1,500 per semester. Students who enroll for their second degree in Germany are expected to pay €650 per semester regardless of their

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ruled that a federal law prohibiting tuition fees was unconstitutional, on the grounds that education is the sole responsibility of the states. Following this ruling, seven federal states introduced tuition fees of €500 per semester in 2006 and 2007. Due to massive student protests and a citizens'

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Free admissions: Every applicant who fulfills the university entrance qualification will be admitted. This is usually practiced in subjects in which many students quit their studies, e.g., mathematics, physics or engineering. Sometimes, the number of students who fail a course can be as high as 94

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While there are numerous ways to achieve entrance qualification to German universities, the most traditional route has always been graduation from a Gymnasium with the Abitur; however this has become less common over time. As of 2008, less than half of university freshmen in some German states had

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test. Those who scored at least two standard deviations above the mean were categorised as gifted. A total of 151 gifted subjects participated in the study alongside 136 controls. All participants in the study were tested blind with the result that they did not discover whether they were gifted or

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State school. State schools do not charge tuition fees. The majority of pupils attend state schools in their neighbourhood. Schools in affluent areas tend to be better than those in deprived areas. Once children reach school age, many middle-class and working-class families move away from deprived

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while at university. Special schools often have a very favourable student-teacher ratio and facilities compared with other schools. Special schools have been criticized. It is argued that special education separates and discriminates against those who are disabled or different. Some special-needs

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It's a common pitfall to translate the German "kooperativ" into "cooperative" in English. However, this is a so-called false friend. The English word "cooperative" describes either a business/organisation that is fully owned by the people that work for it (i.e. "Genossenschaft" in German), or it

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By 2006, German schoolchildren had improved their position compared to previous years, being ranked (statistically) significantly above average (rank 13) in science skills and statistically not significantly above or below average in mathematical skills (rank 20) and reading skills (rank 18). In

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There are very few specialist schools for gifted children. As German schools do not IQ-test children, most intellectually gifted children remain unaware that they fall into this category. The German psychologist, Detlef H. Rost, carried out a pioneer long-term study on gifted children called the

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School usually starts between 7.30 a.m. and 8:15 a.m. and can finish as early as 12; instruction in lower classes almost always ends before lunch. In higher grades, however, afternoon lessons are very common and periods may have longer gaps without teacher supervision between them. Usually,

856:(Soviet Union, France, United Kingdom, and the U.S.) ensured that Nazi ideology was eliminated from the curriculum. They installed educational systems in their respective occupation zones that reflected their own ideas. When West Germany gained partial independence in 1949, its new constitution ( 3995:("aptitude test", consisting of a written and oral exam). In some cases, students who do not hold the Abitur may enter university even if they do not pass the aptitude or cognitive functioning tests if they 1) have received previous vocational training, and 2) have worked at least three years 3828:

has awarded eleven universities with the title University of Excellence. Professors at regular universities were traditionally required to have a doctorate as well as a habilitation. Since 2002, the junior professorship was introduced to offer a more direct path to employment as a professor for

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who provides board and lodging may set this off against the payment made. In the past, many of those who applied for an apprenticeship had only primary school education. Nowadays, only those with secondary school education apply for apprenticeships because secondary school attendance has become

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Historically (prior to the 20th century) the relationship between a master craftsman and his apprentice was paternalistic. Apprentices were often very young when entrusted to a master craftsman by their parents. It was seen as the master's responsibility not only to teach the craft, but also to

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As of January 2015 the International Schools Consultancy (ISC) listed Germany as having 164 international schools. ISC defines an 'international school' in the following terms: "ISC includes an international school if the school delivers a curriculum to any combination of pre-school, primary or

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also require an additional third language (such as Spanish, Italian, Russian, Latin or Ancient Greek) or an alternative subject (usually based on one or two other subjects, e.g. British politics (English and politics), dietetics (biology) or media studies (arts and German) in 9th or 11th grade.

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Students usually sit at tables, not desks (usually two at one table), sometimes arranged in a semicircle or another geometric or functional shape. During exams in classrooms, the tables are sometimes arranged in columns with one pupil per table (if permitted by the room's capacities) to prevent

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A team of school presidents is also elected by the pupils each year, whose main purpose is organizing school parties, sports tournaments and the like for their fellow students. The local town is responsible for the school building and employs the janitorial and secretarial staff. For an average

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Students in Germany scored above the OECD average in reading (498 score points), mathematics (500) and science (503) in PISA 2018. Average reading performance in 2018 returned to levels that were last observed in 2009, reversing most gains up to 2012. In science, mean performance was below 2006

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and master's degrees, as Diplom or Magister courses do not accept new enrollments. However, a few Diplom courses still prevail. The standard period of study is usually three years (six semesters, with 180 ECTS points) for bachelor's degrees and two years (four semesters, 120 ECTS) for master's

4128:(students' union), at many universities a fee for public transportation, and possibly more fees as decided by the university's students' parliament (e.g., for a cooperation with a local theater granting free entry for students). Summed up, the semester fee usually ranges between €150 and €350. 3864:

have a more practical profile with a focus on employability. In research, they are rather geared to applied research instead of fundamental research. At a traditional university, it is important to study "why" a method is scientifically right; however, this is less important at Universities of

3270:, prompting calls for reform. Major newspapers ran special sections on the PISA results, which were also discussed extensively on radio and television. In response, Germany's states formulated a number of specific initiatives addressing the perceived problems behind Germany's poor performance. 1873:

also offer voluntary study groups for the purpose of learning other languages. At which stage students begin learning a foreign language differs from state to state and is tailored to the cultural and socio-economical dynamics of each state. In some states, foreign language education starts in

3930:. The FH Diploma is roughly equivalent to a bachelor's degree. An FH Diploma does not qualify the holder for a doctoral program directly, but in practice universities admit the best FH graduates on an individual basis after an additional entrance exam or participation in theoretical classes. 2235:

Although most German schools and state universities do not have classrooms equipped with a computer for each student, schools usually have at least one or two computer rooms and most universities offer a limited number of rooms with computers on every desk. State school computers are usually

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by ability into several types of secondary school (i.e. Gymnasium, Realschule and Hauptschule). Opponents of streaming by ability claim that streaming is unfair, that parents from higher socio-economic groups are more effective in sending children of similar aptitude to higher-level schools

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The ELEMENT study dealt with determinants of academic achievement in Berlin. It was carried out in Berlin, where some of the pupils started at a Gymnasium after the 4th grade, while others stayed in primary school until 6th grade and started at different schools after the 6th grade. Factors

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Multi-state agreements ensure that basic requirements are universally met by all state school systems. Thus, all children are required to attend one type of school (five or six days a week) from the age of 6 to the age of 16. A pupil may change schools in the case of exceptionally good (or

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Germany's secondary education is separated into two parts, lower and upper. Germany's Lower-secondary education provides individuals with "basic general education", and gets them ready to enter upper-secondary education, which in turn usually allows vocational training. It's common to find

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Social class differences in educational achievement are much more marked in Germany's big cities than they are in the rural parts of Germany. In cities with more than 300,000 inhabitants, children of academics are 14.36 times as likely as children of skilled workers to attend Gymnasium.

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The PISA Examination also found big differences in achievement between students attending different types of German schools. The socio-economic gradient was very high in Germany, the students' performance there being more dependent on socio-economic factors than in most other countries.

2126:(afternoon classes) ending after 1:30, there may be a lunch break of 45 to 90 minutes, though many schools lack any special break in general. Some schools have regular breaks of 5 minutes between every lesson and have additional 10 or 15-minute breaks after the second and fourth lesson. 4695:

correlated with academic achievement tend to be intercorrelated (that means that they are also correlated with other factors that determine academic achievement). The number of books owned by a pupil's parents, for example, is correlated with the parents' education. Because of this

3266:, assesses the skills of 15-year-olds in OECD countries and a number of partner countries. The assessment in the year 2000 demonstrated serious weaknesses in German pupils' performance. In the test of 41 countries, Germany ranked 21st in reading and 20th in both mathematics and the 814:), which all students attended for 10 years, from the ages of 6 to 16. At the end of the 10th year, an exit examination was set. Depending upon the results, a pupil could choose to come out of education or undertake an apprenticeship for an additional two years, followed by an 3986:

Lacking these school leaving certifications, in some states potential students can qualify for university entrance if they present additional formal proof that they will be able to keep up with their fellow students. This may take the form of a test of cognitive functioning

4858:. That was true for all social classes. Another finding was that children of all social classes did better in the sixth grade when they were at a Gymnasium. By the end of the sixth grade, those attending a Gymnasium were two years ahead of those attending a primary school. 4095:), which are granted preferential admission. An applicant may be counted as a hardship case only if there are exceptional circumstances making it impossible for the applicant to wait even a single semester for a place at university, e.g., because of a progressing disease. 4887:

In most cases, such support is offered to families on a voluntary basis. Families who are eligible for the program may decide for themselves whether or not they want to participate. There are no penalties if they decide against it or against continuing with the program.

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graduated from a Gymnasium. Even in Bavaria (a state with a policy of strengthening the Gymnasium) only 56 percent of freshmen had graduated from a Gymnasium. The rest were awarded the Abitur from another type of school or did not hold the Abitur certification at all.

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There are three blocks of lessons, with each lesson taking 45 minutes. After each block, there is a break of 15–20 minutes, including after the sixth lesson (the number of lessons changes from year to year, so it is possible that one could be in school until 16.00).

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50 years ago the person least likely to attend a Gymnasium was a "Catholic working-class girl from the rural parts of Germany". Nowadays however the person least likely to attend a Gymnasium is a "minority youngster from the ghetto", who is "the son of immigrants"

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mistranslations that say that this education is professional, while it is more accurately described as vocational. The German secondary education is then partitioned into five subtypes of schools: Gymnasium, Realschule, Hauptschule, Gesamtschule and Sonderschule.

4524:, Germany's most important research prize. With a maximum of €2.5 million per award it is one of the highest endowed research prizes in the world. Additionally, numerous foundations and non-profit organizations award further prizes, medals and scholarships. 2228:

While student newspapers used to be very common until the late 20th century, with new issues often produced every couple of months, many of them are now very short-lived, usually vanishing when the class graduates. Student newspapers are often financed mostly by

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Church and state are separated in Germany. Compulsory school prayers and compulsory attendance at religious services at state schools are against the constitution. (It is expected, though, to stand politely for the school prayer even if one does not pray along.)

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60 percent of slots are awarded by criteria at the university's discretion. Criteria universities commonly apply are: 1) final grade of the university entrance qualification (used most often), 2) interviews, 3) essays or motivational letters, and 4) entrance

2137:. As of 11th grade, exams usually consist of no more than three separate exercises. While most exams in the first grades of secondary schools usually span no more than 90 minutes, exams in 10th to 12th grade may span four periods or more (without breaks). 1786:) based on scholastic achievements in the main subjects (mathematics, German, natural sciences, foreign language) and classroom behavior with details and legal implications differing from state to state: in some German states, those wishing to apply to a 1580:

and the exit exams of the IHK, a certificate is awarded and the young person is ready for a career up to a low management level. In some areas, the schemes teach certain skills that are a legal requirement (special positions in a bank, legal assistants).

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levels; while in mathematics PISA 2018 results lay significantly below those of the 2012 study. The Human Rights Measurement Initiative finds that Germany is achieving 75.4% of what should be possible for the right to education, at their level of income.

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The aim of another ELEMENT-study was to monitor the development of general mathematical ability. One finding is that those admitted to a Gymnasium after the fourth grade had showed better mathematical ability than those who stayed in primary school,

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apartments are at risk of poor educational achievement in Germany. Often these factors go together, making it very hard for children to overcome the odds. A number of measures have been assessed to help those children reach their full potential.

3065:

Some students attend private schools through welfare subsidies. This is often the case if a student is considered to be a child at risk, such as students who have learning disabilities, special needs or come from dysfunctional home environments.

5387: 5311: 3004:

if the respective article specifically states this possibility. That is not the case with this article. It is also not possible to abolish these rights. This unusual protection of private schools was implemented to protect them from a second

3874:, at least three years of work experience are required for appointment while a habilitation is not expected. This is unlike their counterparts at traditional universities, where an academic career with research experience is necessary. 2222:(clubs) for afternoon activities such as sports, music or acting, but participation is not necessarily common. Some schools also have student volunteer mediators trained to resolve conflicts between their classmates or younger students. 2953:

is a compulsory class in which each student is prepared to turn in his/her own research paper at the end of the semester. The class is aimed at training students' scientific research skills that will later be necessary in university.

643:, was introduced in 1788, implemented in all Prussian secondary schools by 1812 and extended to all of Germany in 1871. The state also established teacher training colleges for prospective teachers in the common or elementary grades. 3055:

have very low tuition fees compared to those in most other Western European countries; scholarships are also often available. However, it is not possible to finance these schools with such low tuition fees: accordingly all German

497:. The amount of extracurricular activity is determined individually by each school and varies greatly. With the 2015 school reform the German government has tried to push more of those pupils into other schools, which is known as 4331:

is required to be allowed to work in their profession. For teachers, judges, and public prosecutors, it is the required degree for working in civil service. Students usually study at university for 4–8 years before they take the

2205:

Students over 14 years are permitted to leave the school compound during breaks at some schools. Teachers or school personnel tend to prevent younger students from leaving early and strangers from entering the compound without

3398:

was taking place in Germany. Additionally, the OECD was criticized for following its own agenda of a strictly economically utilitarian education policy—as opposed to humanist education policy following the German ideal of

1218:) working independently from any pre-school institution in individual homes and looking after only three to five children typically up to three years of age. These nurses are supported and supervised by local authorities. 5846:

Organisation für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung: "PISA 2006 – Schulleistungen im internationalen Vergleich – Naturwissenschaftliche Kompetenzen für die Welt von Morgen". 2007. Bertelsmann Verlag, p. 268 –

4266:(often abbreviated WG). Furthermore, many university students continue to live with their parents. One third to one half of the students works to make a little extra money, often resulting in a longer stay at university. 2036:

A few organizational central points are listed below. It should however be noted that due to the decentralized nature of the education system there are many more additional differences across the 16 states of Germany.

3865:

Applied Sciences. Here the emphasis is placed on what systems and methods exist, where they come from, what their advantages and disadvantages are, how to use them in practice, when they should be used, and when not.

2074:) respectively. Changes are possible, though, when there is a choice of subjects, e.g. additional languages; Then classes will be split (and newly merged) either temporarily or permanently for this particular subject. 7255:

Beate Hock / Gerda Holz (Hg.): Erfolg oder Scheitern? Arme und benachteiligte Jugendliche auf dem Weg ins Berufsleben. Fünfter Zwischenbericht zu einer Studie im Auftrag des Bundesverbandes der Arbeiterwohlfahrt, P.

4162:

There are university-sponsored scholarships in Germany and a number of private and public institutions award scholarships—usually to cover living costs and books. There is a state-funded study loan programme, called

3394:

choice tests in their lives before) were disadvantaged by the multiple choice questions, that the PISA questions had no curricular validity and that PISA was "in fact an IQ-test", which according to them showed that

5836:

4883:

health-related behaviors, such as following a healthy diet or refraining from the use of alcohol or tobacco while pregnant. Positive health-related behavior may have a major impact on children's school performance.

1511:, which is a combination of the above, for 5-8 years, with a different qualification for different durations: 5 years for the Hauptschulabschluss; if a student opts for the longer 8 year program, they can take the 4197:

with its strong emphasis on apprenticeships and vocational schools. Many jobs which do require an academic degree in other countries (such as nursing) require completed vocational training instead in Germany.

4052:

The process of application depends on the degree program applied for, the applicant's origin and the university entrance qualification. Generally, all programs of study follow one of three admissions procedures.

4261:

also runs canteens and cafés on campus, which are similarly affordable. Other common housing options include renting a private room or apartment as well as living together with one or more roommates to form a

2198:

2006–07)). Schools in these states prohibit smoking for students and teachers and offences at school will be punished. All other states in Germany introduced similar laws in the aftermath of EU regulations on

4101:

According to German law, universities are not permitted to discriminate against or grant preferential treatment to persons on basis of race, ethnic group, gender, social class, religion or political opinion.

2117:), however, offer classes or mainly-supervised activities throughout the afternoons to offer supervision for the students rather than increasing teaching hours. Afternoon lessons can continue until 6 o'clock. 610:

advocated compulsory schooling so that all people would independently be able to read and interpret the Bible. This concept became a model for schools throughout Germany. German public schools generally have

1144:, which are not part of the school system. They are often run by city or town administrations, churches, or registered societies, many of which follow a certain educational approach as represented, e.g., by 5040:

According to official data, international students make up nearly 15 percent of Germany's student population, with 325,000 international students studying in Germany during the winter semester 2020/2021.

4344:

is equivalent to a master's degree and qualifies for doctoral studies. On request, some universities bestow an additional academic degree (e.g., Diplom-Jurist or Magister iuris) on students who have passed

3493:

for respectability and who apply respectability to their actions." In those days, the concept of the "virtuous crafts" stood in contrast to the concept of "academic freedom" as Brüdermann and Jost noticed.

1078:

school of 600 – 800 students, there may be two janitors and one secretary. School administration is the responsibility of the teachers, who receive a reduction in their teaching hours if they participate.

6194:

Ehmke et al., 2004, In: PISA-Konsortium Deutschland (Hrsg.): PISA 2003 – Der Bildungsstand der Jugendlichen in Deutschland – Ergebnisse des 2. internationalen Vergleiches, Münster/New York: Waxmann, S.

6184:

732:

that provided a more challenging curriculum for an additional one or two years. Upon passing a rigorous entrance exam after year four, pupils could also enter one of the four types of secondary school.

3021:

are ordinary primary or secondary schools which are run by private individuals, private organizations or religious groups. These schools offer the same types of diplomas as in public schools. However,

2459:—literally "working groups"), which are noted in students' reports but not officially graded. Other common extracurricular activities are organized as private clubs, which are very popular in Germany. 6975: 3678:

While German universities have a strong focus on research, a large part of it is also done outside of universities in independent institutes that are embedded in academic clusters, such as within the

4193:, the number of young people entering a university has more than tripled in Germany, but university attendance is still lower than that of many other European nations. This can be explained with the 4181:

are only available to students who are already studying, the chances of an acceptance are limited for applicants from abroad. Therefore, many foreign students have to work to finance their studies.

4592:

of children aged 5 years and younger have at least one parent born abroad. Immigrant children academically underperform their peers. Immigrants have tended to be less educated than native Germans.

3744:

In addition, non-university institutions of tertiary level exist in the German education system. The admission requirement is usually a previous education including work experience. As an example,

6477:

However, this might not be a compliment to the punctuality of bricklayers, but refer to the fact that a bricklayer always stops work as soon as the shift has finished. Duden, Redewendungen p. 594

7023: 2341:

Fourth grade (or sixth, depending on the state) is often quite stressful for students of lower performance and their families. Many feel tremendous pressure when trying to achieve placement in

5223: 4251:

Since German universities do not offer accommodation or meals, students are expected to organize and pay for board and lodging themselves. Inexpensive places in dormitories are available from

4225:

and influenced the higher education systems of numerous countries. Some critics argue that nowadays German universities have a rather unbalanced focus, more on education and less on research.

3636:

combines both practical and theoretical education but does not lead to academic degrees. It is more popular in Germany than anywhere else in the world and is a role model for other countries.

7547:

Martin Klesmann (23. February 2009). "'Kinder aus Neukölln würden sich nicht integrieren lassen' – Ein Politiker und ein Schulleiter streiten über Sozialquoten an Gymnasien". Berliner Zeitung

4074:

is in place. In these subjects, applications of Germans and foreigners who are legally treated like Germans (e.g., EU citizens) are handled centrally for all universities by a public trust (

1532: 1898:

It may cause problems in terms of education for families that plan to move from one German state to another as there are partially completely different curricula for nearly every subject.

4357:(for a doctor in natural sciences). The prefix "Dr." is used for addressing, for example in formal letters. Outside of the academic context, however, the designation is usually dropped. 3694:

institutes. This German peculiarity of "outsourcing" research leads to a competition for funds between universities and research institutes and may negatively affect academic rankings.

3720:

per year (the traditional way to qualify as a professor, but typically postdoc or junior professorship is the preferred career path nowadays, which are not accounted for in this number)

4406:

Scientific research in Germany is conducted by universities and research institutes. The raw output of scientific research from Germany consistently ranks among the world's best. The

2120:

Depending on school, there are breaks of 5 to 20 minutes after each period. There is no lunch break as school usually finishes before 1:30 for junior school. However, at schools with

4596:

European-born peers. Teachers in eastern Germany have also been shown to be more motivated than teachers in western Germany. That might be another reason for this Asian achievement.

1642:, GBA) (board of directors). During the apprenticeship, the young person is a part-time salaried employee of the institution, bank, physician or attorney's office. After leaving the 5025:

of lower-class parents living in poor neighborhoods better educational opportunities than if they were confined to schools with the average pupil population of their neighborhoods.

2367:) and autumn (during the former harvest, where farmers used to need their children for field work). In some states schools can also schedule two or three special days off per term. 3533:

must also provide board and lodging. Agreement is reached on these points before the apprenticeship begins. The apprentice will also receive payment for his work. According to §17

2178:(smokers' corner), a small area of the schoolyard where students over the age of eighteen are permitted to smoke on their breaks. Those special areas were banned in the states of 1200:(often associated with a primary school) for school-age children aged 6 to 10 who spend the time after their lessons there. Alongside nurseries, there are day-care nurses (called 832:

examinations after 12 school years. Although this system was abolished in the early 1990s after reunification, it continues to influence school life in the eastern German states.

4364:

is a higher, post-doctoral academic qualification for teaching independently at universities. It is indicated by appending "habil." after the designation of the doctorate, e.g.,

4296:

degrees depending on the field of study, which usually took 4–6 years. These were the only degrees below the doctorate. In the majority of subjects, students can only study for

2111:

afternoon classes are not offered every day and/or continuously until early evening, leaving students with large parts of their afternoons free of school; some all-day schools (

2078:

cheating; at many schools, this is only the case for some exams in the two final years of school, i.e. some of the exams counting for the final grade on the high school diploma.

1798:

require such a recommendation stating that the student is likely to make a successful transition to that type of school; in other cases anyone may apply. In Berlin 30% – 35% of

870:

exceptionally poor) ability. Graduation certificates from one state are recognized by all the other states. Qualified teachers are able to apply for posts in any of the states.

6517: 412:

after grade 10. There are two types of grade 10: one is the higher level called type 10b and the lower level is called type 10a; only the higher-level type 10b can lead to the

7809: 4091:

some additional slots are reserved for special cases and do not count into the previous three quotas: For example, up to 2 percent of slots can be so called hardship cases (

3459:(exculpation). The master announced in front of the trade heading that the apprentice had been virtuous and God-loving. The young person now had the right to call himself a 5254: 9026: 6222:

Verbandspräsident Kraus, Schulleiter eines bayerischen Gymnasiums und Autor des Buches "Der PISA-Schwindel", bezweifelte die Aussagekraft und Repräsentativität der Studie.

6961: 9031: 2209:

Tidying up the classroom and schoolyard is often the task of the students themselves. Unless a group of volunteering students, individuals are being picked sequentially.

7160: 4903:. After allowing for reading abilities, odds to be nominated to Gymnasium for upper-middle-class children were still 2.63 times better than for working-class children. 2050:) per school which remain the same for elementary school (years 1 to 4 or 6), orientation school (if there are orientation schools in the state), orientation phase (at 1426:

After children complete their primary education (at 10 years of age/grade 4, 12 year of age in Berlin and Brandenburg), there are four options for secondary schooling:

7658: 3735:(university) is reserved for institutions which have the right to confer doctorates. Other degree-awarding higher education institutions may use the more generic term 5957: 4327:(state examination). These did usually not transition to bachelor's and master's degrees. For future doctors, dentists, veterinarians, pharmacists, and lawyers, the 2441:

Students have about 30–40 periods of 45 minutes each per week (depending on year and state), but secondary schools in particular have switched to 90-minute lessons (

3628:

Most German universities are public institutions, charging fees of only around €60–500 per semester for each student, usually to cover expenses associated with the

7427: 4578: 9079: 9011: 5170: 4442: 3858:, but often concentrate on applied science (as the English name suggests) and usually have no power to award PhD-level degrees, at least not in their own right. 7049: 5178: 4588:

economic ones. The poor also tend to be less educated. After allowing for parental education, money does not play a major role in children's academic outcomes.

6378: 4879:

enrolled in a high-quality three-year Kindergarten programme, 87% were ready for school at age six. Thus Kindergarten helps to overcome unequal opportunities.

4582: 2202:

As state schools are public, smoking is universally prohibited inside the buildings. Smoking teachers are generally asked not to smoke while at or near school.

1168:

is neither mandatory nor free of charge, but can be partly or wholly funded, depending on the local authority and the income of the parents. All caretakers in

622:

was among the first countries in the world to introduce free and generally compulsory primary education, consisting of an eight-year course of basic education,

4707:

and the ELEMENT-study revealed that if other factors were taken into account for the language spoken at home, this had no effect on mathematical performance.

4110:

Public universities in Germany are funded by the federal states and do not charge tuition fees. However, all enrolled students do have to pay a semester fee (

7204: 3250:

World School was authorized in Germany. Today 70 schools offer one or more of the IB programmes including two who offer the new IB Career-related Programme.

1268: 7520: 4415: 3435:

Germany has high standards for the education of craftspeople. Historically very few people attended college. In the 1950s for example, 80 percent had only

3027:, like their state-run counterparts, are subjected to basic government standards, such as minimum required qualifications for teachers and pay grades. An 2225:

Few schools have actual sports teams that compete with other schools. Even if the school has a sports team, students are not necessarily very aware of it.

7079: 5675: 751:

era (1933–1945), though the curriculum was reshaped to teach the beliefs of the regime, the basic structure of the education system remained unchanged.

7027: 2236:

maintained by the same exclusive contractor in the entire city and updated slowly. Internet access is often provided by phone companies free of charge.

6570: 3431:(Berlin chamber of handicrafts); the motto on the certificate reads: "Work is the ennoblement of the citizen; boon will be the reward for his labour". 1862:

Learning a foreign language is compulsory throughout Germany in secondary schools and English is one of the more popular choices. Students at certain

5231: 4473: 866:) governments. This led to widely varying school systems, often making it difficult for children to continue schooling whilst moving between states. 696:(without university entrance qualification, but with the option of becoming a trainee in one of the modern industrial, office or technical jobs); and 4084:

20 percent of slots are granted to students who have the highest number of so-called waiting semesters in which they were not enrolled at university

1804:

places are allocated by lottery. A student's performance at primary school is immaterial. While the entry year is depending on the last year in the

804:(East Germany) started its own standardized education system in the 1960s. The East German equivalent of both primary and secondary schools was the 4896: 4703:

immaterial. If a language other than German is spoken in the home that was correlated with poor mathematical performance in other studies. However

4486: 4285: 3691: 1574:) (chamber of industry and commerce). During the apprenticeship, the apprentice is a part-time salaried employee of the company. After passing the 7310: 6543: 7976: 7819: 5446: 3274:

2012, Germany achieved above average results in all three areas of reading, mathematics, and natural sciences. This declined in the 2018 report.

1895:, which borders France, begins with French in the third year of primary school and French is taught in high school as the main foreign language. 6832: 6235:

Was messen internationale Schulleistungsstudien? Schulleistungen, Schülerfähigkeiten, kognitive Fähigkeiten, Wissen oder allgemeine Intelligenz?

3632:

and (usually mandatory) public transport tickets. Thus, academic education is open to most citizens and studying is very common in Germany. The

637:, Prussia introduced state certification requirements for teachers, which significantly raised the standard of teaching. The final examination, 6364: 6118: 6073: 4504: 4159:

country of origin. Although heavily criticised in Germany, the amount is considered below average in comparison with other European countries.

3780:

in international usage to emphasize their strength in research activity in addition to teaching, particularly to differentiate themselves from

3687: 3259: 3070: 1772:) during which students, their parents and teachers decide which of the above-mentioned paths the students should follow. In all states except 921: 4336:. Afterwards, they go on to work in their future jobs for one or two years (depending on subject and state), before they are able to take the 3943: 8728: 8181: 7535:

Susanne Vieth-Entus (29. Dezember 2008): "Sozialquote: Berliner Gymnasien sollen mehr Schüler aus armen Familien aufnehmen". Der Tagesspiegel

7105: 5460: 4010:

High school diplomas received from countries outside of Germany are, in many cases, not considered equivalent to the Abitur, but rather to a

2983: 1253: 700:

By the turn of the 20th century, the four types of schools had achieved equal rank and privilege, although they did not have equal prestige.

4232:

Handball-Mixed-Tournament at the 4th Eurokonstantia, the international sports tournament at the university sports centre in Konstanz in 2009

3444: 3154:

Only one in 21 German children attends such a special school. Teachers at those schools are qualified professionals who have specialized in

6698: 4143:) of €500 up to €900 per semester. These fees are required for students who study substantially longer than the standard period of study ( 5776: 5336: 7294:

Deutsches PISA-Konsortium (Hrsg.)(2002): PISA 2000 – Die Länder der Bundesrepublik im Vergleich, Opladen: Leske und Budrich, p. 171, 172

3069:

After factoring in parents' socioeconomic status, children who attend private schools are not as able as those at state schools. At the

1233:

and for a mandatory class that is usually connected to a primary school. Both systems are handled differently in each German state. The

6673: 3786:. A university covering the full range of scientific disciplines in contrast to more specialized universities might refer to itself as 2986:, the constitution of Germany, guarantees the right to establish private schools. This article belongs to the first part of the German 357:

in 8 school years. The reform failed due to high demands on learning levels for the children and were turned to G9 in 2019. Only a few

7408: 6521: 5877: 3825: 1810:

stepping back or skipping a grade is possible between 7th and 10th grade and only stepping back between 5th and 6th grade (so called

8467: 7707: 7285:

Deutsches PISA-Konsortium (Hrsg.)(2002): PISA 2000 – Die Länder der Bundesrepublik im Vergleich, Opladen: Leske und Budrich, p. 166

6858: 2232:

Schools don't often have their own radio stations or TV channels; larger universities often have a local student-run radio station.

140: 6628:

Josef Kraus, Präsident des Deutschen Lehrerverbandes (DL) beim "Tag des Gymnasiums": "Das Gymnasium – Zugpferd des Bildungswesens"

5931: 5485: 3527:

has several duties, such as teaching the craft and the techniques, and instilling character and social skills. In some cases, the

2144:(in most cases English) for at least five years. The study of languages is, however, far more rigorous and literature-oriented in 1242:

During the German Empire, children were able to pass directly into secondary education after attending a privately run, fee-based

924:(PISA), there has been a trend towards a less ideological discussion on how to develop schools. These are some of the new trends: 8648: 7467:

Deutscher Philologenverband. "Erkenntnisse der ELEMENT-Studie vorurteilsfrei zur Kenntnis nehmen!". Pressemeldung. 22. April 2008

5262: 5151:

to act or work together, as opposed to their resistance/refusal to acting/working together (="sich kooperativ zeigen" in German).

4399: 274:(nursery school) is optional, formal education is compulsory for all children ages 6 to 18. Students can complete three types of 112: 3621:(ARWU) for 2008, six of the top 100 universities in the world are in Germany, and 18 of the top 200. Germany ranks third in the 1859:, but in different forms. The states of Berlin and Hamburg have only two types of schools: comprehensive schools and Gymnasium. 6491: 6205: 4391: 3618: 1537: 7941: 7164: 6910: 6487: 6466: 6137: 6092: 5821: 5119: 4699:

was used. Multiple Regression allows us to understand the influence of one variable when the other variables are held fixed.

4257:, a statutory non-profit organization for student affairs. However, there are only enough places for a fraction of students. 4213: 2402: 1987: 1387: 999: 552: 93: 48: 5750: 1584:

Some special areas provide different paths. After attending any of the above schools and gaining a leaving certificate like

1058:). Teachers are employed by the Ministry of Education for the state and usually have a job for life after a certain period ( 726:). Most pupils continued at these schools for another four-year course. Those who were able to pay a small fee went on to a 298:, with 45% of all undergraduates proceeding to postgraduate studies within 1.5 years of graduating. While rules vary (see → 119: 8856: 8248: 6885: 6776: 4704: 4461: 2353:. Germany is unique compared to other western countries in its early segregation of students based on academic achievement. 840: 8786: 8095: 8078: 7911: 7558: 4467: 7424: 4899:

revealed that working class children needed better reading abilities than middle-class children to be nominated for the

4070:

Nationwide admission restrictions: In the subjects medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine, and pharmacy, a nationwide

2169:

Gymnasiums normally offer further subjects starting at 11th grade, with some schools offering a fourth foreign language.

7986: 7951: 7896: 4209:. Similarly, the ratio of school graduates with university entrance qualification varies by state between 38% and 64%. 5537:"Human Rights Measurement Initiative – The first global initiative to track the human rights performance of countries" 1068:(class presidents; if two are elected usually one is male and the other female), who meet several times a year as the 126: 8721: 8435: 8339: 8176: 7494: 7379: 7271: 7057: 6054: 5032:

There is also a concern about the poor standard of school buildings and the lack of digital technlogy in classrooms.

4431: 4148: 3751: 2428: 2013: 1413: 1025: 578: 233: 159: 62: 6382: 4864:

The findings indicate that the Gymnasium help students of all social classes reach their full mathematical potential

2410: 1995: 1395: 1007: 560: 6283:

Gegenwind für PISA. Ein systematisierender Überblick über kritische Schriften zur internationalen Vergleichsmessung

4448: 7132: 5857:

Brand, Gregor (2001). "Hochbegabte und hochleistende Jugendliche: Anmerkungen zum Marburger Hochbegabtenprojekt".

9095: 8993: 8806: 8301: 7901: 7517: 7489:

Hans Weiß (Hrsg.): Frühförderung mit Kindern und Familien in Armutslagen. München/Basel: Ernst Reinhardt Verlag.

5201: 5124: 4521: 4436: 3640: 3610: 3597: 3488:

A German roofer thatching a roof with reeds (he is wearing the traditional waistcoat and trousers of a craftsman)

2721:

In grades 11–13, 11–12, or 12–13 (depending on the school system), each student majors in two or three subjects (

108: 7674: 7670: 4081:

20 percent of available admission slots are admitted by the final grade of the university entrance qualification

3125:(special school) that serves only such children. There are several types of special schools in Germany such as: 9054: 8831: 8284: 8100: 7784: 6461:

Schulz, Knut (1999) Handwerk in Europa (Schriften des Historischen Kollegs/ Kolloquium 41) Verlag: Oldenbourg,

4411: 2406: 1991: 1391: 1003: 556: 97: 7230: 7001: 6935: 916:

after grade 12) and introduction of afternoon periods as in many other western countries (turned down in 2019)

9116: 8578: 8354: 8216: 8120: 8019: 7083: 4222: 3948: 3385:

PISA 2003 – Der Bildungsstand der Jugendlichen in Deutschland – Ergebnisse des 2. internationalen Vergleiches

3215:

not. The study revealed that the gifted children did very well in school. The vast majority later attended a

2156:, students can choose from a wider range of languages (mostly English, French, Russian—mostly in east German 780: with: Information on denazification policies for parity with subsequent FRG subsection. You can help by 513:) allows pupils in vocational courses to do in-service training in a company as well as at a state school. 7667:– Contains indicators and information about Germany and how it compares to other OECD and non-OECD countries 7354: 6594: 6433:

Band I; Verlag der Gesellschaft zur Förderung arbeitsorientierter Forschung und Bildung, Frankfurt/Main 1993

3033:

must have at least the same academic standards as those of a state school and Article 7, Paragraph 4 of the

9069: 9021: 8918: 8913: 8714: 8598: 8326: 8196: 7700: 6637:

Josef Kraus: "Bildungsgerechtigkeit als ideologische Krücke für Gleichmacherei". Die Tagespost 26 June 2008

4132: 3622: 2162:—or Latin) as the first language in 5th grade, and a second mandatory language in 7th grade. Some types of 1329: 805: 781: 275: 4548:

The influence of social class on educational achievement is much greater in western Germany than it is in

4019:. For example, holders of the US high school diploma with a combined math and verbal score of 1300 on the 1194:, meaning crèche, for children between the ages of eight weeks and three years, and possibly an afternoon 8393: 8306: 7758: 5134: 5099: 4114:). This fee consists of an administrative fee for the university (only in some of the states), a fee for 3247: 3221:

and achieved good grades. However, 15 percent, were classified as underachievers because they attended a

7585:

Bernstein, George, and Lottelore Bernstein. "Attitudes toward Women's Education in Germany, 1870-1914."

4716:

Development in mathematical ability of children attending a Berlin primary school by parents' education

8878: 8316: 8228: 8206: 8125: 8110: 7926: 7906: 7748: 7307: 6039:"Chapter 9: Germany: Once Weak International Standing Prompts Nationwide Reforms for Rapid Improvement" 5114: 4061:

Local admission restrictions: For degree programs where only a limited number of places are available (

2991: 2030: 801: 17: 7443: 7391:

Becker/Nietfeld (1999): "Arbeitslosigkeit und Bildungschancen von Kindern im Transformationsprozess".

6547: 6160: 5621: 4015:

criteria depend on the school leaving certificate of the potential student and are agreed upon by the

2957:

There are significant differences between the 16 states' alternatives to this basic template, such as

1549:

After passing through any of the above schools, pupils can start a career with an apprenticeship in a

8568: 7753: 6836: 6647: 5577: 5202:"Prüfungsjahr 2019: 45 % der Bachelorabsolventinnen und -absolventen begannen ein Masterstudium" 5104: 5094: 3593: 760: 597: 348: 311: 208: 54: 3801: 3672: 1655:(elementary school) for a period of four years; or six years in the case of Berlin and Brandenburg. 8978: 8545: 8507: 8344: 8115: 6246:

Siegfried Lehrl: PISA – ein weltweiter Intelligenz-Test. In: Geistig Fit. Ebersberg 2005, Nr.1, 3–6

5406: 5109: 4395: 3660: 3539:, a first year apprentice will be paid less than someone who has been an apprentice for longer. An 3211: 2391: 2239:

At the end of their schooling, students usually undergo a cumulative written and oral examination (

1976: 1376: 1342:

The entry year can vary between 5 and 7, while stepping back or skipping a grade is also possible.

988: 541: 6724: 6255:

Stefan Hopmann, Gertrude Brinek, Martin Retzl (Hrsg.): PISA zufolge PISA. PISA According to PISA.

5676:"'Achtung Baby: An American Mom on the German Art of Raising Self-Reliant Children' (book review)" 5363:"Welche Sekundarschulen gibt es in Deutschland und welche Bildungsgänge werden dort unterrichtet?" 4785:

Development in mathematical ability of children attending a Berlin Gymnasium by parents education

2308:

students may leave school for at least one year of job education if they do not wish to continue.

1467:

for 2-3 years, which combines vocational school and an apprenticeship. In some regions there is

133: 8948: 8908: 8888: 8868: 8771: 8681: 8555: 8535: 8512: 8492: 8452: 8415: 8364: 8238: 8201: 7971: 7693: 7664: 6597:– Dual education following the German role model is replicated around the world (Financial Times) 5021: 4016: 3647:

being the oldest (established in 1386 and in continuous operation since then). It is followed by

2395: 1980: 1380: 992: 545: 200: 86: 6305: 6046: 6043:

Lessons from PISA for the United States: Strong Performers and Successful Reformers in Education

6038: 5029:

comprehensive schools fare worse in PISA than middle-class students attending the same schools.

4895:

In Germany most children are streamed by ability into different schools after fourth grade. The

4685:

parents hold the Hauptschulabschluss (as compared to children of parents without school diploma)

2044:

Each age group of students (born roughly in the same year) forms one or more grades or classes (

1298:

Parents looking for a suitable school for their child have a wide choice of elementary schools:

9059: 8883: 8482: 8457: 8420: 8279: 8211: 8040: 7931: 7921: 7506: 5129: 4398:. In contrast to many other countries, a great portion of research is exhibited in independent 3729:

The German tertiary education system distinguishes between two types of institutions: The term

3664: 1880: 1149: 853: 315:(apprenticeship), with about 50 per cent of all school leavers entering vocational training. 188: 7682:– contains a full report on the state of vocational education in Germany (World TVET database) 5795: 4620:

Factors determining mathematical performance in 6th-graders attending a Berlin primary school

3407:—and for trying to establish an educational testing industry without democratic legitimation. 820:. Those who performed very well and displayed loyalty to the ruling party could change to the 9064: 8963: 8958: 8933: 8791: 8643: 8462: 8447: 8410: 7679: 5425: 5072: 4382: 4194: 3656: 3644: 3633: 3606: 3575: 1633: 1333: 1180:

must have a three-year qualified education, or be under special supervision during training.

510: 9049: 7629:

Petschauer, Peter. "Improving Educational-Opportunities for Girls in 18th-Century Germany."

7619:

Lundgreen, Peter. "Industrialization and the educational formation of manpower in Germany."

6607: 5649: 3509:) or someone else with proof of suitable qualifications in the training of apprentices. The 8988: 8938: 8898: 8851: 8846: 8821: 8816: 8811: 8796: 8781: 8776: 8766: 8761: 8756: 8751: 8369: 8253: 8191: 8186: 8156: 8088: 8066: 8014: 7916: 6024: 5016: 4653:

parents hold the Mittlere Reife (as compared to children of parents without school diploma)

4537: 4297: 4217: 3668: 3629: 3564:. The apprenticeship takes three years. During that time, the apprentice is trained by the 3040: 1506: 1355: 437: 291: 7612:

Hahn, Walter. "Education in East and West Germany a study of similarities and contrasts."

7405: 6080:

Executive Summary, PISA 2006: Science Competencies for Tomorrow's World Volume 1: Analysis

5699: 5604:

The National Case Study: An Empirical Comparative Study of Twenty-One Educational Systems.

4489:, an association of advanced research centers in science, technology, biology and medicine 4340:, which tests their practical abilities. While it is not an academic degree formally, the 4155: 2363:

of Christmas holiday. The other holiday periods occur in spring (during the period around

1888: 8: 9074: 9016: 8983: 8973: 8953: 8943: 8928: 8923: 8903: 8873: 8841: 8826: 8801: 8737: 8608: 8502: 8477: 8472: 8349: 8294: 8233: 8139: 7870: 7804: 7191: 4900: 4811: 4742: 4696: 4275: 3365: 3210:. In 1987/1988 he tested 7000 third graders on a test based on the German version of the 2335: 1697: 1660: 1565: 1430: 1351: 1249: 1159: 942: 883: 612: 486: 399: 330: 279: 196: 7966: 920:

In 2000 after much public debate about Germany's perceived low international ranking in

380:

has a range of emphasis for intermediate pupils and finishes with the final examination

8968: 8893: 8863: 8674: 8667: 8522: 8487: 8374: 8359: 8289: 8267: 8243: 8171: 8105: 8035: 7946: 7865: 7834: 7743: 7720: 7186: 7024:"The German Federal Training Assistance Act (BAföG) provides educational opportunities" 6358: 6123: 6078: 5935: 5607: 5489: 5000: 4995: 4574: 4498: 4492: 4206: 4201:

The rate of university graduates varies by federal state. The number is the highest in

4011: 3750:

for technological subjects can be cited, which are completed with a state examination (

3683: 3679: 3652: 3648: 3448:

A master discusses a vacuum compressor with his apprentice and several other craftsmen.

3001: 1718: 1664: 407: 295: 204: 6806: 5725: 5622:"Basic Structure of the Education System in the Federal Republic of Germany - Diagram" 5362: 4120:, which is a statutory student affairs organization, a fee for the university's AStA ( 8628: 8603: 8550: 8497: 8311: 8083: 7875: 7490: 7375: 7267: 7133:"Why are we here? Colleges ignore life's biggest questions, and we all pay the price" 6462: 6294:

Wolfram Meyerhöfer. 2005. Tests im Test – Das Beispiel PISA. Barbara Budrich, Opladen

6133: 6088: 6050: 5817: 5787: 5440: 3155: 1315: 1309: 303: 258: 5402: 2130:

every period and, usually, break is announced with an audible signal such as a bell.

1924:. Stepping up is always provided by the school system. Adults who did not achieve a 8690: 8638: 8633: 8623: 8618: 8613: 8440: 8405: 8379: 8051: 7855: 7824: 7779: 7774: 7648: 7137: 6452:

Wissell, Rudolf (1929): Des alten Handwerks Recht und Gewohnheit – Berlin: Wasmuth.

5086: 4520:

awards ten outstanding scientists working at German research institutions with the

4407: 4245: 3478: 3267: 2141: 1138:(meaning "children's daycare center"). Children between the ages of 2 and 6 attend 1098: 963:) in 2019 is designed to increase the use of the internet and computers in schools. 669:(including study of Latin and Classical Greek or Hebrew, plus one modern language); 396:

prepares pupils for vocational education and finishes with the final examination

6495: 4139:

Since 1998, all German states had introduced tuition fees for long-time students (

4044:

and ensures sufficient language skills to take up studies at a German university.

1090:

Over 99% of Germans aged 15 and above are estimated to be able to read and write.

465:, schools for students with special educational needs. One in 21 pupils attends a 8593: 8588: 8583: 8530: 7956: 7524: 7431: 7412: 7358: 7314: 6518:"German universities in the 2010 QS World University Rankings® - Topuniversities" 4549: 4387: 4293: 4281: 4063: 3878: 3008: 2965:

or other private schools. Adults can also go back to evening school and take the

2134: 1947: 742: 717: 634: 306:(state) to Land, German public universities generally don't charge tuition fees. 6784: 6750: 1936:, or reached its equivalent, have the option of attending evening classes at an 1632:( vocational school). Here the student is registered with certain bodies, e.g. 1290: 8695: 8573: 8560: 8223: 7981: 7643: 5285: 5058: 4825: 4756: 3841: 3546:

compulsory. In some trades, it has even become difficult for those holding the

3515:

must also provide proof of no criminal record and proof of respectability. The

2960: 2082: 1939: 1463: 460: 383: 309:

Germany is well-known internationally for its vocational training model, the

283: 7597: 7596:(1918), compares United States, England, Germany, France, Canada, and Denmark 6117: 6072: 5565: 5564:(1918), compares United States, England, Germany, France, Canada, and Denmark 4030:

Foreign students lacking the entrance qualification can acquire a degree at a

934:

Transfer of some responsibility from the Ministry of Education to local school

9110: 7936: 5791: 4253: 4116: 4032: 3552:

to find an apprenticeship because more and more pupils leave school with the

3243: 3142:—a special school serving children who have very severe learning difficulties 3109:

A special school for children with special emotional needs in Kötitz, Germany

2364: 1273: 652: 607: 5255:"Germany beats England hands down on apprenticeships, so what can we learn?" 1103: 8321: 7996: 7991: 7961: 7860: 7814: 7327: 4370: 4323: 4190: 3852:(Universities of Applied Sciences), which offer mostly the same degrees as 3773: 3717: 3571: 3170: 2195: 1884: 849: 748: 271: 4532: 4288:

to the German higher education system. Previously, universities conferred

3199:

St. Afra is one of few specialist schools that serve only gifted children.

1519: 1479:

Pupils study for either 9 years, to obtain a qualification similar to the

8331: 8045: 7880: 7829: 4236:

At German universities, students enroll for a specific program of study (

4228: 3415: 3310: 3162: 2727:), in which there are usually five lessons per week. The other subjects ( 2133:

Exams (which are always supervised) are usually essay-based, rather than

1777: 1493: 857: 844:

Pupils of the Gymnasium Nonnenwerth, an all-girls Catholic school in 1960

625: 603: 391: 7505:

Die Zeit (14. Mai 2008): Kindergarten gleicht soziale Unterschiede aus.

7281: 7279: 6285:. Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Pädagogik, Vol.85, Heft 3, p.361-372 5004: 3503:: this may be a master craftsperson, a master in the industrial sector ( 3471:

decided to go on a journey in order to become a master. This was called

3195: 769: 250:

Sign of different coexisting school types on a school complex in Germany

8540: 8161: 7624: 6125:

PISA 2006: Science Competencies for Tomorrow's World Volume 1: Analysis

5932:"International School Consultancy Group > Information > ISC News" 4024: 3346: 2086: 1442: 1145: 1038: 878:

Since the 1990s, a few changes have been taking place in many schools:

375: 290:. The latter permits students to apply to study at university level. a 8706: 7607: 5536: 5309: 4540:

is considered as one of the most prestigious elite schools in Germany.

4017:

Standing Conference of the Ministers of Education and Cultural Affairs

3602: 3105: 8151: 7799: 7276: 6976:"German universities to reintroduce tuition fees for non-EU students" 5168: 4855: 4212:

The organizational structure of German universities goes back to the

3832: 3395: 2987: 1849:

as one possibility for the more able children, and all states—except

336: 7361:

Bildungsministerium für Bildung und Forschung. Retrieved 2007, 07–20

5983: 3484: 3159:

children do not attend special schools, but are mainstreamed into a

2380: 2332:, but are sometimes required to take additional courses to catch up. 1965: 1501:, to conclude. Afterwards, students can attend vocational schools. 1365: 977: 708: 530: 246: 75: 7685: 7406:

Menschen mit Migrationshintergrund – neue Definition, alte Probleme

7026:. German Federal Ministry of Education and Research. Archived from 4451:(DAAD), promoting international exchange of scientists and students 3150:—a special school serving children who have special emotional needs 1892: 1252:

banned these, feeling them to be an unjustified privilege, and the

615:

provided by the churches in cooperation with the state ever since.

606:

had a strong influence on German culture, including its education.

347:, after grade 12 or 13. From 2005 to 2018 a school reform known as 7673:– Using 1997 ISCED classification of programmes and typical ages. 6606:

German Federal Ministry of Education and Research: Glossary entry

4711:

ELEMENT-long term study of the development of mathematical ability

4579:

German Gymnasium: Great Equaliser or Breeding Ground of Privilege?

4507:, addressing research issues of particular interest to the society 4165: 2994:

and human rights. A right which is guaranteed in this part of the

2979:

In 2006, six percent of German children attended private schools.

2026: 8430: 7850: 7794: 7716: 7351: 7106:"Studienberechtigtenquote in Deutschland nach Bundesländern 2014" 6257:

Hält PISA, was es verspricht? – Does PISA keep, what it promises?

4792:

mathematical ability by 4th grade (while still in primary school)

4419: 3402: 3134:—a special school serving children who have learning difficulties 2191: 2187: 1188:

can be open from 7 a.m. to 5 p.m. or longer and may also house a

1059: 619: 7302: 7300: 6725:"Auswahlverfahren der Universitäten: Studenten in der Testmühle" 1626:, school leavers can start a career with an apprenticeship at a 1269:

Homeschooling international status and statistics § Germany

1227:, meaning 'pre-school', is used both for educational efforts in 6608:

ISCED 2011 – International Standard Classification of Education

6443:"Die Geburt der modernen Familie". Reinbek bei Hamburg: Rowohlt 5080: 4839: 4770: 4642: 4418:

acts as an umbrella organization for eight local academies and

4289: 4202: 3963:

or a subject-restricted qualification for university entrance (

3889: 3701:

1,000,000 new students at all schools put together for one year

3643:

are also among the oldest and best regarded in the world, with

2338:

was banned in 1949 in East Germany and in 1973 in West Germany.

2179: 1850: 1819:

The eastern states Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt and Thuringia combine

1773: 1739: 1256:

still contains the constitutional rule (Art. 7 Sect. VI) that:

678:(focusing on Latin, modern languages, science and mathematics); 342: 287: 6699:"Matheprüfung an der Uni Saarbrücken: 94 Prozent fallen durch" 5903: 5337:"How Germany's Vocational Education and Training system works" 4301:

degrees. The following Bologna degrees are common in Germany:

3617:

Germany's universities are recognised internationally; in the

3113:

Most German children with disabilities attend a school called

7810:

Chronology of warfare between the Romans and Germanic peoples

7789: 7297: 6833:"The Costs of Living: Studying as foreign student in Germany" 5777:""Intensivierung" von Bildungsabschlüssen zwischen 1970–2000" 5511: 5423: 2183: 1869: 7654:

FZS-Online.org Free union of student bodies (FZS) of Germany

7602:

Green, Lowell. "The education of women in the Reformation."

6783:(in German). Stiftung für Hochschulzulassung. Archived from 4501:, focusing on applied research and mission oriented research 4314:

Bachelor of Fine Arts (B.F.A.); Master of Fine Arts (M.F.A.)

4311:

Bachelor of Engineering (BEng); Master of Engineering (MEng)

4003:(entrance exam). Such is the case, for example, in Hamburg. 2190:, Brandenburg at the beginning of the 2005–06 school year. ( 434:

A less common secondary school alternative is the so-called

6351:

Theorie der Unbildung: Die Irrtümer der Wissensgesellschaft

5461:"Education GPS - Germany - Student performance (PISA 2018)" 4645:(as compared to children of parents without school diploma) 3983:

certification (general or subject-restricted) is required.

3792:. Specialized universities which have the formal status of 3570:

and also attends a vocational school. This is called the

3285: 3263: 3147:

Förderschule Schwerpunkt emotionale und soziale Entwicklung

2056:

years 5 to 6), and secondary school (years 5 or 7 to 10 in

1543: 1046:

In Germany, education is the responsibility of the states (

720:

established a free, universal four-year elementary school (

267:), with the federal government only playing a minor role. 7649:

BildungsServer.de The German education system: basic facts

5390:

Statistisches Bundesamt Deutschland. Retrieved 2007, 07–20

5020:(Gymnasium). Proponents of streaming claim that it limits 6313:

Mitteilungen der Gesellschaft für Didaktik der Mathematik

5199: 4020: 3288:

2003 (points earned) by school attended and social class

1887:, English starts in the third year of elementary school. 1527: 491:

of both type 10a or type 10b, the latter of which is the

442:, i.e. comprehensive school. There are two main types of 7543: 7541: 7328:"Dr. Lucia Jerg-Bretzke neue Gleichstellungsbeauftragte" 6886:"How Germany managed to abolish university tuition fees" 4416:

Union of the German Academies of Sciences and Humanities

2463:

Sample grade 10 Gymnasium timetable (Bavaria, Humanist)

895:

Creation of local school philosophy and teaching goals (

892:

Equipping all schools with computers and Internet access

687:(focusing on modern languages, science and mathematics). 7393:

Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie

5619:

An overview of the German school system is given here:

5224:"Why Germany Is So Much Better at Training Its Workers" 4078:). The following quotas are applied in this procedure: 2281:

leaving examination and after 10th grade they have the

431:

1982, the new path was compulsory, as explained above.

7653: 4583:

Academic achievement among different groups in Germany

4527: 4284:

introduced bachelor's and master's degrees as well as

7538: 7372:

Armut in Deutschland – Folgen für Familien und Kinder

6237:

Psychologische Rundschau. Göttingen 57.2006, p. 69-86

3175:(comprehensive school) and/or, in rare cases, into a 3139:

Schule mit dem Förderschwerpunkt Geistige Entwicklung

2068:; years 5 or 7 to 10 (differences between states) in 1891:

starts with English or French in the first year. The

1760:

Grades 5 and 6 form an orientation or testing phase (

928:

Establishing federal standards on quality of teaching

659:

Four different types of secondary schools developed:

257:

is primarily the responsibility of individual German

7659:

The New Student's Reference Work/German Universities

7266:

Juvenat Verlag Weinheim und München 2005, S. 71–100

7158:

University of Leipzig: Study Programs – Mathematics

6027:

Deutsche Welle. 12 April 2006. Retrieved 2006, 12–04

5751:"Berufsschule - die Schule der dualen Berufsbildung" 5048: 5035: 4317:

Bachelor of Music (B.Mus.); Master of Music (M.Mus.)

4036:, which is often recognized as an equivalent to the 3938: 3846:

There is another type of university in Germany: the

2347:, or at least when attempting to avoid placement in 826:(extended high school), where they could take their 712:

Classroom furniture from 1900 (left) to 1985 (right)

7453: 7451: 4040:. The one-year course covers similar topics as the 2737:Sample grade 12 Gymnasium timetable (Lower Saxony) 1248:which then was another sort of primary school. The 100:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 7518:IGLU 2006 Press conference, retrieved May 27, 2008 7352:Internationale Leistungsvergleiche im Schulbereich 7002:"Study in Germany for free: What you need to know" 6306:"PISA: Nachträge zu einer nicht geführten Debatte" 6122: 6077: 5926: 5924: 5650:"The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency" 4308:Bachelor of Science (BSc); Master of Science (MSc) 1816:, meaning testing grade) and 11th and 12th grade. 6916:(in German). Aktionsbündnis gegen Studiengebühren 6431:Die gewerbliche Lehrlingserziehung in Deutschland 4474:German National Library of Science and Technology 4425: 4360:While it is not an academic degree formally, the 2712:(minor fields of study) are taught twice a week; 1523:Standard classroom at a primary school in Germany 1312:(2,006 schools in 2007) (covers grades from 1–13) 889:Experimentation with different styles of teaching 9108: 7448: 6536: 6161:"Results from PISA 2012: Germany – Key findings" 6025:Experts: Germany Needs to Step up School Reforms 4897:Progress in International Reading Literacy Study 4487:Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres 3905:, the title is indicated starting with "Dipl." ( 1052:) and part of their constitutional sovereignty ( 424:after grade 10b. This new path of achieving the 363:stay with the G8 model. Children usually attend 7050:"BAföG – state funding for students in Germany" 6407:Bern, 1963. Unehrliches Handwerk im Mittelalter 6330:Jahnke, Thomas (2008). "Die PISA-Unternehmer". 6206:"Einheitsschulen – das falsche Rezept für PISA" 5921: 5878:"Hochbegabten-Hysterie hat Deutschland erfasst" 5610:overview of education in West Germany in 1970s. 7680:Vocational education in Germany, UNESCO-UNEVOC 7485: 7483: 7082:. CampusHQ.de. 2 December 2017. Archived from 7080:"Application for a scholarship as a foreigner" 6936:"Länderregelungen bei Langzeitstudiengebühren" 6835:. CampusHQ.de. 2 December 2017. Archived from 6119:Programme for International Student Assessment 6074:Programme for International Student Assessment 5578:"From the NS archive: A schoolgirl in Germany" 5169:Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung (2024). 4862:Dr. Dr. Lehman, who did the study. He stated: 4795:mathematical ability by 6th grade (Gymnasium) 4321:In addition, there are courses leading to the 4305:Bachelor of Arts (B.A.); Master of Arts (M.A.) 3260:Programme for International Student Assessment 3071:Programme for International Student Assessment 931:More practical orientation in teacher training 922:Programme for International Student Assessment 873: 483:can also lead, in special circumstances, to a 8722: 7701: 6571:"Ein Zwischenruf Studiengebühren? Was sonst!" 5286:"German apprenticeships: A model for Europe?" 5252: 4981:children from lower-working-class backgrounds 4970:children from upper-working-class backgrounds 4443:Federal Ministry for Economics and Technology 3609:is the oldest and among the most prestigious 2974: 2733:) are usually taught three periods per week. 860:) granted educational autonomy to the state ( 418:and this finishes with the final examination 207:. Please discuss this issue on the article's 7444:Ostlehrer integrieren Migrantenkinder besser 7374:. Oldenburg: Oldenburger Universitätsreden. 7211:. Federal Ministry of Education and Research 6813:(in German). Stiftung für Hochschulzulassung 6757:(in German). Stiftung für Hochschulzulassung 5310:Federal Ministry of Education and Research. 4948:children of parents holding pink-collar jobs 4937:children from lower-middle-class backgrounds 4926:children from upper-middle-class backgrounds 4907:Points needed to be nominated for Gymnasium 3951:is the first modern university in the world. 3925: 3916: 3906: 3900: 3894: 3882: 3869: 3859: 3853: 3847: 3819: 3813: 3807: 3799: 3793: 3787: 3781: 3767: 3758: 3745: 3736: 3730: 3705: 3579: 3565: 3559: 3553: 3547: 3540: 3534: 3528: 3522: 3516: 3510: 3504: 3498: 3472: 3466: 3460: 3454: 3436: 3426: 3420: 3400: 3253: 3228: 3222: 3216: 3205: 3182: 3176: 3168: 3160: 3145: 3137: 3129: 3120: 3114: 3092: 3086: 3080: 3074: 3057: 3050: 3044: 3034: 3028: 3022: 3016: 3006: 2995: 2966: 2958: 2948: 2728: 2722: 2713: 2707: 2454: 2448: 2442: 2348: 2342: 2327: 2321: 2315: 2309: 2303: 2294: 2288: 2282: 2276: 2270: 2264: 2258: 2252: 2246: 2240: 2217: 2173: 2163: 2157: 2151: 2145: 2121: 2112: 2102: 2096: 2090: 2069: 2063: 2057: 2051: 2045: 1945: 1937: 1931: 1925: 1919: 1913: 1907: 1901: 1874: 1863: 1854: 1844: 1838: 1832: 1826: 1820: 1811: 1805: 1799: 1793: 1787: 1781: 1767: 1761: 1650: 1643: 1637: 1627: 1621: 1615: 1609: 1603: 1597: 1591: 1585: 1575: 1563: 1556: 1550: 1504: 1484: 1452: 1446: 1434: 1321: 1277: 1243: 1234: 1228: 1222: 1213: 1207: 1201: 1195: 1189: 1183: 1175: 1169: 1163: 1153: 1139: 1126: 1120: 1114: 1069: 1063: 1053: 1047: 958: 946: 911: 905: 896: 861: 827: 821: 815: 809: 727: 721: 691: 682: 673: 664: 656:to supervise the newly established schools. 638: 623: 504: 503:. A special system of apprenticeship called 498: 492: 484: 478: 472: 466: 458: 435: 425: 419: 413: 405: 397: 389: 381: 373: 364: 358: 352: 340: 328: 262: 7820:Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16) 7480: 7187:Top 20 Country Rankings in All Fields, 2006 6416:Danckert/ in Stratmann, Karlwilhelm (1967) 5445:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 4661:Number of books present in the child's home 4422:is the Academy of Science and Engineering. 4368:. The holder of a Habilitation may work as 3039:forbids the segregation of pupils based on 2409:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1994:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1394:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1006:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 559:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 335:, is designed to prepare pupils for higher 63:Learn how and when to remove these messages 8729: 8715: 7708: 7694: 6363:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5316:Federal Ministry of Education and Research 4605:ELEMENT-study Multiple Regression Analysis 3425:(master craftsman's certificate) from the 3085:have lower entry requirements than public 2982:In Germany, Article 7, Paragraph 4 of the 2140:At every type of school, pupils study one 1562:apprentice is registered on a list at the 1457:) as exit exam); students can then attend 945:now requires mandatory English lessons in 7665:Information on education in Germany, OECD 7161:"Universität Leipzig: Detail Studiengang" 7056:. Deutsches Studentenwerk. Archived from 6348: 6068: 6066: 5904:"Home – International School Consultancy" 5200:Federal Statistics Office (12 May 2022). 4248:is laid down in the German constitution. 2718:(major subjects) are taught three times. 2429:Learn how and when to remove this message 2014:Learn how and when to remove this message 1439:as exit exam, qualifying for university). 1414:Learn how and when to remove this message 1026:Learn how and when to remove this message 579:Learn how and when to remove this message 339:and finishes with the final examination, 318: 234:Learn how and when to remove this message 160:Learn how and when to remove this message 7671:Diagram of German education system, OECD 7644:DAAD.de German Academic Exchange Service 7587:International Journal of Women's Studies 6962:"Ausländische Studierende müssen zahlen" 6546:. StudyinEurope.eu. 2009. Archived from 6113: 6111: 5774: 5702:[No more liberal than Bavaria]. 5673: 5015:There is a constant public debate about 4568: 4531: 4381: 4227: 3942: 3772:have the right to confer doctorates and 3724: 3601: 3521:has to be at least 24 years of age. The 3483: 3443: 3414: 3383: 3283: 3236: 3194: 3104: 2630: 2580: 2530: 2025: 1526: 1518: 1289: 1097: 1037: 839: 707: 245: 8736: 7130: 6544:"Tuition Fees at university in Germany" 5811: 5784:Studien zum deutschen Innovationssystem 5674:Martinko, Katherine (8 February 2018). 5369:. Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung 5312:"The German Vocational Training System" 5283: 4890: 4047: 1906:students gain the chance to take their 1497:until grade 9, with an exam called the 14: 9109: 7205:"Academies of Sciences and Humanities" 7131:Kronman, Anthony (16 September 2007). 6911:"Gebühren für"Langzeit«-StudentInnen?" 6568: 6492:Academic Ranking of World Universities 6405:Unehrliche Leute/ die verfemten Berufe 6329: 6303: 6281:Volker Bank und Björn Heidecke. 2009. 6270:PISA & Co – Kritik eines Programms 6063: 5424:PISA Results for Germany 2018 (2018). 5409:. December 2005. Retrieved 2006, 12–04 5221: 5010: 4480: 4392:Max Planck Institute of Plasma Physics 4027:may qualify for university admission. 3713:30,000 doctoral dissertations per year 3619:Academic Ranking of World Universities 3304: 3301: 3298: 3295: 3292: 2326:may decide to continue schooling at a 2041:Every state has its own school system. 1955: 1345: 8710: 7689: 7559:"Wissenschaft weltoffen kompakt 2022" 6859:"Germany's great tuition fees U-turn" 6108: 5875: 5856: 5419: 5417: 5415: 5398: 5396: 5253:Hasting-Evans, Graham (1 July 2023). 5175:Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung 5120:List of specialist schools in Germany 4625:mathematical performance in 4th grade 4455: 3587: 2940:(different sports offered as courses) 2918:(different sports offered as courses) 1843:respectively. All German states have 278:, ranging from the more vocational 7715: 7623:9.1 (1975): 64-80, on 19th century. 6942:(in German). Deutsches Studentenwerk 6619:§ 38 des Hamburger Hochschulgesetzes 6036: 5697: 4705:correlation does not imply causation 4677:German is spoken in the child's home 4462:German National Library of Economics 4280:Recently, the implementation of the 4154:With much controversy, the state of 3955:Students wishing to attend a German 2407:adding citations to reliable sources 2374: 1992:adding citations to reliable sources 1959: 1636:such as the German Bar Association ( 1461:(full-time vocational schools) or 1392:adding citations to reliable sources 1359: 1285: 1212:—the formal, gender-neutral form is 1042:Overview of the German school system 1004:adding citations to reliable sources 971: 764: 557:adding citations to reliable sources 524: 171: 98:adding citations to reliable sources 69: 28: 6807:"Erläuterungen zum Härtefallantrag" 6268:Thomas Jahnke, Wolfram Meyerhöfer. 5284:Cassidy, Nigel (14 December 2011). 4528:Determinants of academic attainment 4468:German National Library of Medicine 4366:Dr. rer. nat. habil. Max Mustermann 4133:German Federal Constitutional Court 1258:Pre-schools shall remain abolished. 294:and is commonly followed up with a 24: 7579: 7425:OECD-Studie: Mangel an Akademikern 7317:, "Nicht dümmer, aber die Dummen". 5876:Fasel, Andreas (31 January 2010). 5775:Frietsch, Rainer (November 2003). 5412: 5393: 4726:mathematical ability by 6th grade 4495:, focusing on fundamental research 3836:(Universities of Applied Sciences) 3100: 3062:are subsidised with public funds. 1879:(primary school). For example, in 1162:are well established. Attending a 703: 25: 9128: 7637: 7237:. Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft 7231:"Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize" 5700:"Auch nicht liberaler als Bayern" 5329: 5222:Jacoby, Tamar (16 October 2014). 5036:International students in Germany 4959:children of self-employed parents 4723:mathematical ability by 4th grade 4432:Alexander von Humboldt Foundation 4171:Bundesausbildungsförderungsgesetz 4149:Master of Business Administration 3939:University entrance qualification 3776:. Some universities use the term 3697:Figures for Germany are roughly: 3410: 1659:Percentage of jobholders holding 299: 44:This article has multiple issues. 7614:Studies in Comparative Communism 7556: 7550: 7529: 7511: 7499: 7470: 7461: 7436: 7417: 7398: 7385: 7364: 7345: 6883: 5079: 5065: 5051: 4999:brought up the discussion about 4449:German Academic Exchange Service 3757: 3190: 3013:or similar event in the future. 2379: 1964: 1515:exam, qualifying for university. 1364: 1262: 976: 768: 646: 529: 191:to read and navigate comfortably 176: 74: 33: 7912:German revolutions of 1848–1849 7881:Ostsiedlung (East Colonisation) 7320: 7288: 7259: 7249: 7223: 7197: 7179: 7152: 7124: 7098: 7072: 7042: 7016: 6994: 6968: 6954: 6928: 6903: 6877: 6851: 6825: 6799: 6769: 6743: 6717: 6691: 6666: 6640: 6631: 6622: 6613: 6600: 6588: 6562: 6510: 6480: 6471: 6455: 6446: 6436: 6423: 6410: 6397: 6371: 6349:Liessmann, Konrad Paul (2006). 6342: 6323: 6304:Wuttke, Joachim (August 2009). 6297: 6288: 6275: 6262: 6249: 6240: 6227: 6198: 6188: 6178: 6153: 6030: 6018: 5997: 5976: 5950: 5896: 5869: 5850: 5840: 5830: 5816:. Boston: Heinle. p. 125. 5805: 5768: 5743: 5718: 5690: 5667: 5642: 5613: 5596: 5570: 5554: 5529: 5512:"Germany - HRMI Rights Tracker" 5504: 5478: 5453: 5125:List of universities in Germany 4522:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize 4518:Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft 4437:Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft 4105: 4076:Stiftung für Hochschulzulassung 3924:for a graduate engineer from a 3893:. To differentiate it from the 3598:List of universities in Germany 3131:Sonderschule für Lernbehinderte 2320:students who have passed their 2172:A number of schools once had a 1109:German preschool is known as a 835: 754: 736: 85:needs additional citations for 52:or discuss these issues on the 7897:Early modern period, 1500–1800 7785:List of early Germanic peoples 7604:History of Education Quarterly 6575:Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung 6429:Stratmann, Karlwilhelm (1993) 6272:. Franzbecker, Hildesheim 2007 5381: 5355: 5303: 5277: 5246: 5215: 5193: 5162: 4426:Organizations funding research 4412:Leopoldina Academy of Sciences 4276:Academic degree § Germany 4122:Allgemeiner Studentenausschuss 2357: 1326:(free alternative school) (85) 13: 1: 8020:History of Germany since 1990 7370:Lauterbach, Wolfgang (2003): 6418:Die Krise der Berufserziehung 5726:"The German Education System" 5488:. 31 May 2016. Archived from 5155: 4615:Beta (strength of influence) 4223:Humboldt University of Berlin 3949:Humboldt University of Berlin 3829:outstanding doctoral degree. 3824:(Universities of Music). The 3812:(Universities of Education), 3613:. It was established in 1386. 3280: 3207:Marburger Hochbegabtenprojekt 2370: 618:During the 18th century, the 276:school leaving qualifications 6863:Times Higher Education (THE) 6488:"Top 100 World Universities" 6045:. OECD Publishing. pp. 5698:Zier, Jan (9 October 2007). 4697:Multiple Regression Analysis 4688:no influence could be found 4680:no influence could be found 4672:no influence could be found 4355:Dr. rer. nat. Max Mustermann 4124:, students' government) and 3977:Fachgebundene Hochschulreife 3965:Fachgebundene Hochschulreife 3933: 3623:QS World University Rankings 3363: 3344: 3327: 3308: 2287:(leaving examination of the 1834:Sekundarschule, Mittelschule 1639:Deutsche Rechtsanwaltskammer 1566:Industrie- und Handelskammer 1533:Carl-von-Ossietzky-Gymnasium 1471:, which is a combination of 1093: 901:), to be evaluated regularly 806:Polytechnic Secondary School 7: 7194:. Retrieved 4 January 2007. 6420:A.Henn Verlag Ratingen 1967 6212:(in German). 6 January 2006 5135:Low German (school subject) 5100:Academic grading in Germany 5044: 4869: 4377: 4184: 3818:(Universities of Arts) and 3262:(PISA), coordinated by the 3248:International Baccalaureate 3000:can only be suspended in a 1445:until grade 10 or 11 (with 1433:until grade 12 or 13 (with 1294:Education system in Germany 1085: 967: 874:Federal Republic of Germany 591: 199:content into sub-articles, 10: 9133: 7927:North German Confederation 7907:Confederation of the Rhine 6731:(in German). 13 March 2009 6705:(in German). 21 April 2016 6595:A German model goes global 5541:humanrightsmeasurement.org 5115:List of schools in Germany 4599: 4572: 4273: 4269: 4221:lead to the foundation of 4058:percent in these programs. 3959:must, as a rule, hold the 3839: 3591: 2975:Public and private schools 1918:with a good degree in the 1483:, or 10 years, to get the 1349: 1266: 802:German Democratic Republic 758: 740: 595: 520: 286:over to the more academic 9088: 9040: 9002: 8744: 8661: 8521: 8401: 8392: 8275: 8266: 8147: 8138: 8074: 8065: 8028: 8007: 7889: 7843: 7767: 7736: 7727: 7621:Journal of Social History 7411:16 September 2008 at the 6005:"Find an IB World School" 5105:Education in East Germany 5095:Abitur after twelve years 4633:general cognitive ability 4559: 4511: 4390:, a research facility at 3594:Academic ranks in Germany 3305:social class "very high" 3254:International comparisons 2275:after 9th grade have the 1155:Berliner Bildungsprogramm 1154: 1102:A forest kindergarten in 811:Polytechnische Oberschule 761:Education in East Germany 598:Prussian education system 8079:Administrative divisions 7423:Hans Boeckler Stiftung: 5602:A. Harry Passow, et al. 5486:"OECD Better Life Index" 5407:U.S. Library of Congress 5403:Country Profile: Germany 5140: 5110:Music schools in Germany 4396:University of Greifswald 3809:Pädagogische Hochschulen 3802:Technische Universitäten 3428:Berliner Handwerkskammer 3296:social class "very low" 3212:Cattell Culture Fair III 2849:Geography/Social Studies 2838:Geography/Social Studies 2819:Geography/Social Studies 2808:Geography/Social Studies 2296:Mittlerer Schulabschluss 1783:Bildungs(gang)empfehlung 1239:is a type of Vorschule. 461:Förder- or Sonderschulen 404:, after grade 9 and the 7631:Eighteenth-Century Life 7306:Renate Rastätter, MdL: 7209:research-in-germany.org 5426:"PISA Results in Focus" 4141:Langzeitstudiengebühren 3899:which was conferred by 3641:universities of Germany 3611:universities of Germany 3156:special-needs education 1555:( vocational school). 1336:(114) parochial schools 1055:Kulturhoheit der Länder 8787:Bosnia and Herzegovina 8340:Science and technology 8041:History of Brandenburg 7932:Unification of Germany 7922:Frankfurt Constitution 7395:, Jg. 51, Heft 1, 1999 6674:"Admissions procedure" 6569:Watzka, Klaus (2012). 5812:Moeller, jack (2013). 5130:Open access in Germany 4541: 4403: 4233: 3952: 3926: 3917: 3907: 3901: 3895: 3883: 3870: 3860: 3854: 3848: 3820: 3814: 3808: 3800: 3794: 3788: 3782: 3768: 3759: 3746: 3737: 3731: 3706: 3673:University of Tübingen 3614: 3580: 3566: 3560: 3554: 3548: 3541: 3535: 3529: 3523: 3517: 3511: 3505: 3499: 3489: 3473: 3467: 3461: 3455: 3449: 3437: 3432: 3427: 3421: 3401: 3229: 3223: 3217: 3206: 3200: 3183: 3177: 3169: 3161: 3146: 3138: 3130: 3121: 3115: 3110: 3093: 3087: 3081: 3075: 3058: 3051: 3045: 3035: 3029: 3023: 3017: 3007: 2996: 2967: 2959: 2949: 2729: 2723: 2714: 2708: 2455: 2449: 2443: 2349: 2343: 2328: 2322: 2316: 2310: 2304: 2295: 2289: 2283: 2277: 2271: 2265: 2259: 2253: 2247: 2241: 2218: 2194:, Schleswig-Holstein, 2174: 2164: 2158: 2152: 2146: 2122: 2113: 2103: 2097: 2091: 2070: 2064: 2058: 2052: 2046: 2033: 1946: 1938: 1932: 1926: 1920: 1914: 1908: 1902: 1881:North Rhine-Westphalia 1875: 1868:are required to learn 1864: 1855: 1845: 1839: 1833: 1827: 1821: 1812: 1806: 1800: 1794: 1788: 1782: 1768: 1762: 1651: 1644: 1638: 1628: 1622: 1616: 1610: 1604: 1598: 1592: 1586: 1576: 1564: 1557: 1551: 1546: 1524: 1505: 1485: 1453: 1447: 1435: 1323:Freie Alternativschule 1322: 1295: 1278: 1244: 1235: 1229: 1223: 1214: 1208: 1202: 1196: 1190: 1184: 1176: 1170: 1164: 1140: 1127: 1121: 1115: 1106: 1070: 1064: 1054: 1048: 1043: 959: 947: 912: 906: 897: 862: 845: 828: 822: 816: 810: 728: 722: 713: 692: 683: 674: 665: 663:A nine-year classical 639: 624: 505: 499: 493: 485: 479: 473: 467: 459: 436: 426: 420: 414: 406: 398: 390: 388:, after grade 10; the 382: 374: 365: 359: 353: 341: 329: 319:Secondary school forms 263: 251: 109:"Education in Germany" 7977:Flight and expulsions 7606:19.1 (1979): 93-116. 7594:Comparative education 7430:14 March 2008 at the 7357:4 August 2007 at the 6379:"WDR.de Fotostrecken" 6332:Forschung & Lehre 6259:LIT-Verlag, Wien 2007 5562:Comparative education 5465:gpseducation.oecd.org 5073:European Union portal 4919:Parents wanting child 4569:Socioeconomic factors 4535: 4385: 4274:Further information: 4231: 4195:dual education system 3979:certification or the 3946: 3887:graduates received a 3826:excellence initiative 3725:Types of universities 3661:Greifswald University 3645:Heidelberg University 3634:dual education system 3630:university cafeterias 3607:Heidelberg University 3605: 3576:dual education system 3487: 3447: 3418: 3237:International schools 3198: 3108: 2456:Arbeitsgemeinschaften 2219:Arbeitsgemeinschaften 2123:Nachmittagsunterricht 2029: 1667:or Abitur in Germany 1530: 1522: 1293: 1215:Tagespflegeperson(en) 1101: 1074:(students' council). 1041: 843: 823:Erweiterte Oberschule 711: 511:dual education system 369:from 10 to 18 years. 249: 9117:Education in Germany 8738:Education in Europe 8649:World Heritage Sites 8327:German states by GDP 7917:German Confederation 7523:19 July 2011 at the 7313:8 April 2008 at the 6353:(in German). Vienna. 5582:www.newstatesman.com 5147:describes someone's 4921:to attend Gymnasium 4891:Working class pupils 4538:Schule Schloss Salem 4414:. Additionally, the 4218:Wilhelm von Humboldt 4048:Admissions procedure 3868:For professors at a 3536:Berufsbildungsgesetz 3302:social class "high" 3246:. In 1971 the first 3041:socioeconomic status 2403:improve this section 2269:). Students leaving 2081:There is usually no 1988:improve this section 1388:improve this section 1356:Education in Hamburg 1160:Forest kindergartens 1000:improve this section 633:In 1810, during the 553:improve this section 471:. Nevertheless, the 454:(≈collaborative ). 255:Education in Germany 94:improve this article 9003:States with limited 8285:Automobile industry 7871:Carolingian dynasty 7805:History of the Huns 7477:Berlin; p.43 and 44 7192:Thomson Corporation 7167:on 18 December 2009 6678:hochschulkompass.de 6233:Heiner Rindermann. 5181:on 23 December 2023 5011:Contemporary issues 4916:child for Gymnasium 4914:Teachers nominating 4908: 4812:Hauptschulabschluss 4786: 4743:Hauptschulabschluss 4717: 4621: 4505:Leibniz Association 4481:Research institutes 4338:Second Staatsexamen 4282:Bologna Declaration 3778:research university 3665:Freiburg University 3549:Hauptschulabschluss 3299:social class "low" 3049:). Therefore, most 2852:(taught in English) 2841:(taught in English) 2822:(taught in English) 2811:(taught in English) 2738: 2464: 2336:Corporal punishment 1956:School organization 1698:Hauptschulabschluss 1668: 1661:Hauptschulabschluss 1587:Hauptschulabschluss 1499:Hauptschulabschluss 1481:Hauptschulabschluss 1431:Gymnasium (Germany) 1352:Education in Berlin 1346:Secondary education 1250:Weimar Constitution 943:Bilingual education 884:bilingual education 613:religious education 487:Hauptschulabschluss 400:Hauptschulabschluss 300:§ Tuition fees 280:Hauptschulabschluss 8355:Telecommunications 8036:History of Prussia 7952:Revolution of 1918 7947:War guilt question 7866:Carolingian Empire 7835:Sack of Rome (410) 7744:History of Germany 7633:3.2 (1976): 56-62. 7616:5.1 (1972): 47-79. 7589:2 (1979): 473-488. 7308:Gruene-Fraktion.de 7060:on 1 November 2016 6865:. 13 February 2014 6787:on 25 October 2016 6654:. Study in Germany 6524:on 20 January 2012 5964:. 17 December 2014 5801:on 7 October 2007. 5234:on 20 January 2024 5022:income segregation 5001:affirmative action 4906: 4828:or similar diploma 4814:or similar diploma 4784: 4759:or similar diploma 4745:or similar diploma 4715: 4619: 4575:Poverty in Germany 4542: 4499:Fraunhofer Society 4493:Max Planck Society 4456:National libraries 4410:of Germany is the 4404: 4347:First Staatsexamen 4342:First Staatsexamen 4334:First Staatsexamen 4234: 4207:Schleswig-Holstein 4205:and the lowest in 4012:Realschulabschluss 3981:Fachhochschulreife 3953: 3911:) and ending with 3657:Rostock University 3653:Leipzig University 3649:Cologne University 3615: 3588:Tertiary education 3555:Realschulabschluss 3490: 3450: 3433: 3396:dysgenic fertility 3201: 3111: 3002:state of emergency 2736: 2462: 2212:Many schools have 2034: 1927:Realschulabschluss 1921:Realschulabschluss 1719:Realschulabschluss 1665:Realschulabschluss 1658: 1547: 1525: 1454:Realschulabschluss 1306:or, alternatively 1296: 1107: 1044: 938:Further outcomes: 846: 714: 620:Kingdom of Prussia 494:Realschulabschluss 427:Realschulabschluss 408:Realschulabschluss 252: 9104: 9103: 8704: 8703: 8657: 8656: 8388: 8387: 8302:Chemical Triangle 8262: 8261: 8249:Political parties 8197:Foreign relations 8134: 8133: 8061: 8060: 7972:Allied occupation 7876:Holy Roman Empire 7086:on 4 January 2018 7054:studentenwerke.de 6982:. 3 December 2016 6964:(in German). SWR. 6940:studentenwerke.de 6839:on 4 January 2018 6811:hochschulstart.de 6781:hochschulstart.de 6755:hochschulstart.de 6498:on 22 August 2008 6467:978-3-486-56395-5 6403:Danckert, Werner 6139:978-92-64-04000-7 6094:978-92-64-04000-7 5823:978-1-111-34420-7 5584:. 27 October 2020 5560:H. W. Foght, ed. 5516:rightstracker.org 5341:Clean Energy Wire 5017:tracking students 4991: 4990: 4851: 4850: 4800:no school diploma 4782: 4781: 4731:no school diploma 4692: 4691: 4641:parents hold the 4618: 4189:Since the end of 4156:Baden-Württemberg 3391: 3390: 3386: 3227:(two cases) or a 2945: 2944: 2941: 2919: 2854: 2843: 2824: 2813: 2788:Religious studies 2768:Religious studies 2703: 2702: 2611:Religious studies 2567:Religious studies 2439: 2438: 2431: 2302:After 10th grade 2024: 2023: 2016: 1889:Baden-Württemberg 1758: 1757: 1599:Realschulabschuss 1531:The choir of the 1424: 1423: 1416: 1316:Montessori method 1286:Primary education 1236:Schulkindergarten 1036: 1035: 1028: 798: 797: 589: 588: 581: 450:(≈integrated) or 292:bachelor's degree 244: 243: 236: 226: 225: 170: 169: 162: 144: 67: 16:(Redirected from 9124: 9041:Dependencies and 8745:Sovereign states 8731: 8724: 8717: 8708: 8707: 8684: 8677: 8670: 8634:Prussian virtues 8399: 8398: 8307:Economic history 8273: 8272: 8167: 8145: 8144: 8096:Cities and towns 8072: 8071: 8052:Baden Revolution 7856:Treaty of Verdun 7825:Marcomannic Wars 7780:Migration Period 7775:Germanic peoples 7759:Military history 7734: 7733: 7710: 7703: 7696: 7687: 7686: 7592:Foght, H.W. ed. 7573: 7572: 7570: 7568: 7563: 7554: 7548: 7545: 7536: 7533: 7527: 7515: 7509: 7503: 7497: 7487: 7478: 7474: 7468: 7465: 7459: 7455: 7446: 7440: 7434: 7421: 7415: 7402: 7396: 7389: 7383: 7368: 7362: 7349: 7343: 7342: 7340: 7338: 7324: 7318: 7304: 7295: 7292: 7286: 7283: 7274: 7263: 7257: 7253: 7247: 7246: 7244: 7242: 7227: 7221: 7220: 7218: 7216: 7201: 7195: 7183: 7177: 7176: 7174: 7172: 7163:. Archived from 7156: 7150: 7149: 7147: 7145: 7138:The Boston Globe 7128: 7122: 7121: 7119: 7117: 7102: 7096: 7095: 7093: 7091: 7076: 7070: 7069: 7067: 7065: 7046: 7040: 7039: 7037: 7035: 7020: 7014: 7013: 7011: 7009: 6998: 6992: 6991: 6989: 6987: 6972: 6966: 6965: 6958: 6952: 6951: 6949: 6947: 6932: 6926: 6925: 6923: 6921: 6915: 6907: 6901: 6900: 6898: 6896: 6890:The Conversation 6881: 6875: 6874: 6872: 6870: 6855: 6849: 6848: 6846: 6844: 6829: 6823: 6822: 6820: 6818: 6803: 6797: 6796: 6794: 6792: 6773: 6767: 6766: 6764: 6762: 6747: 6741: 6740: 6738: 6736: 6729:Wirtschaftswoche 6721: 6715: 6714: 6712: 6710: 6695: 6689: 6688: 6686: 6684: 6670: 6664: 6663: 6661: 6659: 6644: 6638: 6635: 6629: 6626: 6620: 6617: 6611: 6610:(11 August 2020) 6604: 6598: 6592: 6586: 6585: 6583: 6581: 6566: 6560: 6559: 6557: 6555: 6540: 6534: 6533: 6531: 6529: 6520:. Archived from 6514: 6508: 6507: 6505: 6503: 6494:. Archived from 6484: 6478: 6475: 6469: 6459: 6453: 6450: 6444: 6440: 6434: 6427: 6421: 6414: 6408: 6401: 6395: 6394: 6392: 6390: 6385:on 28 April 2010 6381:. Archived from 6375: 6369: 6368: 6362: 6354: 6346: 6340: 6339: 6327: 6321: 6320: 6310: 6301: 6295: 6292: 6286: 6279: 6273: 6266: 6260: 6253: 6247: 6244: 6238: 6231: 6225: 6224: 6219: 6217: 6202: 6196: 6192: 6186: 6182: 6176: 6175: 6173: 6171: 6165: 6157: 6151: 6150: 6148: 6146: 6132:. France: OECD. 6131: 6128: 6115: 6106: 6105: 6103: 6101: 6087:. France: OECD. 6086: 6083: 6070: 6061: 6060: 6034: 6028: 6022: 6016: 6015: 6013: 6011: 6001: 5995: 5994: 5992: 5990: 5980: 5974: 5973: 5971: 5969: 5954: 5948: 5947: 5945: 5943: 5934:. Archived from 5928: 5919: 5918: 5916: 5914: 5900: 5894: 5893: 5891: 5889: 5873: 5867: 5866: 5854: 5848: 5844: 5838: 5834: 5828: 5827: 5809: 5803: 5802: 5800: 5794:. Archived from 5781: 5772: 5766: 5765: 5763: 5761: 5755:www.einstieg.com 5747: 5741: 5740: 5738: 5736: 5722: 5716: 5715: 5713: 5711: 5704:die Tageszeitung 5694: 5688: 5687: 5685: 5683: 5671: 5665: 5664: 5662: 5660: 5646: 5640: 5639: 5637: 5635: 5626: 5617: 5611: 5600: 5594: 5593: 5591: 5589: 5574: 5568: 5558: 5552: 5551: 5549: 5547: 5533: 5527: 5526: 5524: 5522: 5508: 5502: 5501: 5499: 5497: 5482: 5476: 5475: 5473: 5471: 5457: 5451: 5450: 5444: 5436: 5430: 5421: 5410: 5400: 5391: 5385: 5379: 5378: 5376: 5374: 5359: 5353: 5352: 5350: 5348: 5333: 5327: 5326: 5324: 5322: 5307: 5301: 5300: 5298: 5296: 5281: 5275: 5274: 5272: 5270: 5261:. Archived from 5250: 5244: 5243: 5241: 5239: 5230:. Archived from 5219: 5213: 5212: 5210: 5208: 5197: 5191: 5190: 5188: 5186: 5177:. Archived from 5166: 5089: 5087:Education portal 5084: 5083: 5075: 5070: 5069: 5068: 5061: 5056: 5055: 5054: 4909: 4905: 4787: 4783: 4718: 4714: 4622: 4609: 4608: 4408:national academy 4264:Wohngemeinschaft 4246:academic freedom 4242:Regelstudienzeit 4214:university model 4145:Regelstudienzeit 3929: 3920: 3910: 3904: 3898: 3886: 3873: 3863: 3857: 3851: 3823: 3821:Musikhochschulen 3817: 3815:Kunsthochschulen 3811: 3805: 3797: 3791: 3785: 3771: 3762: 3749: 3740: 3734: 3709: 3583: 3581:Duale Ausbildung 3569: 3563: 3557: 3551: 3544: 3538: 3532: 3526: 3520: 3514: 3508: 3506:Industriemeister 3502: 3479:Journeyman years 3476: 3470: 3464: 3458: 3440: 3430: 3424: 3406: 3384: 3281: 3268:natural sciences 3232: 3226: 3220: 3209: 3186: 3180: 3174: 3166: 3149: 3141: 3133: 3124: 3118: 3096: 3090: 3084: 3078: 3061: 3054: 3048: 3046:Sonderungsverbot 3038: 3032: 3026: 3020: 3012: 2999: 2990:, which defines 2970: 2964: 2952: 2939: 2917: 2888:Politics-Economy 2868:Politics-Economy 2851: 2840: 2821: 2810: 2739: 2735: 2732: 2726: 2717: 2711: 2658:Intensive course 2646:Intensive course 2465: 2461: 2458: 2452: 2446: 2434: 2427: 2423: 2420: 2414: 2383: 2375: 2352: 2346: 2331: 2325: 2323:Abschlussprüfung 2319: 2313: 2307: 2298: 2292: 2286: 2280: 2274: 2268: 2262: 2256: 2254:Abschlussprüfung 2250: 2244: 2221: 2177: 2167: 2161: 2155: 2149: 2142:foreign language 2125: 2116: 2106: 2100: 2094: 2073: 2067: 2061: 2055: 2049: 2019: 2012: 2008: 2005: 1999: 1968: 1960: 1951: 1943: 1935: 1929: 1923: 1917: 1911: 1905: 1878: 1867: 1858: 1848: 1842: 1836: 1830: 1824: 1815: 1809: 1803: 1797: 1791: 1785: 1771: 1765: 1669: 1657: 1654: 1647: 1645:Berufsfachschule 1641: 1631: 1625: 1619: 1613: 1607: 1601: 1595: 1589: 1579: 1569: 1560: 1554: 1541: 1513:gymnasium abitur 1510: 1488: 1459:Berufsfachschule 1456: 1450: 1438: 1419: 1412: 1408: 1405: 1399: 1368: 1360: 1325: 1281: 1247: 1238: 1232: 1226: 1217: 1211: 1205: 1199: 1193: 1187: 1179: 1173: 1167: 1157: 1156: 1143: 1137: 1124: 1118: 1073: 1067: 1057: 1051: 1031: 1024: 1020: 1017: 1011: 980: 972: 962: 950: 915: 909: 900: 886:in some subjects 882:Introduction of 865: 831: 825: 819: 813: 793: 790: 772: 765: 731: 725: 716:After 1919, the 695: 686: 677: 668: 642: 629: 584: 577: 573: 570: 564: 533: 525: 508: 506:Duale Ausbildung 502: 496: 490: 482: 476: 470: 464: 441: 429: 423: 417: 411: 403: 395: 387: 379: 368: 362: 356: 346: 334: 266: 239: 232: 221: 218: 212: 180: 179: 172: 165: 158: 154: 151: 145: 143: 102: 78: 70: 59: 37: 36: 29: 21: 9132: 9131: 9127: 9126: 9125: 9123: 9122: 9121: 9107: 9106: 9105: 9100: 9084: 9042: 9036: 9022:Northern Cyprus 9004: 8998: 8919:North Macedonia 8740: 8735: 8705: 8700: 8687: 8680: 8673: 8666: 8653: 8517: 8468:Life expectancy 8384: 8258: 8229:Law enforcement 8165: 8130: 8057: 8024: 8003: 7987:Divided Germany 7957:Weimar Republic 7885: 7851:Frankish Empire 7839: 7763: 7729: 7723: 7714: 7640: 7582: 7580:Further reading 7577: 7576: 7566: 7564: 7561: 7555: 7551: 7546: 7539: 7534: 7530: 7525:Wayback Machine 7516: 7512: 7504: 7500: 7488: 7481: 7475: 7471: 7466: 7462: 7456: 7449: 7441: 7437: 7432:Wayback Machine 7422: 7418: 7413:Wayback Machine 7403: 7399: 7390: 7386: 7369: 7365: 7359:Wayback Machine 7350: 7346: 7336: 7334: 7326: 7325: 7321: 7315:Wayback Machine 7305: 7298: 7293: 7289: 7284: 7277: 7264: 7260: 7254: 7250: 7240: 7238: 7229: 7228: 7224: 7214: 7212: 7203: 7202: 7198: 7184: 7180: 7170: 7168: 7159: 7157: 7153: 7143: 7141: 7129: 7125: 7115: 7113: 7104: 7103: 7099: 7089: 7087: 7078: 7077: 7073: 7063: 7061: 7048: 7047: 7043: 7033: 7031: 7030:on 18 June 2017 7022: 7021: 7017: 7007: 7005: 7000: 6999: 6995: 6985: 6983: 6980:The Independent 6974: 6973: 6969: 6960: 6959: 6955: 6945: 6943: 6934: 6933: 6929: 6919: 6917: 6913: 6909: 6908: 6904: 6894: 6892: 6884:Kehm, Barbara. 6882: 6878: 6868: 6866: 6857: 6856: 6852: 6842: 6840: 6831: 6830: 6826: 6816: 6814: 6805: 6804: 6800: 6790: 6788: 6775: 6774: 6770: 6760: 6758: 6751:"Auswahlquoten" 6749: 6748: 6744: 6734: 6732: 6723: 6722: 6718: 6708: 6706: 6697: 6696: 6692: 6682: 6680: 6672: 6671: 6667: 6657: 6655: 6646: 6645: 6641: 6636: 6632: 6627: 6623: 6618: 6614: 6605: 6601: 6593: 6589: 6579: 6577: 6567: 6563: 6553: 6551: 6542: 6541: 6537: 6527: 6525: 6516: 6515: 6511: 6501: 6499: 6486: 6485: 6481: 6476: 6472: 6460: 6456: 6451: 6447: 6441: 6437: 6428: 6424: 6415: 6411: 6402: 6398: 6388: 6386: 6377: 6376: 6372: 6356: 6355: 6347: 6343: 6328: 6324: 6308: 6302: 6298: 6293: 6289: 6280: 6276: 6267: 6263: 6254: 6250: 6245: 6241: 6232: 6228: 6215: 6213: 6204: 6203: 6199: 6193: 6189: 6183: 6179: 6169: 6167: 6163: 6159: 6158: 6154: 6144: 6142: 6140: 6129: 6116: 6109: 6099: 6097: 6095: 6084: 6071: 6064: 6057: 6035: 6031: 6023: 6019: 6009: 6007: 6003: 6002: 5998: 5988: 5986: 5982: 5981: 5977: 5967: 5965: 5958:"The new local" 5956: 5955: 5951: 5941: 5939: 5938:on 4 March 2016 5930: 5929: 5922: 5912: 5910: 5908:iscresearch.com 5902: 5901: 5897: 5887: 5885: 5874: 5870: 5855: 5851: 5845: 5841: 5835: 5831: 5824: 5810: 5806: 5798: 5779: 5773: 5769: 5759: 5757: 5749: 5748: 5744: 5734: 5732: 5724: 5723: 5719: 5709: 5707: 5695: 5691: 5681: 5679: 5672: 5668: 5658: 5656: 5648: 5647: 5643: 5633: 5631: 5624: 5620: 5618: 5614: 5601: 5597: 5587: 5585: 5576: 5575: 5571: 5559: 5555: 5545: 5543: 5535: 5534: 5530: 5520: 5518: 5510: 5509: 5505: 5495: 5493: 5484: 5483: 5479: 5469: 5467: 5459: 5458: 5454: 5438: 5437: 5428: 5422: 5413: 5401: 5394: 5386: 5382: 5372: 5370: 5361: 5360: 5356: 5346: 5344: 5343:. 2 August 2017 5335: 5334: 5330: 5320: 5318: 5308: 5304: 5294: 5292: 5282: 5278: 5268: 5266: 5265:on 21 July 2023 5251: 5247: 5237: 5235: 5220: 5216: 5206: 5204: 5198: 5194: 5184: 5182: 5167: 5163: 5158: 5143: 5085: 5078: 5071: 5066: 5064: 5057: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5038: 5013: 4920: 4915: 4893: 4872: 4602: 4585: 4571: 4562: 4550:eastern Germany 4530: 4514: 4483: 4458: 4428: 4388:Wendelstein 7-X 4380: 4278: 4272: 4187: 4126:Studentenschaft 4112:Semesterbeitrag 4108: 4072:numerus clausus 4064:numerus clausus 4050: 4001:Eingangsprüfung 3993:Begabtenprüfung 3969:Fachhochschulen 3941: 3936: 3918:Dipl. Ing. (FH) 3879:Bologna Process 3861:Fachhochschulen 3849:Fachhochschulen 3844: 3838: 3834:Fachhochschulen 3789:Volluniversität 3783:Fachhochschulen 3764: 3727: 3671:(1472) and the 3600: 3590: 3413: 3284:Performance on 3256: 3239: 3193: 3103: 3101:Special schools 3043:(the so-called 3009:Gleichschaltung 2977: 2853: 2850: 2842: 2839: 2823: 2820: 2812: 2809: 2614:Civic education 2435: 2424: 2418: 2415: 2400: 2384: 2373: 2360: 2229:advertisements. 2135:multiple choice 2114:Ganztagsschulen 2031:Apian Gymnasium 2020: 2009: 2003: 2000: 1985: 1969: 1958: 1948:Abendrealschule 1813:Erprobungsstufe 1769:Erprobungsstufe 1535: 1420: 1409: 1403: 1400: 1385: 1369: 1358: 1348: 1288: 1271: 1265: 1096: 1088: 1065:Klassensprecher 1032: 1021: 1015: 1012: 997: 981: 970: 955:educational act 876: 838: 794: 788: 785: 778:needs expansion 763: 757: 745: 743:Nazi university 739: 718:Weimar Republic 706: 704:Weimar Republic 649: 635:Napoleonic Wars 600: 594: 585: 574: 568: 565: 550: 534: 523: 457:There are also 321: 296:master's degree 240: 229: 228: 227: 222: 216: 213: 194: 181: 177: 166: 155: 149: 146: 103: 101: 91: 79: 38: 34: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9130: 9120: 9119: 9102: 9101: 9099: 9098: 9096:European Union 9092: 9090: 9089:Other entities 9086: 9085: 9083: 9082: 9077: 9072: 9067: 9062: 9057: 9052: 9046: 9044: 9043:other entities 9038: 9037: 9035: 9034: 9029: 9024: 9019: 9014: 9008: 9006: 9000: 8999: 8997: 8996: 8994:United Kingdom 8991: 8986: 8981: 8976: 8971: 8966: 8961: 8956: 8951: 8946: 8941: 8936: 8931: 8926: 8921: 8916: 8911: 8906: 8901: 8896: 8891: 8886: 8881: 8876: 8871: 8866: 8861: 8859: 8854: 8849: 8844: 8839: 8834: 8829: 8824: 8819: 8814: 8809: 8807:Czech Republic 8804: 8799: 8794: 8789: 8784: 8779: 8774: 8769: 8764: 8759: 8754: 8748: 8746: 8742: 8741: 8734: 8733: 8726: 8719: 8711: 8702: 8701: 8699: 8698: 8693: 8686: 8685: 8678: 8671: 8663: 8662: 8659: 8658: 8655: 8654: 8652: 8651: 8646: 8641: 8636: 8631: 8626: 8621: 8616: 8611: 8606: 8601: 8596: 8591: 8586: 8581: 8576: 8571: 8566: 8565:Cultural icons 8563: 8558: 8553: 8548: 8543: 8538: 8533: 8527: 8525: 8519: 8518: 8516: 8515: 8510: 8505: 8500: 8495: 8490: 8485: 8480: 8475: 8470: 8465: 8460: 8455: 8450: 8445: 8444: 8443: 8438: 8428: 8423: 8418: 8413: 8408: 8402: 8396: 8390: 8389: 8386: 8385: 8383: 8382: 8377: 8372: 8367: 8362: 8357: 8352: 8347: 8345:Stock exchange 8342: 8337: 8329: 8324: 8319: 8314: 8309: 8304: 8299: 8298: 8297: 8287: 8282: 8276: 8270: 8264: 8263: 8260: 8259: 8257: 8256: 8251: 8246: 8241: 8236: 8231: 8226: 8221: 8220: 8219: 8214: 8209: 8199: 8194: 8189: 8184: 8179: 8174: 8169: 8159: 8154: 8148: 8142: 8136: 8135: 8132: 8131: 8129: 8128: 8123: 8118: 8113: 8108: 8103: 8098: 8093: 8092: 8091: 8086: 8075: 8069: 8063: 8062: 8059: 8058: 8056: 8055: 8049: 8043: 8038: 8032: 8030: 8026: 8025: 8023: 8022: 8017: 8011: 8009: 8005: 8004: 8002: 8001: 8000: 7999: 7994: 7984: 7982:Denazification 7979: 7974: 7969: 7964: 7959: 7954: 7949: 7944: 7939: 7934: 7929: 7924: 7919: 7914: 7909: 7904: 7899: 7893: 7891: 7887: 7886: 7884: 7883: 7878: 7873: 7868: 7863: 7858: 7853: 7847: 7845: 7841: 7840: 7838: 7837: 7832: 7827: 7822: 7817: 7812: 7807: 7802: 7797: 7792: 7787: 7782: 7777: 7771: 7769: 7765: 7764: 7762: 7761: 7756: 7754:Historiography 7751: 7746: 7740: 7738: 7731: 7725: 7724: 7713: 7712: 7705: 7698: 7690: 7684: 7683: 7677: 7675:Also in German 7668: 7662: 7656: 7651: 7646: 7639: 7638:External links 7636: 7635: 7634: 7627: 7617: 7610: 7600: 7590: 7581: 7578: 7575: 7574: 7549: 7537: 7528: 7510: 7498: 7479: 7469: 7460: 7447: 7435: 7416: 7397: 7384: 7363: 7344: 7319: 7296: 7287: 7275: 7258: 7248: 7222: 7196: 7178: 7151: 7123: 7097: 7071: 7041: 7015: 6993: 6967: 6953: 6927: 6902: 6876: 6850: 6824: 6798: 6768: 6742: 6716: 6690: 6665: 6639: 6630: 6621: 6612: 6599: 6587: 6561: 6550:on 13 May 2011 6535: 6509: 6479: 6470: 6454: 6445: 6435: 6422: 6409: 6396: 6370: 6341: 6322: 6296: 6287: 6274: 6261: 6248: 6239: 6226: 6210:Wetzlar Kurier 6197: 6187: 6177: 6152: 6138: 6107: 6093: 6062: 6055: 6029: 6017: 5996: 5975: 5949: 5920: 5895: 5868: 5849: 5839: 5829: 5822: 5804: 5767: 5742: 5717: 5689: 5666: 5641: 5612: 5595: 5569: 5553: 5528: 5503: 5492:on 31 May 2016 5477: 5452: 5411: 5392: 5380: 5354: 5328: 5302: 5276: 5245: 5214: 5192: 5171:"Schulpflicht" 5160: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5153: 5152: 5142: 5139: 5138: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5091: 5090: 5076: 5062: 5059:Germany portal 5046: 5043: 5037: 5034: 5012: 5009: 4989: 4988: 4985: 4982: 4978: 4977: 4974: 4971: 4967: 4966: 4963: 4960: 4956: 4955: 4952: 4949: 4945: 4944: 4941: 4938: 4934: 4933: 4930: 4927: 4923: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4892: 4889: 4871: 4868: 4849: 4848: 4845: 4842: 4836: 4835: 4832: 4829: 4826:Mittlere Reife 4822: 4821: 4818: 4815: 4808: 4807: 4804: 4801: 4797: 4796: 4793: 4790: 4780: 4779: 4776: 4773: 4767: 4766: 4763: 4760: 4757:Mittlere Reife 4753: 4752: 4749: 4746: 4739: 4738: 4735: 4732: 4728: 4727: 4724: 4721: 4713: 4712: 4690: 4689: 4686: 4682: 4681: 4678: 4674: 4673: 4670: 4666: 4665: 4662: 4658: 4657: 4654: 4650: 4649: 4646: 4638: 4637: 4634: 4630: 4629: 4626: 4617: 4616: 4613: 4607: 4606: 4601: 4598: 4570: 4567: 4561: 4558: 4529: 4526: 4513: 4510: 4509: 4508: 4502: 4496: 4490: 4482: 4479: 4478: 4477: 4471: 4465: 4457: 4454: 4453: 4452: 4446: 4440: 4434: 4427: 4424: 4379: 4376: 4319: 4318: 4315: 4312: 4309: 4306: 4271: 4268: 4216:introduced by 4186: 4183: 4107: 4104: 4099: 4098: 4097: 4096: 4089: 4085: 4082: 4068: 4059: 4049: 4046: 3940: 3937: 3935: 3932: 3927:Fachhochschule 3922:Max Mustermann 3884:Fachhochschule 3871:Fachhochschule 3842:Fachhochschule 3840:Main article: 3837: 3831: 3763: 3756: 3726: 3723: 3722: 3721: 3714: 3711: 3702: 3589: 3586: 3412: 3411:Apprenticeship 3409: 3389: 3388: 3381: 3380: 3377: 3374: 3371: 3368: 3362: 3361: 3358: 3355: 3352: 3349: 3343: 3342: 3339: 3336: 3333: 3330: 3326: 3325: 3322: 3319: 3316: 3313: 3307: 3306: 3303: 3300: 3297: 3294: 3290: 3289: 3255: 3252: 3238: 3235: 3192: 3189: 3152: 3151: 3143: 3135: 3102: 3099: 2976: 2973: 2961:Waldorfschulen 2943: 2942: 2936: 2934: 2931: 2930:"Seminarfach"+ 2928: 2925: 2921: 2920: 2914: 2912: 2909: 2908:"Seminarfach"+ 2906: 2903: 2899: 2898: 2895: 2892: 2889: 2886: 2883: 2879: 2878: 2875: 2872: 2869: 2866: 2863: 2859: 2858: 2855: 2847: 2844: 2836: 2833: 2829: 2828: 2825: 2817: 2814: 2806: 2803: 2799: 2798: 2795: 2792: 2789: 2786: 2783: 2779: 2778: 2775: 2772: 2769: 2766: 2763: 2759: 2758: 2755: 2752: 2749: 2746: 2743: 2724:Leistungskurse 2701: 2700: 2698: 2696: 2694: 2692: 2689: 2685: 2684: 2682: 2680: 2678: 2676: 2673: 2669: 2668: 2666: 2664: 2661: 2659: 2656: 2652: 2651: 2649: 2647: 2644: 2642: 2639: 2635: 2634: 2629: 2625: 2624: 2621: 2618: 2615: 2612: 2609: 2605: 2604: 2601: 2598: 2595: 2592: 2589: 2585: 2584: 2579: 2575: 2574: 2571: 2568: 2565: 2562: 2559: 2555: 2554: 2551: 2548: 2545: 2542: 2539: 2535: 2534: 2529: 2525: 2524: 2521: 2518: 2515: 2512: 2509: 2505: 2504: 2501: 2498: 2495: 2492: 2489: 2485: 2484: 2481: 2478: 2475: 2472: 2469: 2437: 2436: 2387: 2385: 2378: 2372: 2369: 2359: 2356: 2355: 2354: 2339: 2333: 2300: 2293:, also called 2284:Mittlere Reife 2237: 2233: 2230: 2226: 2223: 2210: 2207: 2203: 2200: 2170: 2138: 2131: 2127: 2118: 2108: 2083:school uniform 2079: 2075: 2042: 2022: 2021: 1972: 1970: 1963: 1957: 1954: 1940:Abendgymnasium 1763:Orientierungs- 1756: 1755: 1752: 1749: 1746: 1743: 1735: 1734: 1731: 1728: 1725: 1722: 1714: 1713: 1710: 1707: 1704: 1701: 1693: 1692: 1687: 1682: 1677: 1672: 1593:Mittlere Reife 1517: 1516: 1502: 1490: 1486:Mittlere Reife 1469:Regionalschule 1464:Fachoberschule 1448:Mittlere Reife 1440: 1422: 1421: 1372: 1370: 1363: 1347: 1344: 1340: 1339: 1338: 1337: 1327: 1319: 1313: 1310:Waldorf school 1304: 1287: 1284: 1267:Main article: 1264: 1261: 1095: 1092: 1087: 1084: 1034: 1033: 984: 982: 975: 969: 966: 965: 964: 951: 936: 935: 932: 929: 918: 917: 910:school years ( 902: 893: 890: 887: 875: 872: 837: 834: 796: 795: 775: 773: 759:Main article: 756: 753: 738: 735: 705: 702: 698: 697: 688: 684:Oberrealschule 679: 670: 648: 645: 602:Historically, 596:Main article: 593: 590: 587: 586: 537: 535: 528: 522: 519: 421:Mittlere Reife 384:Mittlere Reife 320: 317: 284:Mittlere Reife 242: 241: 224: 223: 217:September 2023 203:it, or adding 184: 182: 175: 168: 167: 82: 80: 73: 68: 42: 41: 39: 32: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9129: 9118: 9115: 9114: 9112: 9097: 9094: 9093: 9091: 9087: 9081: 9078: 9076: 9073: 9071: 9068: 9066: 9063: 9061: 9058: 9056: 9055:Faroe Islands 9053: 9051: 9048: 9047: 9045: 9039: 9033: 9030: 9028: 9027:South Ossetia 9025: 9023: 9020: 9018: 9015: 9013: 9010: 9009: 9007: 9001: 8995: 8992: 8990: 8987: 8985: 8982: 8980: 8977: 8975: 8972: 8970: 8967: 8965: 8962: 8960: 8957: 8955: 8952: 8950: 8947: 8945: 8942: 8940: 8937: 8935: 8932: 8930: 8927: 8925: 8922: 8920: 8917: 8915: 8912: 8910: 8907: 8905: 8902: 8900: 8897: 8895: 8892: 8890: 8887: 8885: 8882: 8880: 8879:Liechtenstein 8877: 8875: 8872: 8870: 8867: 8865: 8862: 8860: 8858: 8855: 8853: 8850: 8848: 8845: 8843: 8840: 8838: 8835: 8833: 8830: 8828: 8825: 8823: 8820: 8818: 8815: 8813: 8810: 8808: 8805: 8803: 8800: 8798: 8795: 8793: 8790: 8788: 8785: 8783: 8780: 8778: 8775: 8773: 8770: 8768: 8765: 8763: 8760: 8758: 8755: 8753: 8750: 8749: 8747: 8743: 8739: 8732: 8727: 8725: 8720: 8718: 8713: 8712: 8709: 8697: 8694: 8692: 8689: 8688: 8683: 8679: 8676: 8672: 8669: 8665: 8664: 8660: 8650: 8647: 8645: 8642: 8640: 8637: 8635: 8632: 8630: 8627: 8625: 8622: 8620: 8617: 8615: 8612: 8610: 8607: 8605: 8602: 8600: 8597: 8595: 8592: 8590: 8587: 8585: 8582: 8580: 8577: 8575: 8572: 8570: 8567: 8564: 8562: 8559: 8557: 8554: 8552: 8549: 8547: 8544: 8542: 8539: 8537: 8534: 8532: 8529: 8528: 8526: 8524: 8520: 8514: 8511: 8509: 8508:Social issues 8506: 8504: 8501: 8499: 8496: 8494: 8491: 8489: 8486: 8484: 8481: 8479: 8476: 8474: 8471: 8469: 8466: 8464: 8461: 8459: 8456: 8454: 8451: 8449: 8446: 8442: 8439: 8437: 8436:Ethnic groups 8434: 8433: 8432: 8429: 8427: 8424: 8422: 8419: 8417: 8414: 8412: 8409: 8407: 8404: 8403: 8400: 8397: 8395: 8391: 8381: 8378: 8376: 8373: 8371: 8368: 8366: 8363: 8361: 8358: 8356: 8353: 8351: 8348: 8346: 8343: 8341: 8338: 8336: 8334: 8330: 8328: 8325: 8323: 8320: 8318: 8315: 8313: 8310: 8308: 8305: 8303: 8300: 8296: 8293: 8292: 8291: 8288: 8286: 8283: 8281: 8278: 8277: 8274: 8271: 8269: 8265: 8255: 8252: 8250: 8247: 8245: 8242: 8240: 8237: 8235: 8232: 8230: 8227: 8225: 8222: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8204: 8203: 8200: 8198: 8195: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8185: 8183: 8180: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8168: 8164: 8160: 8158: 8155: 8153: 8150: 8149: 8146: 8143: 8141: 8137: 8127: 8124: 8122: 8119: 8117: 8114: 8112: 8109: 8107: 8104: 8102: 8099: 8097: 8094: 8090: 8087: 8085: 8082: 8081: 8080: 8077: 8076: 8073: 8070: 8068: 8064: 8053: 8050: 8047: 8044: 8042: 8039: 8037: 8034: 8033: 8031: 8027: 8021: 8018: 8016: 8015:Reunification 8013: 8012: 8010: 8006: 7998: 7995: 7993: 7990: 7989: 7988: 7985: 7983: 7980: 7978: 7975: 7973: 7970: 7968: 7965: 7963: 7960: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7937:German Empire 7935: 7933: 7930: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7908: 7905: 7903: 7900: 7898: 7895: 7894: 7892: 7888: 7882: 7879: 7877: 7874: 7872: 7869: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7848: 7846: 7842: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7818: 7816: 7813: 7811: 7808: 7806: 7803: 7801: 7798: 7796: 7793: 7791: 7788: 7786: 7783: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7773: 7772: 7770: 7766: 7760: 7757: 7755: 7752: 7750: 7747: 7745: 7742: 7741: 7739: 7735: 7732: 7726: 7722: 7718: 7711: 7706: 7704: 7699: 7697: 7692: 7691: 7688: 7681: 7678: 7676: 7672: 7669: 7666: 7663: 7660: 7657: 7655: 7652: 7650: 7647: 7645: 7642: 7641: 7632: 7628: 7626: 7622: 7618: 7615: 7611: 7609: 7605: 7601: 7599: 7595: 7591: 7588: 7584: 7583: 7560: 7553: 7544: 7542: 7532: 7526: 7522: 7519: 7514: 7508: 7502: 7496: 7495:3-497-01539-3 7492: 7486: 7484: 7473: 7464: 7454: 7452: 7445: 7439: 7433: 7429: 7426: 7420: 7414: 7410: 7407: 7401: 7394: 7388: 7381: 7380:3-8142-1143-X 7377: 7373: 7367: 7360: 7356: 7353: 7348: 7333: 7332:idw-online.de 7329: 7323: 7316: 7312: 7309: 7303: 7301: 7291: 7282: 7280: 7273: 7272:3-7799-1583-9 7269: 7262: 7252: 7236: 7232: 7226: 7210: 7206: 7200: 7193: 7189: 7188: 7182: 7166: 7162: 7155: 7140: 7139: 7134: 7127: 7111: 7107: 7101: 7085: 7081: 7075: 7059: 7055: 7051: 7045: 7029: 7025: 7019: 7003: 6997: 6981: 6977: 6971: 6963: 6957: 6941: 6937: 6931: 6912: 6906: 6891: 6887: 6880: 6864: 6860: 6854: 6838: 6834: 6828: 6812: 6808: 6802: 6786: 6782: 6778: 6777:"Vorabquoten" 6772: 6756: 6752: 6746: 6730: 6726: 6720: 6704: 6700: 6694: 6679: 6675: 6669: 6653: 6649: 6648:"Application" 6643: 6634: 6625: 6616: 6609: 6603: 6596: 6591: 6576: 6572: 6565: 6549: 6545: 6539: 6523: 6519: 6513: 6497: 6493: 6489: 6483: 6474: 6468: 6464: 6458: 6449: 6439: 6432: 6426: 6419: 6413: 6406: 6400: 6384: 6380: 6374: 6366: 6360: 6352: 6345: 6337: 6334:(in German). 6333: 6326: 6318: 6315:(in German). 6314: 6307: 6300: 6291: 6284: 6278: 6271: 6265: 6258: 6252: 6243: 6236: 6230: 6223: 6211: 6207: 6201: 6191: 6181: 6162: 6156: 6141: 6135: 6127: 6126: 6120: 6114: 6112: 6096: 6090: 6082: 6081: 6075: 6069: 6067: 6058: 6056:9789264096660 6052: 6048: 6044: 6040: 6037:OECD (2011). 6033: 6026: 6021: 6006: 6000: 5985: 5979: 5963: 5962:The Economist 5959: 5953: 5937: 5933: 5927: 5925: 5909: 5905: 5899: 5883: 5879: 5872: 5864: 5860: 5853: 5843: 5833: 5825: 5819: 5815: 5808: 5797: 5793: 5789: 5785: 5778: 5771: 5756: 5752: 5746: 5731: 5727: 5721: 5705: 5701: 5693: 5677: 5670: 5655: 5651: 5645: 5630: 5623: 5616: 5609: 5605: 5599: 5583: 5579: 5573: 5567: 5563: 5557: 5542: 5538: 5532: 5517: 5513: 5507: 5491: 5487: 5481: 5466: 5462: 5456: 5448: 5442: 5434: 5427: 5420: 5418: 5416: 5408: 5404: 5399: 5397: 5389: 5388:Schülerzahlen 5384: 5368: 5364: 5358: 5342: 5338: 5332: 5317: 5313: 5306: 5291: 5287: 5280: 5264: 5260: 5256: 5249: 5233: 5229: 5225: 5218: 5203: 5196: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5165: 5161: 5150: 5145: 5144: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5092: 5088: 5082: 5077: 5074: 5063: 5060: 5049: 5042: 5033: 5030: 5026: 5023: 5018: 5008: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4997: 4986: 4983: 4980: 4979: 4975: 4972: 4969: 4968: 4964: 4961: 4958: 4957: 4953: 4950: 4947: 4946: 4942: 4939: 4936: 4935: 4931: 4928: 4925: 4924: 4918: 4913: 4911: 4910: 4904: 4902: 4898: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4867: 4865: 4859: 4857: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4837: 4833: 4830: 4827: 4824: 4823: 4819: 4816: 4813: 4810: 4809: 4805: 4802: 4799: 4798: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4788: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4768: 4764: 4761: 4758: 4755: 4754: 4750: 4747: 4744: 4741: 4740: 4736: 4733: 4730: 4729: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4719: 4710: 4709: 4708: 4706: 4700: 4698: 4687: 4684: 4683: 4679: 4676: 4675: 4671: 4668: 4667: 4663: 4660: 4659: 4655: 4652: 4651: 4647: 4644: 4640: 4639: 4635: 4632: 4631: 4627: 4624: 4623: 4614: 4611: 4610: 4604: 4603: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4566: 4557: 4553: 4551: 4546: 4539: 4534: 4525: 4523: 4519: 4506: 4503: 4500: 4497: 4494: 4491: 4488: 4485: 4484: 4475: 4472: 4469: 4466: 4463: 4460: 4459: 4450: 4447: 4444: 4441: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4429: 4423: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4401: 4397: 4394:close to the 4393: 4389: 4384: 4375: 4373: 4372: 4367: 4363: 4358: 4356: 4350: 4348: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4330: 4326: 4325: 4316: 4313: 4310: 4307: 4304: 4303: 4302: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4277: 4267: 4265: 4260: 4259:Studentenwerk 4256: 4255: 4254:Studentenwerk 4249: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4230: 4226: 4224: 4219: 4215: 4210: 4208: 4204: 4199: 4196: 4192: 4182: 4178: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4167: 4160: 4157: 4152: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4137: 4134: 4131:In 2005, the 4129: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4118: 4117:Studentenwerk 4113: 4103: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4083: 4080: 4079: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4066: 4065: 4060: 4056: 4055: 4054: 4045: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4034: 4033:Studienkolleg 4028: 4026: 4023:or 29 on the 4022: 4018: 4013: 4008: 4004: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3984: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3950: 3945: 3931: 3928: 3923: 3919: 3914: 3909: 3903: 3902:Universitäten 3897: 3892: 3891: 3885: 3880: 3877:Prior to the 3875: 3872: 3866: 3862: 3856: 3855:Universitäten 3850: 3843: 3835: 3830: 3827: 3822: 3816: 3810: 3804: 3803: 3796: 3790: 3784: 3779: 3775: 3774:habilitations 3770: 3769:Universitäten 3761: 3760:Universitäten 3755: 3753: 3748: 3742: 3739: 3733: 3719: 3718:habilitations 3715: 3712: 3708: 3703: 3700: 3699: 3698: 3695: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3676: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3637: 3635: 3631: 3626: 3624: 3620: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3599: 3595: 3585: 3582: 3577: 3573: 3568: 3562: 3556: 3550: 3543: 3537: 3531: 3525: 3519: 3513: 3507: 3501: 3494: 3486: 3482: 3480: 3475: 3469: 3463: 3457: 3456:Freisprechung 3446: 3442: 3439: 3429: 3423: 3417: 3408: 3405: 3404: 3397: 3382: 3378: 3375: 3372: 3369: 3367: 3364: 3359: 3356: 3353: 3350: 3348: 3345: 3340: 3337: 3334: 3331: 3328: 3323: 3320: 3317: 3314: 3312: 3309: 3291: 3287: 3282: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3251: 3249: 3245: 3244:The Economist 3234: 3231: 3225: 3219: 3213: 3208: 3197: 3191:Elite schools 3188: 3185: 3179: 3173: 3172: 3165: 3164: 3157: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3127: 3126: 3123: 3117: 3107: 3098: 3095: 3089: 3083: 3077: 3072: 3067: 3063: 3060: 3059:Ersatzschulen 3053: 3052:Ersatzschulen 3047: 3042: 3037: 3031: 3025: 3024:Ersatzschulen 3019: 3018:Ersatzschulen 3014: 3011: 3010: 3003: 2998: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2980: 2972: 2969: 2963: 2962: 2955: 2951: 2937: 2935: 2932: 2929: 2926: 2923: 2922: 2915: 2913: 2910: 2907: 2904: 2901: 2900: 2896: 2893: 2890: 2887: 2884: 2881: 2880: 2876: 2873: 2870: 2867: 2864: 2861: 2860: 2856: 2848: 2845: 2837: 2834: 2831: 2830: 2826: 2818: 2815: 2807: 2804: 2801: 2800: 2796: 2793: 2790: 2787: 2784: 2781: 2780: 2776: 2773: 2770: 2767: 2764: 2761: 2760: 2756: 2753: 2750: 2747: 2744: 2741: 2740: 2734: 2731: 2725: 2719: 2716: 2710: 2699: 2697: 2695: 2693: 2690: 2687: 2686: 2683: 2681: 2679: 2677: 2674: 2671: 2670: 2667: 2665: 2662: 2660: 2657: 2654: 2653: 2650: 2648: 2645: 2643: 2640: 2637: 2636: 2633: 2627: 2626: 2622: 2619: 2616: 2613: 2610: 2607: 2606: 2602: 2599: 2596: 2593: 2590: 2587: 2586: 2583: 2577: 2576: 2572: 2569: 2566: 2563: 2560: 2557: 2556: 2552: 2549: 2546: 2543: 2540: 2537: 2536: 2533: 2527: 2526: 2522: 2519: 2516: 2513: 2510: 2507: 2506: 2502: 2499: 2496: 2493: 2490: 2487: 2486: 2482: 2479: 2476: 2473: 2470: 2467: 2466: 2460: 2457: 2451: 2445: 2433: 2430: 2422: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2398: 2397: 2393: 2388:This section 2386: 2382: 2377: 2376: 2368: 2366: 2365:Easter Sunday 2351: 2345: 2340: 2337: 2334: 2330: 2324: 2318: 2312: 2306: 2301: 2297: 2291: 2285: 2279: 2273: 2267: 2261: 2255: 2249: 2243: 2238: 2234: 2231: 2227: 2224: 2220: 2215: 2211: 2208: 2204: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2176: 2171: 2166: 2160: 2154: 2148: 2143: 2139: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2119: 2115: 2109: 2105: 2099: 2093: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2066: 2060: 2054: 2048: 2043: 2040: 2039: 2038: 2032: 2028: 2018: 2015: 2007: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1983: 1982: 1978: 1973:This section 1971: 1967: 1962: 1961: 1953: 1950: 1949: 1942: 1941: 1934: 1928: 1922: 1916: 1910: 1904: 1899: 1896: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1877: 1871: 1866: 1860: 1857: 1856:Gesamtschulen 1852: 1847: 1841: 1835: 1829: 1823: 1817: 1814: 1808: 1802: 1796: 1790: 1784: 1779: 1775: 1770: 1764: 1753: 1750: 1747: 1744: 1742: 1741: 1737: 1736: 1732: 1729: 1726: 1723: 1721: 1720: 1716: 1715: 1711: 1708: 1705: 1702: 1700: 1699: 1695: 1694: 1691: 1688: 1686: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1671: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1656: 1653: 1646: 1640: 1635: 1630: 1624: 1618: 1612: 1606: 1600: 1594: 1588: 1582: 1578: 1573: 1568: 1567: 1559: 1553: 1545: 1539: 1534: 1529: 1521: 1514: 1509: 1508: 1503: 1500: 1496: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1465: 1460: 1455: 1449: 1444: 1441: 1437: 1432: 1429: 1428: 1427: 1418: 1415: 1407: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1383: 1382: 1378: 1373:This section 1371: 1367: 1362: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1343: 1335: 1331: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1317: 1314: 1311: 1308: 1307: 1305: 1301: 1300: 1299: 1292: 1283: 1280: 1276:is – between 1275: 1274:Homeschooling 1270: 1263:Homeschooling 1260: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1246: 1240: 1237: 1231: 1225: 1219: 1216: 1210: 1204: 1198: 1192: 1186: 1181: 1178: 1172: 1166: 1161: 1151: 1150:Reggio Emilia 1147: 1142: 1136: 1134: 1130: 1123: 1117: 1112: 1105: 1100: 1091: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1072: 1066: 1061: 1056: 1050: 1040: 1030: 1027: 1019: 1009: 1005: 1001: 995: 994: 990: 985:This section 983: 979: 974: 973: 961: 956: 952: 949: 944: 941: 940: 939: 933: 930: 927: 926: 925: 923: 914: 908: 904:Reduction of 903: 899: 898:Schulprogramm 894: 891: 888: 885: 881: 880: 879: 871: 867: 864: 859: 855: 854:Allied powers 851: 842: 833: 830: 824: 818: 812: 807: 803: 792: 783: 779: 776:This section 774: 771: 767: 766: 762: 752: 750: 744: 734: 730: 724: 719: 710: 701: 694: 689: 685: 680: 676: 675:Realgymnasium 671: 667: 662: 661: 660: 657: 654: 653:German Empire 647:German Empire 644: 641: 636: 631: 628: 627: 621: 616: 614: 609: 608:Martin Luther 605: 599: 583: 580: 572: 562: 558: 554: 548: 547: 543: 538:This section 536: 532: 527: 526: 518: 514: 512: 507: 501: 495: 489: 488: 481: 480:Sonderschulen 475: 469: 463: 462: 455: 453: 449: 445: 440: 439: 432: 428: 422: 416: 410: 409: 402: 401: 394: 393: 386: 385: 378: 377: 370: 367: 361: 355: 351:provided the 350: 345: 344: 338: 333: 332: 325: 316: 314: 313: 307: 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 285: 281: 277: 273: 268: 265: 260: 256: 248: 238: 235: 220: 210: 206: 202: 198: 192: 190: 185:This article 183: 174: 173: 164: 161: 153: 142: 139: 135: 132: 128: 125: 121: 118: 114: 111: – 110: 106: 105:Find sources: 99: 95: 89: 88: 83:This article 81: 77: 72: 71: 66: 64: 57: 56: 51: 50: 45: 40: 31: 30: 27: 19: 9032:Transnistria 8836: 8682:Bibliography 8556:Coat of arms 8536:Architecture 8513:Trade unions 8493:Prostitution 8453:Homelessness 8425: 8416:Demographics 8365:Trade unions 8332: 8322:German model 8295:Central bank 8239:Conservatism 8202:Human rights 8187:Court system 8182:Constitution 8162: 8008:Contemporary 7997:West Germany 7992:East Germany 7967:World War II 7962:Nazi Germany 7902:18th-century 7861:East Francia 7815:Cimbrian War 7630: 7620: 7613: 7603: 7593: 7586: 7565:. Retrieved 7552: 7531: 7513: 7501: 7472: 7463: 7458:Berlin; p.44 7438: 7419: 7400: 7392: 7387: 7371: 7366: 7347: 7335:. Retrieved 7331: 7322: 7290: 7261: 7251: 7239:. Retrieved 7234: 7225: 7213:. Retrieved 7208: 7199: 7185: 7181: 7169:. Retrieved 7165:the original 7154: 7142:. Retrieved 7136: 7126: 7114:. Retrieved 7109: 7100: 7088:. Retrieved 7084:the original 7074: 7062:. Retrieved 7058:the original 7053: 7044: 7032:. Retrieved 7028:the original 7018: 7006:. Retrieved 6996: 6984:. Retrieved 6979: 6970: 6956: 6944:. Retrieved 6939: 6930: 6918:. Retrieved 6905: 6893:. Retrieved 6889: 6879: 6867:. Retrieved 6862: 6853: 6841:. Retrieved 6837:the original 6827: 6815:. Retrieved 6810: 6801: 6789:. Retrieved 6785:the original 6780: 6771: 6759:. Retrieved 6754: 6745: 6733:. Retrieved 6728: 6719: 6707:. Retrieved 6702: 6693: 6681:. Retrieved 6677: 6668: 6656:. Retrieved 6651: 6642: 6633: 6624: 6615: 6602: 6590: 6578:. Retrieved 6574: 6564: 6552:. Retrieved 6548:the original 6538: 6526:. 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