2861:
40:
28:
277:
2872:
566:). An important review on spectral classification by Morgan & Keenan (1973) listed "revised MK" standards for O4 to O7, but again no splitting of standards by luminosity classes. This review also listed main-sequence "dagger standards" of O9 V for 10 Lacertae and O9.5 V for Sigma Orionis.
1308:
Massey, Philip; Bresolin, Fabio; Kudritzki, Rolf P; Puls, Joachim; Pauldrach, A. W. A (2004). "The
Physical Properties and Effective Temperature Scale of O-Type Stars as a Function of Metallicity. I. A Sample of 20 Stars in the Magellanic Clouds".
572:
luminosity classes for subtypes earlier than O5 were not defined with standard stars until the 1970s. The spectral atlas of Morgan, Abt, & Tapscott (1978) defined listed several O-type main-sequence (luminosity class "V") standards:
520:
The MorganāKeenanāKellerman (MKK) "Yerkes" atlas from 1943 listed O-type standards between O5 and O9, but only split luminosity classes for the O9s. The two MKK O9 V standards were
1115:
Walborn, Nolan R; Howarth, Ian D; Lennon, Daniel J; Massey, Philip; Oey, M. S; Moffat, Anthony F. J; Skalkowski, Gwen; Morrell, Nidia I; Drissen, Laurent; Parker, Joel Wm (2002).
651:, around one in 10,000,000 of all stars. Of the few there are, all class O stars are very young ā no more than a few million years old ā and in our galaxy they all have high
2712:
505:
The "anchor" standards which define the MK classification grid for O-type main-sequence stars, i.e. those standards which have not changed since the early 20th century, are
528:. The revised Yerkes standards ("MK") presented listed in Johnson & Morgan (1953) presented no changes to the O5 to O8 types, and listed 5 O9 V standards (
605:(O9 V). Walborn & Fitzpartrick (1990) provided the first digital atlas of spectra for OB-type stars, and included a main-sequence standard for O3 V (
1240:
William D. Vacca; Catharine D. Garmany & J. Michael Shull (April 1996). "The Lyman-Continuum Fluxes and
Stellar Parameters of O and Early B-Type Stars".
981:
Johnson, H. L; Morgan, W. W (1953). "Fundamental stellar photometry for standards of spectral type on the revised system of the Yerkes spectral atlas".
958:
Morgan, William Wilson; Keenan, Philip Childs; Kellman, Edith (1943). "An atlas of stellar spectra, with an outline of spectral classification".
847:
Pecaut, Mark J.; Mamajek, Eric E. (1 September 2013). "Intrinsic colors, temperatures, and bolometric corrections of pre-main-sequence stars".
635:
623:
607:
587:
737:) and noticeably higher temperatures, with the most obvious cause being lower mass loss rates, reduced because of their lower opacity.
629:
597:
542:
536:
530:
17:
707:
range from about ā4 (eqv. 3,400 times brighter than the sun) to about ā5.8 (eqv. 18,000 times brighter than the sun).
2744:
1186:
Fabrice
Martins; Daniel Schaerer & D. John Hiller (2005). "A new calibration of stellar parameters of Galactic O stars".
933:
The MK Process at 50 Years. A Powerful Tool for
Astrophysical Insight Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series
2902:
647:
These are exceedingly rare objects; it is estimated that there are no more than 20,000 class O stars in the entire
2719:
2038:
2431:
44:
1051:
Morgan, W. W; Abt, Helmut A; Tapscott, J. W (1978). "Revised MK Spectral Atlas for stars earlier than the sun".
718:
around 2,000 km/s. The most luminous class O stars have mass loss rates of more than a millionth
2724:
2361:
2345:
1380:
2771:
2638:
2754:
2705:
2680:
1973:
909:
2695:
2675:
811:
is a main sequence star of spectral type O9.7, although it has sometimes been given the spectral type B0V
2058:
2759:
2690:
2660:
2766:
2643:
2620:
2202:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
753:, but the majority of the visible light is produced by an O-class main sequence companion and an OB
1909:
1783:
1418:
2685:
2436:
2235:
2145:
2105:
2087:
2013:
1584:
1510:
1157:
767:
containing O3.5 and O5ā5.5 main sequence stars, making for the brightest star visible within the
691:
249:
621:
acting as the O2 V primary standard (actually type "O2 V((f*))"). They also redefined
2846:
2826:
2598:
2593:
2491:
2386:
2335:
2140:
2130:
1803:
1601:
1569:
1460:
1443:
1287:
New atmosphere models for massive stars: Line-blanketing effects and wind properties of O stars
726:
51:
2700:
2670:
2665:
2655:
2583:
2371:
1537:
683:
342:
261:
1818:
1209:
1029:
2841:
2739:
2729:
2578:
2546:
2340:
2135:
2120:
1433:
1328:
1290:
1249:
1205:
1131:
1087:
1056:
1025:
990:
963:
940:
866:
764:
8:
2897:
2301:
2284:
1955:
1857:
1680:
725:
each year, although the least luminous lose far less. O-type main sequence stars in the
2441:
1332:
1294:
1253:
1135:
1091:
1060:
1037:
994:
967:
944:
870:
2836:
2797:
2749:
2734:
2648:
2588:
2511:
2421:
2391:
2381:
2325:
2247:
1938:
1574:
1373:
1344:
1318:
1221:
1195:
890:
856:
802:
704:
676:
214:
1117:"A New Spectral Classification System for the Earliest O Stars: Definition of Type O2"
2787:
2212:
2185:
2165:
1965:
1749:
1737:
1564:
1544:
1498:
1480:
1448:
1348:
894:
882:
788:
715:
2272:
1239:
1225:
878:
2615:
2568:
2518:
2506:
2484:
2479:
2406:
2366:
2313:
2095:
2018:
1993:
1887:
1808:
1532:
1493:
1336:
1265:
1257:
1213:
1139:
1095:
1033:
998:
874:
827:
784:
695:
331:
2802:
2605:
2474:
2318:
2289:
2230:
2225:
2100:
1828:
1793:
1727:
1673:
1668:
1613:
1423:
1217:
750:
193:
1076:"Contemporary optical spectral classification of the OB stars - A digital atlas"
2864:
2630:
2469:
2296:
2267:
2242:
2175:
1864:
1732:
1618:
1520:
1410:
1400:
312:
200:
2891:
2816:
2610:
2573:
2541:
2416:
2125:
1948:
1919:
1897:
1515:
1488:
1465:
1366:
1116:
886:
768:
563:
559:
507:
290:
237:
149:
1270:
1185:
798:
774:
2876:
2551:
2501:
2496:
2396:
2279:
2262:
2220:
2190:
2180:
2115:
1998:
1943:
1924:
1904:
1882:
1874:
1717:
1710:
1549:
1470:
1453:
792:
778:
760:
730:
711:
521:
316:
297:
186:
114:
107:
100:
93:
86:
79:
72:
65:
58:
808:
655:, around twice that of the sun. Their masses range between 15 and 90
2792:
2464:
2456:
2446:
2426:
2401:
2330:
2252:
2008:
1983:
1978:
1892:
1852:
1813:
1778:
1761:
1756:
1428:
1323:
1200:
652:
569:
513:
351:
128:
121:
746:
2376:
2073:
2046:
2023:
2003:
1988:
1840:
1744:
1722:
1700:
1695:
1559:
821:
754:
656:
327:
301:
253:
252:
O and luminosity class V. These stars have between 15 and 90 times the
207:
179:
165:
931:
Garrison, R. F (1994). "A Hierarchy of
Standards for the MK Process".
912:(Report). Department of Physics and Astronomy. University of Rochester
268:. They are between 40,000 and 1,000,000 times as luminous as the Sun.
2563:
2411:
2195:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2110:
2063:
2053:
1847:
1823:
1798:
1705:
1656:
1589:
1579:
1554:
1527:
1503:
1438:
734:
729:
have lower metallicity (which makes their interiors less opaque than
648:
548:
172:
135:
910:
A Modern Mean Dwarf
Stellar Color and Effective Temperature Sequence
39:
2556:
2257:
1931:
1690:
1663:
1340:
1261:
1143:
1100:
1075:
1002:
581:
575:
554:
241:
158:
142:
861:
795:, an O6 main sequence star with a fainter spectroscopic companion.
2831:
2306:
2068:
1835:
1788:
1771:
1766:
1685:
2821:
2809:
2028:
1914:
801:
is an O9.5 main sequence star, the brightest in the sky at 3rd
687:
617:
265:
1016:
627:
as an O4 V standard, and listed new O3 V standards (
276:
27:
672:
1158:"Scientists Begin To Tease Out A Hidden Star's Secrets]"
2170:
1389:
1307:
245:
2871:
1114:
740:
2536:
671:. Surface gravities are around 10 times that of the
257:
1358:
664:, but their radii are more modest at around 10
957:
1073:
1050:
552:, 10 Lacertae) and 3 O9.5 V standards (
285:Properties of typical O-type main-sequence stars
2889:
1074:Walborn, Nolan R; Fitzpatrick, Edward L (1990).
777:is a naked-eye O9.5 main sequence star. It is a
1374:
980:
846:
1150:
1015:
675:, which is relatively low compared to other
611:). Spectral class O2 was defined in Walborn
1278:
1018:Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics
849:The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series
1381:
1367:
1180:
1178:
1108:
271:
1322:
1269:
1199:
1099:
860:
930:
275:
26:
1284:
1175:
924:
907:
741:Examples of O-class main sequence stars
14:
2890:
1067:
974:
694:are between 30,000 and 1,000,000
1362:
1232:
1009:
35:Main-sequence star of spectral type O
31:Artist's conception of an O-type star
951:
686:fall between 30,000 and 50,000
1301:
1080:Astronomical Society of the Pacific
1044:
1038:10.1146/annurev.aa.11.090173.000333
690:. They are intensely bright: their
24:
682:Class O main sequence stars'
25:
2914:
2870:
2860:
2859:
1053:Williams Bay: Yerkes Observatory
38:
908:Mamajek, Eric (2 March 2021).
901:
840:
13:
1:
2772:Timeline of stellar astronomy
833:
787:is the brightest star in the
642:
1188:Astronomy & Astrophysics
7:
2432:HertzsprungāRussell diagram
815:
46:HertzsprungāRussell diagram
10:
2919:
2903:O-type main-sequence stars
2346:KelvināHelmholtz mechanism
1218:10.1051/0004-6361:20042386
264:between 30,000 and 50,000
2855:
2780:
2629:
2527:
2455:
2354:
2211:
2086:
1964:
1873:
1609:
1600:
1479:
1409:
1396:
1388:
1311:The Astrophysical Journal
879:10.1088/0067-0049/208/1/9
234:O-type main-sequence star
37:
18:O-type main sequence star
2725:With multiple exoplanets
1124:The Astronomical Journal
615:. (2002), with the star
1511:Asymptotic giant branch
1210:2005A&A...436.1049M
1030:1973ARA&A..11...29M
692:bolometric luminosities
280:Spectrum of an O5V star
272:Spectral standard stars
2847:Tidal disruption event
2336:Circumstellar envelope
1570:Luminous blue variable
727:Large Magellanic Cloud
281:
32:
2372:Effective temperature
1242:Astrophysical Journal
983:Astrophysical Journal
279:
30:
2842:Planet-hosting stars
2720:With resolved images
2691:Historical brightest
2621:Photometric-standard
2547:Solar radio emission
2341:Eddington luminosity
2121:Triple-alpha process
2059:ThorneāÅ»ytkow object
1434:Young stellar object
765:spectroscopic binary
684:surface temperatures
262:surface temperatures
2666:Highest temperature
2437:Colorācolor diagram
2302:Protoplanetary disk
2106:Protonāproton chain
1784:Chemically peculiar
1333:2004ApJ...608.1001M
1295:2004PhDT........21M
1285:Martins, F (2004).
1254:1996ApJ...460..914V
1136:2002AJ....123.2754W
1092:1990PASP..102..379W
1061:1978rmsa.book.....M
995:1953ApJ...117..313J
968:1943assw.book.....M
945:1994ASPC...60....3G
871:2013ApJS..208....9P
710:Their light-driven
705:absolute magnitudes
677:main sequence stars
286:
2671:Lowest temperature
2422:Photometric system
2392:Absolute magnitude
2326:Circumstellar dust
1939:Stellar black hole
1575:Stellar population
1461:HerbigāHaro object
284:
282:
33:
2885:
2884:
2788:Substellar object
2767:Planetary nebulae
2186:Luminous red nova
2096:Deuterium burning
2082:
2081:
1565:Instability strip
1545:Wolf-Rayet nebula
1499:Horizontal branch
1444:Pre-main-sequence
824:, survey of stars
789:Trapezium cluster
716:terminal velocity
601:(O8 V), and
503:
502:
16:(Redirected from
2910:
2877:Stars portal
2875:
2874:
2863:
2862:
2519:Planetary system
2442:Strƶmgren sphere
2314:Asteroseismology
2035:Black hole star
1607:
1606:
1533:Planetary nebula
1494:Red-giant branch
1383:
1376:
1369:
1360:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1326:
1324:astro-ph/0402633
1317:(2): 1001ā1027.
1305:
1299:
1298:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1271:2060/19970023476
1236:
1230:
1229:
1203:
1201:astro-ph/0503346
1194:(3): 1049ā1065.
1184:Tables 1 and 4,
1182:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1169:
1154:
1148:
1147:
1121:
1112:
1106:
1105:
1103:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1048:
1042:
1041:
1013:
1007:
1006:
978:
972:
971:
955:
949:
948:
928:
922:
921:
919:
917:
905:
899:
898:
864:
844:
828:Wolf-Rayet stars
638:
632:
626:
620:
610:
604:
600:
594:
590:
584:
578:
557:
551:
545:
539:
533:
527:
516:
511:(O7 V) and
510:
359:
287:
283:
227:
210:
203:
196:
189:
182:
175:
168:
161:
154:
145:
138:
131:
124:
117:
110:
103:
96:
89:
82:
75:
68:
61:
54:
47:
42:
21:
2918:
2917:
2913:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2908:
2907:
2888:
2887:
2886:
2881:
2869:
2851:
2776:
2745:Milky Way novae
2681:Smallest volume
2625:
2606:Radial velocity
2529:
2523:
2475:Common envelope
2451:
2350:
2319:Helioseismology
2290:Bipolar outflow
2231:Microturbulence
2226:Convection zone
2207:
2101:Lithium burning
2088:Nucleosynthesis
2078:
1960:
1869:
1596:
1475:
1424:Molecular cloud
1405:
1392:
1387:
1357:
1356:
1306:
1302:
1283:
1279:
1237:
1233:
1183:
1176:
1167:
1165:
1164:. July 27, 1998
1156:
1155:
1151:
1119:
1113:
1109:
1072:
1068:
1049:
1045:
1014:
1010:
979:
975:
956:
952:
929:
925:
915:
913:
906:
902:
845:
841:
836:
818:
751:Wolf-Rayet star
749:is a naked-eye
743:
724:
721:
701:
698:
670:
667:
662:
659:
645:
634:
628:
622:
616:
606:
602:
596:
592:
586:
580:
574:
553:
547:
541:
535:
529:
525:
512:
506:
357:
356:
353:
347:
344:
337:
334:
322:
319:
307:
304:
292:
274:
230:
229:
225:
221:
219:
217:
215:
212:
208:
205:
201:
198:
194:
191:
187:
184:
180:
177:
173:
170:
166:
163:
159:
156:
152:
150:
147:
143:
140:
136:
133:
129:
126:
122:
119:
115:
112:
108:
105:
101:
98:
94:
91:
87:
84:
80:
77:
73:
70:
66:
63:
59:
56:
52:
49:
45:
36:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2916:
2906:
2905:
2900:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2879:
2867:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2813:
2812:
2807:
2806:
2805:
2800:
2784:
2782:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2757:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2716:
2715:
2710:
2709:
2708:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2676:Largest volume
2673:
2668:
2663:
2653:
2652:
2651:
2646:
2635:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2560:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2533:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2521:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2494:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2461:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2387:Magnetic field
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2322:
2321:
2311:
2310:
2309:
2304:
2297:Accretion disk
2294:
2293:
2292:
2287:
2277:
2276:
2275:
2273:AlfvƩn surface
2270:
2268:Stellar corona
2265:
2260:
2255:
2245:
2243:Radiation zone
2240:
2239:
2238:
2233:
2223:
2217:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2205:
2200:
2199:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2092:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2050:
2049:
2044:
2041:
2033:
2032:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1981:
1976:
1970:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1958:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1941:
1936:
1935:
1934:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1912:
1902:
1901:
1900:
1890:
1885:
1879:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1867:
1865:Blue straggler
1862:
1861:
1860:
1850:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1833:
1832:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1781:
1776:
1775:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1754:
1753:
1752:
1742:
1741:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1720:
1715:
1714:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1677:
1676:
1671:
1661:
1660:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1623:Main sequence
1621:
1616:
1610:
1604:
1602:Classification
1598:
1597:
1595:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1587:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1541:
1540:
1538:Protoplanetary
1530:
1525:
1524:
1523:
1518:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1496:
1491:
1485:
1483:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1457:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1415:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1403:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1386:
1385:
1378:
1371:
1363:
1355:
1354:
1341:10.1086/420766
1300:
1277:
1262:10.1086/177020
1231:
1174:
1149:
1144:10.1086/339831
1107:
1101:10.1086/132646
1066:
1043:
1008:
1003:10.1086/145697
973:
950:
923:
900:
838:
837:
835:
832:
831:
830:
825:
817:
814:
813:
812:
806:
796:
782:
772:
758:
742:
739:
722:
719:
699:
696:
668:
665:
660:
657:
644:
641:
501:
500:
497:
494:
491:
488:
485:
481:
480:
477:
474:
471:
468:
465:
461:
460:
457:
454:
451:
448:
445:
441:
440:
437:
434:
431:
428:
425:
421:
420:
417:
414:
411:
408:
405:
401:
400:
397:
394:
391:
388:
385:
381:
380:
377:
374:
371:
368:
365:
361:
360:
349:
340:
335:
332:
325:
320:
317:
310:
305:
302:
295:
273:
270:
223:
213:
206:
202:Red supergiant
199:
192:
185:
178:
171:
164:
157:
148:
141:
134:
127:
120:
113:
106:
99:
92:
85:
78:
71:
64:
57:
50:
43:
34:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2915:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2866:
2858:
2857:
2854:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2837:Intergalactic
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2817:Galactic year
2815:
2811:
2808:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2779:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2714:
2711:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2696:Most luminous
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2657:
2654:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2628:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2611:Proper motion
2609:
2607:
2604:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2574:Constellation
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2542:Solar eclipse
2540:
2539:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2528:Earth-centric
2526:
2520:
2517:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2467:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2454:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2353:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2315:
2312:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2298:
2295:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2281:
2278:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2210:
2204:
2201:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2126:Alpha process
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1957:
1954:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1933:
1930:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1906:
1903:
1899:
1898:Helium planet
1896:
1895:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1888:Parker's star
1886:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1872:
1866:
1863:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1837:
1834:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1819:Lambda Boƶtis
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1758:
1755:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1746:
1743:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1665:
1662:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1599:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1585:Superluminous
1583:
1582:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1512:
1509:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1489:Main sequence
1487:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1466:Hayashi track
1464:
1462:
1459:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1391:
1384:
1379:
1377:
1372:
1370:
1365:
1364:
1361:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1304:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1281:
1272:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1235:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1181:
1179:
1163:
1159:
1153:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1118:
1111:
1102:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1070:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1047:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1012:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
977:
969:
965:
961:
954:
946:
942:
938:
934:
927:
911:
904:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
863:
858:
854:
850:
843:
839:
829:
826:
823:
820:
819:
810:
807:
804:
800:
797:
794:
790:
786:
783:
780:
776:
773:
770:
769:Lagoon Nebula
766:
762:
759:
756:
752:
748:
745:
744:
738:
736:
732:
731:typical stars
728:
717:
713:
712:stellar winds
708:
706:
702:
693:
689:
685:
680:
678:
674:
663:
654:
653:metallicities
650:
640:
637:
631:
625:
619:
614:
609:
599:
595:(O7 V),
593:S Monocerotis
591:(O6 V),
589:
585:(O5 V),
583:
579:(O4 V),
577:
571:
567:
565:
564:Zeta Ophiuchi
561:
560:Sigma Orionis
556:
550:
544:
538:
532:
523:
518:
517:(O9 V).
515:
509:
508:S Monocerotis
498:
495:
492:
489:
486:
483:
482:
478:
475:
472:
469:
466:
463:
462:
458:
455:
452:
449:
446:
443:
442:
438:
435:
432:
429:
426:
423:
422:
418:
415:
412:
409:
406:
403:
402:
398:
395:
392:
389:
386:
383:
382:
378:
375:
372:
369:
366:
363:
362:
355:
350:
346:
341:
338:
329:
326:
323:
314:
311:
308:
299:
296:
294:
289:
288:
278:
269:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
250:spectral type
247:
243:
239:
238:main-sequence
235:
228:
211:
204:
197:
190:
188:Bright giants
183:
176:
169:
162:
155:
151:Main sequence
146:
139:
132:
125:
118:
111:
104:
97:
90:
83:
76:
69:
62:
55:
53:Spectral type
48:
41:
29:
19:
2740:White dwarfs
2730:Brown dwarfs
2713:Most distant
2661:Most massive
2639:Proper names
2599:Photographic
2552:Solar System
2530:observations
2457:Star systems
2280:Stellar wind
2263:Chromosphere
2236:Oscillations
2116:Helium flash
1966:Hypothetical
1944:X-ray binary
1883:Compact star
1718:Bright giant
1626:
1471:Henyey track
1449:Herbig Ae/Be
1314:
1310:
1303:
1286:
1280:
1245:
1241:
1234:
1191:
1187:
1166:. Retrieved
1162:ScienceDaily
1161:
1152:
1127:
1123:
1110:
1083:
1079:
1069:
1052:
1046:
1021:
1017:
1011:
986:
982:
976:
959:
953:
936:
932:
926:
914:. Retrieved
903:
852:
848:
842:
793:Orion nebula
779:runaway star
761:9 Sagittarii
709:
681:
646:
612:
568:
522:Iota Orionis
519:
504:
233:
231:
130:White dwarfs
123:Brown dwarfs
2793:Brown dwarf
2569:Circumpolar
2447:Kraft break
2427:Color index
2402:Metallicity
2362:Designation
2331:Cosmic dust
2253:Photosphere
2019:Dark-energy
1994:Electroweak
1979:Black dwarf
1910:Radio-quiet
1893:White dwarf
1779:White dwarf
1429:Bok globule
1248:: 914ā931.
1130:(5): 2754.
785:Īø Orionis C
526:10 Lacertae
514:10 Lacertae
345:temperature
236:(O V) is a
209:Hypergiants
195:Supergiants
181:Blue giants
2898:Star types
2892:Categories
2755:Candidates
2750:Supernovae
2735:Red dwarfs
2594:Extinction
2382:Kinematics
2377:Luminosity
2355:Properties
2248:Atmosphere
2146:Si burning
2136:Ne burning
2074:White hole
2047:Quasi-star
1974:Blue dwarf
1829:Technetium
1745:Hypergiant
1723:Supergiant
1289:(Thesis).
1168:2018-02-02
834:References
822:Star count
799:Ī¶ Ophiuchi
775:Ī¼ Columbae
755:supergiant
643:Properties
636:LH 10-3058
624:HDE 303308
608:HDE 303308
393:1,073,019
373:1,400,000
328:Luminosity
244:-burning)
174:Red giants
153:("dwarfs")
137:Red dwarfs
2686:Brightest
2584:Magnitude
2564:Pole star
2485:Symbiotic
2480:Eclipsing
2412:Starlight
2213:Structure
2203:Supernova
2196:Micronova
2191:Recurrent
2176:Symbiotic
2161:p-process
2156:r-process
2151:s-process
2141:O burning
2131:C burning
2111:CNO cycle
2054:Gravastar
1590:Hypernova
1580:Supernova
1555:Dredge-up
1528:Blue loop
1521:super-AGB
1504:Red clump
1481:Evolution
1439:Protostar
1419:Accretion
1411:Formation
1349:119373878
1238:Table 5,
1024:: 29ā50.
895:119308564
887:0067-0049
862:1307.2657
809:Ļ
Orionis
803:magnitude
735:Milky Way
703:. Visual
649:Milky Way
588:HD 199579
549:14 Cephei
343:Effective
160:Subgiants
144:Subdwarfs
2865:Category
2760:Remnants
2656:Extremes
2616:Parallax
2589:Apparent
2579:Asterism
2557:Sunlight
2507:Globular
2492:Multiple
2417:Variable
2407:Rotation
2367:Dynamics
2258:Starspot
1932:Magnetar
1875:Remnants
1691:Subgiant
1664:Subdwarf
1516:post-AGB
1226:39162419
855:(1): 9.
816:See also
747:Īø Muscae
723:☉
700:☉
669:☉
661:☉
630:HD 64568
603:HD 46202
598:HD 46149
582:HD 46150
576:HD 46223
555:HD 34078
543:HD 57682
537:HD 52266
531:HD 46202
473:170,000
453:317,322
433:540,422
413:790,000
336:☉
321:☉
306:☉
291:Spectral
242:hydrogen
216:absolute
2832:Gravity
2781:Related
2701:Nearest
2649:Chinese
2497:Cluster
2470:Contact
2307:Proplyd
2181:Remnant
2069:Blitzar
2043:Hawking
1999:Strange
1949:Burster
1905:Neutron
1858:Extreme
1809:He-weak
1454:T Tauri
1329:Bibcode
1291:Bibcode
1250:Bibcode
1206:Bibcode
1132:Bibcode
1088:Bibcode
1086:: 379.
1057:Bibcode
1026:Bibcode
991:Bibcode
989:: 313.
964:Bibcode
960:Chicago
941:Bibcode
867:Bibcode
791:in the
733:in the
714:have a
499:ā0.312
496:33,300
493:92,762
479:ā0.315
476:35,100
459:ā0.318
456:37,100
439:ā0.321
436:39,500
419:ā0.323
416:41,400
399:ā0.326
396:42,900
379:ā0.330
376:44,900
367:120.00
358:(B ā V)
256:of the
2822:Galaxy
2810:Planet
2798:Desert
2706:bright
2644:Arabic
2465:Binary
2285:Bubble
2009:Planck
1984:Exotic
1920:Binary
1915:Pulsar
1853:Helium
1814:Barium
1757:Carbon
1750:Yellow
1738:Yellow
1711:Yellow
1550:PG1159
1347:
1224:
916:5 July
893:
885:
618:BI 253
570:O-type
487:19.63
467:23.00
447:30.85
430:10.71
427:43.71
410:12.00
407:60.00
390:13.43
387:85.31
370:15.00
313:Radius
240:(core
218:magni-
167:Giants
2827:Guest
2631:Lists
2512:Super
2166:Fusor
2039:Black
2024:Quark
2004:Preon
1989:Boson
1925:X-ray
1841:Shell
1794:Ap/Bp
1696:Giant
1614:Early
1560:OH/IR
1390:Stars
1345:S2CID
1319:arXiv
1222:S2CID
1196:arXiv
1120:(PDF)
939:: 3.
891:S2CID
857:arXiv
763:is a
673:Earth
613:et al
490:7.51
470:8.50
450:9.52
354:index
352:Color
2502:Open
2397:Mass
2221:Core
2171:Nova
2064:Iron
2014:Dark
1824:Lead
1804:HgMn
1799:CEMP
1728:Blue
1701:Blue
1619:Late
1401:List
918:2021
883:ISSN
633:and
524:and
484:O9V
464:O8V
444:O7V
424:O6V
404:O5V
384:O4V
364:O3V
348:(K)
298:Mass
293:type
260:and
254:mass
246:star
220:tude
2803:Sub
2537:Sun
1956:SGR
1733:Red
1706:Red
1337:doi
1315:608
1266:hdl
1258:doi
1246:460
1214:doi
1192:436
1140:doi
1128:123
1096:doi
1084:102
1034:doi
999:doi
987:117
875:doi
853:208
639:).
258:Sun
248:of
232:An
2894::
1836:Be
1789:Am
1772:CH
1767:CN
1686:OB
1681:WR
1343:.
1335:.
1327:.
1313:.
1264:.
1256:.
1244:.
1220:.
1212:.
1204:.
1190:.
1177:^
1160:.
1138:.
1126:.
1122:.
1094:.
1082:.
1078:.
1055:.
1032:.
1022:11
1020:.
997:.
985:.
962:.
937:60
935:.
889:.
881:.
873:.
865:.
851:.
679:.
562:,
558:,
546:,
540:,
534:,
339:)
324:)
309:)
222:(M
2029:Q
1848:B
1762:S
1674:B
1669:O
1657:M
1652:K
1647:G
1642:F
1637:A
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1627:O
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720:M
697:L
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333:L
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266:K
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224:V
116:T
109:L
102:M
95:K
88:G
81:F
74:A
67:B
60:O
20:)
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