Brown dwarf - Knowledge

3420: 36: 2054:) were detected in WISE 0359−5401. Many of these features have been observed before in this Y-dwarf and warmer T-dwarfs by other observatories, but JWST was able to observe them in a single spectrum. Methane is the main reservoir of carbon in the atmosphere of WISE 0359−5401, but there is still enough carbon left to form detectable carbon monoxide (at 4.5–5.0 μm) and carbon dioxide (at 4.2–4.35 μm) in the Y-dwarf. Ammonia was difficult to detect before JWST, as it blends in with the absorption feature of water in the near-infrared, as well at 5.5–7.1 μm. At longer wavelengths of 8.5–12 μm the spectrum of WISE 0359−5401 is dominated by the absorption of ammonia. At 3 μm there is an additional newly detected ammonia feature. 2543: 3325: 13734:

Muraki, Yasushi; Nagaya, Maiko; Okumura, Teppei; Ohnishi, Kouji; Perrott, Yvette C.; Rattenbury, Nicholas J.; Sako, Takashi; Saito, Toshiharu; Sato, S.; Skuljan, Ljiljana; Sullivan, Denis J.; Sweatman, Winston L.; Tristram, Paul J.; Yock, Philip C. M.; Kubiak, Marcin; Szymański, Michał K.; Pietrzyński, Grzegorz; Soszyński, Igor; Szewczyk, O.; Wyrzykowski, Łukasz; Ulaczyk, Krzysztof; Batista, Virginie; Beaulieu, Jean-Philippe; Brillant, Stéphane; Cassan, Arnaud; Fouqué, Pascal; Kervella, Pierre; Kubas, Daniel; Marquette, Jean-Baptiste (30 May 2008). "A Low-Mass Planet with a Possible Sub-Stellar-Mass Host in Microlensing Event MOA-2007-BLG-192".

14618:; Allers, Katelyn; Gagné, Jonathan; Caselden, Dan; Calamari, Emily; Popinchalk, Mark; Gerasimov, Roman; Aganze, Christian; Softich, Emma; Hsu, Chin-Chun; Karpoor, Preethi; Theissen, Christopher A.; Rees, Jon; Cecilio-Flores-Elie, Rosario; Cushing, Michael C.; Marocco, Federico; Casewell, Sarah; Hamlet, Les; Allen, Michaela B.; Beaulieu, Paul; Colin, Guillaume; Gantier, Jean Marc; Gramaize, Leopold; Jałowiczor, Peter; Kabatnik, Martin; Kiwi, Frank; Martin, David W.; Pendrill, Billy; Pumphrey, Ben; Sainio, Arttu; Schümann, Jörg; Stevnbak, Nikolaj; Sun, Guoyou; Tanner, Christopher; Thakur, Vinod; Thévenot, Melina; Wedracki, Zbigniew (7 Mar 2024). 2882: 2943: 2523: 2330: 216: 1583: 50: 4894: 1988: 2592: 3267: 195: 2154: 1765: 1317: 16897: 624: 2362:. This forces the observable atmosphere of a brown dwarf to be in a chemical disequilibrium. The L/T transition is mainly defined with the transition from a carbon-monoxide-dominated atmosphere in L-dwarfs to a methane-dominated atmosphere in T-dwarfs. The amount of vertical mixing can therefore push the L/T-transition to lower or higher temperatures. This becomes important for objects with modest surface gravity and extended atmospheres, such as giant 3168: 2583:. To calculate the measurements, scientists compared the rotational movement of atmospheric features, as ascertained by brightness changes, against the electromagnetic rotation generated by the brown dwarf's interior. The results confirmed previous predictions that brown dwarfs would have high winds. Scientists are hopeful that this comparison method can be used to explore the atmospheric dynamics of other brown dwarfs and extrasolar planets. 1186: 2358:

lower pressure. At lower temperatures (T-dwarfs) and higher pressure the reaction is tilted towards methane, and methane predominates at the T/Y-boundary. However, vertical mixing of the atmosphere can cause methane to sink into lower layers of the atmosphere and carbon monoxide to rise from these lower and hotter layers. The carbon monoxide is slow to react back into methane because of an energy barrier that prevents the breakdown of the

2173:, was, as of August 2011, the record holder for the coldest brown dwarf—emitting no visible light at all, this type of object resembles a free-floating planet more than a star. WISE 1828+2650 was initially estimated to have an atmospheric temperature cooler than 300 K (27 °C; 80 °F). Its temperature has since been revised, and newer estimates put it in the range of 250 to 400 K (−23 to 127 °C; −10 to 260 °F). 1877: 570: 4264: 824:. Early in the process the contracting gas quickly radiates away much of the energy, allowing the collapse to continue. Eventually, the central region becomes sufficiently dense to trap radiation. Consequently, the central temperature and density of the collapsed cloud increase dramatically with time, slowing the contraction, until the conditions are hot and dense enough for thermonuclear reactions to occur in the core of the 18245: 1793: 18269: 18257: 16908: 2774: 17029: 2820:, scientists have detected X-rays from a low-mass brown dwarf in a multiple star system. This is the first time that a brown dwarf this close to its parent star(s) (Sun-like stars TWA 5A) has been resolved in X-rays. "Our Chandra data show that the X-rays originate from the brown dwarf's coronal plasma which is some 3 million degrees Celsius", said Yohko Tsuboi of 2489:(α) denotes normal surface gravity and is usually dropped. Sometimes an extremely low surface gravity is denoted by a delta (δ). The suffix "pec" stands for "peculiar"; this suffix is still used for other features that are unusual, and summarizes different properties, indicating low surface gravity, subdwarfs and unresolved binaries. The prefix sd stands for 3061: 2557:. Compared to stars, which warm themselves with steady internal fusion, brown dwarfs cool quickly over time; more massive dwarfs cool more slowly than less massive ones. There is some evidence that the cooling of brown dwarfs slows down at the transition between spectral classes L and T (about 1000 K). 11528:

Bouy, Hervé; Duchêne, Gaspard; Köhler, Rainer; Brandner, Wolfgang; Bouvier, Jérôme; Martín, Eduardo L.; Ghez, Andrea Mia; Delfosse, Xavier; Forveille, Thierry; Allard, France; Baraffe, Isabelle; Basri, Gibor; Close, Laird M.; McCabe, Caer E. (2004-08-01). "First determination of the dynamical mass of

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is such a dwarf nova with a brown dwarf donor. This brown dwarf likely formed when a donor star lost enough mass to become a brown dwarf. The mass loss comes with a loss of the orbital period until it reaches a minimum of 70–80 minutes at which the period increases again. This gives this evolutionary

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discovered in 2013, are only 6.5 light-years away from Earth and are the closest brown dwarfs to our sun. Researchers discovered that they have turbulent clouds, likely made of silicate grains, with temperatures ranging from 875 °C (1,607 °F) to 1,026 °C (1,879 °F). This indicates

2837:, which was observed since it is also a source of X-ray emission, and both types of emission are signatures of coronae. Approximately 5–10% of brown dwarfs appear to have strong magnetic fields and emit radio waves, and there may be as many as 40 magnetic brown dwarfs within 25 pc of the Sun based on 3548:

for example has an estimated inclination of 80°±12. Assuming the lower bound of i≥68° for SIMP 0136, this results in a transit probability of ≥48.6% for close-in planets. It is however not known how common close-in planets are around brown dwarfs and they might be more common for lower-mass objects,

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that are a few million years old and 140 to 200 parsecs away. The researchers found that these disks are not massive enough to form planets in the future. There is evidence in these disks that might indicate that planet formation begins at earlier stages and that planets are already present in these

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depending on the mass. Without the age and luminosity, a mass estimate is difficult; for example, an L-type brown dwarf could be an old brown dwarf with a high mass (possibly a low-mass star) or a young brown dwarf with a very low mass. For Y dwarfs this is less of a problem, as they remain low-mass

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The 13-Jupiter-mass cutoff is a rule of thumb rather than a quantity with precise physical significance. Larger objects will burn most of their deuterium and smaller ones will burn only a little, and the 13‑Jupiter-mass value is somewhere in between. The amount of deuterium burnt also depends

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Heavier stars, like the Sun, can also retain lithium in their outer layers, which never get hot enough to fuse lithium, and whose convective layer does not mix with the core where the lithium would be rapidly depleted. Those larger stars are easily distinguishable from brown dwarfs by their size and

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Bennet, David P.; Bond, Ian A.; Udalski, Andrzej; Sumi, Takahiro; Abe, Fumio; Fukui, Akihiko; Furusawa, Kei; Hearnshaw, John B.; Holderness, Sarah; Itow, Yoshitaka; Kamiya, Koki; Korpela, Aarno V.; Kilmartin, Pamela M.; Lin, Wei; Ling, Cho Hong; Masuda, Kimiaki; Matsubara, Yutaka; Miyake, Noriyuki;

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Looper, Dagny L.; Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Cutri, Roc M.; Barman, Travis; Burgasser, Adam J.; Cushing, Michael C.; Roellig, Thomas; McGovern, Mark R.; McLean, Ian S.; Rice, Emily; Swift, Brandon J. (October 2008). "Discovery of Two Nearby Peculiar L Dwarfs from the 2MASS Proper-Motion Survey: Young or

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Calissendorff, Per; De Furio, Matthew; Meyer, Michael; Albert, Loïc; Aganze, Christian; Ali-Dib, Mohamad; Gagliuffi, Daniella C. Bardalez; Baron, Frederique; Beichman, Charles A.; Burgasser, Adam J.; Cushing, Michael C.; Faherty, Jacqueline Kelly; Fontanive, Clémence; Gelino, Christopher R.; Gizis,

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Leggett, Sandy K.; Cushing, Michael C.; Saumon, Didier; Marley, Mark S.; Roellig, Thomas L.; Warren, Stephen J.; Burningham, Ben; Jones, Hugh R. A.; Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Lodieu, Nicolas; Lucas, Philip W.; Mainzer, Amy K.; Martín, Eduardo L.; McCaughrean, Mark J.; Pinfield, David J.; Sloan, Gregory

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Biller, Beth A.; Crossfield, Ian J. M.; Mancini, Luigi; Ciceri, Simona; Southworth, John; Kopytova, Taisiya G.; Bonnefoy, Mickaël; Deacon, Niall R.; Schlieder, Joshua E.; Buenzli, Esther; Brandner, Wolfgang; Allard, France; Homeier, Derek; Freytag, Bernd; Bailer-Jones, Coryn A. L.; Greiner, Jochen;

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in this reaction. The hydroxyl radical might later react with hydrogen and form water molecules. In the other direction of the reaction, methane reacts with hydroxyl and forms carbon monoxide and hydrogen. The chemical reaction is tilted towards carbon monoxide at higher temperatures (L-dwarfs) and

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nuclei. The temperature necessary for this reaction is just below that necessary for hydrogen fusion. Convection in low-mass stars ensures that lithium in the whole volume of the star is eventually depleted. Therefore, the presence of the lithium spectral line in a candidate brown dwarf is a strong

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in November 1995 showed that Teide 1 still had the initial lithium abundance of the original molecular cloud from which Pleiades stars formed, proving the lack of thermonuclear fusion in its core. These observations confirmed that Teide 1 is a brown dwarf, as well as the efficiency of the

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Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Looper, Dagny L.; Burgasser, Adam J.; Schurr, Steven D.; Cutri, Roc M.; Cushing, Michael C.; Cruz, Kelle L.; Sweet, Anne C.; Knapp, Gillian R.; Barman, Travis S.; Bochanski, John J. (September 2010). "Discoveries from a Near-infrared Proper Motion Survey Using Multi-epoch Two

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Schneider, Adam C.; Meisner, Aaron M.; Gagné, Jonathan; Faherty, Jacqueline K.; Marocco, Federico; Burgasser, Adam J.; Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Kuchner, Marc J.; Gramaize, Léopold; Rothermich, Austin; Brooks, Hunter; Vrba, Frederick J.; Bardalez Gagliuffi, Daniella; Caselden, Dan; Cushing, Michael C.

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Marocco, Federico; Caselden, Dan; Meisner, Aaron M.; Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Wright, Edward L.; Faherty, Jacqueline K.; Gelino, Christopher R.; Eisenhardt, Peter R. M.; Fowler, John W.; Cushing, Michael C.; Cutri, Roc M.; Garcia, Nelson; Jarrett, Thomas H.; Koontz, Renata; Mainzer, Amanda; Marchese,

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Smart, Richard L.; Bucciarelli, Beatrice; Jones, Hugh R. A.; Marocco, Federico; Andrei, Alexandre Humberto; Goldman, Bertrand; Méndez, René A.; d'Avila, Victor de A.; Burningham, Ben; Camargo, Julio Ignácio Bueno de; Crosta, Maria Teresa; Daprà, Mario; Jenkins, James S.; Lachaume, Regis; Lattanzi,

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as part of atmospheric convection processes is possible only in brown dwarfs, and not in small stars. The spectroscopy research into iron rain is still ongoing, but not all brown dwarfs will always have this atmospheric anomaly. In 2013, a heterogeneous iron-containing atmosphere was imaged around

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to span an altitude of approximately 10 m given properties of their radio emissions. It is unknown whether the radio emissions from brown dwarfs more closely resemble those from planets or stars. Some brown dwarfs emit regular radio pulses, which are sometimes interpreted as radio emission beamed

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Schutte, Maria C.; Lawson, Kellen D.; Wisniewski, John P.; Kuchner, Marc J.; Silverberg, Steven M.; Faherty, Jacqueline K.; Gagliuffi, Daniella C. Bardalez; Kiman, Rocio; Gagné, Jonathan; Meisner, Aaron; Schneider, Adam C.; Bans, Alissa S.; Debes, John H.; Kovacevic, Natalie; Bosch, Milton K.D.;

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around brown dwarfs have been found to have many of the same features as disks around stars; therefore, it is expected that there will be accretion-formed planets around brown dwarfs. Given the small mass of brown dwarf disks, most planets will be terrestrial planets rather than gas giants. If a

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within them, similar to those in very-low-mass stars. Although they do not fuse hydrogen into helium in their cores like stars, energy from the fusion of deuterium and gravitational contraction keep their interiors warm and generate strong magnetic fields. The interior of a brown dwarf is in a

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clouds deplete FeH in the upper atmosphere, and the cloud layer blocks the view to lower layers still containing FeH. The later strengthening of this chemical compound at cooler temperatures of mid- to late T-dwarfs is explained by disturbed clouds that allows a telescope to look into the deeper

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Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Gelino, Christopher R.; Faherty, Jacqueline K.; Meisner, Aaron M.; Caselden, Dan; Schneider, Adam C.; Marocco, Federico; Cayago, Alfred J.; Smart, R. L.; Eisenhardt, Peter R.; Kuchner, Marc J.; Wright, Edward L.; Cushing, Michael C.; Allers, Katelyn N.; Bardalez Gagliuffi,

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Bardalez Gagliuffi, Daniella C.; Faherty, Jacqueline K.; Backyard Worlds: Planet 9 Citizen Science Collaboration; Schneider, Adam C.; Meisner, Aaron M.; Caselden, Dan; Colin, Guillaume; Goodman, Sam; Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Kuchner, Marc J.; Gagne, Jonathan; Logsdon, Sarah E.; Burgasser, Adam J.;

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Burningham, Ben; Pinfield, David J.; Leggett, Sandy K.; Tamura, Motohide; Lucas, Philip W.; Homeier, Derek; Day-Jones, Avril; Jones, Hugh R. A.; Clarke, J. R. A.; Ishii, Miki; Kuzuhara, Masayuki; Lodieu, Nicolas; Zapatero-Osorio, María Rosa; Venemans, Bram Pieter; Mortlock, Daniel J.; Barrado y

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monitored infrared brightness variations in brown dwarfs caused by cloud cover of variable thickness. The observations revealed large-scale waves propagating in the atmospheres of brown dwarfs (similarly to the atmosphere of Neptune and other Solar System giant planets). These atmospheric waves

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Bardalez Gagliuffi, Daniella C.; Faherty, Jacqueline K.; Schneider, Adam C.; Meisner, Aaron; Caselden, Dan; Colin, Guillaume; Goodman, Sam; Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Kuchner, Marc; Gagné, Jonathan; Logsdon, Sarah E.; Burgasser, Adam J.; Allers, Katelyn; Debes, John; Wisniewski, John (2020-06-01).

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absorption. As of 2013, 355 T dwarfs were known. NIR classification schemes for T dwarfs have recently been developed by Adam Burgasser and Tom Geballe. Theory suggests that L dwarfs are a mixture of very-low-mass stars and sub-stellar objects (brown dwarfs), whereas the T dwarf class is

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Robbins, Grady; Meisner, Aaron M.; Schneider, Adam C.; Burgasser, Adam J.; Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Gagné, Jonathan; Hsu, Chih-Chun; Moranta, Leslie; Casewell, Sarah; Marocco, Federico; Gerasimov, Roman; Faherty, Jacqueline K.; Kuchner, Marc J.; Caselden, Dan; Cushing, Michael C. (2023-11-01).

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Observations of known brown dwarf candidates have revealed a pattern of brightening and dimming of infrared emissions that suggests relatively cool, opaque cloud patterns obscuring a hot interior that is stirred by extreme winds. The weather on such bodies is thought to be extremely strong,

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Though their existence was initially theorized in the 1960s, it was not until the mid-1990s that the first unambiguous brown dwarfs were discovered. As brown dwarfs have relatively low surface temperatures, they are not very bright at visible wavelengths, emitting most of their light in the

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Meisner, Aaron M.; Faherty, Jacqueline K.; Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Schneider, Adam C.; Caselden, Dan; Gagné, Jonathan; Kuchner, Marc J.; Burgasser, Adam J.; Casewell, Sarah L.; Debes, John H.; Artigau, Étienne; Bardalez Gagliuffi, Daniella C.; Logsdon, Sarah E.; Kiman, Rocio; Allers, Katelyn

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Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Gelino, Christopher R.; Cushing, Michael C.; Mace, Gregory N.; Griffith, Roger L.; Skrutskie, Michael F.; Marsh, Kenneth A.; Wright, Edward L.; Eisenhardt, Peter R.; McLean, Ian S.; Mainzer, Amanda K.; Burgasser, Adam J.; Tinney, C. G.; Parker, Stephen; Salter, Graeme

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Cushing, Michael C.; Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Gelino, Christopher R.; Griffith, Roger L.; Skrutskie, Michael F.; Mainzer, A.; Marsh, Kenneth A.; Beichman, Charles A.; Burgasser, Adam J.; Prato, Lisa A.; Simcoe, Robert A.; Marley, Mark S.; Saumon, D.; Freedman, Richard S.; Eisenhardt, Peter R.

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Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Cushing, Michael C.; Gelino, Christopher R.; Griffith, Roger L.; Skrutskie, Michael F.; Marsh, Kenneth A.; Wright, Edward L.; Mainzer, A.; Eisenhardt, Peter R.; McLean, Ian S.; Thompson, Maggie A.; Bauer, James M.; Benford, Dominic J.; Bridge, Carrie R.; Lake, Sean E.

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Vos, Johanna M.; Burningham, Ben; Faherty, Jacqueline K.; Alejandro, Sherelyn; Gonzales, Eileen; Calamari, Emily; Bardalez Gagliuffi, Daniella; Visscher, Channon; Tan, Xianyu; Morley, Caroline V.; Marley, Mark; Gemma, Marina E.; Whiteford, Niall; Gaarn, Josefine; Park, Grace (2023-02-01).

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Miles, Brittany E.; Biller, Beth A.; Patapis, Polychronis; Worthen, Kadin; Rickman, Emily; Hoch, Kielan K. W.; Skemer, Andrew; Perrin, Marshall D.; Whiteford, Niall; Chen, Christine H.; Sargent, B.; Mukherjee, Sagnick; Morley, Caroline V.; Moran, Sarah E.; Bonnefoy, Mickael (2023-03-01).

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Silverberg, Steven M.; Wisniewski, John P.; Kuchner, Marc J.; Lawson, Kellen D.; Bans, Alissa S.; Debes, John H.; Biggs, Joseph R.; Bosch, Milton K. D.; Doll, Katharina; Luca, Hugo A. Durantini; Enachioaie, Alexandru; Hamilton, Joshua; Holden, Jonathan; Hyogo, Michiharu (2020-02-01).

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Delorme, Philippe; Delfosse, Xavier; Albert, Loïc; Artigau, Étienne; Forveille, Thierry; Reylé, Céline; Allard, France; Homeier, Derek; Robin, Annie C.; Willott, Chris J.; Liu, Michael C.; Dupuy, Trent J. (2008). "CFBDS J005910.90-011401.3: Reaching the T–Y brown dwarf transition?".

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from the poles but may also be beamed from active regions. The regular, periodic reversal of radio wave orientation may indicate that brown dwarf magnetic fields periodically reverse polarity. These reversals may be the result of a brown dwarf magnetic activity cycle, similar to the

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and brown dwarfs, it is often necessary to estimate the mass to come to a conclusion. The theory behind the mass estimate is that brown dwarfs with a similar mass form in a similar way and are hot when they form. Some have spectral types that are similar to low-mass stars, such as

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Delorme, Philippe; Gagné, Jonathan; Malo, Lison; Reylé, Céline; Artigau, Étienne; Albert, Loïc; Forveille, Thierry; Delfosse, Xavier; Allard, France; Homeier, Derek (December 2012). "CFBDSIR2149-0403: a 4–7 Jupiter-mass free-floating planet in the young moving group AB Doradus?".

505:(La Palma). The distance, chemical composition, and age of Teide 1 could be established because of its membership in the young Pleiades star cluster. Using the most advanced stellar and substellar evolution models at that moment, the team estimated for Teide 1 a mass of 3045:, with a mass ratio of q=0.62±0.05 and a separation of 0.97 astronomical units. The researchers point out that the sample size of low-mass binary brown dwarfs is too small to determine if WISE J0336-0143 is a typical representative of low-mass binaries or a peculiar system. 1474:

It is also debated whether brown dwarfs would be better defined by their formation process rather than by theoretical mass limits based on nuclear fusion reactions. Under this interpretation brown dwarfs are those objects that represent the lowest-mass products of the

3052:, the secondary weighs 6% of the solar mass. This measurement is called a dynamical mass. The brown dwarf system closest to the Solar System is the binary Luhman 16. It was attempted to search for planets around this system with a similar method, but none were found. 2576:, creating the most detailed "weather map" of a brown dwarf thus far. It shows wind-driven, planet-sized clouds. The new research is a stepping stone toward a better understanding not only brown dwarfs, but also of the atmospheres of planets beyond the Solar System. 2824:

in Tokyo. "This brown dwarf is as bright as the Sun today in X-ray light, while it is fifty times less massive than the Sun", said Tsuboi. "This observation, thus, raises the possibility that even massive planets might emit X-rays by themselves during their youth!"

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February 2011: Shortly after that, Liu et al. published an account of a "very cold" (c. 370 K (97 °C; 206 °F)) brown dwarf orbiting another very-low-mass brown dwarf and noted, "Given its low luminosity, atypical colors and cold temperature,

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that they can sustain through steady fusion. This luminosity varies from star to star, but is generally at least 0.01% that of the Sun. Brown dwarfs cool and darken steadily over their lifetimes; sufficiently old brown dwarfs will be too faint to be detectable.

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Although the discovery of the coolest dwarf was highly significant at the time, it was debated whether GD 165B would be classified as a brown dwarf or simply a very-low-mass star, because observationally it is very difficult to distinguish between the two.

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Berger, Edo; Ball, Steven; Becker, Kate M.; Clarke, Melanie; Frail, Dale A.; Fukuda, Therese A.; Hoffman, Ian M.; Mellon, Richard; Momjian, Emmanuel; Murphy, Nathanial W.; Teng, Stacey H.; Woodruff, Timothy; Zauderer, B. Ashley; Zavala, Robert T. (2001-03-15).

1932:) collision-induced absorption (CIA) give Gliese 229B blue near-infrared colors. Its steeply sloped red optical spectrum also lacks the FeH and CrH bands that characterize L dwarfs and instead is influenced by exceptionally broad absorption features from the 1332:

Like stars, brown dwarfs form independently, but, unlike stars, they lack sufficient mass to "ignite" hydrogen fusion. Like all stars, they can occur singly or in close proximity to other stars. Some orbit stars and can, like planets, have eccentric orbits.

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Comparison: most brown dwarfs are slightly larger in volume than Jupiter (15–20%), but are still up to 80 times more massive due to greater density. Image is to scale, with Jupiter's radius being 11 times that of Earth, and the Sun's radius 10 times that of

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is explained to have a top layer of potassium chloride clouds, a mid layer of sodium sulfide clouds and a lower layer of manganese sulfide clouds. Patchy clouds of the top two cloud layers could explain why the methane and water vapor bands are variable.

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Jung, Youn Kil; Hwang, Kyu-Ha; Ryu, Yoon-Hyun; Gould, Andrew; Han, Cheongho; Yee, Jennifer C.; Albrow, Michael D.; Chung, Sun-Ju; Shin, In-Gu; Shvartzvald, Yossi; Zang, Weicheng; Cha, Sang-Mok; Kim, Dong-Jin; Kim, Hyoun-Woo; Kim, Seung-Lee (2018-11-01).

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suggest that Y-dwarfs have P–T profiles that are not in the standard adiabatic form. This means that upper layers of the atmosphere have a warmer temperature and lower layers of the atmosphere have a colder temperature. This is explained with the rapid

138:, a distinction intimately tied to the surface temperature, and brown dwarfs occupy types M, L, T, and Y. As brown dwarfs do not undergo stable hydrogen fusion, they cool down over time, progressively passing through later spectral types as they age. 14354:

Burgasser, Adam J.; Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Burrows, Adam; Liebert, James; Reid, I. Neill; Gizis, John E.; McGovern, Mark R.; Prato, Lisa; McLean, Ian S. (2003). "The First Substellar Subdwarf? Discovery of a Metal-Poor L Dwarf with Halo Kinematics".

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Liu, Michael C.; Delorme, Philippe; Dupuy, Trent J.; Bowler, Brendan P.; Albert, Loïc; Artigau, Étienne; Reylé, Céline; Forveille, Thierry; Delfosse, Xavier (28 Feb 2011). "CFBDSIR J1458+1013B: A Very Cold (>T10) Brown Dwarf in a Binary System".

1460:(the limiting mass for thermonuclear fusion of deuterium) to be a brown dwarf, whereas an object under that mass (and orbiting a star or stellar remnant) is considered a planet. The minimum mass required to trigger sustained hydrogen burning (about 961: 3523:

estimates that 175 brown dwarfs need to be monitored in order to guarantee (95%) at least one detection of a below earth-sized planet via the transiting method. JWST could potentially detect smaller planets. The orbits of planets and moons in the

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as 2M1101AB, but a greater age and is located in a different region of the galaxy. While 2M1101AB is in a closely crowded region, the binary W2150AB is in a sparsely-separated field. It must have survived any dynamical interactions in its natal

3086:. The existence of this system is also inconsistent with the ejection hypothesis. The ejection hypothesis was a proposed hypothesis in which brown dwarfs form in a multiple system, but are ejected before they gain enough mass to burn hydrogen. 3032:

An example is the closest brown dwarf binary Luhman 16 AB with a primary L7.5 dwarf and a separation of 3.5 au and q=0.85. The separation is on the lower end of the expected separation for M-L-type brown dwarfs, but the mass ratio is typical.

1371:, as it is in planets. The net result is that the radii of brown dwarfs vary by only 10–15% over the range of possible masses. Moreover, the mass–radius relationship shows no change from about one Saturn mass to the onset of hydrogen burning ( 1078:

This means that the protostar is not massive or dense enough ever to reach the conditions needed to sustain hydrogen fusion. The infalling matter is prevented, by electron degeneracy pressure, from reaching the densities and pressures needed.

2866:. This last discovery was significant since it revealed that brown dwarfs with temperatures similar to exoplanets could host strong >1.7 kG magnetic fields. Although a sensitive search for radio emission from Y dwarfs was conducted at the 1082:

Further gravitational contraction is prevented and the result is a brown dwarf that simply cools off by radiating away its internal thermal energy. Note that, in principle, it is possible for a brown dwarf to slowly accrete mass above the

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as a primary have for example a broad distribution of q with a preference of q≥0.4. Brown dwarfs on the other hand show a strong preference for q≥0.7. The separation is decreasing with mass: M-type stars have a separation peaking at 3–30

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Page, Emma; Pepper, Joshua; Kane, Stephen; Zhou, George; Addison, Brett; Wright, Duncan; Wittenmyer, Robert; Johnson, Marshall; Evans, Philip; Collins, Karen; Hellier, Coel; Jensen, Eric; Stassun, Keivan; Rodriguez, Joseph (2022-06-01).

396:, whereas brown dwarfs (which can, confusingly, have temperatures and luminosities similar to true stars) will not. Hence, the detection of lithium in the atmosphere of an object older than 100 Myr ensures that it is a brown dwarf. 2505:

stars. Subdwarfs appear bluer than disk objects. The red suffix describes objects with red color, but an older age. This is not interpreted as low surface gravity, but as a high dust content. The blue suffix describes objects with blue

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is one of the reddest and coldest Y dwarfs. Additional data with Spitzer showed that CW1446 is the fifth-reddest brown dwarf, with a temperature of about 310 to 360 K (37–87 °C; 98–188 °F) and a distance of about 10

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Casewell, Sarah L.; Braker, Ian P.; Parsons, Steven G.; Hermes, James J.; Burleigh, Matthew R.; Belardi, Claudia; Chaushev, Alexander; Finch, Nicolle L.; Roy, Mervyn; Littlefair, Stuart P.; Goad, Mike; Dennihy, Erik (31 January 2018).

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Beichman, Charles A.; Gelino, Christopher R.; Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Barman, Travis S.; Marsh, Kenneth A.; Cushing, Michael C.; Wright, Edward L. (2013). "The Coldest Brown Dwarf (or Free-floating Planet)?: The Y Dwarf WISE 1828+2650".

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It is not known if the same trend continues with Y-dwarfs, because their sample size is so small. The Y+Y dwarf binaries should have a high mass ratio q and a low separation, reaching scales of less than one au. In 2023, the Y+Y dwarf

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Meisner, Aaron M.; Caselden, Dan; Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Marocco, Federico; Gelino, Christopher R.; Cushing, Michael C.; Eisenhardt, Peter R. M.; Wright, Edward L.; Faherty, Jacqueline K.; Koontz, Renata; Marchese, Elijah J. (2020).

551:

For some time, Teide 1 was the smallest known object outside the Solar System that had been identified by direct observation. Since then, over 1,800 brown dwarfs have been identified, even some very close to Earth, like

3381:. There are also brown dwarfs with disks in associations older than a few million years, which might be evidence that disks around brown dwarfs need more time to dissipate. Especially old disks (>20 Myrs) are sometimes called 3131:

Brown dwarfs and massive planets in a close orbit (less than 5 au) around stars are rare and this is sometimes described as the brown dwarf desert. Less than 1% of stars with the mass of the sun have a brown dwarf within 3–5 au.

2272:

surveys. It expanded the number of faint sources and has therefore been used to find the faintest brown dwarfs, including Y dwarfs. Seventeen candidate Y dwarfs were discovered by the CatWISE researchers. Initial color with the

14538:

Mace, Gregory N.; Mann, Andrew W.; Skiff, Brian A.; Sneden, Christopher; Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Schneider, Adam C.; Kidder, Benjamin; Gosnell, Natalie M.; Kim, Hwihyun; Mulligan, Brian W.; Prato, L.; Jaffe, Daniel (2018-02-01).

2087:

transport of heat from the lower to the upper atmosphere. This different P–T profile influences the shape of the spectrum and influences the composition of carbon- and nitrogen-bearing molecules in the atmosphere of Y-dwarfs.

12508:

Rappaport, Saul A.; Vanderburg, Andrew; Nelson, Lorne; Gary, Bruce L.; Kaye, Thomas G.; Kalomeni, Belinda; Howell, Steve B.; Thorstensen, John R.; Lachapelle, François-René; Lundy, Matthew; St-Antoine, Jonathan (2017-10-11).

11779:

Faherty, Jacqueline K.; Goodman, Sam; Caselden, Dan; Colin, Guillaume; Kuchner, Marc J.; Meisner, Aaron M.; Gagné, Jonathan; Schneider, Adam C.; Gonzales, Eileen C.; Bardalez Gagliuffi, Daniella C.; Logsdon, Sarah E. (2020).

10259:

Faherty, Jacqueline K.; Riedel, Adric R.; Cruz, Kelle L.; Gagne, Jonathan; Filippazzo, Joseph C.; Lambrides, Erini; Fica, Haley; Weinberger, Alycia; Thorstensen, John R.; Tinney, Chris G.; Baldassare, Vivienne (July 2016).

9770:

Mullally, Susan E.; Debes, John; Cracraft, Misty; Mullally, Fergal; Poulsen, Sabrina; Albert, Loic; Thibault, Katherine; Reach, William T.; Hermes, J. J.; Barclay, Thomas; Kilic, Mukremin; Quintana, Elisa V. (24 Jan 2024).

145:

stars and "dark" planets in size. To the naked eye, brown dwarfs would appear in different colors depending on their temperature. The warmest ones are possibly orange or red, while cooler brown dwarfs would likely appear

7564:; Cruz, Kelle L.; Van Gordon, Mollie M.; Looper, Dagny L. (September 2015). "Fundamental Parameters and Spectral Energy Distributions of Young and Field Age Objects with Masses Spanning the Stellar to Planetary Regime". 3340:

project when classification volunteers noted its infrared excess. It was vetted and analyzed by the science team who found that W1200-7845 had a 99.8% probability of being a member of the ε Chamaeleontis (ε Cha) young

1559:

includes objects up to 24 Jupiter masses with the advisory: "The 13 Jupiter-mass distinction by the IAU Working Group is physically unmotivated for planets with rocky cores, and observationally problematic due to the

9264:

Eisenhardt, Peter R. M.; Marocco, Federico; Fowler, John W.; Meisner, Aaron M.; Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Garcia, Nelson; Jarrett, Thomas H.; Koontz, Renata; Marchese, Elijah J.; Stanford, S. Adam; Caselden, Dan (2020).

9083:

Schneider, Adam C.; Cushing, Michael C.; Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Gelino, Christopher R.; Mace, Gregory N.; Wright, Edward L.; Eisenhardt, Peter R.; Skrutskie, M. F.; Griffith, Roger L.; Marsh, Kenneth A. (2015-05-01).

5879:

McCaughrean, Mark J.; Close, Laird M.; Scholz, Ralf-Dieter; Lenzen, Rainer; Biller, Beth A.; Brandner, Wolfgang; Hartung, Markus; Lodieu, Nicolas (January 2004). "Epsilon Indi Ba/Bb: the nearest binary brown dwarf".

387:

Soon after the discovery of GD 165B, other brown-dwarf candidates were reported. Most failed to live up to their candidacy, however, because the absence of lithium showed them to be stellar objects. True stars

373:. It became clear that GD 165B would need to be classified as a much cooler object than the latest M dwarfs then known. GD 165B remained unique for almost a decade until the advent of the Two Micron All-Sky Survey ( 3154:

includes brown dwarfs with a minimum mass less or equal to 30 Jupiter masses as planets as long as there are other criteria fulfilled (e.g. orbiting a star). The Working Group on Extrasolar Planets (WGESP) of the

5815:; Zapatero-Osorio, María Rosa; Laureijs, René J.; Prusti, Timo; Salama, Alberto; Siebenmorgen, Ralf; Claes, Peter; Trams, Norman (2000). "Mid-IR Observations of the Pleiades Brown Dwarfs Teide 1 & Calar 3". 2244:, one of the coldest brown dwarfs with an estimated temperature of 270 to 360 K (−3–87 °C; 26–188 °F). In 2023 it was announced that CWISEP J1935-1546 had methane emission due to an aurora. 2841:

modeling and their average spatial density. The power of the radio emissions of brown dwarfs is roughly constant despite variations in their temperatures. Brown dwarfs may maintain magnetic fields of up to 6

2530:

The majority of flux emitted by L and T dwarfs is in the 1- to 2.5-micrometre near-infrared range. Low and decreasing temperatures through the late-M, -L, and -T dwarf sequence result in a rich near-infrared

14300:

Burrows, Adam; Hubbard, William B.; Lunine, Jonathan I.; Liebert, James (2004). "A possible third component in the L dwarf binary system DENIS-P J020529.0-115925 discovered with the Hubble Space Telescope".

2862:, detected in 2001. The first brown dwarf of spectral class L found to emit radio waves was 2MASS J0036159+182110, detected in 2008. The first brown dwarf of spectral class T found to emit radio waves was 1662:

limit, even for relatively high age estimates. For L and T dwarfs it is still useful to have an accurate age estimate. The luminosity is here the less concerning property, as this can be estimated from the

227:, a classification for dark substellar objects floating freely in space that were not massive enough to sustain hydrogen fusion. However, (a) the term black dwarf was already in use to refer to a cold 8194:; Glikman, Eilat; Gonzalez, Anthony H.; Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Konopacky, Quinn; Mainzer, Amy; Vollbach, David; Wright, Shelley A. (2010). "Ultracool Field Brown Dwarf Candidates Selected at 4.5 microns". 2889:

Estimates of brown dwarf populations in the solar neighbourhood suggest that there may be as many as six stars for every brown dwarf. A more recent estimate from 2017 using the young massive star cluster

2302:

was confirmed as a Y-dwarf binary with JWST. The B secondary is likely one of the coldest confirmed Y-dwarfs as of December 2023, with an estimated temperature of 246 to 404 K (−27–131 °C;

3082:. The discovery of the system gave definitive insights to the formation of brown dwarfs. It was previously thought that wide binary brown dwarfs are not formed or at least are disrupted at ages of 1–10 1014: 556: Ba and Bb, a pair of brown dwarfs gravitationally bound to a Sun-like star 12 light-years from the Sun, and Luhman 16, a binary system of brown dwarfs at 6.5 light-years from the Sun. 18022: 18017: 7689:

Zhang, Zhoujian; Liu, Michael C.; Hermes, James J.; Magnier, Eugene A.; Marley, Mark S.; Tremblay, Pier-Emmanuel; Tucker, Michael A.; Do, Aaron; Payne, Anna V.; Shappee, Benjamin J. (February 2020).

3569:

being narrow, close (T dwarf 0.005 AU) and decreasing with time, due to the cooling of the brown dwarf (they fuse for at most 10 million years). The orbits there would have to be of extremely low

15298:

Luhman, Kevin L.; Adame, Lucía; d'Alessio, Paola; Calvet, Nuria; Hartmann, Lee; Megeath, S. Thomas; Fazio, Giovanni G. (2005). "Discovery of a Planetary-Mass Brown Dwarf with a Circumstellar Disk".

12698: 1667:. The age estimate can be done in two ways. Either the brown dwarf is young and still has spectral features that are associated with youth, or the brown dwarf co-moves with a star or stellar group ( 18012: 6392:"Ultracool dwarfs observed with the Spitzer infrared spectrograph - II. Emergence and sedimentation of silicate clouds in L dwarfs, and analysis of the full M5-T9 field dwarf spectroscopic sample" 7501:

Marocco, Federico; Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Meisner, Aaron M.; Caselden, Dan; Eisenhardt, Peter R. M.; Cushing, Michael C.; Faherty, Jacqueline K.; Gelino, Christopher R.; Wright, Edward L. (2020).

2656:

because they share common magnetic properties with other objects in this class. The detection of radio emission from brown dwarfs permits their magnetic field strengths to be measured directly.

235:

fuse hydrogen; and (c) these objects may be luminous at visible wavelengths early in their lives. Because of this, alternative names for these objects were proposed, including planetar and

3186:, the prototype of the L dwarfs, is one such system. Such systems can be useful in determining the age of the system and the mass of the brown dwarf. Other white dwarf-brown dwarf binaries are 1073: 334:

of brown dwarfs in the late 1980s brought these theories into question. However, such objects were hard to find because they emit almost no visible light. Their strongest emissions are in the

18007: 8412: 14989:

Sanghi, Aniket; Liu, Michael C.; Best, William M. J.; Dupuy, Trent J.; Siverd, Robert J.; Zhang, Zhoujian; Hurt, Spencer A.; Magnier, Eugene A.; Aller, Kimberly M.; Deacon, Niall R. (2023).

8951:

Tinney, C. G.; Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Faherty, Jacqueline K.; Mace, Gregory N.; Cushing, Mike; Gelino, Christopher R.; Burgasser, Adam J.; Sheppard, Scott S.; Wright, Edward L. (2018-06-01).

2535:

containing a wide variety of features, from relatively narrow lines of neutral atomic species to broad molecular bands, all of which have different dependencies on temperature, gravity, and

1433:

are both made primarily of hydrogen and helium. Saturn is nearly as large as Jupiter, despite having only 30% the mass. Three of the giant planets in the Solar System (Jupiter, Saturn, and

854:

very effectively, and before the temperature in the core can increase enough to trigger fusion, the density reaches the point where electrons become closely packed enough to create quantum

14844:

Tannock, Megan E.; Metchev, Stanimir; Heinze, Aren; Miles-Páez, Paulo A.; Gagné, Jonathan; Burgasser, Adam J.; Marley, Mark S.; Apai, Dániel; Suárez, Genaro; Plavchan, Peter (March 2021).

2894:

concluded that the Milky Way galaxy contains between 25 and 100 billion brown dwarfs. (Compare these numbers to the estimates of the number of stars in the Milky Way; 100 to 400 billion.)

2316:

January 2024: Two candidate planets orbiting white dwarfs were discovered with JWST. If spectroscopically confirmed they would likely be Y-dwarfs due to their cold estimated temperature (T

3400:

have detected what they believe to be a disk of gas and dust similar to the one hypothesized to have formed the Solar System. Cha 110913−773444 is the smallest brown dwarf found to date (

1552:

in the observed mass spectrum reinforces the choice to forget this mass limit". As of 2016, this limit was increased to 60 Jupiter masses, based on a study of mass–density relationships.

341:

Since then, numerous searches by various methods have sought these objects. These methods included multi-color imaging surveys around field stars, imaging surveys for faint companions of

6510:

Henning, Thomas; Goldman, Bertrand (6 November 2013). "Weather on the Nearest Brown Dwarfs: Resolved Simultaneous Multi-Wavelength Variability Monitoring of WISE J104915.57–531906.1AB".

7625:

Mohanty, Subhanjoy; Jayawardhana, Ray; Huélamo, Nuria; Mamajek, Eric (March 2007). "The Planetary Mass Companion 2MASS 1207-3932B: Temperature, Mass, and Evidence for an Edge-on Disk".

10064:

Cruz, Kelle L.; Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Burgasser, Adam J. (February 2009). "Young L Dwarfs Identified in the Field: A Preliminary Low-Gravity, Optical Spectral Sequence from L0 to L5".

6274:"Revealing the Vertical Cloud Structure of a Young Low-mass Brown Dwarf, an Analog to the β-Pictoris b Directly Imaged Exoplanet, through Keck I/MOSFIRE Spectrophotometric Variability" 3229:

during the engulfment. The dearth of brown dwarfs orbiting close to white dwarfs can be compared with similar observations of brown dwarfs around main-sequence stars, described as the

14799:

Lodieu, N.; Zapatero Osorio, M. R.; Martín, E. L.; Rebolo López, R.; Gauza, B. (2022). "Physical properties and trigonometric distance of the peculiar dwarf WISE J181005.5−101002.3".

7691:"COol Companions ON Ultrawide orbiTS (COCONUTS). I. A High-Gravity T4 Benchmark around an Old White Dwarf and A Re-Examination of the Surface-Gravity Dependence of the L/T Transition" 3360:

disks. The evidence for disk evolution includes a decreasing disk mass over time, dust grain growth and dust settling. Disks around brown dwarfs usually have a radius smaller than 40

436:. Confirmed in 1995, both were identified by the presence of the 670.8 nm lithium line. The latter was found to have a temperature and luminosity well below the stellar range. 11271:

Apai, Dániel; Karalidi, T.; Marley, Mark S.; Yang, H.; Flateau, D.; Metchev, S.; Cowan, N. B.; Buenzli, E.; Burgasser, Adam J.; Radigan, J.; Artigau, Étienne; Lowrance, P. (2017).

16748: 6331:

Tremblin, P.; Chabrier, G.; Baraffe, I.; Liu, Michael. C.; Magnier, E. A.; Lagage, P. -O.; Alves de Oliveira, C.; Burgasser, A. J.; Amundsen, D. S.; Drummond, B. (2017-11-01).

1098:

is generally present in brown dwarfs and not in low-mass stars. Stars, which reach the high temperature necessary for fusing hydrogen, rapidly deplete their lithium. Fusion of

2023:

and that this should be taken as indicating the T–Y transition, making these objects of type Y0. However, the feature is difficult to distinguish from absorption by water and

864: 8746:

Tinney, C. G.; Faherty, Jacqueline K.; Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Wright, Edward L.; Gelino, Christopher R.; Cushing, Michael C.; Griffith, Roger L.; Salter, Graeme (2012-11-01).

3014: 2313:

December 2023: Three new Y-dwarf candidates were published. The total number of confirmed Y-dwarfs was 27, and 30 additional Y-dwarf candidates existed as of February 2024.

1437:) emit much more (up to about twice) heat than they receive from the Sun. All four giant planets have their own "planetary" systems, in the form of extensive moon systems. 369:

was found in an infrared search of white dwarfs. The spectrum of the companion GD 165B was very red and enigmatic, showing none of the features expected of a low-mass

18002: 14152:

Whelan, Emma T.; Ray, Thomas P.; Bacciotti, Francesca; Natta, Antonella; Testi, Leonardo; Randich, Sofia (June 2005). "A resolved outflow of matter from a brown dwarf".

13787:

Burrows, Adam; Hubbard, William B.; Lunine, Jonathan I.; Liebert, James (2013). "The Atomic and Molecular Content of Disks Around Very Low-mass Stars and Brown Dwarfs".

4331: 2381:

might improve the sample of Y-dwarfs with observed spectra. Y-dwarfs are dominated by deep spectral features of methane, water vapor and possibly absorption features of

162:. However, with the advent of more capable infrared detecting devices, thousands of brown dwarfs have been identified. The nearest known brown dwarfs are located in the 15345:

Michaud, Peter; Heyer, Inge; Leggett, Sandy K.; and Adamson, Andy; "Discovery Narrows the Gap Between Planets and Brown Dwarfs", Gemini and Joint Astronomy Centre, 2007

3237:(CV*) with the brown dwarf as the donor. Simulations have shown that highly evolved CV* are mostly associated with substellar donors (up to 80%). A type of CV*, called 2373:

The transition between T- and Y-dwarfs is often defined as 500 K because of the lack of spectral observations of these cold and faint objects. Future observations with

3049: 11904:

Stassun, Keivan G.; Mathieu, Robert D.; Valenti, Jeff A. (2007). "A Surprising Reversal of Temperatures in the Brown-Dwarf Eclipsing Binary 2MASS J05352184-0546085".

18164: 18029: 3386: 2149:(WISE) discovered six objects that they classified as Y dwarfs with temperatures as cool as 25 °C (298 K; 77 °F). These were published in two papers. 6094:

Burgasser, Adam J.; Marley, Mark S.; Ackerman, Andrew S.; Saumon, Didier; Lodders, Katharina; Dahn, Conard C.; Harris, Hugh C.; Kirkpatrick, J. Davy (2002-06-01).

6452:"The JWST Early-release Science Program for Direct Observations of Exoplanetary Systems II: A 1 to 20 μm Spectrum of the Planetary-mass Companion VHS 1256-1257 b" 3604: 7241: 3501:

paved the way for the detection of planets around brown dwarfs on orbits of a few AU or smaller. However, with a mass ratio between the companion and primary in

297:. The first self-consistent calculation of the hydrogen-burning minimum mass confirmed a value between 0.07 and 0.08 solar masses for population I objects. 451:. Methane absorption is not expected at any temperature of a main-sequence star. This discovery helped to establish yet another spectral class even cooler than 14408:

Wolszczan, Alexander; Route, Matthew (2014). "Timing Analysis of the Periodic Radio and Optical Brightness Variations of the Ultracool Dwarf, TVLM 513-46546".

7061:

Schneider, Jean; Dedieu, Cyril; Le Sidaner, Pierre; Savalle, Renaud; Zolotukhin, Ivan (2011). "Defining and cataloging exoplanets: The exoplanet.eu database".

6897: 2234: 2217: 8836:"Three New Cool Brown Dwarfs Discovered with the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) and an Improved Spectrum of the Y0 Dwarf WISE J041022.71+150248.4" 10560:

Rutledge, Robert E.; Basri, Gibor; Martín, Eduardo L.; Bildsten, Lars (1 August 2000). "Chandra Detection of an X-Ray Flare from the Brown Dwarf LP 944-20".

5112: 3348:. Its parallax (using Gaia DR2 data) puts it at a distance of 102 parsecs (or 333 lightyears) from Earth—which is within the local Solar neighborhood. 15262: 12706: 8664: 3171: 2929:

that hot sand is being blown by winds on the brown dwarfs. Additionally, absorption signatures of carbon monoxide, methane, and water vapor were detected.

6955:; Fortney, Jonathan J.; Saumon, Didier (2013). "Deuterium Burning in Massive Giant Planets and Low-mass Brown Dwarfs Formed by Core-nucleated Accretion". 1820:, had none of the hallmark TiO features of M dwarfs. The subsequent identification of many objects like GD 165B ultimately led to the definition of a new 1222:

instabilities. The clouds of these brown dwarfs are explained as either iron clouds with varying thickness or a lower thick iron cloud layer and an upper

18056: 10442: 3195: 1142:

Conversely, brown dwarfs at the high end of their mass range can be hot enough to deplete their lithium when they are young. Dwarfs of mass greater than

13095: 3317:

giant planet orbits a brown dwarf across our line of sight, then, because they have approximately the same diameter, this would give a large signal for

2019:. The spectra of these objects have absorption peaks around 1.55 micrometres. Delorme et al. have suggested that this feature is due to absorption from 1128: 4321: 3191: 1161:

Unlike stars, older brown dwarfs are sometimes cool enough that, over very long periods of time, their atmospheres can gather observable quantities of

858:. According to the brown dwarf interior models, typical conditions in the core for density, temperature and pressure are expected to be the following: 2623:

Sensitive telescopes equipped with charge-coupled devices (CCDs) have been used to search distant star clusters for faint objects, including Teide 1.

17841: 17836: 15344: 9996: 7876: 2366:. This pushes the L/T transition to lower temperatures for giant exoplanets. For brown dwarfs this transition occurs at around 1200 K. The exoplanet 1385:), suggesting that from this perspective brown dwarfs are simply high-mass Jovian planets. This can make distinguishing them from planets difficult. 1293: 1132: 8420: 17997: 17460: 3776: 3299: 3275: 3251: 250:

that has cooled to the point that it no longer emits significant amounts of light. However, the time required for even the lowest-mass white dwarf

14088: 12451:"How Dry is the Brown Dwarf Desert? Quantifying the Relative Number of Planets, Brown Dwarfs, and Stellar Companions around Nearby Sun-like Stars" 11959:"How Dry is the Brown Dwarf Desert? Quantifying the Relative Number of Planets, Brown Dwarfs, and Stellar Companions around Nearby Sun-like Stars" 6153:

Vos, Johanna M.; Faherty, Jacqueline K.; Gagné, Jonathan; Marley, Mark; Metchev, Stanimir; Gizis, John; Rice, Emily L.; Cruz, Kelle (2022-01-01).

9696: 9250: 3396:, located 500 light-years away in the constellation Chamaeleon, may be in the process of forming a miniature planetary system. Astronomers from 17764: 8820: 15285: 11782:"WISE2150-7520AB: A very low mass, wide co-moving brown dwarf system discovered through the citizen science project Backyard Worlds: Planet 9" 2579:

In April 2020 scientists reported clocking wind speeds of +650 ± 310 metres per second (up to 1,450 miles per hour) on the nearby brown dwarf

6872: 6760: 3857: 3751: 3117:. Photometric studies of this system have revealed that the less massive brown dwarf in the system is hotter than its higher-mass companion. 2925: 2333:

Major chemical pathways linking carbon monoxide and methane. The short-lived radicals are marked with a dot. Adopted from Zahnle & Marley

1857: 13680:

Joergens, Viki; Müller, André; Reffert, Sabine (2010). "Improved radial velocity orbit of the young binary brown dwarf candidate Cha Hα 8".

12581:"A brown dwarf donor and an optically thin accretion disc with a complex stream impact region in the period-bouncer candidate BW Sculptoris" 11842:

Stassun, Keivan G.; Mathieu, Robert D.; Valenti, Jeff A. (March 2006). "Discovery of two young brown dwarfs in an eclipsing binary system".

11590:

Bedin, Luigi R.; Pourbaix, Dimitri; Apai, Dániel; Burgasser, Adam J.; Buenzli, Esther; Boffin, Henri M. J.; Libralato, Mattia (2017-09-01).

6630:

Manjavacas, Elena; Karalidi, Theodora; Tan, Xianyu; Vos, Johanna M.; Lew, Ben W. P.; Biller, Beth A.; Oliveros-Gómez, Natalia (2022-08-01).

15079: 12805:; Bouwman, Jeroen; Natta, Antonella; Henning, Thomas; Dullemond, Cornelis P. (2005). "The Onset of Planet Formation in Brown Dwarf Disks". 8443: 7819:

Burrows, Adam; Hubbard, William B.; Lunine, Jonathan I.; Liebert, James (2001). "The theory of brown dwarfs and extrasolar giant planets".

7749:

Mario G.; Penna, Jucira L.; Pinfield, David J.; da Silva Neto, Dario Nepomuceno; Sozzetti, Alessandro; Vecchiato, Alberto (December 2018).

3321:. The accretion zone for planets around a brown dwarf is very close to the brown dwarf itself, so tidal forces would have a strong effect. 3187: 11204:

Muzic, Koraljka; Schoedel, Rainer; Scholz, Alexander; Geers, Vincent C.; Jayawardhana, Ray; Ascenso, Joana; Cieza, Lucas A. (2017-07-02).

9223:

Allers, Katelyn N.; Debes, John H.; Wisniewski, John (January 2020). "WISE J0830+2837: the first Y dwarf from Backyard Worlds: Planet 9".

2885:

A visualization representing a three-dimensional map of brown dwarfs (red dots) that have been discovered within 65 light-years of the Sun

1268:

For late T-type brown dwarfs only a few variable searches were carried out. Thin cloud layers are predicted to form in late T-dwarfs from

17735: 17318: 14275: 9990:

Burningham, Ben; Smith, Leigh; Cardoso, Cátia V.; Lucas, Philip W.; Burgasser, Adam J.; Jones, Hugh R. A.; Smart, Richard L. (May 2014).

9201: 4723:

According to the ultracool fundamental properties this object shows signs of youth and could therefore be a brown dwarf with 19.85±13.02

3505:

of about 0.3, this system rather resembles a binary star. Then, in 2008, the first planetary-mass companion in a relatively small orbit (

3144: 1242:. It is however not clear if silicate clouds are always necessary for young objects. Silicate absorption can be directly observed in the 8834:

Cushing, Michael C.; Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Gelino, Christopher R.; Mace, Gregory N.; Skrutskie, Michael F.; Gould, Andrew (2014-05-01).

8247:

Luhman, Kevin L.; Burgasser, Adam J.; Bochanski, John J. (20 March 2011). "Discovery of a candidate for the coolest known brown dwarf".

4117: 3720: 2189:

was announced, with a temperature profile estimated around 225 to 260 K (−48 – −13 °C; −55–8 °F) and a mass of

10778: 8304:; Melis, Carl; Song, Inseok (10 May 2011). "The ultra cool brown dwarf companion of WD 0806-661B: age, mass, and formation mechanism". 4833: 3493:, which is inferred from relatively large masses and large orbits. The first discovery of a low-mass companion orbiting a brown dwarf ( 3048:

Observations of the orbit of binary systems containing brown dwarfs can be used to measure the mass of the brown dwarf. In the case of

3025:(au), M-L-type brown dwarfs have a projected separation peaking at 5–8 au and T5–Y0 objects have a projected separation that follows a 14932:"KMT-2016-BLG-1820 and KMT-2016-BLG-2142: Two Microlensing Binaries Composed of Planetary-mass Companions and Very-low-mass Primaries" 13343:

Boucher, Anne; Lafrenière, David; Gagné, Jonathan; Malo, Lison; Faherty, Jacqueline K.; Doyon, René; Chen, Christine H. (2016-11-01).

13112: 18051: 17595: 17003: 15291: 15202: 5983:

Burrows, Adam; Hubbard, W. B.; Lunine, J. I.; Liebert, James (July 2001). "The theory of brown dwarfs and extrasolar giant planets".

3781: 3303: 3271: 2954:

Brown dwarfs binaries of type M, L, and T are less common with a lower mass of the primary. L-dwarfs have a binary fraction of about

2526:

Artist's illustration of a brown dwarf's interior structure. Cloud layers at certain depths are offset as a result of layer shifting.

2263:. This Y dwarf is 36.5 light-years distant from the Solar System and has a temperature of about 350 K (77 °C; 170 °F). 1722:

old. In this case the mass was not estimated with the derived age, but the co-movement provided an accurate distance estimate, using

17771: 8076:

Beiler, Samuel A.; Cushing, Michael C.; Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Schneider, Adam C.; Mukherjee, Sagnick; Marley, Mark S. (2023-07-01).

6155:"Let the Great World Spin: Revealing the Stormy, Turbulent Nature of Young Giant Exoplanet Analogs with the Spitzer Space Telescope" 5041: 1852:(Na, K, Rb, Cs). As of 2013, over 900 L dwarfs had been identified, most by wide-field surveys: the Two Micron All Sky Survey ( 18034: 17871: 17600: 12166:

French, Jenni R.; Casewell, Sarah L.; Dupuy, Trent J.; Debes, John H.; Manjavacas, Elena; Martin, Emily C.; Xu, Siyi (2023-03-01).

11508:"Weighing Ultra-Cool Stars – Large Ground-Based Telescopes and Hubble Team-Up to Perform First Direct Brown Dwarf Mass Measurement" 7503:"Improved infrared photometry and a preliminary parallax measurement for the extremely cold brown dwarf CWISEP J144606.62-231717.8" 2477:

because they have larger radii and lower masses than the field stars of similar spectral type. These sources are noted by a letter

2278: 2169:

July 2012: Seven new Y-dwarfs were discovered, making the total number of confirmed Y-dwarfs fourteen. One of the Y dwarfs, called

13899:

Limbach, Mary Anne; Vos, Johanna M.; Winn, Joshua N.; Heller, René; Mason, Jeffrey C.; Schneider, Adam C.; Dai, Fei (2021-09-01).

13036:

Burrows, Adam; Hubbard, William B.; Lunine, Jonathan I.; Liebert, James (2011). "Tidal evolution of planets around brown dwarfs".

3595:

In 1984, it was postulated by some astronomers that the Sun may be orbited by an undetected brown dwarf (sometimes referred to as

2485:(γ) for low surface gravity. Indicators of low surface gravity include weak CaH, K I and Na I lines, as well as a strong VO line. 1772:

These are brown dwarfs with a spectral class of M5.5 or later; they are also called late-M dwarfs. Some scientists regard them as

8891:

Tinney, C. G.; Faherty, Jacqueline K.; Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Cushing, Mike; Morley, Caroline V.; Wright, Edward L. (2014-11-01).

7008:

Spiegel, David S.; Burrows, Adam; Milson, John A. (2011). "The Deuterium-Burning Mass Limit for Brown Dwarfs and Giant Planets".

5928:

Forbes, John C.; Loeb, Abraham (February 2019), "On the Existence of Brown Dwarfs More Massive than the Hydrogen Burning Limit",

2117:, a brown dwarf companion to a nearby white dwarf, with a temperature of c. 300 K (27 °C; 80 °F) and mass of 17718: 12227:"The Y-type Brown Dwarfs: Estimates of Mass and Age from New Astrometry, Homogenized Photometry, and Near-infrared Spectroscopy" 11382:"Constraining the multiplicity statistics of the coolest brown dwarfs: binary fraction continues to decrease with spectral type" 6922: 2920:

provided the most detailed weather report yet on two brown dwarfs, revealing "stormy" conditions. These brown dwarfs, part of a

2677: 967: 820:

is through the gravitational collapse of a cold interstellar cloud of gas and dust. As the cloud contracts, it heats due to the

494: 18204: 17747: 5768:; Zapatero-Osorio, María Rosa; Martín, Eduardo L. (September 1995). "Discovery of a brown dwarf in the Pleiades star cluster". 3419: 1534:

present and on the fraction of heavier elements, which determines the atmospheric opacity and thus the radiative cooling rate.

18179: 18131: 18126: 18121: 18116: 18111: 18106: 18101: 18096: 18091: 18086: 18081: 18076: 18071: 18066: 18061: 17752: 16780: 13482:; Hartmann, Lee; Megeath, S. T.; Fazio, G. G. (2005). "Discovery of a Planetary-Mass Brown Dwarf with a Circumstellar Disk". 11439:

Opitz, Daniela; Tinney, C. G.; Faherty, Jacqueline; Sweet, Sarah; Gelino, Christopher R.; Kirkpatrick, J. Davy (2016-02-24).

7143: 5750: 5560: 5419: 5395: 5199: 4848: 3427:

According to the IAU working definition (from August 2018) an exoplanet can orbit a brown dwarf. It requires a mass below 13

3102:. The binary belongs also to a few L+T binaries that can be easily resolved by ground-based observatories. The other two are 1804:

M, the coolest type in the long-standing classical stellar sequence, is an optical spectrum dominated by absorption bands of

365:

For many years, efforts to discover brown dwarfs were fruitless. In 1988, however, a faint companion to the white dwarf star

6565:

Morley, Caroline V.; Fortney, Jonathan J.; Marley, Mark S.; Visscher, Channon; Saumon, Didier; Leggett, S. K. (2012-09-01).

17861: 17851: 11110:"ROME. IV. An Arecibo Search for Substellar Magnetospheric Radio Emissions in Purported Exoplanet-hosting Systems at 5 GHz" 10352: 2510:

colors that cannot be explained with low metallicity. Some are explained as L+T binaries, others are not binaries, such as

2034:

spectral energy distribution of a Y-dwarf was able to observe several bands of molecules in the atmosphere of the Y0-dwarf

1729:. Using this measurement the authors estimated the radius, which was then used to estimate the mass for the brown dwarf as 17585: 13627:

Joergens, Viki; Müller, André (2007). "16–20 MJup Radial Velocity Companion Orbiting the Brown Dwarf Candidate Cha Hα 8".

5435: 4271: 35: 17897: 17831: 16945: 15240: 15185: 14740:

Zhang, ZengHua; Homeier, Derek; Pinfield, David J.; Lodieu, Nicolas; Jones, Hugh R. A.; Pavlenko, Yakiv V. (2017-06-11).

9221: 7308: 2161: 2146: 5234: 3528:

often align with the orientation of the host star/planet they orbit. Assuming the orbit of a planet is aligned with the

3217:

AB. In the past history of these close white dwarf–brown dwarf binaries, the brown dwarf is engulfed by the star in the

1020: 443:

at 2 micrometres, a feature that had previously only been observed in the atmospheres of giant planets and that of

18189: 18039: 17846: 17723: 16755: 16074: 12934: 7900:

C.; Smart, Richard L.; Tamura, Motohide; Van Cleve, Jeffrey (2009). "The Physical Properties of Four ~600 K T Dwarfs".

2789: 2644:

Brown dwarfs can be powerful emitters of radio emission due to their strong magnetic fields. Observing programs at the

2467:

The blue suffix (e.g. L3blue) indicates unusual blue near-infrared colors for L dwarfs without obvious low metallicity

536:

test principles used to judge the substellar nature of low-luminosity and low-surface-temperature astronomical bodies.

502: 223:

The objects now called "brown dwarfs" were theorized by Shiv S. Kumar in the 1960s to exist and were originally called

14221:

Basri, Gibor; Martín, Eduardo L. (1999). "[astro-ph/9908015] PPl 15: The First Brown Dwarf Spectroscopic Binary".

12168:"Discovery of a resolved white dwarf–brown dwarf binary with a small projected separation: SDSS J222551.65+001637.7AB" 11350: 9392:"Spitzer Follow-up of Extremely Cold Brown Dwarfs Discovered by the Backyard Worlds: Planet 9 Citizen Science Project" 5077: 2906:

modulate the thickness of the clouds and propagate with different velocities (probably due to differential rotation).

516:, which is below the stellar-mass limit. The object became a reference in subsequent young brown dwarf related works. 18222: 17856: 15209: 13536: 7384: 6512: 2539:. Furthermore, these low temperature conditions favor condensation out of the gas state and the formation of grains. 609: 6901: 2735:

27 July 2000: First radio emission (in flare and quiescence) detected from a brown dwarf. A team of students at the

2288:

April 2021: New Y-dwarf candidates were published by the CatWISE and Backyard Worlds teams in a collaborative paper.

17917: 17907: 17395: 14908: 14620:"89 New Ultracool Dwarf Co-Moving Companions Identified With The Backyard Worlds: Planet 9 Citizen Science Project" 10688:"Yes, it is the Image of an Exoplanet: Astronomers Confirm the First Image of a Planet Outside of Our Solar System" 5316: 3156: 2713:

15 December 1999: First X-ray flare detected from a brown dwarf. A team at the University of California monitoring

2083:

of these isolated objects. The rapid rotation leads to dynamical, thermal, and chemical changes, which disrupt the

1675:), where age estimates are easier to obtain. A very young brown dwarf that was further studied with this method is 1538: 1446: 338:(IR) spectrum, and ground-based IR detectors were too imprecise at that time to readily identify any brown dwarfs. 254:

is calculated to be longer than the current age of the universe; hence such objects are expected to not yet exist.

15232: 15215: 5145: 2038:. The observations covered spectroscopy from 1 to 12 μm and photometry at 15, 18 and 21 μm. The molecules water (H 17992: 17943: 17866: 17705: 17008: 16467: 14084: 12382:

Longstaff, Emma S.; Casewell, Sarah L.; Wynn, Graham A.; Maxted, Pierre F. L.; Helling, Christiane (2017-10-21).

11718:

Reipurth, Bo; Clarke, Cathie (June 2003). "Brown Dwarfs as Ejected Stellar Embryos: Observational Perspectives".

8668: 8137:"The First Y Dwarf Data From JWST Show That Dynamic and Diabatic Processes Regulate Cold Brown Dwarf Atmospheres" 3302:, which is surrounded by a pseudo-disk and a Keplerian disk. Mayrit 1701117 launches the 0.7-light-year-long jet 2638: 2130:. Though of planetary mass, Rodriguez et al. suggest it is unlikely to have formed in the same manner as planets. 628: 15259: 10383:

Chen, Minghan; Li, Yiting; Brandt, Timothy D.; Dupuy, Trent J.; Cardoso, Cátia V.; McCaughrean, Mark J. (2022).

7437:

Saumon, Didier; Marley, Mark S. (December 2008). "The Evolution of L and T Dwarfs in Color-Magnitude Diagrams".

3213:

or PCEBs. Only eight confirmed PCEBs containing a white dwarf with a brown dwarf companion are known, including

2542: 1828:, defined in the red optical region of the spectrum not by metal-oxide absorption bands (TiO, VO), but by metal 17948: 16760: 16397: 16381: 15416: 14462: 12102:

Farihi, Jay; Christopher, Micol (October 2004). "A Possible Brown Dwarf Companion to the White Dwarf GD 1400".

10618: 9144:"CWISEP J193518.59 − 154620.3: An Extremely Cold Brown Dwarf in the Solar Neighborhood Discovered with CatWISE" 3369: 821: 591: 10450: 2764:

is 7.2 light-years away (seventh-closest system to the Sun) and has a temperature between −48 and −13 °C.

836:

is reached, and the star will spend most of its lifetime fusing hydrogen into helium as a main-sequence star.

135: 18294: 18174: 17821: 17776: 17655: 17645: 17640: 17625: 17620: 16807: 16674: 14092: 13092: 11592:"Hubble Space Telescope astrometry of the closest brown dwarf binary system – I. Overview and improved orbit" 10863:

Kao, Melodie M.; Hallinan, Gregg; Pineda, J. Sebastian; Stevenson, David; Burgasser, Adam J. (31 July 2018).

10472: 9086:"Hubble Space Telescope Spectroscopy of Brown Dwarfs Discovered with the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer" 5587:; Delfosse, Xavier; Forveille, Thierry (1997). "Keck HIRES spectra of the brown dwarf DENIS-P J1228.2-1547". 4092: 3397: 2260: 2008: 1247: 18159: 17505: 11055:

Route, M.; Wolszczan, A. (10 March 2012). "The Arecibo Detection of the Coolest Radio-flaring Brown Dwarf".

9520:"Ross 19B: An Extremely Cold Companion Discovered via the Backyard Worlds: Planet 9 Citizen Science Project" 2793:

rapidly boiling, or convective state. When combined with the rapid rotation that most brown dwarfs exhibit,

2230:

May 2015: Three Y-dwarfs were discovered with Hubble, bringing the total number of confirmed Y-dwarfs to 21.

1153:

can burn their lithium by the time they are half a billion years old; thus the lithium test is not perfect.

1119:

The use of lithium to distinguish candidate brown dwarfs from low-mass stars is commonly referred to as the

532:

is unable to burn lithium by thermonuclear fusion at any time during its evolution. This fact is one of the

17811: 17590: 16790: 16741: 16716: 16009: 11041: 9327:"Expanding the Y Dwarf Census with Spitzer Follow-up of the Coldest CatWISE Solar Neighborhood Discoveries" 4921: 4918: – Theorized range of orbits around a star within which brown dwarfs cannot exist as companion objects 4893: 4071: 3094: 2105: 2016: 1664: 855: 587: 17: 17465: 15275:—Website with general information about brown dwarfs (has many detailed and colorful artist's impressions) 8608:"Further Defining Spectral Type "Y" and Exploring the Low-mass End of the Field Brown Dwarf Mass Function" 7873: 3324: 501:, and its spectrum was first recorded in December 1994 using the 4.2 m William Herschel Telescope at 18309: 18154: 17953: 16731: 16711: 12054: 11321: 7063: 4660: 4614: 3596: 3210: 3114: 2573: 2511: 2157: 956:{\displaystyle 10\,\mathrm {g/cm^{3}} \,\lesssim \,\rho _{c}\,\lesssim \,10^{3}\,\mathrm {{g}/{cm^{3}}} } 471:(head of the team), María Rosa Zapatero-Osorio, and Eduardo L. Martín in 1994. This object, found in the 17612: 16094: 12727:

Eyres, Stewart P. S.; Evans, Aneurin; Zijlstra, Albert; Avison, Adam; Gehrz, Robert D.; Hajduk, Marcin;

7293: 1636:

Some researchers call them free-floating planets, whereas others call them planetary-mass brown dwarfs.

1135:. However, lithium is also seen in very young stars, which have not yet had enough time to burn it all. 1087:

without initiating hydrogen fusion. This could happen via mass transfer in a binary brown dwarf system.

18304: 18235: 17987: 17982: 17972: 17730: 17390: 16795: 16726: 16696: 5681: 5589: 4368: 3570: 3042: 2917: 2374: 2031: 6272:

Manjavacas, Elena; Karalidi, Theodora; Vos, Johanna M.; Biller, Beth A.; Lew, Ben W. P. (2021-11-01).

2620:

have recently been used to detect faint objects orbiting bright visible stars, including Gliese 229B.

2295:, an old object near the T/Y-boundary orbiting an M-dwarf, was discovered by the Backyard Worlds team. 1995:

In 2009, the coolest-known brown dwarfs had estimated effective temperatures between 500 and 600

18217: 17967: 17420: 17304: 16802: 16679: 16656: 16238: 15687: 15682: 15677: 15672: 15667: 15662: 15129: 11339:

Alien weather report: James Webb Space Telescope detects hot, sandy wind on 2 brown dwarfs; Space.com

10357:"Astronomers measure wind speed on a brown dwarf – Atmosphere, interior rotating at different speeds" 10356: 8809: 8693: 7821: 7232: 4983: 4820: 3578: 3333: 3234: 3065: 2817: 2802: 2777: 2729: 2378: 2012: 1388:

In addition, many brown dwarfs undergo no fusion; even those at the high end of the mass range (over

15083: 15020:; Dobie, Dougal; Driessen, Laura; Duchesne, Stefan; Kaplan, David; Lenc, Emil; Wang, Ziteng (2023). 1704:

burning limit. An example of a very old age obtained by the co-movement method is the brown dwarf +

1541:

included objects up to 25 Jupiter masses, saying, "The fact that there is no special feature around

18314: 17977: 17922: 17783: 17675: 17570: 17330: 16973: 15945: 15819: 15454: 15253: 15247: 4244: 3971: 3946: 3933: 2971: 2863: 2580: 1861: 1250:

have shown that silicate absorption is common, but not ubiquitous, for L2-L8 dwarfs. Additionally,

1194: 417: 17690: 13960:"The Viewing Geometry of Brown Dwarfs Influences Their Observed Colors and Variability Amplitudes" 12078: 6876: 2950:. The binary Luhman 16 AB (left) is closer to the Solar System than the other examples shown here. 18199: 17902: 17826: 17400: 16938: 16721: 16472: 16271: 16181: 16141: 16123: 16049: 15620: 15546: 9460:"The Field Substellar Mass Function Based on the Full-sky 20 pc Census of 525 L, T, and Y Dwarfs" 5172: 3520: 3245:

often show donors with a mass near the borderline of low-mass stars and brown dwarfs. The binary

3026: 2902: 2881: 2569: 2274: 2137: 1556: 1251: 833: 580: 13278:

Ricci, L.; Testi, L.; Natta, A.; Scholz, A.; de Gregorio-Monsalvo, I.; Isella, A. (2014-08-01).

10385:"Precise Dynamical Masses of ε Indi Ba and Bb: Evidence of Slowed Cooling at the L/T Transition" 8451: 5853: 2942: 432:. Gliese 229b is one of the first two instances of clear evidence for a brown dwarf, along with 380:

Today, GD 165B is recognized as the prototype of a class of objects now called "L dwarfs".

17912: 17793: 17405: 17355: 16882: 16862: 16634: 16629: 16527: 16422: 16371: 16176: 16166: 15839: 15637: 15605: 15496: 15479: 11353: 9647:"The Initial Mass Function Based on the Full-sky 20-pc Census of ∼3,600 Stars and Brown Dwarfs" 4944: 4515: 4464: 4372: 3985: 3771: 3653: 3545: 3365: 3295: 3151: 2947: 2565: 2359: 2075: 2074:

form, which means that the pressure and temperature increase with depth. JWST spectroscopy and

1565: 1190: 1084: 635: 540: 258: 251: 198:

The smaller object is Gliese 229B, about 20 to 50 times the mass of Jupiter, orbiting the star

17380: 14279: 12225:

Leggett, S. K.; Tremblin, P.; Esplin, T. L.; Luhman, K. L.; Morley, Caroline V. (2017-06-01).

11338: 7116:

Schneider, Jean (July 2016). "Exoplanets versus brown dwarfs: the CoRoT view and the future".

5624: 3561:

brown dwarfs has been studied. Computer models suggesting conditions for these bodies to have

3139:, which orbits around the main-sequence star Gliese 229 A, a red dwarf. Brown dwarfs orbiting 1341:

Brown dwarfs are all roughly the same radius as Jupiter. At the high end of their mass range (

1124: 18289: 17881: 17650: 17525: 17425: 17259: 16736: 16706: 16701: 16691: 16619: 16407: 15573: 11441:"Searching for Binary Y dwarfs with the Gemini Multi-Conjugate Adaptive Optics System (GeMS)" 11183: 9963: 9690: 9244: 8476:"The First Hundred Brown Dwarfs Discovered by the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE)" 7239:; Valenti, Jeff A.; Anderson, Jay; Piskunov, Nikolai (2010). "The Exoplanet Orbit Database". 4798: 4424: 4109:

2008; this is also classified as a T9 dwarf, due to its close resemblance to other T dwarfs.

3677: 3393: 3291: 1688: 1626: 1503: 1281: 1178: 203: 17450: 15854: 14822: 14130: 14114: 13703: 13059: 12732: 12383: 11591: 11552: 10782: 7981: 7349: 7086: 5730: 5602: 5540: 5375: 2459:

The red suffix (e.g. L0red) indicates objects without signs of youth, but high dust content

18194: 18169: 18149: 17759: 17430: 17345: 17041: 16968: 16877: 16775: 16765: 16614: 16582: 16376: 16171: 16156: 15469: 15373: 15317: 15256:—scientists are investigating astonishing weather patterns on brown dwarfs, Space.com, 2006 15150: 15043: 14953: 14867: 14818: 14763: 14742:"Primeval very low-mass stars and brown dwarfs – II. The most metal-poor substellar object" 14692: 14669:

Levine, Joanna L.; Steinhauer, Aaron; Elston, Richard J.; Lada, Elizabeth A. (2006-08-01).

14641: 14562: 14484: 14427: 14374: 14320: 14240: 14171: 14126: 14040: 13981: 13922: 13863: 13806: 13753: 13699: 13646: 13585: 13501: 13434: 13366: 13301: 13234: 13160: 13055: 12989: 12889: 12824: 12754: 12661: 12602: 12532: 12510: 12472: 12405: 12338: 12248: 12189: 12121: 12036: 11980: 11923: 11851: 11803: 11737: 11676: 11548: 11462: 11403: 11284: 11227: 11131: 11074: 11004: 10945: 10886: 10827: 10727: 10640: 10579: 10524: 10406: 10283: 10217: 10148: 10083: 10015: 9919: 9850: 9794: 9734: 9668: 9606: 9541: 9481: 9413: 9348: 9288: 9232: 9165: 9107: 9033: 8974: 8914: 8857: 8769: 8712: 8629: 8563: 8497: 8377: 8323: 8266: 8213: 8158: 8099: 8040: 7977: 7919: 7840: 7772: 7712: 7644: 7583: 7524: 7456: 7403: 7345: 7260: 7193: 7082: 7027: 6974: 6836: 6791: 6779: 6712: 6653: 6588: 6531: 6473: 6413: 6354: 6295: 6236: 6176: 6117: 6068: 6002: 5947: 5824: 5777: 5647: 5598: 5511: 5469: 5343: 5281: 5129: 5002: 4949: 4688: 3590: 3498: 3411:), and if it formed a planetary system, it would be the smallest-known object to have one. 3150:

There is also disagreement if some low-mass brown dwarfs should be considered planets. The

2751: 2338: 847: 829: 425: 14903: 14671:"Low-Mass Stars and Brown Dwarfs in NGC 2024: Constraints on the Substellar Mass Function" 9773:"JWST Directly Images Giant Planet Candidates Around Two Metal-Polluted White Dwarf Stars" 9142:

Elijah J.; Mobasher, Bahram; Schlegel, David J.; Stern, Daniel; Teplitz, Harry I. (2019).

8542:"The Discovery of Y Dwarfs using Data from the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE)" 8190:; Ashby, Matthew L. N.; Brodwin, Mark; Brown, Michael J. I.; Bussmann, R. S.; Dey, Arjun; 3481:

and Oph 98 B that are orbiting brown dwarfs at large orbital distances may have formed by

1961:

in the green part of the spectrum of T dwarfs, the actual appearance of T dwarfs to human

8: 18299: 17962: 17510: 17490: 17445: 17415: 17224: 17219: 17018: 16337: 16320: 15991: 15893: 15716: 15352:"The possiblity of detection of ultracool dwarfs with the UKIRT Infrared Deep Sky Survey" 14611: 13208: 10708:

Luhman, Kevin L. (April 2013). "Discovery of a Binary Brown Dwarf at 2 pc from the Sun".

9713:"CWISE J105512.11+544328.3: A Nearby Y Dwarf Spectroscopically Confirmed with Keck/NIRES" 5849: 5620: 5616: 4665:(microlensing) has a distance of 5,850 to 8,020 parsec. Could also be massive gas giant. 4567: 3922: 3715: 3541: 3356: 3345: 3287: 3038: 2692: 2645: 2299: 1945: 1672: 850:

reactions will not ignite in the core. Gravitational contraction does not heat the small

832:

reactions within its core will support it against any further gravitational contraction.

413: 16477: 15377: 15321: 15154: 15047: 14957: 14871: 14767: 14696: 14670: 14645: 14566: 14488: 14431: 14378: 14324: 14244: 14175: 14044: 13985: 13926: 13867: 13810: 13757: 13650: 13589: 13563: 13505: 13438: 13370: 13305: 13279: 13238: 13164: 12993: 12893: 12828: 12758: 12665: 12606: 12536: 12476: 12409: 12342: 12252: 12193: 12125: 12040: 12024: 11984: 11958: 11927: 11855: 11807: 11741: 11680: 11466: 11407: 11288: 11231: 11135: 11078: 11008: 10949: 10890: 10831: 10731: 10644: 10583: 10528: 10410: 10287: 10221: 10152: 10087: 10019: 9923: 9854: 9828: 9798: 9738: 9672: 9610: 9545: 9485: 9417: 9352: 9292: 9236: 9169: 9111: 9085: 9037: 9011: 8978: 8918: 8892: 8861: 8835: 8773: 8747: 8716: 8633: 8607: 8567: 8541: 8501: 8475: 8381: 8327: 8270: 8217: 8162: 8103: 8044: 7923: 7844: 7776: 7716: 7648: 7587: 7528: 7460: 7407: 7264: 7197: 7031: 6978: 6840: 6783: 6716: 6690: 6657: 6592: 6566: 6535: 6477: 6417: 6358: 6299: 6240: 6180: 6121: 6072: 6006: 5951: 5828: 5781: 5651: 5515: 5473: 5347: 5285: 5133: 5006: 2522: 2329: 1687:

and spectral signature, this object was determined to belong to the ~8-million-year-old

1568:

includes objects with a mass (or minimum mass) equal to or less than 30 Jupiter masses.

18273: 17558: 17475: 17435: 17350: 17050: 16931: 16872: 16833: 16785: 16770: 16684: 16624: 16547: 16457: 16427: 16417: 16361: 16283: 15974: 15610: 15409: 15363: 15333: 15307: 15061: 15033: 14943: 14885: 14857: 14808: 14781: 14753: 14716: 14682: 14631: 14588: 14552: 14516: 14474: 14443: 14417: 14390: 14364: 14336: 14310: 14256: 14230: 14203: 14161: 14061: 14030: 14018: 13971: 13912: 13881: 13853: 13822: 13796: 13769: 13743: 13715: 13689: 13662: 13636: 13609: 13575: 13517: 13491: 13460: 13424: 13392: 13356: 13325: 13291: 13260: 13224: 13186: 13150: 13071: 13045: 13015: 12979: 12915: 12879: 12848: 12814: 12780: 12744: 12651: 12592: 12558: 12522: 12462: 12431: 12395: 12364: 12328: 12274: 12238: 12179: 12145: 12111: 12004: 11970: 11939: 11913: 11883: 11821: 11793: 11761: 11727: 11700: 11666: 11639: 11603: 11572: 11538: 11488: 11452: 11393: 11380:

Fontanive, Clémence; Biller, Beth; Bonavita, Mariangela; Allers, Katelyn (2018-09-01).

11253: 11217: 11121: 11090: 11064: 11022: 10994: 10963: 10935: 10904: 10876: 10845: 10817: 10751: 10717: 10664: 10630: 10595: 10569: 10542: 10514: 10424: 10396: 10309: 10273: 10241: 10207: 10172: 10138: 10107: 10095: 10073: 10041: 10005: 9945: 9909: 9874: 9840: 9829:"Methane, Carbon Monoxide, and Ammonia in Brown Dwarfs and Self-Luminous Giant Planets" 9784: 9724: 9658: 9624: 9596: 9531: 9471: 9439: 9403: 9366: 9338: 9306: 9278: 9183: 9155: 9097: 9065: 9023: 8964: 8904: 8847: 8759: 8728: 8702: 8619: 8587: 8553: 8521: 8487: 8393: 8367: 8339: 8313: 8301: 8282: 8256: 8229: 8225: 8203: 8148: 8089: 8058: 8030: 7993: 7967: 7935: 7931: 7909: 7856: 7830: 7798: 7762: 7730: 7702: 7668: 7634: 7607: 7573: 7542: 7514: 7480: 7446: 7419: 7393: 7361: 7335: 7276: 7250: 7209: 7183: 7149: 7121: 7098: 7072: 7043: 7017: 6990: 6964: 6854: 6826: 6795: 6769: 6736: 6702: 6689:

Faherty, Jacqueline K.; Tinney, C. G.; Skemer, Andrew; Monson, Andrew J. (2014-09-01).

6643: 6612: 6578: 6547: 6521: 6463: 6403: 6344: 6285: 6226: 6166: 6107: 6056: 6018: 5992: 5965: 5937: 5907: 5889: 5793: 5663: 5566: 5297: 5271: 5187: 5049: 4992: 4915: 4784: 3506: 3352: 3313: 3230: 3126: 2838: 2761: 2710:

dark cloud, is determined to be an X-ray source, similar to convective late-type stars.

2707: 2676:, is picked out with a CCD in the Spanish Observatory of Roque de los Muchachos of the 2186: 2179: 2035: 1809: 1805: 1515: 1510:

or brown dwarfs. There are planetary-mass objects known to orbit brown dwarfs, such as

1301: 1273: 1255: 1243: 798: 421: 409: 14461:

Maxted, Pierre F. L.; Napiwotzki, Ralf; Dobbie, Paul D.; Burleigh, Matthew R. (2006).

13818: 13345:"BANYAN. VIII. New Low-mass Stars and Brown Dwarfs with Candidate Circumstellar Disks" 11086: 11017: 10982: 10229: 9045: 8869: 8724: 8641: 8389: 8335: 7595: 7415: 7205: 6986: 6724: 6600: 6543: 6215:"Patchy Forsterite Clouds in the Atmospheres of Two Highly Variable Exoplanet Analogs" 3688: 3544:). The inclination was estimated for several brown dwarfs and planetary-mass objects. 3294:. As of 2017 there is only one known proto-brown dwarf that is connected with a large 2182:

was discovered. As of February 2024, it was the second-closest known Y-dwarf to Earth.

141:

Their name comes not from the color of light they emit but from their falling between

104:) into helium in their cores, but massive enough to emit some light and heat from the 17806: 17440: 17188: 17183: 17132: 16982: 16823: 16248: 16221: 16201: 16001: 15785: 15773: 15600: 15580: 15534: 15516: 15484: 15386: 15351: 15065: 14971: 14889: 14720: 14708: 14580: 14508: 14447: 14439: 14340: 14195: 14187: 14134: 14066: 13999: 13940: 13826: 13666: 13613: 13601: 13464: 13452: 13396: 13384: 13379: 13344: 13317: 13313: 13264: 13252: 13190: 13178: 13075: 13019: 13007: 12919: 12907: 12840: 12784: 12772: 12728: 12679: 12620: 12562: 12550: 12490: 12423: 12356: 12278: 12266: 12207: 12149: 12137: 11996: 11875: 11867: 11825: 11753: 11692: 11643: 11631: 11564: 11480: 11475: 11440: 11421: 11302: 11245: 11094: 11026: 10967: 10908: 10849: 10743: 10739: 10656: 10546: 10537: 10502: 10428: 10313: 10301: 10296: 10261: 10245: 10233: 10164: 10099: 10045: 10033: 9949: 9937: 9878: 9866: 9862: 9752: 9628: 9585:"JWST/NIRCam Discovery of the First Y+Y Brown Dwarf Binary: WISE J033605.05–014350.4" 9559: 9499: 9443: 9431: 9370: 9310: 9187: 9123: 9119: 9069: 9057: 8992: 8930: 8926: 8873: 8785: 8781: 8732: 8645: 8579: 8575: 8513: 8509: 8397: 8343: 8278: 8117: 8053: 8018: 7860: 7802: 7790: 7734: 7660: 7599: 7546: 7472: 7423: 7213: 7153: 7139: 7047: 7039: 6994: 6930: 6858: 6849: 6814: 6799: 6740: 6728: 6671: 6616: 6604: 6491: 6431: 6372: 6313: 6254: 6194: 6135: 6022: 5969: 5746: 5556: 5415: 5391: 5301: 5205: 5195: 5015: 4974: 4910: 4275: 3361: 3078: 3022: 2867: 2370:, on the other hand, does not show any methane, while having a temperature of 1100K. 2307: 2285:

August 2020: Five candidate Y-dwarfs were discovered via the Backyard Worlds project.

2241: 2114: 2071: 2007:), and have been assigned the spectral class T9. Three examples are the brown dwarfs 1962: 1841: 1723: 1488: 1400: 1353: 1210:

layers of the atmosphere that still contains FeH. Young L/T-dwarfs (L2-T4) show high

817: 498: 306: 290: 236: 215: 183: 67: 16308: 15337: 14785: 14592: 14394: 14260: 13885: 13773: 13719: 13521: 13329: 12435: 12368: 11943: 11765: 11704: 11257: 10599: 10176: 10111: 8525: 8286: 7939: 7672: 7611: 7484: 7365: 7280: 7102: 6632:"Top-of-the-atmosphere and Vertical Cloud Structure of a Fast-rotating Late T Dwarf" 6551: 5911: 5797: 5667: 5570: 5262:; Liebert, James (2001). "The Theory of Brown Dwarfs and Extrasolar Giant Planets". 2691:

coronagraph to sharpen images from the 60-inch (1.5 m) reflecting telescope at

1864:(SDSS). This spectral class also contains the coolest main-sequence stars (> 80 M 467:

The first confirmed class "M" brown dwarf was discovered by Spanish astrophysicists

377:) in 1997, which discovered many objects with similar colors and spectral features. 18249: 18184: 17932: 17695: 17685: 17545: 17495: 17385: 17375: 17299: 17229: 17214: 17013: 16651: 16604: 16554: 16542: 16520: 16515: 16442: 16402: 16349: 16131: 16054: 16029: 15923: 15844: 15568: 15529: 15381: 15325: 15158: 15051: 14998: 14961: 14875: 14826: 14771: 14700: 14649: 14570: 14520: 14500: 14492: 14435: 14382: 14328: 14248: 14207: 14179: 14056: 14048: 13989: 13930: 13871: 13842:"First limits on the occurrence rate of short-period planets orbiting brown dwarfs" 13814: 13761: 13707: 13654: 13593: 13509: 13442: 13374: 13309: 13242: 13168: 13063: 12997: 12897: 12852: 12832: 12762: 12669: 12610: 12540: 12480: 12413: 12346: 12256: 12197: 12129: 12008: 11988: 11931: 11887: 11859: 11811: 11745: 11684: 11657:

Luhman, Kevin L. (2004-10-10). "The First Discovery of a Wide Binary Brown Dwarf".

11623: 11613: 11576: 11556: 11492: 11470: 11411: 11292: 11235: 11139: 11082: 11012: 10953: 10894: 10835: 10755: 10735: 10668: 10648: 10587: 10532: 10414: 10291: 10225: 10156: 10091: 10023: 9927: 9858: 9802: 9742: 9676: 9614: 9549: 9489: 9421: 9356: 9296: 9173: 9115: 9049: 9041: 8982: 8922: 8865: 8777: 8720: 8637: 8571: 8505: 8385: 8331: 8274: 8233: 8221: 8187: 8166: 8107: 8062: 8048: 7985: 7927: 7848: 7780: 7720: 7652: 7591: 7532: 7464: 7411: 7353: 7268: 7201: 7135: 7131: 7090: 7035: 6982: 6952: 6844: 6787: 6755: 6720: 6661: 6596: 6539: 6481: 6421: 6362: 6303: 6244: 6184: 6125: 6076: 6010: 5955: 5899: 5785: 5738: 5737:, Astrophysics and Space Science Library, vol. 401, Springer, pp. 25–50, 5655: 5548: 5519: 5495: 5477: 5383: 5382:, Astrophysics and Space Science Library, vol. 401, Springer, pp. 19–24, 5351: 5289: 5179: 5137: 5010: 4954: 3562: 3226: 3110: 3103: 2810: 2736: 2653: 2649: 2354: 2248: 2210: 1982: 105: 14830: 14019:"Habitable Planets Around White and Brown Dwarfs: The Perils of a Cooling Primary" 13711: 13067: 10983:"The Discovery of Solar-like Activity Cycles Beyond the End of the Main Sequence?" 8591: 7997: 7357: 7094: 6080: 6059:(30 May 1997). "Brown Dwarfs: A Possible Missing Link Between Stars and Planets". 5623:; Dahn, Conard C.; Monet, David G.; Gizis, John E.; Skrutskie, Michael F. (1999). 5547:, Astrophysics and Space Science Library, vol. 401, Springer, pp. 5–17, 2550:

Typical atmospheres of known brown dwarfs range in temperature from 2,200 down to

2443:

Objects with the beta (β) suffix (e.g. L4β) have an intermediate surface gravity.

2310:, an object previously classified as a T-dwarf, was confirmed as a nearby Y-dwarf. 17630: 17470: 17370: 17294: 17284: 17063: 16838: 16641: 16510: 16354: 16325: 16266: 16261: 16136: 15864: 15829: 15763: 15709: 15704: 15649: 15459: 15266: 13099: 13088: 12802: 12733:"ALMA reveals the aftermath of a white dwarf–brown dwarf merger in CK Vulpeculae" 11560: 7989: 7880: 7312: 7174:(2015). "A Definition for Giant Planets Based on the Mass-Density Relationship". 7167: 5903: 5259: 4229: 4182: 3746: 3486: 3214: 3199: 2821: 2688: 2683:

First methane brown dwarf verified. Gliese 229B is discovered orbiting red dwarf

2606: 2474: 2342: 2256: 2252: 2224: 2170: 2101: 1970: 1901: 1845: 1659: 1577: 1368: 1219: 1202: 777: 545: 487:

highlighted "Brown dwarfs discovered, official" on the front page of that issue.

440: 389: 354: 294: 124: 13597: 5742: 5735:

50 Years of Brown Dwarfs – From Prediction to Discovery to Forefront of Research

5552: 5545:

50 Years of Brown Dwarfs – From Prediction to Discovery to Forefront of Research

5387: 5380:

50 Years of Brown Dwarfs – From Prediction to Discovery to Forefront of Research

5178:. Astrophysics and Space Science Library. Vol. 401. SpringerLink. XI, 168. 3060: 2706:

1998: First X-ray-emitting brown dwarf found. Cha Helpha 1, an M8 object in the

2641:

work for brown dwarfs as well, although brown dwarfs are much easier to detect.

1582: 1165:, which cannot form in hotter objects. Dwarfs confirmed in this fashion include 17535: 17530: 17335: 17244: 16900: 16666: 16505: 16332: 16303: 16278: 16211: 15900: 15768: 15654: 15556: 15446: 15436: 15105: 15056: 15021: 14966: 14931: 14880: 14846:"Weather on Other Worlds. V. The Three Most Rapidly Rotating Ultra-cool Dwarfs" 14845: 14654: 14619: 14607: 14575: 14541:"Wolf 1130: A Nearby Triple System Containing a Cool, Ultramassive White Dwarf" 14540: 13994: 13959: 13935: 13900: 13447: 13412: 13247: 13212: 13173: 13138: 13002: 12967: 12966:

Riaz, Basmah; Briceño, Cesar; Whelan, Emma T.; Heathcote, Stephen (July 2017).

12261: 12226: 11816: 11781: 11160: 11144: 11109: 10958: 10923: 10899: 10864: 10840: 10805: 10419: 10384: 9932: 9897: 9807: 9772: 9747: 9712: 9681: 9646: 9619: 9584: 9554: 9519: 9494: 9459: 9426: 9391: 9361: 9326: 9301: 9266: 9178: 9143: 8987: 8952: 8191: 8171: 8136: 8112: 8077: 7725: 7690: 7561: 7537: 7502: 7228: 6666: 6631: 6486: 6451: 6367: 6332: 6308: 6273: 6249: 6214: 6189: 6154: 5960: 5082: 4939: 4597: 4203: 3566: 3482: 3382: 3337: 3318: 2798: 2700: 2390: 1987: 1821: 1801: 1526:

to some extent on the composition of the object, specifically on the amount of

1519: 1480: 1476: 1285: 784: 179: 93: 15163: 15136: 11749: 9012:"Discovery of a Low-luminosity, Tight Substellar Binary at the T/Y Transition" 7852: 7305: 6014: 5293: 5183: 3254:. There could also exist brown dwarfs that merged with white dwarfs. The nova 3159:

on the other hand only considers planets with a mass below 13 Jupiter masses.

2202:. It was also unusual in that its observed parallax meant a distance close to 2164:. The green and blue comes from infrared wavelengths mapped to visible colors. 2027:, and other authors have stated that the assignment of class Y0 is premature. 1912:), a feature which in the Solar System is found only in the giant planets and 1399:) cool quickly enough that after 10 million years they no longer undergo 49: 18283: 17670: 17665: 17660: 17340: 17279: 17234: 17173: 17168: 17143: 17078: 17068: 17058: 16852: 16646: 16609: 16577: 16452: 16161: 15984: 15955: 15933: 15551: 15524: 15501: 15402: 15017: 14975: 14712: 14584: 14191: 14138: 14003: 13944: 13605: 13456: 13388: 13321: 13256: 13182: 13011: 12911: 12776: 12683: 12624: 12615: 12580: 12554: 12494: 12427: 12360: 12270: 12211: 12202: 12167: 12141: 12000: 11871: 11757: 11696: 11635: 11568: 11484: 11425: 11249: 10924:"Is WISEP J060738.65+242953.4 Really A Magnetically Active, Pole-on L Dwarf?" 10747: 10305: 10237: 10168: 10103: 10037: 9941: 9870: 9756: 9563: 9503: 9435: 9127: 9061: 8996: 8934: 8877: 8789: 8649: 8583: 8517: 8121: 7794: 7664: 7603: 7476: 7236: 6732: 6675: 6608: 6495: 6435: 6426: 6391: 6376: 6317: 6258: 6198: 6139: 5812: 5765: 5726: 5209: 5191: 5120: 4742: 4384: 3513: 3478: 3470: 3279: 3255: 3246: 3206: 2847: 2696: 2507: 2498: 1893: 1719: 1684: 1507: 1211: 733: 468: 350: 342: 279: 75: 15002: 14605: 14115:"Probing the brown dwarf population of the Chamaeleon I star forming region" 13876: 13841: 13213:"Disk Masses and Dust Evolution of Protoplanetary Disks around Brown Dwarfs" 12902: 12867: 12836: 12767: 12545: 12418: 12384:"Emission lines in the atmosphere of the irradiated brown dwarf WD0137−349B" 11618: 11416: 11381: 11297: 11273:"Zones, spots, and planetary-scale waves beating in brown dwarf atmospheres" 11272: 11240: 11205: 9202:"NASA's Webb Finds Signs of Possible Aurorae on Isolated Brown Dwarf – NASA" 7785: 7750: 3581:

on the planets, rendering them uninhabitable. There would also be no moons.

3452:

is considered a planet. It also means that an object with a mass up to 0.52

2965:% and the binary fraction for late T, early Y-dwarfs (T5-Y0) is about 8±6%. 2591: 2401:

might influence the temperature at which the L/T and T/Y transition occurs.

2237:

was published as a Y-dwarf, and WISEA J1141−3326 was confirmed as a Y-dwarf.

1904:(CO), the NIR spectrum of Gliese 229B is dominated by absorption bands from 839:

If, however, the initial mass of the protostar is less than about 0.08

497:

team on 6 January 1994 using the 80 cm telescope (IAC 80) at

18261: 17816: 17801: 17680: 17577: 17500: 17269: 17249: 17239: 17137: 17073: 16912: 16587: 16537: 16532: 16432: 16315: 16298: 16256: 16226: 16216: 16151: 16034: 15979: 15960: 15940: 15918: 15910: 15753: 15746: 15585: 15506: 15489: 15141: 14776: 14741: 14615: 14512: 14199: 14070: 13479: 12942: 12844: 12699:"When Is a Nova Not a 'Nova'? When a White Dwarf and a Brown Dwarf Collide" 12351: 12316: 12293: 11879: 11507: 11306: 10687: 10660: 10028: 9991: 7382:(21 April 2014). "Discovery of a ~250 K Brown Dwarf at 2 pc from the Sun". 7379: 5255: 4856: 4430: 3900: 3835: 3666: 3533: 3525: 3342: 3222: 3099: 2843: 2801:

near the surface. The magnetic fields that generated the flare observed by

2673: 2194: 2118: 1913: 1849: 1692: 1668: 1561: 1289: 770: 698: 691: 684: 677: 670: 663: 656: 649: 642: 553: 524: 448: 346: 321: 262: 82: 14052: 13840:

He, Matthias Y.; Triaud, Amaury H. M. J.; Gillon, Michaël (January 2017).

13540: 13137:

Luca, Hugo A. Durantini; Holden, Jonathan; Hyogo, Michiharu (2020-08-04).

12674: 12639: 3332:

In 2020, the closest brown dwarf with an associated primordial disk—

1483:

surrounding a star. The coolest free-floating objects discovered, such as

1419:

spectra until they cool to planet-like temperatures (under 1,000 K).

194: 17742: 17520: 17515: 17485: 17455: 17410: 17365: 17360: 17289: 17274: 17153: 17148: 17114: 17099: 17094: 17088: 16500: 16492: 16482: 16462: 16437: 16366: 16288: 16044: 16019: 16014: 15928: 15888: 15849: 15814: 15797: 15792: 15464: 15368: 15312: 15182:. Gordon and Breach, London, 1969—an early overview paper on brown dwarfs 14687: 14479: 14369: 14315: 14235: 14166: 13901:"On the Detection of Exomoons Transiting Isolated Planetary-mass Objects" 13496: 12819: 12731:; Mohamed, Shazrene; Woodward, Charles E.; Wagner, R. Mark (2018-12-21). 12467: 12116: 11975: 11732: 11671: 11543: 10635: 10574: 10361: 9894: 7835: 7639: 7171: 6774: 6112: 5997: 5894: 5584: 5371: 5276: 4927: 4864:

with a diameter 0.79 ± 0.02 times that of Jupiter. Density is 171.3g/cm.

4521: 3574: 3238: 3179: 3135:

An example for a star–brown dwarf binary is the first discovered T-dwarf

2921: 2852: 2617: 2610: 2536: 2494: 2451:

Objects with the gamma (γ) suffix (e.g. L5γ) have a low surface gravity.

2153: 2067: 1764: 1705: 1639: 1411:

X-ray and infrared spectra are telltale signs of brown dwarfs. Some emit

1316: 712: 247: 243:

suggested the term "brown dwarf", using "brown" as an approximate color.

240: 228: 224: 167: 142: 14496: 14183: 11863: 11627: 10503:"The Second Arecibo Search for 5 GHz Radio Flares from Ultracool Dwarfs" 2858:

The first brown dwarf of spectral class M found to emit radio waves was

2699:; follow-up infrared spectroscopy made with their 200-inch (5.1 m) 17713: 17480: 17254: 17178: 17104: 17083: 16412: 16109: 16082: 16059: 16039: 16024: 15876: 15780: 15758: 15736: 15731: 15595: 14798: 12866:

Riaz, Basmah; Machida, Masahiro N.; Stamatellos, Dimitris (July 2019).

7751:"Parallaxes of Southern Extremely Cool objects III: 118 L and T dwarfs" 5524: 5499: 4825:

699 K (426 °C; 799 °F) brown dwarf with 4.17 mJy bursts

4048: 3798: 3737: 3731: 3641: 3600: 3373: 3266: 3242: 3136: 2794: 2684: 2602: 2084: 2004: 1948:

to propose the T spectral class for objects exhibiting H- and K-band CH

1885: 1654: 1325: 1239: 1214:, which could be explained with clouds, hot spots, magnetically driven 1166: 791: 763: 749: 594: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 429: 331: 310: 270: 266: 199: 178:) from the Sun. Luhman 16 is the third closest system to the Sun after 171: 151: 101: 14990: 12935:"Punching Above Its Weight, a Brown Dwarf Launches a Parsec-Scale Jet" 9053: 6950: 5141: 4803:

Temperature: −48 to −13 °C (225 to 260 K; −54 to 9 °F)

3372:. These larger disks are able to form rocky planets with a mass >1 3167: 2757:

20 March 2013: Discovery of the closest brown dwarf system: Luhman 16.

2626:

Wide-field searches have identified individual faint objects, such as

2517: 257:

Early theories concerning the nature of the lowest-mass stars and the

17163: 17158: 17124: 17109: 16998: 16599: 16447: 16231: 16196: 16191: 16186: 16146: 16099: 16089: 15883: 15859: 15834: 15741: 15692: 15625: 15615: 15590: 15563: 15539: 15474: 15272: 14504: 14089:"Scientists today no longer think an object like Nemesis could exist" 13155: 10652: 10328: 9267:"The CatWISE Preliminary Catalog: Motions from WISE and NEOWISE Data" 8810:"NASA's Spitzer and WISE Telescopes Find Close, Cold Neighbor of Sun" 5789: 4933: 4701: 4673: 4625: 4326: 4223: 4160: 3879: 3704: 3537: 3218: 3017: 2859: 2834: 2806: 2781: 2743: 2714: 2634: 2572:

space telescopes probed the stormy atmosphere of a brown dwarf named

2502: 2398: 2394: 2367: 2363: 2108:

and SDWFS 1433+35) were proposed as prototypes for spectral class Y0.

1958: 1941: 1781: 1773: 1701: 1645: 1630: 1531: 1484: 1422: 1231: 1185: 1099: 851: 825: 756: 719: 370: 232: 163: 128: 109: 71: 15022:"Periodic Radio Emission from the T8 Dwarf WISE J062309.94−045624.6" 14524: 12697:

Lira, Nicolás; Blue, Charles E.; Turner, Calum; Hiramatsu, Masaaki.

10672: 10351: 5500:"Evolution of Stars of Small Masses in the Pre-Main-Sequence Stages" 4035: 3502: 3494: 2833:

The first brown dwarf that was discovered to emit radio signals was

2788:

X-ray flares detected from brown dwarfs since 1999 suggest changing

1876: 1792: 623: 569: 17553: 17264: 16592: 16293: 15967: 15726: 15699: 15329: 15038: 14948: 14862: 14813: 14758: 14704: 14636: 14557: 14386: 14332: 14252: 13976: 13958:

Vos, Johanna M.; Allers, Katelyn N.; Biller, Beth A. (2017-06-01).

13917: 13858: 13765: 13658: 13580: 13513: 13429: 13361: 13229: 12984: 12884: 12749: 12656: 12597: 12527: 12485: 12450: 12400: 12333: 12243: 12184: 12133: 11992: 11935: 11798: 11688: 11608: 11457: 11398: 11222: 11126: 10999: 10940: 10881: 10822: 10591: 10519: 10401: 10278: 10160: 9914: 9789: 9729: 9663: 9601: 9536: 9476: 9408: 9343: 9283: 9160: 9102: 9028: 8969: 8748:"WISE J163940.83-684738.6: A Y Dwarf Identified by Methane Imaging" 8153: 8094: 7767: 7707: 7656: 7578: 7519: 7468: 7272: 7188: 7126: 6831: 6815:"Probabilistic Forecasting of the Masses and Radii of Other Worlds" 6648: 6468: 6408: 6349: 6290: 6231: 6171: 6130: 6095: 5942: 5811:

Leech, Kieron; Altieri, Bruno; Metcalfe, Liam; Martin, Eduardo L.;

5659: 5541:"Pre-main Sequence Evolution and the Hydrogen-Burning Minimum Mass" 5481: 5356: 5331: 4506: 4455: 3976: 3529: 3140: 3072: 2670: 2532: 2490: 2432: 2350: 2080: 2063: 1925: 1776:. All brown dwarfs with spectral type M are young objects, such as 1726: 1650: 1416: 1321: 1269: 1235: 1223: 1107: 742: 726: 472: 335: 159: 97: 14422: 14353: 14035: 13801: 13748: 13694: 13641: 13535:

Ricci, Luca; Testi, Leonardo; Pierce-Price, Douglas; Stoke, John.

13413:"Peter Pan Disks: Long-lived Accretion Disks Around Young M Stars" 13296: 13050: 12317:"The first sub-70 min non-interacting WD–BD system: EPIC212235321" 11918: 11069: 10722: 10212: 10143: 10078: 10010: 9845: 9388: 8909: 8852: 8764: 8707: 8624: 8558: 8492: 8372: 8318: 8261: 8208: 8035: 7972: 7914: 7451: 7398: 7340: 7255: 7077: 7022: 6969: 6758:(2006-08-20). "Planetesimals to Brown Dwarfs: What is a Planet?". 6707: 6583: 6526: 5460:

Kumar, Shiv S. (1963). "The Structure of Stars of Very Low Mass".

5128:(6). Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology: 70–71. 4997: 3423:

Artist's impression of a disc of dust and gas around a brown dwarf

1415:; and all "warm" dwarfs continue to glow tellingly in the red and 828:. For a typical star, gas and radiation pressure generated by the 17565: 16867: 16342: 16104: 15871: 15824: 15807: 15802: 15721: 15227: 15223: 15219: 13409: 12968:"First Large-scale Herbig-Haro Jet Driven by a Proto-brown Dwarf" 10473:"Astronomers Clock High Winds on Object Outside Our Solar System" 9898:"WISEA J083011.95+283716.0: A Missing Link Planetary-mass Object" 9323: 9140: 9082: 8075: 7624: 7500: 4924: – Hypothetical class of star that develops from a red dwarf 4581: 3998: 3813: 3474: 3438:<2/(25+√621). This means that an object with a mass up to 3.2 3090: 2747: 2666: 2597: 2382: 2346: 2292: 2269: 2024: 2020: 2000: 1966: 1905: 1829: 1777: 1680: 1594:. As the sub-brown dwarf ages, it will gradually cool and shrink. 1591: 1511: 1434: 1426: 1356:

pressure, as it is in white dwarfs; at the low end of the range (

1311: 1277: 1254:

has observed silicate absorption in the planetary-mass companion

1162: 1095: 533: 490: 476: 433: 405: 147: 15197: 15104:

Tannock, Megan; Metchev, Stanimir; Kocz, Amanda (7 April 2021).

14463:"Survival of a brown dwarf after engulfment by a red giant star" 12292:

Maxted, Pierre; Napiwotzki, Ralf; Dobbie, Paul; Burleigh, Matt.

10196: 9709: 9581: 8538: 8472: 7060: 6333:"Cloudless Atmospheres for Young Low-gravity Substellar Objects" 5854:"Photometry, spectroscopy, and astrometry of M, L, and T dwarfs" 5619:; Reid, I. Neill; Liebert, James; Cutri, Roc M.; Nelson, Brant; 2909:

In August 2020, astronomers discovered 95 brown dwarfs near the

2773: 2140:

is a promising candidate for the hypothesized Y spectral class."

1953:

composed entirely of brown dwarfs. Because of the absorption of

1425:

have some of the characteristics of brown dwarfs. Like the Sun,

1226:

cloud layer. This upper silicate cloud layer can consist out of

17876: 17204: 17028: 16963: 16857: 16845: 16064: 15950: 11206:"The low-mass content of the massive young star cluster RCW 38" 9456: 9010:

Dupuy, Trent J.; Liu, Michael C.; Leggett, S. K. (2015-04-01).

8890: 8689: 8017:

Navascués, David; Martín, Eduardo L.; Magazzù, Antonio (2008).

8015: 6923:"Working Group on Extrasolar Planets: Definition of a "Planet"" 4843: 4756: 4718: 4376: 4147: 4020: 3802: 3693: 3490: 3307: 3183: 2891: 2652:

have detected over a dozen such objects, which are also called

2627: 2553: 1996: 1954: 1937: 1933: 1817: 1813: 1676: 1622: 1527: 1430: 1227: 1215: 1103: 1090: 444: 366: 175: 15297: 14843: 14460: 14278:(Press release). European Southern Observatory. Archived from 13539:(Press release). European Southern Observatory. Archived from 13477: 13135: 9263: 8745: 7306:

Working Group on Extrasolar Planets – Definition of a "Planet"

6691:"Indications of Water Clouds in the Coldest Known Brown Dwarf" 5376:"Brown is Not a Color: Introduction of the Term 'Brown Dwarf'" 5021:

We find that the brown dwarf radius ranges between 0.64–1.13 R

2493:

and only includes cool subdwarfs. This prefix indicates a low

2160:

is the first ultra-cool brown dwarf (green dot) discovered by

1653:. As they cool down the brown dwarfs should retain a range of 1197:(left two panels) and the late T-type brown dwarf 2M0050–3322. 16923: 15106:"Caught Speeding: Clocking the Fastest-Spinning Brown Dwarfs" 13561: 12507: 11379: 11042:"Record-breaking radio waves discovered from ultra-cool star" 9769: 9644: 8185: 6508: 6211: 6093: 4973:

Sorahana, Satoko; Yamamura, Issei; Murakami, Hiroshi (2013).

3958: 3558: 1973:, have been detected more than 100 light-years from the Sun. 1853: 1644:

While spectroscopic features can help to distinguish between

1412: 374: 13113:"Our New Paper: Discovery of Nearby Young Brown Dwarf Disk!" 12294:"A Sub-Stellar Jonah – Brown Dwarf Survives Being Swallowed" 10262:"Population Properties of Brown Dwarf Analogs to Exoplanets" 10127: 9516: 8953:"New Y and T Dwarfs from WISE Identified by Methane Imaging" 8950: 8833: 8604: 8186:

Eisenhardt, Peter R. M.; Griffith, Roger L.; Stern, Daniel;

7956: 7747: 5878: 5682:"Astronomers Announce First Clear Evidence of a Brown Dwarf" 5582: 3536:, the geometric transit probability of an object similar to 3258:

might be a result of such a white dwarf–brown dwarf merger.

2797:

sets up conditions for the development of a strong, tangled

2268:

February 2020: The CatWISE catalog combined NASA's WISE and

459: dwarfs", for which Gliese 229B is the prototype. 16206: 15425: 14904:"The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia — KMT-2016-BLG-2142 b" 14299: 13786: 13562:

Lecavelier des Etangs, A.; Lissauer, Jack J. (2022-06-01).

13035: 12511:"WD 1202-024: the shortest-period pre-cataclysmic variable" 12381: 12313: 12224: 12055:"Exoplanet Criteria for Inclusion in the Exoplanet Archive" 12025:"TOI-1994b: An Eccentric Brown Dwarf Transiting a Subgiant" 11778: 11322:"Volunteers spot almost 100 cold brown dwarfs near our sun" 11184:"Brown Dwarfs, Runts of Stellar Litter, Rarer than Thought" 10865:"The Strongest Magnetic Fields on the Coolest Brown Dwarfs" 10619:"Discovery of radio emission from the brown dwarf LP944-20" 10559: 10443:"NASA Space Telescopes See Weather Patterns in Brown Dwarf" 9989: 8814: 8299: 8019:"Exploring the substellar temperature regime down to ~550K" 7818: 6564: 6271: 5982: 5764: 5633:

Using Discoveries from the 2 Micron All-Sky Survey (2MASS)"

5615: 5254: 4222:

First confirmed brown dwarf to have survived the primary's

3286:

Brown dwarfs form similarly to stars and are surrounded by

2968:

Brown dwarf binaries have a higher companion-to-host ratio

2898: 1896:(NIR) spectra of L dwarfs show strong absorption bands of H 1691:, and the mass of the secondary was determined to be 8 ± 2 1618: 1506:

due to the ambiguity of whether they should be regarded as

1206: 78: 18256: 16907: 14739: 14668: 13342: 12965: 12291: 11589: 10862: 8078:"The First JWST Spectral Energy Distribution of a Y Dwarf" 7898: 6330: 6096:"Evidence of Cloud Disruption in the L/T Dwarf Transition" 5810: 4200:

First detection of differential rotation in a brown dwarf

2946:

Multi-epoch images of brown dwarf binaries taken with the

1009:{\displaystyle T_{c}\lesssim 3\times 10^{6}\,\mathrm {K} } 404:

The first class "T" brown dwarf was discovered in 1994 by

18165:

Exoplanetary Circumstellar Environments and Disk Explorer

16572: 15130:

HubbleSite newscenter – Weather patterns on a brown dwarf

11527: 7559: 6688: 6448: 4525: 4520:

distance is ~180–290 pc, metallicity is ~0.004

4217:

Equator rotates faster than poles by 0.022 radians / day

3389:

is the only known brown dwarf that has a Peter Pan disk.

3083: 2910: 2633:

Brown dwarfs are often discovered in surveys to discover

2561:

comparable to but far exceeding Jupiter's famous storms.

2514:

and are explained with thin and/or large-grained clouds.

2386: 2220:

was estimated to be a Y-dwarf and it was later confirmed.

1837: 1833: 1587: 1305: 1177:

Main-sequence stars cool, but eventually reach a minimum

393: 15394: 15015: 12800: 12726: 12165: 11203: 10501:

Route, Matthew; Wolszczan, Alexander (20 October 2016).

10063: 8246: 7315:

Position statement on the definition of a "planet" (IAU)

6629: 4972: 3209:

brown dwarfs orbiting around white dwarfs belong to the

1780:, which is the first M-type brown dwarf discovered, and 1708:

binary COCONUTS-1, with the white dwarf estimated to be

1352:), the volume of a brown dwarf is governed primarily by 14151: 13534: 11438: 7242:

Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific

5412:

Planet Quest: The Epic Discovery of Alien Solar Systems

3607:

can. However, this hypothesis has fallen out of favor.

3368:

have a radius larger than 70 au and were resolved with

3109:

There are other interesting binary systems such as the

2546:

Wind measured (Spitzer ST; Artist Concept; 9 Apr 2020)

2337:

In the hydrogen-dominated atmosphere of brown dwarfs a

2113:

February 2011: Luhman et al. reported the discovery of

1888:

B is the prototype of a second new spectral class, the

1487:, as well as the lowest-mass young objects known, like 1320:

An artistic concept of the brown dwarf around the star

439:

Its near-infrared spectrum clearly exhibited a methane

154:, with no layers or chemical differentiation by depth. 14113:

Comerón, F.; Neuhäuser, R.; Kaas, A. A. (2000-07-01).

12865: 12449:

Grether, Daniel; Lineweaver, Charles H. (April 2006).

11957:

Grether, Daniel; Lineweaver, Charles H. (2006-04-01).

11270: 10615: 10258: 7226: 5235:"If Brown Isn't a Color, What Color are Brown Dwarfs?" 2240:

August 2019: A search of the CatWISE catalog revealed

1640:

Role of other physical properties in the mass estimate

483:

in May 1995, and published on 14 September 1995.

18233: 14274:

Scholz, Ralf-Dieter; McCaughrean, Mark (2003-01-13).

13732: 13679: 13277: 11903: 11841: 10686:

Chauvin, Gael; Zuckerman, Ben; Lagrange, Anne-Marie.

8356: 8011: 8009: 8007: 7688: 7324: 6152: 5705: 2974: 2760:

25 April 2014: Coldest-known brown dwarf discovered.

1627:

mass below the limiting mass for thermonuclear fusion

1023: 970: 867: 330:) and the impact of dust formation in the cool outer 150:

or black to the human eye. Brown dwarfs may be fully

14610:; Bardalez-Gagliuffi, Daniella; Schneider, Adam C.; 14112: 13898: 12579:

Neustroev, Vitaly V.; Mäntynen, Iikka (2023-08-01).

10806:"Radio-flaring Ultracool Dwarf Population Synthesis" 10685: 8808:

Clavin, Whitney; Harrington, J. D. (25 April 2014).

7007: 5848: 5048:. Carnegie Institution of Washington. Archived from 4381:

three of the few examples with a good age estimate:

3573:(on the order of 10 to the minus 6) to avoid strong 3075:

was the first binary with a separation greater than

2846:

in strength. Astronomers have estimated brown dwarf

1336: 1172: 424:

and David Golimowski. It was confirmed in 1995 as a

14537: 12868:"ALMA reveals a pseudo-disc in a proto-brown dwarf" 12696: 9645:Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; et al. (December 2023). 5923: 5921: 4966: 3162: 2937: 2518:

Spectral and atmospheric properties of brown dwarfs

2259:project, was presented at the 235th meeting of the 15248:"Brown Dwarfs and ultracool dwarfs (late-M, L, T)" 15205:, contrasted with stars and planets (via Berkeley) 15103: 14988: 14276:"eso0303 – Discovery of Nearest Known Brown Dwarf" 13478:Luhman, Kevin L.; Adame, Lucía; d'Alessio, Paola; 12021: 8004: 6038:, ... while the HBMM at zero metallicity is 0.092 5860:. Pasadena, CA: California Institute of Technology 5171: 3540:can be calculated with the formula cos(79.5°)/cos( 3008: 2497:and kinematic properties that are more similar to 1068:{\displaystyle P_{c}\sim 10^{5}\,\mathrm {Mbar} .} 1067: 1008: 955: 17842:Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems 17837:Habitability of F-type main-sequence star systems 15356:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 14928: 14746:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 14273: 13846:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 13206: 12872:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 12737:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 12644:Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan 12585:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 12578: 12515:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 12448: 12388:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 12321:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 12172:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 12101: 11956: 11596:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 11386:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 11210:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 10382: 9997:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 9134: 8023:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 6396:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 5078:"Dense Exoplanet Creates Classification Calamity" 3658:Imaged in 1985 published in 1988 weighed in 2004 2091: 1754: 1621:and brown dwarfs (i.e. through the collapse of a 1111:indicator that it is indeed a substellar object. 18281: 17635: 17461:List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules 13031: 13029: 9827:Zahnle, Kevin J.; Marley, Mark S. (2014-12-01). 9640: 9638: 8807: 8135:Leggett, S. K.; Tremblin, Pascal (25 Sep 2023). 8128: 6390:Suárez, Genaro; Metchev, Stanimir (2022-07-01). 5918: 5844: 5842: 5840: 5838: 5719: 4429:One brown dwarf member of the about 0.5 Myr-old 3797:projected length of the Herbig-Haro object: 0.8 3093:was discovered. It has a similar mass ratio and 2828: 2423:This suffix (e.g. L2pec) stands for "peculiar". 1479:process, while planets are objects formed in an 1265:the B component in the nearby Luhman 16 system. 1201:Clouds are used to explain the weakening of the 13957: 12029:American Astronomical Society Meeting Abstracts 11837: 11835: 9009: 8803: 8801: 8799: 8134: 7294:Exoplanet Criteria for Inclusion in the Archive 6944: 6567:"Neglected Clouds in T and Y Dwarf Atmospheres" 5609: 4358:+54° 26′ 03.234″ or 4179:First potential brown dwarf auroras discovered 4157:First radio emission (in flare and quiescence) 3055: 2913:through the project Backyard Worlds: Planet 9. 2435:and indicates a low metallicity and blue color 2247:January 2020: In January 2020 the discovery of 2145:August 2011: Scientists using data from NASA's 1502:, and as a result are sometimes referred to as 1189:Cloud models for the early T-type brown dwarfs 14407: 13839: 13626: 13139:"Discovery of a Nearby Young Brown Dwarf Disk" 12296:(Press release). European Southern Observatory 11717: 11510:(Press release). European Southern Observatory 11054: 10690:(Press release). European Southern Observatory 10611: 10609: 10500: 10496: 10494: 9450: 8893:"The Luminosities of the Coldest Brown Dwarfs" 7372: 5364: 4352:+59° 48′ 02.53″ or 3414: 3174:, a wide white dwarf(A)–brown dwarf(B) binary. 2742:30 April 2004: First detection of a candidate 1312:Low-mass brown dwarfs versus high-mass planets 134:Astronomers classify self-luminous objects by 27:Type of substellar object larger than a planet 16939: 15410: 15134: 15016:Rose, Kovi; Pritchard, Joshua; Murphy, Tara; 14735: 14733: 13026: 9635: 8665:"Discovered: Stars as Cool as the Human Body" 8598: 8466: 8293: 6761:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 6389: 5835: 5494: 5414:. Oxford University Press. pp. 118–119. 5170:Springer, Cham (2014). Joergens, Viki (ed.). 5106: 5104: 5102: 5100: 3736:Disk discovered in 2000, first disk around a 3512:Planets around brown dwarfs are likely to be 2768: 2564:On January 8, 2013, astronomers using NASA's 1892:. T dwarfs are pinkish-magenta. Whereas 1884:As GD 165B is the prototype of the L dwarfs, 1858:Deep Near Infrared Survey of the Southern Sky 15349: 14837: 14091:. NASA Ask An Astrobiologist. Archived from 14016: 13726: 13564:"The IAU working definition of an exoplanet" 11832: 11349: 10773: 10771: 10769: 10767: 10765: 10345: 9826: 8796: 8683: 8413:"WISE finds coolest brown dwarfs ever seen!" 7436: 5113:"Brown dwarfs: Failed stars, super Jupiters" 5071: 5069: 5067: 5040:Boss, Alan; McDowell, Tina (April 3, 2001). 5039: 4975:"On the Radii of Brown Dwarfs Measured with 3328:Artist's depiction of brown dwarf W1200-7845 3120: 1091:High-mass brown dwarfs versus low-mass stars 15269:—Detailed information in a simplified sense 14991:"Table of Ultracool Fundamental Properties" 14220: 12961: 12959: 11181: 10869:The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 10606: 10491: 10252: 9695:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 9651:The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 9510: 9464:The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 9271:The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 9249:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 9076: 8957:The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 8946: 8944: 8480:The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 8444:"WISE Finds Few Brown Dwarfs Close To Home" 7894: 7892: 7890: 7888: 7318: 7166: 7001: 6812: 6806: 5731:"Teide 1 and the Discovery of Brown Dwarfs" 5706:"Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, IAC" 5488: 5317:"Violent Storms Rage on Nearby Brown Dwarf" 5314: 5033: 4753:−66° 18′ 16.74″ 4715:−35° 25′ 44.09″ 4685:−53° 19′ 09.86″ 4421:−01° 51′ 27.20″ 4241:−34° 42′ 39.32″ 3584: 3519:A 2017 study, based upon observations with 2809:has its origin in the turbulent magnetized 2586: 2100:April 2010: Two newly discovered ultracool 2046:), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO 1471:) forms the upper limit of the definition. 539:High-quality spectral data acquired by the 219:Planets, brown dwarfs, stars (not to scale) 16946: 16932: 15417: 15403: 15078: 14730: 13537:"Even Brown Dwarfs May Grow Rocky Planets" 11175: 8240: 7952: 7950: 7814: 7812: 6753: 5927: 5576: 5532: 5248: 5159:– via American Institute of Physics. 5097: 5075: 4795:−07° 14′ 42.5″ 4578:−10° 10′ 00.5″ 4364:−46° 24′ 47.8″ 4103:−01° 14′ 01.3″ 4032:09° 17′ 13.98″ 3549:as disk sizes seem to decrease with mass. 3261: 2324: 2057: 1300:At the lowest temperatures of the Y-dwarf 493:was discovered in images collected by the 399: 17004:Exoplanet orbital and physical parameters 15385: 15367: 15311: 15186:The Columbia Encyclopedia: "Brown Dwarfs" 15162: 15055: 15037: 14965: 14947: 14879: 14861: 14812: 14775: 14757: 14686: 14653: 14635: 14614:; Meisner, Aaron M.; Burgasser, Adam J.; 14574: 14556: 14478: 14421: 14368: 14314: 14234: 14165: 14077: 14060: 14034: 13993: 13975: 13934: 13916: 13875: 13857: 13800: 13747: 13693: 13640: 13579: 13495: 13446: 13428: 13378: 13360: 13295: 13246: 13228: 13172: 13154: 13049: 13001: 12983: 12901: 12883: 12818: 12766: 12748: 12673: 12655: 12614: 12596: 12544: 12526: 12484: 12466: 12417: 12399: 12350: 12332: 12260: 12242: 12201: 12183: 12115: 11974: 11917: 11815: 11797: 11731: 11670: 11617: 11607: 11542: 11474: 11456: 11415: 11397: 11296: 11239: 11221: 11143: 11125: 11068: 11016: 10998: 10957: 10939: 10898: 10880: 10839: 10821: 10762: 10721: 10634: 10573: 10536: 10518: 10418: 10400: 10295: 10277: 10211: 10142: 10077: 10027: 10009: 9931: 9913: 9844: 9806: 9788: 9746: 9728: 9703: 9680: 9662: 9618: 9600: 9553: 9535: 9493: 9475: 9425: 9407: 9360: 9342: 9300: 9282: 9177: 9159: 9101: 9027: 8986: 8968: 8908: 8851: 8827: 8763: 8706: 8623: 8557: 8532: 8491: 8404: 8371: 8317: 8260: 8207: 8170: 8152: 8111: 8093: 8052: 8034: 7971: 7913: 7834: 7784: 7766: 7724: 7706: 7638: 7577: 7536: 7518: 7450: 7397: 7339: 7254: 7187: 7125: 7115: 7076: 7021: 6968: 6873:"The Jovian Planets: Uranus, and Neptune" 6848: 6830: 6773: 6706: 6665: 6647: 6582: 6525: 6485: 6467: 6425: 6407: 6366: 6348: 6307: 6289: 6248: 6230: 6188: 6170: 6129: 6111: 6027:Hence the HBMM at solar metallicity and Y 5996: 5959: 5941: 5893: 5523: 5453: 5436:"When will the Sun become a black dwarf?" 5355: 5332:"Study of Degeneracy in Very Light Stars" 5275: 5110: 5064: 5014: 4996: 3509:) was discovered orbiting a brown dwarf. 3336:(W1200-7845)—was discovered by the 3221:. Brown dwarfs with a mass lower than 20 3016:for lower mass binaries. Binaries with a 1868:), which have spectral classes L2 to L6. 1816:B, the cool companion to the white dwarf 1367:), their volume is governed primarily by 1328:, estimated to be about 55 Jupiter masses 1047: 1000: 925: 914: 910: 899: 895: 871: 610:Learn how and when to remove this message 479:. The discovery article was submitted to 246:The term "black dwarf" still refers to a 74:planets, but less than the least massive 17872:List of potentially habitable exoplanets 14083: 12956: 8941: 8884: 8739: 8435: 7885: 6055: 5852:; Burgasser, Adam J. (6 November 2012). 5409: 5169: 5076:Wethington, Nicholos (October 6, 2008). 4657:–29° 23′ 04″ 3497:) at a small orbital distance using the 3418: 3323: 3265: 3166: 3059: 3029:with a peak separation of about 2.9 au. 2941: 2880: 2772: 2754:and the first directly imaged exoplanet. 2590: 2541: 2521: 2481:(β) for intermediate surface gravity or 2389:. Vertical mixing, clouds, metallicity, 2328: 2152: 1986: 1875: 1791: 1763: 1581: 1315: 1184: 214: 193: 170:of L- and T-type brown dwarfs about 6.5 81:. Their mass is approximately 13 to 80 41:Artist's concept of a T-type brown dwarf 15254:Wild Weather: Iron Rain on Failed Stars 15203:A geological definition of brown dwarfs 15135:Allard, France; Homeier, Derek (2007). 13202: 13200: 13110: 12574: 12572: 12161: 12159: 11375: 11373: 11158: 10266:Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 10200:Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 9003: 7947: 7874:"An Artist's View of Brown Dwarf Types" 7809: 7560:Filippazzo, Joseph C.; Rice, Emily L.; 6951:Bodenheimer, Peter; D'Angelo, Gennaro; 6813:Chen, Jingjing; Kipping, David (2016). 4936: – Planet outside the Solar System 4469:distance is ~180–290 pc, mass is ~ 3854:First spectroscopic binary brown dwarf 3740:brown dwarf, also first x-ray emitting 3459:around a brown dwarf with a mass of 13 3445:around a brown dwarf with a mass of 80 3147:which orbits its star every 4.03 days. 1440: 1308:clouds could cover 50% of the surface. 412:, Tadashi Nakajima, Keith Matthews and 265:object with a mass less than 0.07 14: 18282: 12939:National Optical Astronomy Observatory 12932: 12796: 12794: 11899: 11897: 11656: 11354:"Are the Coolest Brown Dwarfs Loners?" 10707: 10192: 10190: 10188: 10186: 10123: 10121: 10059: 10057: 10055: 9985: 9983: 9890: 9888: 9577: 9575: 9573: 9384: 9382: 9380: 8441: 7378: 6792:10.1146/annurev.earth.34.031405.125058 5725: 5538: 5370: 5228: 5226: 3892:Stassun 2006, 2007 (distance ~450 pc) 3832:First as a companion to a normal star 3557:Habitability for hypothetical planets 3364:, but three disks in the more distant 2932: 2876: 1205:(FeH) spectral line in late L-dwarfs. 1156: 462: 360: 18180:Geodynamics of terrestrial exoplanets 16927: 15398: 15350:Deacon, N. R.; Hambly, N. C. (2006). 15241:First X-ray from brown dwarf observed 15084:"Transiting Brown Dwarfs from TESS 2" 13892: 12079:"Working Group on Extrasolar Planets" 11107: 10980: 10921: 10803: 9822: 9820: 9818: 8410: 7684: 7682: 7496: 7494: 5459: 5329: 2813:beneath the brown dwarf's "surface". 2404: 112:). The most massive ones (> 70:that have more mass than the biggest 17862:Habitability of yellow dwarf systems 17852:Habitability of neutron star systems 15233:Temperature and mass characteristics 13197: 12637: 12569: 12156: 11370: 11319: 11039: 10779:"X-rays from a Brown Dwarf's Corona" 10353:National Radio Astronomy Observatory 5232: 4258: 4254: 3485:rather than accretion and so may be 2678:Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias 2349:exists. Carbon monoxide reacts with 592:adding citations to reliable sources 563: 18205:Sudarsky's gas giant classification 17832:Habitability of binary star systems 15292:"A census of observed brown dwarfs" 14214: 14017:Barnes, Rory; Heller, René (2011). 12791: 11894: 10183: 10118: 10052: 9980: 9885: 9570: 9377: 8823:from the original on 26 April 2014. 7231:; Han, Eunkyu; Feng, Y. Katherina; 7220: 5223: 3919:First binary brown dwarf of Y Type 3897:First binary brown dwarf of T Type 3876:First eclipsing binary brown dwarf 2870:in 2010, no emission was detected. 2431:This prefix (e.g. sdL0) stands for 2147:Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer 1976: 1871: 1787: 1759: 1491:, are thought to have masses below 1304:patchy cloud layers of sulfide and 1114: 300: 210: 24: 18190:Nexus for Exoplanet System Science 17847:Habitability of natural satellites 10981:Route, Matthew (20 October 2016). 9992:"The discovery of a T6.5 subdwarf" 9815: 7679: 7491: 7227:Wright, Jason T.; Fakhouri, Onsi; 5629:: The Definition of Spectral Type 5315:O'Neill, Ian (13 September 2011). 4761:jmag=25.42, planetary-mass object 3644:Bab (Companions of M3 field star) 3610: 3202:(1.5–2.7 billion years old). 2665:1995: First brown dwarf verified. 2206:light-years from the Solar System. 1965:is estimated to be not brown, but 1784:, the closest M-type brown dwarf. 1571: 1058: 1055: 1052: 1049: 1002: 942: 938: 928: 885: 881: 873: 503:Roque de los Muchachos Observatory 206:, about 19 light-years from Earth. 25: 18326: 17857:Habitability of red dwarf systems 15210:Space Telescope Science Institute 15123: 15026:The Astrophysical Journal Letters 12059:exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu 11057:The Astrophysical Journal Letters 10987:The Astrophysical Journal Letters 10804:Route, Matthew (10 August 2017). 9777:The Astrophysical Journal Letters 9589:The Astrophysical Journal Letters 8662: 8249:The Astrophysical Journal Letters 7385:The Astrophysical Journal Letters 6898:"Cool Cosmos – Planets and Moons" 6513:The Astrophysical Journal Letters 4389:Wolf 1130C: >10 billion years 3908:22 03 21.65363 −56° 47′ 09.5228″ 2897:In a study published in Aug 2017 2739:detected emission from LP 944–20. 2223:April 2015: The T+Y dwarf binary 2096:Timeline of Y-dwarf discoveries: 1768:Artist's vision of a late-M dwarf 1337:Size and fuel-burning ambiguities 1246:at 8 to 12 μm. Observations with 1173:Iron, silicate and sulfide clouds 357:monitoring for close companions. 18267: 18255: 18243: 17954:Stars with proto-planetary discs 17918:NASA Star and Exoplanet Database 17908:Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia 17396:Extraterrestrial sample curation 17027: 16906: 16896: 16895: 15387:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10795.x 15198:A current list of L and T dwarfs 15097: 15072: 15009: 14982: 14922: 14909:Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia 14896: 14792: 14662: 14599: 14531: 14454: 14401: 14347: 14293: 14267: 14145: 14106: 14010: 13951: 13833: 13780: 13673: 13620: 13555: 13528: 13471: 13403: 13336: 13271: 13129: 13104: 13082: 12926: 12859: 12720: 12690: 12631: 12501: 12442: 12375: 12307: 12285: 12218: 12095: 12071: 12047: 12015: 11950: 11772: 11711: 11650: 11583: 11521: 11505: 11499: 11432: 11343: 11332: 11320:Gohd, Chelsea (19 August 2020). 11313: 11264: 11197: 11152: 11101: 11048: 11033: 10974: 10915: 10856: 10797: 10781:. April 14, 2003. Archived from 10701: 10679: 10553: 10465: 10435: 10376: 10326: 10320: 8054:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13885.x 5233:Cain, Fraser (January 6, 2009). 5111:Burgasser, Adam J. (June 2008). 5025:with an average radius of 0.83 R 4892: 4262: 3274:jet launched by the brown dwarf 3190:(7 billion years old), and 3163:White dwarf–brown dwarf binaries 2938:Brown dwarf–brown dwarf binaries 2353:molecules and forms methane and 1969:. T-class brown dwarfs, such as 1848:) and prominent atomic lines of 1539:Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia 1447:International Astronomical Union 1406: 622: 568: 475:open cluster, received the name 48: 34: 17867:Habitable zone for complex life 17305:Ultra-short period planet (USP) 17009:Methods of detecting exoplanets 10922:Route, Matthew (10 July 2017). 9956: 9763: 9317: 9257: 9215: 9194: 8656: 8442:Clavin, Whitney (8 June 2012). 8350: 8179: 8069: 7867: 7741: 7618: 7553: 7430: 7299: 7287: 7160: 7109: 7054: 6915: 6890: 6865: 6747: 6682: 6623: 6558: 6502: 6442: 6383: 6324: 6265: 6205: 6146: 6087: 6049: 5976: 5872: 5804: 5758: 5698: 5674: 5504:Progress of Theoretical Physics 5428: 5403: 3663:First imaged with coronography 3599:) that could interact with the 3552: 3233:. The PCEB might evolve into a 3041:was confirmed as a binary with 2639:Methods of detecting exoplanets 1800:The defining characteristic of 1749: 1590:, a young sub-brown dwarf, and 579:needs additional citations for 519:In theory, a brown dwarf below 18048:Discovered exoplanets by year 16953: 14725:Table 3: FLMN_J0541328-0151271 11159:Meisner, Aaron; Kocz, Amanda. 8411:Plait, Phil (24 August 2011). 7136:10.1051/978-2-7598-1876-1.c038 5323: 5308: 5163: 3278:in the outer periphery of the 3089:More recently the wide binary 2703:shows an abundance of methane. 2092:Individual Y-dwarf discoveries 1796:Artist's concept of an L dwarf 1755:Classification of brown dwarfs 1586:A size comparison between the 392:within a little over 100 293:and would become a completely 289:would never go through normal 13: 1: 18175:Extrasolar planets in fiction 17822:Extraterrestrial liquid water 16808:Timeline of stellar astronomy 15208:I. Neill Reid's pages at the 13280:"Brown Dwarf Disks with ALMA" 13111:Schutte, Maria (2020-08-12). 11182:O'Neill, Ian (12 June 2012). 11108:Route, Matthew (1 May 2024). 10710:Astrophysical Journal Letters 10198:Micron All-Sky Survey Data". 6081:10.1126/science.276.5317.1350 4960: 4840:07 40 24.658 −42° 09′ 16.74″ 4529:. Transitional brown dwarfs. 4480:. Transitional brown dwarfs. 3930:03 36 05.052 −01° 43′ 50.48″ 3398:Pennsylvania State University 3211:post common envelope binaries 3194:(10 billion years old), 3009:{\displaystyle q=M_{B}/M_{A}} 2829:Brown dwarfs as radio sources 2784:before flare and during flare 2659: 2397:, impact shocks and metallic 2261:American Astronomical Society 1880:Artist's concept of a T dwarf 1617:, form in the same manner as 202:. It is in the constellation 18195:Planets in globular clusters 17812:Circumstellar habitable zone 15172: 14801:Astronomy & Astrophysics 13038:Astronomy & Astrophysics 12933:Riaz, Basmah; Najita, Joan. 11531:Astronomy & Astrophysics 11161:"Mapping Our Sun's Backyard" 10096:10.1088/0004-6256/137/2/3345 8226:10.1088/0004-6256/139/6/2455 7932:10.1088/0004-637X/695/2/1517 7328:Astronomy & Astrophysics 7064:Astronomy & Astrophysics 6929:. 2003-02-28. Archived from 5882:Astronomy & Astrophysics 4930: – Concept in cosmology 4922:Blue dwarf (red-dwarf stage) 3865:03 48 4.659 +23° 39' 30.32″ 3810:First field type (solitary) 3064:The wide brown dwarf binary 3056:Unusual brown dwarf binaries 2473:Young brown dwarfs have low 2062:Usually brown dwarfs have a 1991:Artist's vision of a Y dwarf 1665:spectral energy distribution 856:electron degeneracy pressure 92:)—not big enough to sustain 7: 18155:Exoplanet naming convention 17265:Planet/Brown dwarf boundary 16468:Hertzsprung–Russell diagram 15260:NASA Brown dwarf detectives 14831:10.1051/0004-6361/202243516 13819:10.1088/0004-637X/779/2/178 13712:10.1051/0004-6361/201014853 13598:10.1016/j.newar.2022.101641 13093:Pan-STARRS Science Overview 13068:10.1051/0004-6361/201117734 12638:Kato, Taichi (2015-12-01). 11087:10.1088/2041-8205/747/2/L22 11018:10.3847/2041-8205/830/2/L27 10230:10.1088/0067-0049/190/1/100 9046:10.1088/0004-637X/803/2/102 8870:10.1088/0004-6256/147/5/113 8725:10.1088/0004-637X/764/1/101 8642:10.1088/0004-637X/753/2/156 8390:10.1088/0004-637X/740/2/108 8336:10.1088/2041-8205/732/2/L29 7596:10.1088/0004-637X/810/2/158 7416:10.1088/2041-8205/786/2/L18 7358:10.1051/0004-6361/201219984 7206:10.1088/2041-8205/810/2/L25 7095:10.1051/0004-6361/201116713 6987:10.1088/0004-637X/770/2/120 6725:10.1088/2041-8205/793/1/L16 6601:10.1088/0004-637X/756/2/172 6544:10.1088/2041-8205/778/1/l10 5869:(M=536, L=918, T=355, Y=14) 5743:10.1007/978-3-319-01162-2_4 5733:, in Joergens, Viki (ed.), 5553:10.1007/978-3-319-01162-2_2 5543:, in Joergens, Viki (ed.), 5498:; Nakano, Takenori (1963). 5388:10.1007/978-3-319-01162-2_3 5378:, in Joergens, Viki (ed.), 5042:"Are They Planets or What?" 4979:Near-infrared Spectroscopy" 4904: 3995:First with late-M spectrum 3415:Planets around brown dwarfs 3198:(2 billion years old) 2410:Brown dwarf spectral types 1615:planetary-mass brown dwarfs 816:The standard mechanism for 630:Hertzsprung–Russell diagram 282:object less than 0.09 252:to cool to this temperature 10: 18331: 17391:Extraterrestrial materials 17025: 16382:Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism 15191: 14440:10.1088/0004-637X/788/1/23 14119:Astronomy and Astrophysics 13682:Astronomy and Astrophysics 13380:10.3847/0004-637X/832/1/50 13314:10.1088/0004-637X/791/1/20 11561:10.1051/0004-6361:20040551 11476:10.3847/0004-637X/819/1/17 10740:10.1088/2041-8205/767/1/L1 10538:10.3847/0004-637X/830/2/85 10297:10.3847/0067-0049/225/1/10 9863:10.1088/0004-637X/797/1/41 9458:Daniella C. (2021-03-01). 9120:10.1088/0004-637X/804/2/92 8927:10.1088/0004-637X/796/1/39 8782:10.1088/0004-637X/759/1/60 8576:10.1088/0004-637X/743/1/50 8510:10.1088/0067-0049/197/2/19 8279:10.1088/2041-8205/730/1/L9 7990:10.1051/0004-6361:20079317 7960:Astronomy and Astrophysics 7040:10.1088/0004-637X/727/1/57 6850:10.3847/1538-4357/834/1/17 5904:10.1051/0004-6361:20034292 5590:Astronomy and Astrophysics 5016:10.1088/0004-637X/767/1/77 4885: 3943:First trinary brown dwarf 3791:05 40 25.799 −02 48 55.42 3759:16 26 42.758 −24 41 22.24 3709:Planet discovered in 2004 3588: 3351:A paper from 2021 studied 3298:. This is the brown dwarf 3124: 2918:James Webb Space Telescope 2769:Brown dwarfs X-ray sources 2251:, initially discovered by 2216:November 2014: The object 1980: 1575: 1449:considers an object above 822:Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism 189: 18218:Discoveries of exoplanets 18213: 18142: 17931: 17890: 17792: 17704: 17611: 17544: 17421:Interplanetary dust cloud 17317: 17197: 17123: 17049: 17036: 16991: 16959: 16891: 16816: 16665: 16563: 16491: 16390: 16247: 16122: 16000: 15909: 15645: 15636: 15515: 15445: 15432: 15424: 15300:The Astrophysical Journal 15294:(not all confirmed), 1998 15235:of low-temperature dwarfs 15164:10.4249/scholarpedia.4475 14675:The Astrophysical Journal 14545:The Astrophysical Journal 14410:The Astrophysical Journal 14357:The Astrophysical Journal 13964:The Astrophysical Journal 13905:The Astrophysical Journal 13789:The Astrophysical Journal 13736:The Astrophysical Journal 13629:The Astrophysical Journal 13484:The Astrophysical Journal 13417:The Astrophysical Journal 13349:The Astrophysical Journal 13284:The Astrophysical Journal 13217:The Astrophysical Journal 13143:The Astrophysical Journal 12640:"WZ Sge-type dwarf novae" 12455:The Astrophysical Journal 12231:The Astrophysical Journal 11963:The Astrophysical Journal 11906:The Astrophysical Journal 11786:The Astrophysical Journal 11750:10.1017/s0074180900210188 11659:The Astrophysical Journal 11445:The Astrophysical Journal 11114:The Astrophysical Journal 10928:The Astrophysical Journal 10810:The Astrophysical Journal 10562:The Astrophysical Journal 10507:The Astrophysical Journal 9902:The Astrophysical Journal 9833:The Astrophysical Journal 9717:The Astrophysical Journal 9524:The Astrophysical Journal 9396:The Astrophysical Journal 9331:The Astrophysical Journal 9148:The Astrophysical Journal 9090:The Astrophysical Journal 9016:The Astrophysical Journal 8897:The Astrophysical Journal 8752:The Astrophysical Journal 8694:The Astrophysical Journal 8612:The Astrophysical Journal 8546:The Astrophysical Journal 8360:The Astrophysical Journal 8306:The Astrophysical Journal 8141:The Astrophysical Journal 8082:The Astrophysical Journal 7902:The Astrophysical Journal 7853:10.1103/RevModPhys.73.719 7822:Reviews of Modern Physics 7695:The Astrophysical Journal 7507:The Astrophysical Journal 7176:The Astrophysical Journal 7010:The Astrophysical Journal 6957:The Astrophysical Journal 6819:The Astrophysical Journal 6695:The Astrophysical Journal 6571:The Astrophysical Journal 6456:The Astrophysical Journal 6337:The Astrophysical Journal 6219:The Astrophysical Journal 6159:The Astrophysical Journal 6100:The Astrophysical Journal 6015:10.1103/RevModPhys.73.719 5985:Reviews of Modern Physics 5930:The Astrophysical Journal 5640:The Astrophysical Journal 5539:Nakano, Takenori (2014), 5294:10.1103/RevModPhys.73.719 5264:Reviews of Modern Physics 5184:10.1007/978-3-319-01162-2 4984:The Astrophysical Journal 4899:Brown dwarf illustration 4811:WISE J062309.94-045624.6 4503:SDSS J010448.46+153501.8 4452:SDSS J010448.46+153501.8 3579:runaway greenhouse effect 3499:radial velocity technique 3334:WISEA J120037.79-784508.3 3306:, mostly seen in ionized 3235:cataclysmic variable star 3121:Brown dwarfs around stars 2818:Chandra X-ray Observatory 2732:, catches a 2-hour flare. 2730:Chandra X-ray Observatory 2695:on Southern California's 2414: 2009:CFBDS J005910.90–011401.3 1812:(VO) molecules. However, 1683:. Based on the location, 621: 559: 17923:Open Exoplanet Catalogue 17898:Nearby Habitable Systems 17784:Transit-timing variation 16761:With multiple exoplanets 15279: 15057:10.3847/2041-8213/ace188 14967:10.3847/1538-3881/aae319 14936:The Astronomical Journal 14881:10.3847/1538-3881/abeb67 14850:The Astronomical Journal 14655:10.3847/1538-3881/ad324e 14576:10.3847/1538-4357/aaa8dd 14469:(Submitted manuscript). 14303:The Astronomical Journal 14223:The Astronomical Journal 13995:10.3847/1538-4357/aa73cf 13936:10.3847/2041-8213/ac1e2d 13448:10.3847/1538-4357/ab68e6 13248:10.3847/1538-4357/ac09e5 13207:Rilinger, Anneliese M.; 13174:10.3847/1538-3881/abaccd 13003:10.3847/1538-4357/aa70e8 12262:10.3847/1538-4357/aa6fb5 12104:The Astronomical Journal 11817:10.3847/1538-4357/ab5303 11145:10.3847/1538-4357/ad30ff 10959:10.3847/1538-4357/aa78ab 10900:10.3847/1538-4365/aac2d5 10841:10.3847/1538-4357/aa7ede 10625:(Submitted manuscript). 10420:10.3847/1538-3881/ac66d2 10389:The Astronomical Journal 10066:The Astronomical Journal 9933:10.3847/1538-4357/ab8d25 9808:10.3847/2041-8213/ad2348 9748:10.3847/1538-4357/ad0043 9682:10.3847/1538-4365/ad24e2 9620:10.3847/2041-8213/acc86d 9555:10.3847/1538-4357/ac1c75 9495:10.3847/1538-4365/abd107 9427:10.3847/1538-4357/aba633 9362:10.3847/1538-4357/ab6215 9302:10.3847/1538-4365/ab7f2a 9179:10.3847/1538-4357/ab2bf0 8988:10.3847/1538-4365/aabad3 8840:The Astronomical Journal 8196:The Astronomical Journal 8172:10.3847/1538-4357/acfdad 8113:10.3847/2041-8213/ace32c 7726:10.3847/1538-4357/ab765c 7538:10.3847/2041-8213/ab6201 7296:, NASA Exoplanet Archive 6667:10.3847/1538-3881/ac7953 6636:The Astronomical Journal 6487:10.3847/2041-8213/acb04a 6368:10.3847/1538-4357/aa9214 6309:10.3847/1538-3881/ac174c 6278:The Astronomical Journal 6250:10.3847/1538-4357/acab58 6190:10.3847/1538-4357/ac4502 6031:= 50.25 is 0.07 – 0.074 5961:10.3847/1538-4357/aafac8 5174:50 Years of Brown Dwarfs 4412:2MASS J05413280-0151272 4245:Sculptor (constellation) 4072:ULAS J003402.77−005206.7 3947:DENIS-P J020529.0-115925 3765:partly resolved outflow 3585:Superlative brown dwarfs 3565:are very stringent, the 3466:is considered a planet. 3143:are also known, such as 2687:A (20 ly away) using an 2587:Observational techniques 2017:ULAS J003402.77−005206.7 2013:ULAS J133553.45+113005.2 1944:. These differences led 1862:Sloan Digital Sky Survey 1292:. The variable T7 dwarf 463:Teide 1 and class M 455: dwarfs, known as " 361:GD 165B and class L 18200:Small planet radius gap 17903:Exoplanet Data Explorer 17827:Galactic habitable zone 17401:Giant-impact hypothesis 15547:Asymptotic giant branch 15003:10.5281/zenodo.10086810 14823:2022A&A...663A..84L 14131:2000A&A...359..269C 13704:2010A&A...521A..24J 13209:Espaillat, Catherine C. 13060:2011A&A...535A..94B 12837:10.1126/science.1118042 11553:2004A&A...423..341B 11298:10.1126/science.aam9848 10329:"Colour-magnitude data" 7982:2008A&A...482..961D 7350:2012A&A...548A..26D 7087:2011A&A...532A..79S 5603:1997A&A...327L..29M 5330:Kumar, Shiv S. (1962). 5258:; Hubbard, William B.; 4817:062309.28 −04°56'22.8" 4622:034807.72 –60°22'27.1" 4615:2MASS J03480772−6022270 4512:010448.46 +15°35'01.8" 4461:010448.46 +15°35'01.8" 4168:033935.22 −35°25'44.1" 4144:033935.22 −35°25'44.1" 4057:061034.62 −21°51'52.1" 3982:053253.46 +82°46'46.5" 3972:2MASS J05325346+8246465 3968:First halo brown dwarf 3955:020529.40 −11°59'29.7" 3843:061034.62 −21°51'52.1" 3770:First with large-scale 3701:120733.47 −39°32'54.0" 3674:061034.62 −21°51'52.1" 3473:planetary-mass objects 3434:and a mass ratio of M/M 3387:2MASS J02265658-5327032 3355:around brown dwarfs in 3262:Formation and evolution 3115:2MASS J05352184–0546085 3071:The wide binary system 3050:2MASSW J0746425+2000321 2903:Spitzer Space Telescope 2864:2MASS J10475385+2124234 2630:(30 light-years away). 2581:2MASS J10475385+2124234 2574:2MASS J22282889–4310262 2512:2MASS J11263991−5003550 2325:Role of vertical mixing 2275:Spitzer Space Telescope 2058:Colder lower atmosphere 1557:Exoplanet Data Explorer 1324:, a companion known as 1123:, and was pioneered by 834:Hydrostatic equilibrium 400:Gliese 229B and class T 18160:Exoplanet phase curves 17998:Terrestrial candidates 17949:Multiplanetary systems 17913:NASA Exoplanet Archive 17596:Mean-motion resonances 17406:Gravitational collapse 17356:Circumstellar envelope 16883:Tidal disruption event 16372:Circumstellar envelope 15606:Luminous blue variable 14608:Faherty, Jacqueline K. 12616:10.1093/mnras/stad1730 12203:10.1093/mnras/stac3807 10449:. NASA. Archived from 9583:John E. (2023-03-29). 7562:Faherty, Jacqueline K. 6927:IAU position statement 6427:10.1093/mnras/stac1205 6057:Kulkarni, Shrinivas R. 5410:Croswell, Ken (1999). 4808:Coolest radio-flaring 4089:First with Y spectrum 4045:First with T spectrum 4017:First with L spectrum 3990:Burgasser et al. 2003 3871:Basri and Martín 1999 3424: 3366:Taurus molecular cloud 3329: 3283: 3175: 3152:NASA Exoplanet archive 3068: 3027:lognormal distribution 3010: 2951: 2948:Hubble Space Telescope 2886: 2785: 2746:around a brown dwarf: 2728:, 16 ly away) via the 2669:, an M8 object in the 2614: 2609:compared to red dwarf 2547: 2527: 2334: 2209:May 2014: The Y-dwarf 2165: 1992: 1881: 1797: 1769: 1595: 1566:NASA Exoplanet Archive 1504:planetary-mass objects 1329: 1198: 1106:occurs, producing two 1085:hydrogen burning limit 1069: 1010: 957: 259:hydrogen-burning limit 220: 207: 18035:Potentially habitable 17940:Exoplanetary systems 17882:Superhabitable planet 17641:F/Yellow-white dwarfs 17526:Sample-return mission 17426:Interplanetary medium 16408:Effective temperature 14053:10.1089/ast.2012.0867 13877:10.1093/mnras/stw2391 13568:New Astronomy Reviews 12972:Astrophysical Journal 12903:10.1093/mnras/stz1032 12768:10.1093/mnras/sty2554 12546:10.1093/mnras/stx1611 12419:10.1093/mnras/stx1786 11619:10.1093/mnras/stx1177 11417:10.1093/mnras/sty1682 11241:10.1093/mnras/stx1906 10131:Astrophysical Journal 9964:"Spectral type codes" 8300:Rodriguez, David R.; 7786:10.1093/mnras/sty2520 7627:Astrophysical Journal 7566:Astrophysical Journal 7439:Astrophysical Journal 7235:; Howard, Andrew W.; 7118:The CoRoT Legacy Book 5817:ASP Conference Series 5621:Beichmann, Charles A. 5462:Astrophysical Journal 5052:on September 28, 2006 4630:Rotational period of 4114:First X-ray-emitting 3963:Delfosse et al. 1997 3780:(Herbig-Haro object: 3577:that would trigger a 3534:planetary-mass object 3422: 3327: 3269: 3170: 3063: 3011: 2945: 2884: 2776: 2613:, Jupiter and our Sun 2594: 2545: 2525: 2332: 2156: 1990: 1879: 1795: 1767: 1689:TW Hydrae association 1585: 1319: 1280:. These sulfides are 1276:, as well as several 1188: 1179:bolometric luminosity 1070: 1011: 958: 541:Keck 1 telescope 218: 197: 83:times that of Jupiter 18295:Definition of planet 18170:Extragalactic planet 18150:Carl Sagan Institute 17431:Interplanetary space 17346:Circumplanetary disk 17019:Planet-hosting stars 16878:Planet-hosting stars 16756:With resolved images 16727:Historical brightest 16657:Photometric-standard 16583:Solar radio emission 16377:Eddington luminosity 16157:Triple-alpha process 16095:Thorne–Żytkow object 15470:Young stellar object 15243:, Spaceref.com, 2000 15216:On spectral analysis 15180:Low-Luminosity Stars 14777:10.1093/mnras/stx350 14612:Kirkpatrick, J. Davy 14606:Rothermich, Austin; 12352:10.1093/mnras/sty245 12083:w.astro.berkeley.edu 10785:on December 30, 2010 10029:10.1093/mnras/stu184 5850:Kirkpatrick, J. Davy 5625:"Dwarfs Cooler than 5617:Kirkpatrick, J. Davy 5583:Martín, Eduardo L.; 5336:Astronomical Journal 4950:List of brown dwarfs 4649:KMT-2016-BLG-2142 b 4276:adding missing items 4211:150108.3 +22°50'02" 3728:110717.0 −77°35'54" 3650:145429.2 +16°06'04" 3591:List of brown dwarfs 3532:of a brown dwarf or 3357:stellar associations 3319:detection by transit 3288:protoplanetary disks 3205:Systems with close, 3178:Brown dwarfs around 2972: 2750:discovered with the 2339:chemical equilibrium 2070:(P–T) profile in an 1441:Current IAU standard 1021: 968: 865: 848:thermonuclear fusion 830:thermonuclear fusion 588:improve this article 426:substellar companion 17511:Protoplanetary disk 17491:Planetary migration 17446:Interstellar medium 17225:Circumtriple planet 17220:Circumbinary planet 16702:Highest temperature 16473:Color–color diagram 16338:Protoplanetary disk 16142:Proton–proton chain 15820:Chemically peculiar 15378:2006MNRAS.371.1722D 15322:2005ApJ...635L..93L 15155:2007SchpJ...2.4475A 15048:2023ApJ...951L..43R 14958:2018AJ....156..208J 14872:2021AJ....161..224T 14768:2017MNRAS.468..261Z 14697:2006ApJ...646.1215L 14646:2024AJ....167..253R 14567:2018ApJ...854..145M 14497:10.1038/nature04987 14489:2006Natur.442..543M 14432:2014ApJ...788...23W 14379:2003ApJ...592.1186B 14325:2005AJ....129..511B 14282:on October 13, 2008 14245:1999AJ....118.2460B 14184:10.1038/nature03598 14176:2005Natur.435..652W 14095:on 13 December 2012 14045:2013AsBio..13..279B 13986:2017ApJ...842...78V 13927:2021ApJ...918L..25L 13868:2017MNRAS.464.2687H 13811:2013ApJ...779..178P 13758:2008ApJ...684..663B 13651:2007ApJ...666L.113J 13590:2022NewAR..9401641L 13506:2005ApJ...635L..93L 13439:2020ApJ...890..106S 13371:2016ApJ...832...50B 13306:2014ApJ...791...20R 13239:2021ApJ...921..182R 13165:2020AJ....160..156S 12994:2017ApJ...844...47R 12894:2019MNRAS.486.4114R 12829:2005Sci...310..834A 12759:2018MNRAS.481.4931E 12675:10.1093/pasj/psv077 12666:2015PASJ...67..108K 12607:2023MNRAS.523.6114N 12537:2017MNRAS.471..948R 12477:2006ApJ...640.1051G 12410:2017MNRAS.471.1728L 12343:2018MNRAS.476.1405C 12253:2017ApJ...842..118L 12194:2023MNRAS.519.5008F 12126:2004AJ....128.1868F 12041:2022AAS...24030521P 11985:2006ApJ...640.1051G 11928:2007ApJ...664.1154S 11864:10.1038/nature04570 11856:2006Natur.440..311S 11808:2020ApJ...889..176F 11742:2003IAUS..211...13R 11681:2004ApJ...614..398L 11529:a binary L dwarf". 11467:2016ApJ...819...17O 11408:2018MNRAS.479.2702F 11289:2017Sci...357..683A 11232:2017MNRAS.471.3699M 11136:2024ApJ...966...55R 11079:2012ApJ...747L..22R 11009:2016ApJ...830L..27R 10950:2017ApJ...843..115R 10891:2018ApJS..237...25K 10832:2017ApJ...845...66R 10732:2013ApJ...767L...1L 10645:2001Natur.410..338B 10584:2000ApJ...538L.141R 10529:2016ApJ...830...85R 10479:. CNN. 9 April 2020 10411:2022AJ....163..288C 10288:2016ApJS..225...10F 10222:2010ApJS..190..100K 10153:2008ApJ...686..528L 10088:2009AJ....137.3345C 10020:2014MNRAS.440..359B 9968:simbad.u-strasbg.fr 9924:2020ApJ...895..145B 9855:2014ApJ...797...41Z 9799:2024ApJ...962L..32M 9739:2023ApJ...958...94R 9673:2024ApJS..271...55K 9611:2023ApJ...947L..30C 9546:2021ApJ...921..140S 9486:2021ApJS..253....7K 9418:2020ApJ...899..123M 9353:2020ApJ...889...74M 9293:2020ApJS..247...69E 9237:2020AAS...23513206B 9170:2019ApJ...881...17M 9112:2015ApJ...804...92S 9038:2015ApJ...803..102D 8979:2018ApJS..236...28T 8919:2014ApJ...796...39T 8862:2014AJ....147..113C 8774:2012ApJ...759...60T 8717:2013ApJ...764..101B 8634:2012ApJ...753..156K 8568:2011ApJ...743...50C 8502:2011ApJS..197...19K 8382:2011ApJ...740..108L 8328:2011ApJ...732L..29R 8302:Zuckerman, Benjamin 8271:2011ApJ...730L...9L 8218:2010AJ....139.2455E 8163:2023ApJ...959...86L 8104:2023ApJ...951L..48B 8045:2008MNRAS.391..320B 7924:2009ApJ...695.1517L 7845:2001RvMP...73..719B 7777:2018MNRAS.481.3548S 7717:2020ApJ...891..171Z 7649:2007ApJ...657.1064M 7588:2015ApJ...810..158F 7529:2020ApJ...888L..19M 7461:2008ApJ...689.1327S 7408:2014ApJ...786L..18L 7265:2011PASP..123..412W 7233:Johnson, John Asher 7198:2015ApJ...810L..25H 7032:2011ApJ...727...57S 6979:2013ApJ...770..120B 6963:(2): 120 (13 pp.). 6841:2017ApJ...834...17C 6784:2006AREPS..34..193B 6717:2014ApJ...793L..16F 6658:2022AJ....164...65M 6593:2012ApJ...756..172M 6536:2013ApJ...778L..10B 6478:2023ApJ...946L...6M 6418:2022MNRAS.513.5701S 6359:2017ApJ...850...46T 6300:2021AJ....162..179M 6241:2023ApJ...944..138V 6181:2022ApJ...924...68V 6122:2002ApJ...571L.151B 6073:1997Sci...276.1350K 6067:(5317): 1350–1354. 6007:2001RvMP...73..719B 5952:2019ApJ...871..227F 5829:2000ASPC..212...82L 5782:1995Natur.377..129R 5652:1999ApJ...519..802K 5516:1963PThPh..30..460H 5474:1963ApJ...137.1121K 5348:1962AJ.....67S.579K 5286:2001RvMP...73..719B 5260:Lunine, Jonathan I. 5134:2008PhT....61f..70B 5007:2013ApJ...767...77S 4006:34718.0 +24°22'31" 3901:Epsilon Indi Ba, Bb 3821:34718.0 +24°22'31" 3516:depleted of water. 3353:circumstellar discs 3196:SDSS J22255+0016 AB 3113:brown dwarf system 2933:Binary brown dwarfs 2877:Recent developments 2868:Arecibo Observatory 2693:Palomar Observatory 2646:Arecibo Observatory 2415:Secondary features 2411: 1946:J. Davy Kirkpatrick 1354:electron-degeneracy 1157:Atmospheric methane 414:Rebecca Oppenheimer 349:, surveys of young 309:down to 0.013 106:fusion of deuterium 18310:Substellar objects 17476:Nebular hypothesis 17451:Interstellar space 17436:Interstellar cloud 17416:Internal structure 17351:Circumstellar disc 16707:Lowest temperature 16458:Photometric system 16428:Absolute magnitude 16362:Circumstellar dust 15975:Stellar black hole 15611:Stellar population 15497:Herbig–Haro object 15265:2014-10-17 at the 13543:on 3 December 2012 13098:2015-10-16 at the 12729:Starrfield, Sumner 7879:2011-11-17 at the 7311:2012-07-02 at the 7229:Marcy, Geoffrey W. 5525:10.1143/PTP.30.460 4916:Brown-dwarf desert 4693:Distance: ~6.5 ly 4606:(~92,400 km) 4392:CWISE J0602-4624: 4383:LSPM J0055B: 10±3 4274:; you can help by 4135:First X-ray flare 4068:Latest-T spectrum 3914:Distance: 3.626pc 3772:Herbig-Haro object 3716:circumstellar disk 3507:MOA-2007-BLG-192Lb 3425: 3362:astronomical units 3330: 3296:Herbig–Haro object 3284: 3231:brown-dwarf desert 3192:LSPM J0055+5948 AB 3176: 3127:Brown-dwarf desert 3069: 3023:astronomical units 3006: 2952: 2887: 2786: 2615: 2548: 2528: 2409: 2405:Secondary features 2335: 2253:citizen scientists 2225:WISE J0146+4234 AB 2166: 1993: 1882: 1810:vanadium(II) oxide 1806:titanium(II) oxide 1798: 1770: 1679:and the companion 1596: 1516:MOA-2007-BLG-192Lb 1330: 1274:potassium chloride 1199: 1065: 1006: 953: 846:, normal hydrogen 422:Samuel T. Durrance 410:Shrinivas Kulkarni 390:burn their lithium 221: 208: 68:substellar objects 18305:Stellar phenomena 18231: 18230: 17807:Astrooceanography 17441:Interstellar dust 17313: 17312: 17189:Ultra-hot Neptune 17184:Ultra-hot Jupiter 17133:Eccentric Jupiter 16983:Planetary science 16921: 16920: 16824:Substellar object 16803:Planetary nebulae 16222:Luminous red nova 16132:Deuterium burning 16118: 16117: 15601:Instability strip 15581:Wolf-Rayet nebula 15535:Horizontal branch 15480:Pre-main-sequence 15288:stats and history 14160:(7042): 652–654. 14087:(2 August 2011). 13117:DiskDetective.org 11850:(7082): 311–314. 11283:(6352): 683–687. 10629:(6826): 338–340. 8671:on 7 October 2011 8417:Discover Magazine 8188:Wright, Edward L. 7237:Fischer, Debra A. 7145:978-2-7598-1876-1 6953:Lissauer, Jack J. 6768:(2006): 193–216. 6756:Brown, Michael E. 5858:DwarfArchives.org 5776:(6545): 129–131. 5752:978-3-319-01162-2 5562:978-3-319-01162-2 5496:Hayashi, Chushiro 5421:978-0-192-88083-3 5397:978-3-319-01162-2 5201:978-3-319-01162-2 5142:10.1063/1.2947658 5046:Untitled Document 4911:Fusor (astronomy) 4883: 4882: 4611:Fastest rotating 4322:LSPM J0055+5948 B 4292: 4291: 4255:Table of extremes 4252: 4251: 3638:First discovered 3563:habitable planets 3394:Cha 110913−773444 3292:Cha 110913−773444 3172:LSPM J0241+2553AB 2475:surface gravities 2471: 2470: 2303:−17–268 °F). 2242:CWISEP J1935-1546 2050:) and ammonia (NH 1963:visual perception 1924:O, and molecular 1860:(DENIS), and the 1658:objects near the 1282:manganese sulfide 620: 619: 612: 499:Teide Observatory 307:deuterium burning 305:The discovery of 291:stellar evolution 261:suggested that a 16:(Redirected from 18322: 18272: 18271: 18270: 18260: 18259: 18248: 18247: 18246: 18239: 18185:Neptunian desert 17571:Tidally detached 17506:Planet formation 17496:Planetary system 17386:Exozodiacal dust 17376:Disrupted planet 17300:Ultra-cool dwarf 17230:Disrupted planet 17215:Chthonian planet 17047: 17046: 17031: 17014:Planetary system 16948: 16941: 16934: 16925: 16924: 16913:Stars portal 16911: 16910: 16899: 16898: 16555:Planetary system 16478:Strömgren sphere 16350:Asteroseismology 16071:Black hole star 15643: 15642: 15569:Planetary nebula 15530:Red-giant branch 15419: 15412: 15405: 15396: 15395: 15391: 15389: 15371: 15369:astro-ph/0607305 15362:(4): 1722–1730. 15341: 15315: 15313:astro-ph/0511807 15178:Kumar, Shiv S.; 15168: 15166: 15118: 15117: 15115: 15113: 15101: 15095: 15094: 15092: 15091: 15082:(24 June 2020). 15076: 15070: 15069: 15059: 15041: 15013: 15007: 15006: 14986: 14980: 14979: 14969: 14951: 14926: 14920: 14919: 14917: 14916: 14900: 14894: 14893: 14883: 14865: 14841: 14835: 14834: 14816: 14796: 14790: 14789: 14779: 14761: 14737: 14728: 14727: 14690: 14688:astro-ph/0604315 14681:(2): 1215–1229. 14666: 14660: 14659: 14657: 14639: 14603: 14597: 14596: 14578: 14560: 14535: 14529: 14528: 14523:. Archived from 14482: 14480:astro-ph/0608054 14458: 14452: 14451: 14425: 14405: 14399: 14398: 14372: 14370:astro-ph/0304174 14363:(2): 1186–1192. 14351: 14345: 14344: 14318: 14316:astro-ph/0410226 14297: 14291: 14290: 14288: 14287: 14271: 14265: 14264: 14238: 14236:astro-ph/9908015 14229:(5): 2460–2465. 14218: 14212: 14211: 14169: 14167:astro-ph/0506485 14149: 14143: 14142: 14110: 14104: 14103: 14101: 14100: 14081: 14075: 14074: 14064: 14038: 14014: 14008: 14007: 13997: 13979: 13955: 13949: 13948: 13938: 13920: 13896: 13890: 13889: 13879: 13861: 13852:(3): 2687–2697. 13837: 13831: 13830: 13804: 13784: 13778: 13777: 13751: 13730: 13724: 13723: 13697: 13677: 13671: 13670: 13644: 13635:(2): L113–L116. 13624: 13618: 13617: 13583: 13559: 13553: 13552: 13550: 13548: 13532: 13526: 13525: 13499: 13497:astro-ph/0511807 13475: 13469: 13468: 13450: 13432: 13407: 13401: 13400: 13382: 13364: 13340: 13334: 13333: 13299: 13275: 13269: 13268: 13250: 13232: 13204: 13195: 13194: 13176: 13158: 13133: 13127: 13126: 13124: 13123: 13108: 13102: 13089:Jewitt, David C. 13086: 13080: 13079: 13053: 13033: 13024: 13023: 13005: 12987: 12963: 12954: 12953: 12951: 12950: 12941:. Archived from 12930: 12924: 12923: 12905: 12887: 12878:(3): 4114–4129. 12863: 12857: 12856: 12822: 12820:astro-ph/0511420 12803:Pascucci, Ilaria 12798: 12789: 12788: 12770: 12752: 12743:(4): 4931–4939. 12724: 12718: 12717: 12715: 12714: 12705:. Archived from 12703:ALMA Observatory 12694: 12688: 12687: 12677: 12659: 12635: 12629: 12628: 12618: 12600: 12591:(4): 6114–6137. 12576: 12567: 12566: 12548: 12530: 12505: 12499: 12498: 12488: 12470: 12468:astro-ph/0412356 12461:(2): 1051–1062. 12446: 12440: 12439: 12421: 12403: 12394:(2): 1728–1736. 12379: 12373: 12372: 12354: 12336: 12327:(1): 1405–1411. 12311: 12305: 12304: 12302: 12301: 12289: 12283: 12282: 12264: 12246: 12222: 12216: 12215: 12205: 12187: 12178:(4): 5008–5016. 12163: 12154: 12153: 12119: 12117:astro-ph/0407036 12099: 12093: 12092: 12090: 12089: 12075: 12069: 12068: 12066: 12065: 12051: 12045: 12044: 12019: 12013: 12012: 11978: 11976:astro-ph/0412356 11969:(2): 1051–1062. 11954: 11948: 11947: 11921: 11912:(2): 1154–1166. 11901: 11892: 11891: 11839: 11830: 11829: 11819: 11801: 11776: 11770: 11769: 11735: 11733:astro-ph/0209005 11715: 11709: 11708: 11674: 11672:astro-ph/0407344 11654: 11648: 11647: 11621: 11611: 11602:(1): 1140–1155. 11587: 11581: 11580: 11546: 11544:astro-ph/0405111 11525: 11519: 11518: 11516: 11515: 11503: 11497: 11496: 11478: 11460: 11436: 11430: 11429: 11419: 11401: 11392:(2): 2702–2727. 11377: 11368: 11367: 11365: 11364: 11347: 11341: 11336: 11330: 11329: 11317: 11311: 11310: 11300: 11268: 11262: 11261: 11243: 11225: 11216:(3): 3699–3712. 11201: 11195: 11194: 11192: 11191: 11179: 11173: 11172: 11170: 11168: 11156: 11150: 11149: 11147: 11129: 11105: 11099: 11098: 11072: 11052: 11046: 11045: 11044:(Press release). 11037: 11031: 11030: 11020: 11002: 10978: 10972: 10971: 10961: 10943: 10919: 10913: 10912: 10902: 10884: 10860: 10854: 10853: 10843: 10825: 10801: 10795: 10794: 10792: 10790: 10775: 10760: 10759: 10725: 10705: 10699: 10698: 10696: 10695: 10683: 10677: 10676: 10671:. Archived from 10653:10.1038/35066514 10638: 10636:astro-ph/0102301 10613: 10604: 10603: 10577: 10575:astro-ph/0005559 10568:(2): L141–L144. 10557: 10551: 10550: 10540: 10522: 10498: 10489: 10488: 10486: 10484: 10469: 10463: 10462: 10460: 10458: 10439: 10433: 10432: 10422: 10404: 10380: 10374: 10373: 10371: 10369: 10355:(9 April 2020). 10349: 10343: 10342: 10340: 10339: 10324: 10318: 10317: 10299: 10281: 10256: 10250: 10249: 10215: 10194: 10181: 10180: 10146: 10125: 10116: 10115: 10081: 10072:(2): 3345–3357. 10061: 10050: 10049: 10031: 10013: 9987: 9978: 9977: 9975: 9974: 9960: 9954: 9953: 9935: 9917: 9892: 9883: 9882: 9848: 9824: 9813: 9812: 9810: 9792: 9767: 9761: 9760: 9750: 9732: 9707: 9701: 9700: 9694: 9686: 9684: 9666: 9642: 9633: 9632: 9622: 9604: 9579: 9568: 9567: 9557: 9539: 9514: 9508: 9507: 9497: 9479: 9454: 9448: 9447: 9429: 9411: 9386: 9375: 9374: 9364: 9346: 9321: 9315: 9314: 9304: 9286: 9261: 9255: 9254: 9248: 9240: 9219: 9213: 9212: 9210: 9209: 9198: 9192: 9191: 9181: 9163: 9138: 9132: 9131: 9105: 9080: 9074: 9073: 9031: 9007: 9001: 9000: 8990: 8972: 8948: 8939: 8938: 8912: 8888: 8882: 8881: 8855: 8831: 8825: 8824: 8805: 8794: 8793: 8767: 8743: 8737: 8736: 8710: 8687: 8681: 8680: 8678: 8676: 8667:. Archived from 8660: 8654: 8653: 8627: 8602: 8596: 8595: 8561: 8536: 8530: 8529: 8495: 8470: 8464: 8463: 8461: 8459: 8454:on 15 March 2014 8450:. Archived from 8439: 8433: 8432: 8430: 8428: 8419:. Archived from 8408: 8402: 8401: 8375: 8354: 8348: 8347: 8321: 8297: 8291: 8290: 8264: 8244: 8238: 8237: 8211: 8192:Ghez, Andrea Mia 8183: 8177: 8176: 8174: 8156: 8132: 8126: 8125: 8115: 8097: 8073: 8067: 8066: 8056: 8038: 8013: 8002: 8001: 7975: 7954: 7945: 7943: 7917: 7908:(2): 1517–1526. 7896: 7883: 7871: 7865: 7864: 7838: 7836:astro-ph/0103383 7816: 7807: 7806: 7788: 7770: 7761:(3): 3548–3562. 7745: 7739: 7738: 7728: 7710: 7686: 7677: 7676: 7642: 7640:astro-ph/0610550 7633:(2): 1064–1091. 7622: 7616: 7615: 7581: 7557: 7551: 7550: 7540: 7522: 7498: 7489: 7488: 7454: 7445:(2): 1327–1344. 7434: 7428: 7427: 7401: 7380:Luhman, Kevin L. 7376: 7370: 7369: 7343: 7322: 7316: 7303: 7297: 7291: 7285: 7284: 7258: 7249:(902): 412–422. 7224: 7218: 7217: 7191: 7168:Hatzes, Artie P. 7164: 7158: 7157: 7129: 7113: 7107: 7106: 7080: 7058: 7052: 7051: 7025: 7005: 6999: 6998: 6972: 6948: 6942: 6941: 6939: 6938: 6919: 6913: 6912: 6910: 6909: 6900:. Archived from 6894: 6888: 6887: 6885: 6884: 6875:. Archived from 6869: 6863: 6862: 6852: 6834: 6810: 6804: 6803: 6777: 6775:astro-ph/0608417 6751: 6745: 6744: 6710: 6686: 6680: 6679: 6669: 6651: 6627: 6621: 6620: 6586: 6562: 6556: 6555: 6529: 6506: 6500: 6499: 6489: 6471: 6446: 6440: 6439: 6429: 6411: 6402:(4): 5701–5726. 6387: 6381: 6380: 6370: 6352: 6328: 6322: 6321: 6311: 6293: 6269: 6263: 6262: 6252: 6234: 6209: 6203: 6202: 6192: 6174: 6150: 6144: 6143: 6133: 6115: 6113:astro-ph/0205051 6106:(2): L151–L154. 6091: 6085: 6084: 6053: 6047: 6046: 6000: 5998:astro-ph/0103383 5980: 5974: 5973: 5963: 5945: 5925: 5916: 5915: 5897: 5895:astro-ph/0309256 5888:(3): 1029–1036. 5876: 5870: 5868: 5866: 5865: 5846: 5833: 5832: 5808: 5802: 5801: 5790:10.1038/377129a0 5762: 5756: 5755: 5723: 5717: 5716: 5714: 5713: 5702: 5696: 5695: 5693: 5692: 5678: 5672: 5671: 5637: 5613: 5607: 5606: 5580: 5574: 5573: 5536: 5530: 5529: 5527: 5492: 5486: 5485: 5457: 5451: 5450: 5448: 5447: 5442:. April 10, 2020 5432: 5426: 5425: 5407: 5401: 5400: 5368: 5362: 5361: 5359: 5327: 5321: 5320: 5312: 5306: 5305: 5279: 5277:astro-ph/0103383 5252: 5246: 5245: 5243: 5241: 5230: 5221: 5220: 5218: 5216: 5177: 5167: 5161: 5160: 5158: 5156: 5150: 5144:. Archived from 5117: 5108: 5095: 5094: 5092: 5090: 5073: 5062: 5061: 5059: 5057: 5037: 5031: 5030: 5018: 5000: 4970: 4955:List of Y-dwarfs 4896: 4854: 4794: 4752: 4734:=10.68±0.03 mag 4714: 4684: 4679:L7.5 + T0.5 ± 1 4656: 4640: 4639: 4638: 4605: 4595: 4594: 4577: 4472: 4436: 4420: 4402: 4401: 4400: 4363: 4357: 4351: 4332:CWISE J0602-4624 4294: 4293: 4287: 4284: 4266: 4265: 4259: 4240: 4102: 4031: 3682:Discovered 1994 3615: 3614: 3487:sub-brown dwarfs 3403: 3392:The brown dwarf 3182:are quite rare. 3111:eclipsing binary 3081: 3015: 3013: 3012: 3007: 3005: 3004: 2995: 2990: 2989: 2964: 2963: 2962: 2737:Very Large Array 2720: 2654:ultracool dwarfs 2650:Very Large Array 2600: 2556: 2412: 2408: 2308:CWISE J1055+5443 2235:WISEA J0302−5817 2218:WISEA J1141−3326 2205: 2192: 2121: 2102:sub-brown dwarfs 1983:List of Y-dwarfs 1977:Spectral class Y 1872:Spectral class T 1832:emission bands ( 1788:Spectral class L 1760:Spectral class M 1739: 1738: 1737: 1718: 1717: 1716: 1611:sub-brown dwarfs 1601: 1544: 1494: 1463: 1452: 1391: 1384: 1376: 1369:Coulomb pressure 1359: 1344: 1145: 1115:The lithium test 1074: 1072: 1071: 1066: 1061: 1046: 1045: 1033: 1032: 1015: 1013: 1012: 1007: 1005: 999: 998: 980: 979: 962: 960: 959: 954: 952: 951: 950: 949: 936: 931: 924: 923: 909: 908: 894: 893: 892: 880: 811: 794: 787: 780: 773: 766: 759: 752: 745: 738: 729: 722: 715: 708: 701: 694: 687: 680: 673: 666: 659: 652: 645: 638: 631: 626: 615: 608: 604: 601: 595: 572: 564: 522: 508: 329: 301:Deuterium fusion 211:Early theorizing 115: 52: 38: 21: 18330: 18329: 18325: 18324: 18323: 18321: 18320: 18319: 18315:Types of planet 18280: 18279: 18278: 18268: 18266: 18254: 18244: 18242: 18234: 18232: 18227: 18223:Search projects 18209: 18138: 17927: 17886: 17788: 17760:Radial velocity 17700: 17656:K/Orange dwarfs 17646:G/Yellow dwarfs 17607: 17601:Titius–Bode law 17540: 17471:Molecular cloud 17371:Detached object 17322: 17320: 17309: 17295:Toroidal planet 17285:Sub-brown dwarf 17193: 17119: 17091:(Super-Mercury) 17064:Coreless planet 17040: 17038: 17032: 17023: 16987: 16955: 16952: 16922: 16917: 16905: 16887: 16812: 16781:Milky Way novae 16717:Smallest volume 16661: 16642:Radial velocity 16565: 16559: 16511:Common envelope 16487: 16386: 16355:Helioseismology 16326:Bipolar outflow 16267:Microturbulence 16262:Convection zone 16243: 16137:Lithium burning 16124:Nucleosynthesis 16114: 15996: 15905: 15632: 15511: 15460:Molecular cloud 15441: 15428: 15423: 15282: 15267:Wayback Machine 15246:Montes, David; 15194: 15175: 15126: 15121: 15111: 15109: 15102: 15098: 15089: 15087: 15077: 15073: 15014: 15010: 14987: 14983: 14927: 14923: 14914: 14912: 14902: 14901: 14897: 14842: 14838: 14797: 14793: 14738: 14731: 14667: 14663: 14604: 14600: 14536: 14532: 14473:(7102): 543–5. 14459: 14455: 14406: 14402: 14352: 14348: 14298: 14294: 14285: 14283: 14272: 14268: 14219: 14215: 14150: 14146: 14111: 14107: 14098: 14096: 14085:Morrison, David 14082: 14078: 14015: 14011: 13956: 13952: 13897: 13893: 13838: 13834: 13785: 13781: 13731: 13727: 13678: 13674: 13625: 13621: 13560: 13556: 13546: 13544: 13533: 13529: 13476: 13472: 13408: 13404: 13341: 13337: 13276: 13272: 13205: 13198: 13134: 13130: 13121: 13119: 13109: 13105: 13100:Wayback Machine 13087: 13083: 13034: 13027: 12964: 12957: 12948: 12946: 12931: 12927: 12864: 12860: 12813:(5749): 834–6. 12799: 12792: 12725: 12721: 12712: 12710: 12695: 12691: 12636: 12632: 12577: 12570: 12506: 12502: 12447: 12443: 12380: 12376: 12312: 12308: 12299: 12297: 12290: 12286: 12223: 12219: 12164: 12157: 12100: 12096: 12087: 12085: 12077: 12076: 12072: 12063: 12061: 12053: 12052: 12048: 12020: 12016: 11955: 11951: 11902: 11895: 11840: 11833: 11777: 11773: 11716: 11712: 11655: 11651: 11588: 11584: 11526: 11522: 11513: 11511: 11504: 11500: 11437: 11433: 11378: 11371: 11362: 11360: 11358:www.noirlab.edu 11348: 11344: 11337: 11333: 11318: 11314: 11269: 11265: 11202: 11198: 11189: 11187: 11180: 11176: 11166: 11164: 11157: 11153: 11106: 11102: 11053: 11049: 11038: 11034: 10979: 10975: 10920: 10916: 10861: 10857: 10802: 10798: 10788: 10786: 10777: 10776: 10763: 10706: 10702: 10693: 10691: 10684: 10680: 10614: 10607: 10558: 10554: 10499: 10492: 10482: 10480: 10471: 10470: 10466: 10456: 10454: 10453:on 2 April 2014 10441: 10440: 10436: 10381: 10377: 10367: 10365: 10350: 10346: 10337: 10335: 10325: 10321: 10257: 10253: 10195: 10184: 10126: 10119: 10062: 10053: 9988: 9981: 9972: 9970: 9962: 9961: 9957: 9893: 9886: 9825: 9816: 9768: 9764: 9708: 9704: 9688: 9687: 9643: 9636: 9580: 9571: 9515: 9511: 9455: 9451: 9387: 9378: 9322: 9318: 9262: 9258: 9242: 9241: 9220: 9216: 9207: 9205: 9200: 9199: 9195: 9139: 9135: 9081: 9077: 9008: 9004: 8949: 8942: 8889: 8885: 8832: 8828: 8806: 8797: 8744: 8740: 8688: 8684: 8674: 8672: 8661: 8657: 8603: 8599: 8537: 8533: 8471: 8467: 8457: 8455: 8440: 8436: 8426: 8424: 8423:on 26 July 2014 8409: 8405: 8355: 8351: 8298: 8294: 8245: 8241: 8184: 8180: 8133: 8129: 8074: 8070: 8014: 8005: 7955: 7948: 7897: 7886: 7881:Wayback Machine 7872: 7868: 7817: 7810: 7746: 7742: 7687: 7680: 7623: 7619: 7558: 7554: 7499: 7492: 7435: 7431: 7377: 7373: 7323: 7319: 7313:Wayback Machine 7304: 7300: 7292: 7288: 7225: 7221: 7165: 7161: 7146: 7120:. p. 157. 7114: 7110: 7059: 7055: 7006: 7002: 6949: 6945: 6936: 6934: 6921: 6920: 6916: 6907: 6905: 6896: 6895: 6891: 6882: 6880: 6871: 6870: 6866: 6811: 6807: 6752: 6748: 6687: 6683: 6628: 6624: 6563: 6559: 6507: 6503: 6447: 6443: 6388: 6384: 6329: 6325: 6270: 6266: 6210: 6206: 6151: 6147: 6092: 6088: 6054: 6050: 6044: 6041: 6037: 6034: 6030: 5981: 5977: 5926: 5919: 5877: 5873: 5863: 5861: 5847: 5836: 5809: 5805: 5763: 5759: 5753: 5724: 5720: 5711: 5709: 5704: 5703: 5699: 5690: 5688: 5680: 5679: 5675: 5635: 5614: 5610: 5581: 5577: 5563: 5537: 5533: 5493: 5489: 5458: 5454: 5445: 5443: 5434: 5433: 5429: 5422: 5408: 5404: 5398: 5369: 5365: 5328: 5324: 5313: 5309: 5253: 5249: 5239: 5237: 5231: 5224: 5214: 5212: 5202: 5168: 5164: 5154: 5152: 5148: 5115: 5109: 5098: 5088: 5086: 5074: 5065: 5055: 5053: 5038: 5034: 5028: 5024: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4907: 4900: 4897: 4888: 4862: 4859: 4852: 4792: 4750: 4733: 4729: 4726: 4712: 4682: 4654: 4636: 4634: 4633: 4631: 4603: 4592: 4590: 4589: 4587: 4575: 4568:WISEA 1810−1010 4528: 4479: 4476: 4470: 4443: 4440: 4434: 4418: 4398: 4396: 4395: 4393: 4361: 4355: 4349: 4288: 4282: 4279: 4263: 4257: 4238: 4100: 4029: 3923:WISE J0336−0143 3754:(SIMBAD: 102) 3747:bipolar outflow 3613: 3611:Table of firsts 3593: 3587: 3555: 3530:rotational axis 3465: 3462: 3458: 3455: 3451: 3448: 3444: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3430: 3417: 3410: 3407: 3401: 3383:Peter Pan disks 3379: 3376: 3264: 3250:stage the name 3219:red giant phase 3165: 3129: 3123: 3106:and Luhman 16. 3104:SDSS J1416+13AB 3076: 3066:SDSS J1416+1348 3058: 3039:WISE J0336-0143 3000: 2996: 2991: 2985: 2981: 2973: 2970: 2969: 2960: 2958: 2957: 2955: 2940: 2935: 2879: 2873: 2831: 2822:Chuo University 2790:magnetic fields 2771: 2727: 2724: 2718: 2689:adaptive optics 2662: 2596: 2589: 2551: 2520: 2407: 2343:carbon monoxide 2327: 2319: 2306:November 2023: 2300:WISE J0336−0143 2277:indicated that 2257:Backyard Worlds 2249:WISE J0830+2837 2227:was discovered. 2211:WISE J2209+2711 2203: 2200: 2197: 2190: 2180:WISE J1639−6847 2178:November 2012: 2138:CFBDS J1458+10B 2128: 2125: 2119: 2094: 2060: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2042:O), methane (CH 2041: 2003:; 440–620 1985: 1979: 1951: 1931: 1923: 1919: 1911: 1902:carbon monoxide 1899: 1874: 1867: 1790: 1762: 1757: 1752: 1745: 1742: 1735: 1733: 1732: 1730: 1714: 1712: 1711: 1709: 1698: 1695: 1660:sub-brown dwarf 1642: 1608: 1605: 1599: 1580: 1578:Sub-brown dwarf 1574: 1572:Sub-brown dwarf 1562:sin i ambiguity 1551: 1548: 1542: 1537:As of 2011 the 1501: 1498: 1492: 1470: 1467: 1461: 1459: 1456: 1450: 1445:Currently, the 1443: 1409: 1398: 1395: 1389: 1383: 1374: 1372: 1366: 1363: 1357: 1351: 1348: 1342: 1339: 1314: 1175: 1159: 1152: 1149: 1143: 1133:Antonio Magazzu 1117: 1093: 1048: 1041: 1037: 1028: 1024: 1022: 1019: 1018: 1001: 994: 990: 975: 971: 969: 966: 965: 945: 941: 937: 932: 927: 926: 919: 915: 904: 900: 888: 884: 876: 872: 866: 863: 862: 845: 842: 814: 813: 809: 805: 803: 801: 799: 796: 792: 789: 785: 782: 778: 775: 771: 768: 764: 761: 757: 754: 750: 747: 743: 740: 736: 734: 731: 727: 724: 720: 717: 713: 710: 706: 703: 699: 696: 692: 689: 685: 682: 678: 675: 671: 668: 664: 661: 657: 654: 650: 647: 643: 640: 636: 633: 629: 616: 605: 599: 596: 585: 573: 562: 530: 527: 520: 515: 512: 506: 465: 441:absorption band 402: 363: 355:radial velocity 326: 319: 316: 313: 303: 295:degenerate star 288: 285: 276: 273: 213: 192: 122: 119: 113: 91: 88: 61: 60: 59: 58: 57: 53: 44: 43: 42: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 18328: 18318: 18317: 18312: 18307: 18302: 18297: 18292: 18277: 18276: 18264: 18252: 18229: 18228: 18226: 18225: 18220: 18214: 18211: 18210: 18208: 18207: 18202: 18197: 18192: 18187: 18182: 18177: 18172: 18167: 18162: 18157: 18152: 18146: 18144: 18140: 18139: 18137: 18136: 18135: 18134: 18129: 18124: 18119: 18114: 18109: 18104: 18099: 18094: 18089: 18084: 18079: 18074: 18069: 18064: 18059: 18054: 18045: 18044: 18043: 18042: 18037: 18032: 18027: 18026: 18025: 18020: 18015: 18010: 18000: 17995: 17990: 17985: 17980: 17975: 17970: 17959: 17958: 17957: 17956: 17951: 17946: 17937: 17935: 17929: 17928: 17926: 17925: 17920: 17915: 17910: 17905: 17900: 17894: 17892: 17888: 17887: 17885: 17884: 17879: 17874: 17869: 17864: 17859: 17854: 17849: 17844: 17839: 17834: 17829: 17824: 17819: 17814: 17809: 17804: 17798: 17796: 17790: 17789: 17787: 17786: 17781: 17780: 17779: 17772:Transit method 17769: 17768: 17767: 17757: 17756: 17755: 17745: 17740: 17739: 17738: 17728: 17727: 17726: 17719:Direct imaging 17716: 17710: 17708: 17702: 17701: 17699: 17698: 17693: 17688: 17683: 17678: 17673: 17668: 17663: 17658: 17653: 17648: 17643: 17638: 17633: 17628: 17623: 17617: 17615: 17609: 17608: 17606: 17605: 17604: 17603: 17598: 17593: 17588: 17580: 17575: 17574: 17573: 17563: 17562: 17561: 17550: 17548: 17542: 17541: 17539: 17538: 17536:Star formation 17533: 17531:Scattered disc 17528: 17523: 17518: 17513: 17508: 17503: 17498: 17493: 17488: 17483: 17478: 17473: 17468: 17463: 17458: 17453: 17448: 17443: 17438: 17433: 17428: 17423: 17418: 17413: 17408: 17403: 17398: 17393: 17388: 17383: 17381:Excretion disk 17378: 17373: 17368: 17363: 17358: 17353: 17348: 17343: 17338: 17336:Accretion disk 17333: 17327: 17325: 17315: 17314: 17311: 17310: 17308: 17307: 17302: 17297: 17292: 17287: 17282: 17277: 17272: 17267: 17262: 17257: 17252: 17247: 17245:Eyeball planet 17242: 17237: 17232: 17227: 17222: 17217: 17212: 17207: 17201: 17199: 17195: 17194: 17192: 17191: 17186: 17181: 17176: 17171: 17166: 17161: 17156: 17151: 17146: 17141: 17135: 17129: 17127: 17121: 17120: 17118: 17117: 17112: 17107: 17102: 17097: 17092: 17086: 17081: 17076: 17071: 17066: 17061: 17055: 17053: 17044: 17034: 17033: 17026: 17024: 17022: 17021: 17016: 17011: 17006: 17001: 16995: 16993: 16989: 16988: 16986: 16985: 16980: 16979: 16978: 16977: 16976: 16960: 16957: 16956: 16951: 16950: 16943: 16936: 16928: 16919: 16918: 16916: 16915: 16903: 16892: 16889: 16888: 16886: 16885: 16880: 16875: 16870: 16865: 16860: 16855: 16850: 16849: 16848: 16843: 16842: 16841: 16836: 16820: 16818: 16814: 16813: 16811: 16810: 16805: 16800: 16799: 16798: 16793: 16783: 16778: 16773: 16768: 16763: 16758: 16753: 16752: 16751: 16746: 16745: 16744: 16734: 16729: 16724: 16719: 16714: 16712:Largest volume 16709: 16704: 16699: 16689: 16688: 16687: 16682: 16671: 16669: 16663: 16662: 16660: 16659: 16654: 16649: 16644: 16639: 16638: 16637: 16632: 16627: 16617: 16612: 16607: 16602: 16597: 16596: 16595: 16590: 16585: 16580: 16569: 16567: 16561: 16560: 16558: 16557: 16552: 16551: 16550: 16545: 16540: 16530: 16525: 16524: 16523: 16518: 16513: 16508: 16497: 16495: 16489: 16488: 16486: 16485: 16480: 16475: 16470: 16465: 16460: 16455: 16450: 16445: 16440: 16435: 16430: 16425: 16423:Magnetic field 16420: 16415: 16410: 16405: 16400: 16394: 16392: 16388: 16387: 16385: 16384: 16379: 16374: 16369: 16364: 16359: 16358: 16357: 16347: 16346: 16345: 16340: 16333:Accretion disk 16330: 16329: 16328: 16323: 16313: 16312: 16311: 16309:Alfvén surface 16306: 16304:Stellar corona 16301: 16296: 16291: 16281: 16279:Radiation zone 16276: 16275: 16274: 16269: 16259: 16253: 16251: 16245: 16244: 16242: 16241: 16236: 16235: 16234: 16229: 16224: 16219: 16214: 16204: 16199: 16194: 16189: 16184: 16179: 16174: 16169: 16164: 16159: 16154: 16149: 16144: 16139: 16134: 16128: 16126: 16120: 16119: 16116: 16115: 16113: 16112: 16107: 16102: 16097: 16092: 16087: 16086: 16085: 16080: 16077: 16069: 16068: 16067: 16062: 16057: 16052: 16047: 16042: 16037: 16032: 16027: 16017: 16012: 16006: 16004: 15998: 15997: 15995: 15994: 15989: 15988: 15987: 15977: 15972: 15971: 15970: 15965: 15964: 15963: 15958: 15948: 15938: 15937: 15936: 15926: 15921: 15915: 15913: 15907: 15906: 15904: 15903: 15901:Blue straggler 15898: 15897: 15896: 15886: 15881: 15880: 15879: 15869: 15868: 15867: 15862: 15857: 15852: 15847: 15842: 15837: 15832: 15827: 15817: 15812: 15811: 15810: 15805: 15800: 15790: 15789: 15788: 15778: 15777: 15776: 15771: 15766: 15756: 15751: 15750: 15749: 15744: 15739: 15729: 15724: 15719: 15714: 15713: 15712: 15707: 15697: 15696: 15695: 15690: 15685: 15680: 15675: 15670: 15665: 15659:Main sequence 15657: 15652: 15646: 15640: 15638:Classification 15634: 15633: 15631: 15630: 15629: 15628: 15623: 15613: 15608: 15603: 15598: 15593: 15588: 15583: 15578: 15577: 15576: 15574:Protoplanetary 15566: 15561: 15560: 15559: 15554: 15544: 15543: 15542: 15532: 15527: 15521: 15519: 15513: 15512: 15510: 15509: 15504: 15499: 15494: 15493: 15492: 15487: 15482: 15477: 15467: 15462: 15457: 15451: 15449: 15443: 15442: 15440: 15439: 15433: 15430: 15429: 15422: 15421: 15414: 15407: 15399: 15393: 15392: 15347: 15342: 15330:10.1086/498868 15306:(1): L93–L96. 15295: 15289: 15281: 15278: 15277: 15276: 15270: 15257: 15251: 15244: 15238: 15237: 15236: 15230: 15206: 15200: 15193: 15190: 15189: 15188: 15183: 15174: 15171: 15170: 15169: 15137:"Brown dwarfs" 15132: 15125: 15124:External links 15122: 15120: 15119: 15096: 15071: 15018:Caleb, Manisha 15008: 14981: 14921: 14895: 14836: 14791: 14729: 14705:10.1086/504964 14661: 14598: 14530: 14527:on 2021-04-27. 14453: 14400: 14387:10.1086/375813 14346: 14333:10.1086/426559 14309:(1): 511–517. 14292: 14266: 14253:10.1086/301079 14213: 14144: 14105: 14076: 14029:(3): 279–291. 14009: 13950: 13891: 13832: 13779: 13766:10.1086/589940 13742:(1): 663–683. 13725: 13672: 13659:10.1086/521825 13619: 13554: 13527: 13514:10.1086/498868 13490:(1): L93–L96. 13470: 13402: 13335: 13270: 13211:(2021-11-01). 13196: 13128: 13103: 13081: 13025: 12955: 12925: 12858: 12801:Apai, Dániel; 12790: 12719: 12689: 12630: 12568: 12521:(1): 948–961. 12500: 12486:10.1086/500161 12441: 12374: 12306: 12284: 12217: 12155: 12134:10.1086/423919 12094: 12070: 12046: 12014: 11993:10.1086/500161 11949: 11936:10.1086/519231 11893: 11831: 11771: 11710: 11689:10.1086/423666 11665:(1): 398–403. 11649: 11582: 11537:(1): 341–352. 11520: 11498: 11431: 11369: 11342: 11331: 11312: 11263: 11196: 11174: 11151: 11100: 11047: 11032: 10973: 10914: 10855: 10796: 10761: 10700: 10678: 10675:on 2021-04-27. 10605: 10592:10.1086/312817 10552: 10490: 10464: 10434: 10375: 10344: 10319: 10251: 10206:(1): 100–146. 10182: 10161:10.1086/591025 10137:(1): 528–541. 10129:Metal-Rich?". 10117: 10051: 10004:(1): 359–364. 9979: 9955: 9884: 9814: 9762: 9702: 9634: 9569: 9518:(2021-11-01). 9509: 9449: 9390:(2020-08-01). 9376: 9316: 9256: 9214: 9193: 9133: 9075: 9002: 8940: 8883: 8826: 8795: 8738: 8682: 8655: 8606:(2012-07-01). 8597: 8540:(2011-12-01). 8531: 8474:(2011-12-01). 8465: 8434: 8403: 8349: 8292: 8239: 8178: 8127: 8068: 8029:(1): 320–333. 8003: 7966:(3): 961–971. 7946: 7884: 7866: 7829:(3): 719–765. 7808: 7740: 7678: 7657:10.1086/510877 7617: 7552: 7490: 7469:10.1086/592734 7429: 7371: 7317: 7298: 7286: 7273:10.1086/659427 7219: 7159: 7144: 7108: 7053: 7000: 6943: 6914: 6889: 6864: 6805: 6754:Basri, Gibor; 6746: 6681: 6622: 6557: 6501: 6441: 6382: 6323: 6264: 6204: 6145: 6131:10.1086/341343 6086: 6048: 6042: 6039: 6035: 6032: 6028: 5991:(3): 719–765. 5975: 5917: 5871: 5834: 5813:Rebolo, Rafael 5803: 5766:Rebolo, Rafael 5757: 5751: 5727:Rebolo, Rafael 5718: 5697: 5673: 5660:10.1086/307414 5646:(2): 802–833. 5608: 5575: 5561: 5531: 5510:(4): 460–474. 5487: 5482:10.1086/147589 5452: 5427: 5420: 5402: 5396: 5363: 5357:10.1086/108658 5322: 5307: 5270:(3): 719–765. 5247: 5222: 5200: 5162: 5151:on May 8, 2013 5096: 5083:Universe Today 5063: 5032: 5026: 5022: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4958: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4940:Stellification 4937: 4931: 4925: 4919: 4913: 4906: 4903: 4902: 4901: 4898: 4891: 4887: 4884: 4881: 4880: 4878: 4876: 4874: 4872: 4870: 4866: 4865: 4860: 4857: 4846: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4831: 4827: 4826: 4823: 4818: 4815: 4812: 4809: 4805: 4804: 4801: 4796: 4790: 4787: 4785:WISE 0855−0714 4782: 4778: 4777: 4775: 4773: 4771: 4769: 4767: 4763: 4762: 4759: 4754: 4748: 4745: 4740: 4736: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4724: 4721: 4716: 4710: 4704: 4699: 4695: 4694: 4691: 4686: 4680: 4677: 4671: 4667: 4666: 4663: 4658: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4643: 4642: 4628: 4623: 4620: 4617: 4612: 4608: 4607: 4601: 4584: 4579: 4573: 4570: 4565: 4561: 4560: 4558: 4556: 4554: 4552: 4550: 4546: 4545: 4543: 4541: 4539: 4537: 4535: 4534:Least massive 4531: 4530: 4524: 4518: 4513: 4510: 4504: 4501: 4497: 4496: 4494: 4492: 4490: 4488: 4486: 4482: 4481: 4477: 4474: 4467: 4462: 4459: 4453: 4450: 4446: 4445: 4441: 4438: 4427: 4422: 4416: 4413: 4410: 4406: 4405: 4403:billion years 4379: 4366: 4346: 4335: 4318: 4314: 4313: 4310: 4309:Constellation 4307: 4304: 4303:Spectral type 4301: 4298: 4290: 4289: 4269: 4267: 4256: 4253: 4250: 4249: 4247: 4242: 4236: 4233: 4227: 4219: 4218: 4215: 4212: 4209: 4206: 4204:TVLM 513-46546 4201: 4197: 4196: 4193: 4190: 4188: 4185: 4183:LSR J1835+3259 4180: 4176: 4175: 4172: 4169: 4166: 4163: 4158: 4154: 4153: 4150: 4145: 4142: 4139: 4136: 4132: 4131: 4128: 4125: 4123: 4120: 4115: 4111: 4110: 4107: 4104: 4098: 4095: 4090: 4086: 4085: 4082: 4079: 4077: 4074: 4069: 4065: 4064: 4061: 4058: 4055: 4052: 4046: 4042: 4041: 4038: 4033: 4027: 4024: 4018: 4014: 4013: 4010: 4007: 4004: 4001: 3996: 3992: 3991: 3988: 3983: 3980: 3974: 3969: 3965: 3964: 3961: 3956: 3953: 3952:L5, L8 and T0 3950: 3944: 3940: 3939: 3936: 3931: 3928: 3925: 3920: 3916: 3915: 3912: 3909: 3906: 3903: 3898: 3894: 3893: 3890: 3887: 3885: 3882: 3877: 3873: 3872: 3869: 3866: 3863: 3860: 3855: 3851: 3850: 3847: 3844: 3841: 3838: 3833: 3829: 3828: 3825: 3822: 3819: 3816: 3811: 3807: 3806: 3795: 3792: 3789: 3786: 3777:Mayrit 1701117 3774: 3767: 3766: 3763: 3760: 3757: 3755: 3749: 3742: 3741: 3734: 3729: 3726: 3723: 3718: 3711: 3710: 3707: 3702: 3699: 3696: 3691: 3684: 3683: 3680: 3675: 3672: 3669: 3664: 3660: 3659: 3656: 3651: 3648: 3645: 3639: 3635: 3634: 3631: 3630:Constellation 3628: 3625: 3624:Spectral type 3622: 3619: 3612: 3609: 3589:Main article: 3586: 3583: 3567:habitable zone 3554: 3551: 3514:carbon planets 3483:cloud collapse 3463: 3460: 3456: 3453: 3449: 3446: 3442: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3428: 3416: 3413: 3408: 3405: 3377: 3374: 3338:Disk Detective 3300:Mayrit 1701117 3276:Mayrit 1701117 3263: 3260: 3252:period bouncer 3223:Jupiter masses 3207:tidally locked 3200:WD 0806−661 AB 3164: 3161: 3125:Main article: 3122: 3119: 3095:binding energy 3057: 3054: 3003: 2999: 2994: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2977: 2939: 2936: 2934: 2931: 2878: 2875: 2848:magnetospheres 2830: 2827: 2799:magnetic field 2770: 2767: 2766: 2765: 2762:WISE 0855−0714 2758: 2755: 2740: 2733: 2725: 2722: 2711: 2704: 2701:Hale Telescope 2681: 2661: 2658: 2607:WISE 1828+2650 2588: 2585: 2519: 2516: 2501:stars than to 2469: 2468: 2465: 2461: 2460: 2457: 2453: 2452: 2449: 2445: 2444: 2441: 2437: 2436: 2429: 2425: 2424: 2421: 2417: 2416: 2406: 2403: 2391:photochemistry 2326: 2323: 2322: 2321: 2317: 2314: 2311: 2304: 2296: 2289: 2286: 2283: 2265: 2264: 2245: 2238: 2231: 2228: 2221: 2214: 2213:was published. 2207: 2198: 2195: 2187:WISE 0855−0714 2183: 2175: 2174: 2171:WISE 1828+2650 2158:WISE 0458+6434 2151: 2150: 2142: 2141: 2132: 2131: 2126: 2123: 2110: 2109: 2093: 2090: 2059: 2056: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2036:WISE 0359−5401 1999:(227–327 1978: 1975: 1971:WISE 0316+4307 1949: 1929: 1921: 1917: 1909: 1897: 1873: 1870: 1865: 1822:spectral class 1802:spectral class 1789: 1786: 1761: 1758: 1756: 1753: 1751: 1748: 1743: 1740: 1696: 1693: 1646:low-mass stars 1641: 1638: 1606: 1603: 1598:Objects below 1576:Main article: 1573: 1570: 1549: 1546: 1522:and Oph 98 B. 1520:2MASS J044144b 1499: 1496: 1481:accretion disk 1477:star formation 1468: 1465: 1457: 1454: 1442: 1439: 1408: 1405: 1396: 1393: 1381: 1364: 1361: 1349: 1346: 1338: 1335: 1313: 1310: 1302:WISE 0855-0714 1286:sodium sulfide 1220:thermochemical 1195:2MASS J2139+02 1174: 1171: 1158: 1155: 1150: 1147: 1129:Eduardo Martín 1116: 1113: 1092: 1089: 1076: 1075: 1064: 1060: 1057: 1054: 1051: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1031: 1027: 1016: 1004: 997: 993: 989: 986: 983: 978: 974: 963: 948: 944: 940: 935: 930: 922: 918: 913: 907: 903: 898: 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 870: 843: 840: 807: 797: 790: 786:Red supergiant 783: 776: 769: 762: 755: 748: 741: 732: 725: 718: 711: 704: 697: 690: 683: 676: 669: 662: 655: 648: 641: 634: 627: 618: 617: 576: 574: 567: 561: 558: 544:spectroscopic 528: 525: 513: 510: 464: 461: 401: 398: 362: 359: 324: 314: 311: 302: 299: 286: 283: 274: 271: 212: 209: 191: 188: 184:Barnard's Star 180:Alpha Centauri 120: 117: 94:nuclear fusion 89: 86: 54: 47: 46: 45: 40: 33: 32: 31: 30: 29: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 18327: 18316: 18313: 18311: 18308: 18306: 18303: 18301: 18298: 18296: 18293: 18291: 18288: 18287: 18285: 18275: 18265: 18263: 18258: 18253: 18251: 18241: 18240: 18237: 18224: 18221: 18219: 18216: 18215: 18212: 18206: 18203: 18201: 18198: 18196: 18193: 18191: 18188: 18186: 18183: 18181: 18178: 18176: 18173: 18171: 18168: 18166: 18163: 18161: 18158: 18156: 18153: 18151: 18148: 18147: 18145: 18141: 18133: 18130: 18128: 18125: 18123: 18120: 18118: 18115: 18113: 18110: 18108: 18105: 18103: 18100: 18098: 18095: 18093: 18090: 18088: 18085: 18083: 18080: 18078: 18075: 18073: 18070: 18068: 18065: 18063: 18060: 18058: 18055: 18053: 18050: 18049: 18047: 18046: 18041: 18038: 18036: 18033: 18031: 18028: 18024: 18021: 18019: 18016: 18014: 18011: 18009: 18006: 18005: 18004: 18001: 17999: 17996: 17994: 17991: 17989: 17986: 17984: 17981: 17979: 17976: 17974: 17971: 17969: 17966: 17965: 17964: 17961: 17960: 17955: 17952: 17950: 17947: 17945: 17942: 17941: 17939: 17938: 17936: 17934: 17930: 17924: 17921: 17919: 17916: 17914: 17911: 17909: 17906: 17904: 17901: 17899: 17896: 17895: 17893: 17889: 17883: 17880: 17878: 17875: 17873: 17870: 17868: 17865: 17863: 17860: 17858: 17855: 17853: 17850: 17848: 17845: 17843: 17840: 17838: 17835: 17833: 17830: 17828: 17825: 17823: 17820: 17818: 17815: 17813: 17810: 17808: 17805: 17803: 17800: 17799: 17797: 17795: 17791: 17785: 17782: 17778: 17775: 17774: 17773: 17770: 17766: 17763: 17762: 17761: 17758: 17754: 17751: 17750: 17749: 17746: 17744: 17741: 17737: 17734: 17733: 17732: 17729: 17725: 17722: 17721: 17720: 17717: 17715: 17712: 17711: 17709: 17707: 17703: 17697: 17696:Yellow giants 17694: 17692: 17689: 17687: 17684: 17682: 17679: 17677: 17674: 17672: 17669: 17667: 17664: 17662: 17659: 17657: 17654: 17652: 17649: 17647: 17644: 17642: 17639: 17637: 17634: 17632: 17629: 17627: 17624: 17622: 17619: 17618: 17616: 17614: 17610: 17602: 17599: 17597: 17594: 17592: 17589: 17587: 17584: 17583: 17581: 17579: 17576: 17572: 17569: 17568: 17567: 17564: 17560: 17557: 17556: 17555: 17552: 17551: 17549: 17547: 17543: 17537: 17534: 17532: 17529: 17527: 17524: 17522: 17519: 17517: 17514: 17512: 17509: 17507: 17504: 17502: 17499: 17497: 17494: 17492: 17489: 17487: 17484: 17482: 17479: 17477: 17474: 17472: 17469: 17467: 17466:Merging stars 17464: 17462: 17459: 17457: 17454: 17452: 17449: 17447: 17444: 17442: 17439: 17437: 17434: 17432: 17429: 17427: 17424: 17422: 17419: 17417: 17414: 17412: 17409: 17407: 17404: 17402: 17399: 17397: 17394: 17392: 17389: 17387: 17384: 17382: 17379: 17377: 17374: 17372: 17369: 17367: 17364: 17362: 17359: 17357: 17354: 17352: 17349: 17347: 17344: 17342: 17341:Asteroid belt 17339: 17337: 17334: 17332: 17329: 17328: 17326: 17324: 17316: 17306: 17303: 17301: 17298: 17296: 17293: 17291: 17288: 17286: 17283: 17281: 17280:Pulsar planet 17278: 17276: 17273: 17271: 17268: 17266: 17263: 17261: 17258: 17256: 17253: 17251: 17248: 17246: 17243: 17241: 17238: 17236: 17235:Double planet 17233: 17231: 17228: 17226: 17223: 17221: 17218: 17216: 17213: 17211: 17208: 17206: 17203: 17202: 17200: 17196: 17190: 17187: 17185: 17182: 17180: 17177: 17175: 17174:Super-Neptune 17172: 17170: 17169:Super-Jupiter 17167: 17165: 17162: 17160: 17157: 17155: 17152: 17150: 17147: 17145: 17144:Helium planet 17142: 17139: 17136: 17134: 17131: 17130: 17128: 17126: 17122: 17116: 17113: 17111: 17108: 17106: 17103: 17101: 17098: 17096: 17093: 17090: 17087: 17085: 17082: 17080: 17079:Hycean planet 17077: 17075: 17072: 17070: 17069:Desert planet 17067: 17065: 17062: 17060: 17059:Carbon planet 17057: 17056: 17054: 17052: 17048: 17045: 17043: 17035: 17030: 17020: 17017: 17015: 17012: 17010: 17007: 17005: 17002: 17000: 16997: 16996: 16994: 16990: 16984: 16981: 16975: 16972: 16971: 16970: 16967: 16966: 16965: 16962: 16961: 16958: 16949: 16944: 16942: 16937: 16935: 16930: 16929: 16926: 16914: 16909: 16904: 16902: 16894: 16893: 16890: 16884: 16881: 16879: 16876: 16874: 16873:Intergalactic 16871: 16869: 16866: 16864: 16861: 16859: 16856: 16854: 16853:Galactic year 16851: 16847: 16844: 16840: 16837: 16835: 16832: 16831: 16830: 16827: 16826: 16825: 16822: 16821: 16819: 16815: 16809: 16806: 16804: 16801: 16797: 16794: 16792: 16789: 16788: 16787: 16784: 16782: 16779: 16777: 16774: 16772: 16769: 16767: 16764: 16762: 16759: 16757: 16754: 16750: 16747: 16743: 16740: 16739: 16738: 16735: 16733: 16732:Most luminous 16730: 16728: 16725: 16723: 16720: 16718: 16715: 16713: 16710: 16708: 16705: 16703: 16700: 16698: 16695: 16694: 16693: 16690: 16686: 16683: 16681: 16678: 16677: 16676: 16673: 16672: 16670: 16668: 16664: 16658: 16655: 16653: 16650: 16648: 16647:Proper motion 16645: 16643: 16640: 16636: 16633: 16631: 16628: 16626: 16623: 16622: 16621: 16618: 16616: 16613: 16611: 16610:Constellation 16608: 16606: 16603: 16601: 16598: 16594: 16591: 16589: 16586: 16584: 16581: 16579: 16578:Solar eclipse 16576: 16575: 16574: 16571: 16570: 16568: 16564:Earth-centric 16562: 16556: 16553: 16549: 16546: 16544: 16541: 16539: 16536: 16535: 16534: 16531: 16529: 16526: 16522: 16519: 16517: 16514: 16512: 16509: 16507: 16504: 16503: 16502: 16499: 16498: 16496: 16494: 16490: 16484: 16481: 16479: 16476: 16474: 16471: 16469: 16466: 16464: 16461: 16459: 16456: 16454: 16451: 16449: 16446: 16444: 16441: 16439: 16436: 16434: 16431: 16429: 16426: 16424: 16421: 16419: 16416: 16414: 16411: 16409: 16406: 16404: 16401: 16399: 16396: 16395: 16393: 16389: 16383: 16380: 16378: 16375: 16373: 16370: 16368: 16365: 16363: 16360: 16356: 16353: 16352: 16351: 16348: 16344: 16341: 16339: 16336: 16335: 16334: 16331: 16327: 16324: 16322: 16319: 16318: 16317: 16314: 16310: 16307: 16305: 16302: 16300: 16297: 16295: 16292: 16290: 16287: 16286: 16285: 16282: 16280: 16277: 16273: 16270: 16268: 16265: 16264: 16263: 16260: 16258: 16255: 16254: 16252: 16250: 16246: 16240: 16237: 16233: 16230: 16228: 16225: 16223: 16220: 16218: 16215: 16213: 16210: 16209: 16208: 16205: 16203: 16200: 16198: 16195: 16193: 16190: 16188: 16185: 16183: 16180: 16178: 16175: 16173: 16170: 16168: 16165: 16163: 16162:Alpha process 16160: 16158: 16155: 16153: 16150: 16148: 16145: 16143: 16140: 16138: 16135: 16133: 16130: 16129: 16127: 16125: 16121: 16111: 16108: 16106: 16103: 16101: 16098: 16096: 16093: 16091: 16088: 16084: 16081: 16078: 16076: 16073: 16072: 16070: 16066: 16063: 16061: 16058: 16056: 16053: 16051: 16048: 16046: 16043: 16041: 16038: 16036: 16033: 16031: 16028: 16026: 16023: 16022: 16021: 16018: 16016: 16013: 16011: 16008: 16007: 16005: 16003: 15999: 15993: 15990: 15986: 15983: 15982: 15981: 15978: 15976: 15973: 15969: 15966: 15962: 15959: 15957: 15954: 15953: 15952: 15949: 15947: 15944: 15943: 15942: 15939: 15935: 15934:Helium planet 15932: 15931: 15930: 15927: 15925: 15924:Parker's star 15922: 15920: 15917: 15916: 15914: 15912: 15908: 15902: 15899: 15895: 15892: 15891: 15890: 15887: 15885: 15882: 15878: 15875: 15874: 15873: 15870: 15866: 15863: 15861: 15858: 15856: 15855:Lambda Boötis 15853: 15851: 15848: 15846: 15843: 15841: 15838: 15836: 15833: 15831: 15828: 15826: 15823: 15822: 15821: 15818: 15816: 15813: 15809: 15806: 15804: 15801: 15799: 15796: 15795: 15794: 15791: 15787: 15784: 15783: 15782: 15779: 15775: 15772: 15770: 15767: 15765: 15762: 15761: 15760: 15757: 15755: 15752: 15748: 15745: 15743: 15740: 15738: 15735: 15734: 15733: 15730: 15728: 15725: 15723: 15720: 15718: 15715: 15711: 15708: 15706: 15703: 15702: 15701: 15698: 15694: 15691: 15689: 15686: 15684: 15681: 15679: 15676: 15674: 15671: 15669: 15666: 15664: 15661: 15660: 15658: 15656: 15653: 15651: 15648: 15647: 15644: 15641: 15639: 15635: 15627: 15624: 15622: 15621:Superluminous 15619: 15618: 15617: 15614: 15612: 15609: 15607: 15604: 15602: 15599: 15597: 15594: 15592: 15589: 15587: 15584: 15582: 15579: 15575: 15572: 15571: 15570: 15567: 15565: 15562: 15558: 15555: 15553: 15550: 15549: 15548: 15545: 15541: 15538: 15537: 15536: 15533: 15531: 15528: 15526: 15525:Main sequence 15523: 15522: 15520: 15518: 15514: 15508: 15505: 15503: 15502:Hayashi track 15500: 15498: 15495: 15491: 15488: 15486: 15483: 15481: 15478: 15476: 15473: 15472: 15471: 15468: 15466: 15463: 15461: 15458: 15456: 15453: 15452: 15450: 15448: 15444: 15438: 15435: 15434: 15431: 15427: 15420: 15415: 15413: 15408: 15406: 15401: 15400: 15397: 15388: 15383: 15379: 15375: 15370: 15365: 15361: 15357: 15353: 15348: 15346: 15343: 15339: 15335: 15331: 15327: 15323: 15319: 15314: 15309: 15305: 15301: 15296: 15293: 15290: 15287: 15284: 15283: 15274: 15271: 15268: 15264: 15261: 15258: 15255: 15252: 15249: 15245: 15242: 15239: 15234: 15231: 15229: 15225: 15221: 15217: 15214: 15213: 15211: 15207: 15204: 15201: 15199: 15196: 15195: 15187: 15184: 15181: 15177: 15176: 15165: 15160: 15156: 15152: 15148: 15144: 15143: 15138: 15133: 15131: 15128: 15127: 15107: 15100: 15085: 15081: 15075: 15067: 15063: 15058: 15053: 15049: 15045: 15040: 15035: 15031: 15027: 15023: 15019: 15012: 15004: 15000: 14996: 14992: 14985: 14977: 14973: 14968: 14963: 14959: 14955: 14950: 14945: 14941: 14937: 14933: 14925: 14911: 14910: 14905: 14899: 14891: 14887: 14882: 14877: 14873: 14869: 14864: 14859: 14855: 14851: 14847: 14840: 14832: 14828: 14824: 14820: 14815: 14810: 14806: 14802: 14795: 14787: 14783: 14778: 14773: 14769: 14765: 14760: 14755: 14751: 14747: 14743: 14736: 14734: 14726: 14722: 14718: 14714: 14710: 14706: 14702: 14698: 14694: 14689: 14684: 14680: 14676: 14672: 14665: 14656: 14651: 14647: 14643: 14638: 14633: 14629: 14625: 14621: 14617: 14616:Kuchner, Marc 14613: 14609: 14602: 14594: 14590: 14586: 14582: 14577: 14572: 14568: 14564: 14559: 14554: 14550: 14546: 14542: 14534: 14526: 14522: 14518: 14514: 14510: 14506: 14502: 14498: 14494: 14490: 14486: 14481: 14476: 14472: 14468: 14464: 14457: 14449: 14445: 14441: 14437: 14433: 14429: 14424: 14419: 14415: 14411: 14404: 14396: 14392: 14388: 14384: 14380: 14376: 14371: 14366: 14362: 14358: 14350: 14342: 14338: 14334: 14330: 14326: 14322: 14317: 14312: 14308: 14304: 14296: 14281: 14277: 14270: 14262: 14258: 14254: 14250: 14246: 14242: 14237: 14232: 14228: 14224: 14217: 14209: 14205: 14201: 14197: 14193: 14189: 14185: 14181: 14177: 14173: 14168: 14163: 14159: 14155: 14148: 14140: 14136: 14132: 14128: 14124: 14120: 14116: 14109: 14094: 14090: 14086: 14080: 14072: 14068: 14063: 14058: 14054: 14050: 14046: 14042: 14037: 14032: 14028: 14024: 14020: 14013: 14005: 14001: 13996: 13991: 13987: 13983: 13978: 13973: 13969: 13965: 13961: 13954: 13946: 13942: 13937: 13932: 13928: 13924: 13919: 13914: 13910: 13906: 13902: 13895: 13887: 13883: 13878: 13873: 13869: 13865: 13860: 13855: 13851: 13847: 13843: 13836: 13828: 13824: 13820: 13816: 13812: 13808: 13803: 13798: 13794: 13790: 13783: 13775: 13771: 13767: 13763: 13759: 13755: 13750: 13745: 13741: 13737: 13729: 13721: 13717: 13713: 13709: 13705: 13701: 13696: 13691: 13687: 13683: 13676: 13668: 13664: 13660: 13656: 13652: 13648: 13643: 13638: 13634: 13630: 13623: 13615: 13611: 13607: 13603: 13599: 13595: 13591: 13587: 13582: 13577: 13573: 13569: 13565: 13558: 13542: 13538: 13531: 13523: 13519: 13515: 13511: 13507: 13503: 13498: 13493: 13489: 13485: 13481: 13480:Calvet, Nuria 13474: 13466: 13462: 13458: 13454: 13449: 13444: 13440: 13436: 13431: 13426: 13422: 13418: 13414: 13406: 13398: 13394: 13390: 13386: 13381: 13376: 13372: 13368: 13363: 13358: 13354: 13350: 13346: 13339: 13331: 13327: 13323: 13319: 13315: 13311: 13307: 13303: 13298: 13293: 13289: 13285: 13281: 13274: 13266: 13262: 13258: 13254: 13249: 13244: 13240: 13236: 13231: 13226: 13222: 13218: 13214: 13210: 13203: 13201: 13192: 13188: 13184: 13180: 13175: 13170: 13166: 13162: 13157: 13152: 13148: 13144: 13140: 13132: 13118: 13114: 13107: 13101: 13097: 13094: 13090: 13085: 13077: 13073: 13069: 13065: 13061: 13057: 13052: 13047: 13043: 13039: 13032: 13030: 13021: 13017: 13013: 13009: 13004: 12999: 12995: 12991: 12986: 12981: 12977: 12973: 12969: 12962: 12960: 12945:on 2020-02-18 12944: 12940: 12936: 12929: 12921: 12917: 12913: 12909: 12904: 12899: 12895: 12891: 12886: 12881: 12877: 12873: 12869: 12862: 12854: 12850: 12846: 12842: 12838: 12834: 12830: 12826: 12821: 12816: 12812: 12808: 12804: 12797: 12795: 12786: 12782: 12778: 12774: 12769: 12764: 12760: 12756: 12751: 12746: 12742: 12738: 12734: 12730: 12723: 12709:on 2019-10-22 12708: 12704: 12700: 12693: 12685: 12681: 12676: 12671: 12667: 12663: 12658: 12653: 12649: 12645: 12641: 12634: 12626: 12622: 12617: 12612: 12608: 12604: 12599: 12594: 12590: 12586: 12582: 12575: 12573: 12564: 12560: 12556: 12552: 12547: 12542: 12538: 12534: 12529: 12524: 12520: 12516: 12512: 12504: 12496: 12492: 12487: 12482: 12478: 12474: 12469: 12464: 12460: 12456: 12452: 12445: 12437: 12433: 12429: 12425: 12420: 12415: 12411: 12407: 12402: 12397: 12393: 12389: 12385: 12378: 12370: 12366: 12362: 12358: 12353: 12348: 12344: 12340: 12335: 12330: 12326: 12322: 12318: 12310: 12295: 12288: 12280: 12276: 12272: 12268: 12263: 12258: 12254: 12250: 12245: 12240: 12236: 12232: 12228: 12221: 12213: 12209: 12204: 12199: 12195: 12191: 12186: 12181: 12177: 12173: 12169: 12162: 12160: 12151: 12147: 12143: 12139: 12135: 12131: 12127: 12123: 12118: 12113: 12109: 12105: 12098: 12084: 12080: 12074: 12060: 12056: 12050: 12042: 12038: 12035:(6): 305.21. 12034: 12030: 12026: 12018: 12010: 12006: 12002: 11998: 11994: 11990: 11986: 11982: 11977: 11972: 11968: 11964: 11960: 11953: 11945: 11941: 11937: 11933: 11929: 11925: 11920: 11915: 11911: 11907: 11900: 11898: 11889: 11885: 11881: 11877: 11873: 11869: 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10412: 10408: 10403: 10398: 10394: 10390: 10386: 10379: 10364: 10363: 10358: 10354: 10348: 10334: 10333:www.stsci.edu 10330: 10327:Reid, Neill. 10323: 10315: 10311: 10307: 10303: 10298: 10293: 10289: 10285: 10280: 10275: 10271: 10267: 10263: 10255: 10247: 10243: 10239: 10235: 10231: 10227: 10223: 10219: 10214: 10209: 10205: 10201: 10193: 10191: 10189: 10187: 10178: 10174: 10170: 10166: 10162: 10158: 10154: 10150: 10145: 10140: 10136: 10132: 10124: 10122: 10113: 10109: 10105: 10101: 10097: 10093: 10089: 10085: 10080: 10075: 10071: 10067: 10060: 10058: 10056: 10047: 10043: 10039: 10035: 10030: 10025: 10021: 10017: 10012: 10007: 10003: 9999: 9998: 9993: 9986: 9984: 9969: 9965: 9959: 9951: 9947: 9943: 9939: 9934: 9929: 9925: 9921: 9916: 9911: 9907: 9903: 9899: 9891: 9889: 9880: 9876: 9872: 9868: 9864: 9860: 9856: 9852: 9847: 9842: 9838: 9834: 9830: 9823: 9821: 9819: 9809: 9804: 9800: 9796: 9791: 9786: 9782: 9778: 9774: 9766: 9758: 9754: 9749: 9744: 9740: 9736: 9731: 9726: 9722: 9718: 9714: 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7274: 7270: 7266: 7262: 7257: 7252: 7248: 7244: 7243: 7238: 7234: 7230: 7223: 7215: 7211: 7207: 7203: 7199: 7195: 7190: 7185: 7181: 7177: 7173: 7169: 7163: 7155: 7151: 7147: 7141: 7137: 7133: 7128: 7123: 7119: 7112: 7104: 7100: 7096: 7092: 7088: 7084: 7079: 7074: 7070: 7066: 7065: 7057: 7049: 7045: 7041: 7037: 7033: 7029: 7024: 7019: 7015: 7011: 7004: 6996: 6992: 6988: 6984: 6980: 6976: 6971: 6966: 6962: 6958: 6954: 6947: 6933:on 2014-12-16 6932: 6928: 6924: 6918: 6904:on 2019-02-21 6903: 6899: 6893: 6879:on 2012-01-18 6878: 6874: 6868: 6860: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6842: 6838: 6833: 6828: 6824: 6820: 6816: 6809: 6801: 6797: 6793: 6789: 6785: 6781: 6776: 6771: 6767: 6763: 6762: 6757: 6750: 6742: 6738: 6734: 6730: 6726: 6722: 6718: 6714: 6709: 6704: 6700: 6696: 6692: 6685: 6677: 6673: 6668: 6663: 6659: 6655: 6650: 6645: 6641: 6637: 6633: 6626: 6618: 6614: 6610: 6606: 6602: 6598: 6594: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6576: 6572: 6568: 6561: 6553: 6549: 6545: 6541: 6537: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6519: 6515: 6514: 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5653: 5649: 5645: 5641: 5634: 5632: 5628: 5622: 5618: 5612: 5604: 5600: 5596: 5592: 5591: 5586: 5579: 5572: 5568: 5564: 5558: 5554: 5550: 5546: 5542: 5535: 5526: 5521: 5517: 5513: 5509: 5505: 5501: 5497: 5491: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5467: 5463: 5456: 5441: 5440:Astronomy.com 5437: 5431: 5423: 5417: 5413: 5406: 5399: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5373: 5367: 5358: 5353: 5349: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5333: 5326: 5319:. Seeker.com. 5318: 5311: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5257: 5256:Burrows, Adam 5251: 5236: 5229: 5227: 5211: 5207: 5203: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5176: 5175: 5166: 5147: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5122: 5121:Physics Today 5114: 5107: 5105: 5103: 5101: 5085: 5084: 5079: 5072: 5070: 5068: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5036: 5029: 5017: 5012: 5008: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4985: 4980: 4978: 4969: 4965: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4945:WD 0032-317 b 4943: 4941: 4938: 4935: 4932: 4929: 4926: 4923: 4920: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4908: 4895: 4890: 4889: 4879: 4877: 4875: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4867: 4863: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4829: 4828: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4816: 4813: 4810: 4807: 4806: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4780: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4772: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4764: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4738: 4737: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4711: 4709: 4706:opt: M9beta, 4705: 4703: 4700: 4697: 4696: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4681: 4678: 4675: 4672: 4669: 4668: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4645: 4644: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4610: 4609: 4604: 4600: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4563: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4555: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4540: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4532: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4511: 4508: 4505: 4502: 4499: 4498: 4495: 4493: 4491: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4483: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4460: 4457: 4454: 4451: 4449:Most massive 4448: 4447: 4432: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4417: 4414: 4411: 4408: 4407: 4404: 4390: 4387: 4386: 4385:billion years 4380: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4359: 4356:20 05 02.1951 4353: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4333: 4329: 4328: 4324: 4323: 4319: 4316: 4315: 4311: 4308: 4305: 4302: 4299: 4296: 4295: 4286: 4277: 4273: 4270:This list is 4268: 4261: 4260: 4248: 4246: 4243: 4237: 4234: 4231: 4228: 4225: 4221: 4220: 4216: 4213: 4210: 4207: 4205: 4202: 4199: 4198: 4194: 4191: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4178: 4177: 4173: 4170: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4156: 4155: 4151: 4149: 4146: 4143: 4140: 4137: 4134: 4133: 4129: 4126: 4124: 4121: 4119: 4116: 4113: 4112: 4108: 4105: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4091: 4088: 4087: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4067: 4066: 4062: 4059: 4056: 4053: 4050: 4047: 4044: 4043: 4039: 4037: 4034: 4028: 4025: 4022: 4019: 4016: 4015: 4011: 4008: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3994: 3993: 3989: 3987: 3984: 3981: 3978: 3975: 3973: 3970: 3967: 3966: 3962: 3960: 3957: 3954: 3951: 3948: 3945: 3942: 3941: 3937: 3935: 3932: 3929: 3926: 3924: 3921: 3918: 3917: 3913: 3910: 3907: 3904: 3902: 3899: 3896: 3895: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3881: 3878: 3875: 3874: 3870: 3867: 3864: 3861: 3859: 3856: 3853: 3852: 3848: 3845: 3842: 3839: 3837: 3834: 3831: 3830: 3826: 3823: 3820: 3817: 3815: 3812: 3809: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3793: 3790: 3787: 3785: 3783: 3778: 3775: 3773: 3769: 3768: 3764: 3761: 3758: 3756: 3753: 3750: 3748: 3744: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3733: 3730: 3727: 3724: 3722: 3719: 3717: 3714:First with a 3713: 3712: 3708: 3706: 3703: 3700: 3697: 3695: 3692: 3690: 3686: 3685: 3681: 3679: 3676: 3673: 3670: 3668: 3665: 3662: 3661: 3657: 3655: 3652: 3649: 3646: 3643: 3640: 3637: 3636: 3632: 3629: 3626: 3623: 3620: 3617: 3616: 3608: 3606: 3605:passing stars 3602: 3598: 3592: 3582: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3550: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3522: 3517: 3515: 3510: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3479:2MASS J044144 3476: 3472: 3471:super-Jupiter 3467: 3421: 3412: 3399: 3395: 3390: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3358: 3354: 3349: 3347: 3344: 3339: 3335: 3326: 3322: 3320: 3315: 3311: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3281: 3280:sigma Orionis 3277: 3273: 3268: 3259: 3257: 3256:CK Vulpeculae 3253: 3248: 3247:BW Sculptoris 3244: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3203: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3188:COCONUTS-1 AB 3185: 3181: 3173: 3169: 3160: 3158: 3153: 3148: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3133: 3128: 3118: 3116: 3112: 3107: 3105: 3101: 3096: 3092: 3087: 3085: 3080: 3074: 3067: 3062: 3053: 3051: 3046: 3044: 3040: 3034: 3030: 3028: 3024: 3019: 3001: 2997: 2992: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2975: 2966: 2949: 2944: 2930: 2927: 2924:system named 2923: 2919: 2914: 2912: 2907: 2904: 2900: 2895: 2893: 2883: 2874: 2871: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2856: 2854: 2849: 2845: 2840: 2836: 2826: 2823: 2819: 2816:Using NASA's 2814: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2791: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2763: 2759: 2756: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2738: 2734: 2731: 2716: 2712: 2709: 2705: 2702: 2698: 2697:Mount Palomar 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2679: 2675: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2663: 2657: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2642: 2640: 2636: 2631: 2629: 2624: 2621: 2619: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2599: 2595:Brown dwarfs 2593: 2584: 2582: 2577: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2562: 2558: 2555: 2544: 2540: 2538: 2534: 2524: 2515: 2513: 2509: 2508:near-infrared 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2466: 2463: 2462: 2458: 2455: 2454: 2450: 2447: 2446: 2442: 2439: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2427: 2426: 2422: 2419: 2418: 2413: 2402: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2371: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2331: 2315: 2312: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2294: 2291:August 2021: 2290: 2287: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2271: 2267: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2243: 2239: 2236: 2232: 2229: 2226: 2222: 2219: 2215: 2212: 2208: 2201: 2188: 2184: 2181: 2177: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2148: 2144: 2143: 2139: 2134: 2133: 2129: 2116: 2115:WD 0806−661 B 2112: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2098: 2097: 2089: 2086: 2082: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2055: 2037: 2033: 2028: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1989: 1984: 1974: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1927: 1915: 1907: 1903: 1895: 1894:near-infrared 1891: 1887: 1878: 1869: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1850:alkali metals 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1794: 1785: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1766: 1747: 1728: 1725: 1721: 1720:billion years 1707: 1703: 1699: 1690: 1686: 1685:proper motion 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1661: 1656: 1652: 1647: 1637: 1634: 1632: 1628: 1625:) but have a 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1593: 1589: 1584: 1579: 1569: 1567: 1563: 1558: 1553: 1540: 1535: 1533: 1529: 1523: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1508:rogue planets 1505: 1490: 1489:PSO J318.5−22 1486: 1482: 1478: 1472: 1448: 1438: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1418: 1414: 1407:Heat spectrum 1404: 1402: 1386: 1380: 1370: 1355: 1334: 1327: 1323: 1318: 1309: 1307: 1303: 1298: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1266: 1263: 1259: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1208: 1204: 1196: 1192: 1191:SIMP J0136+09 1187: 1183: 1180: 1170: 1168: 1164: 1154: 1140: 1136: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1125:Rafael Rebolo 1122: 1112: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1088: 1086: 1080: 1062: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1029: 1025: 1017: 995: 991: 987: 984: 981: 976: 972: 964: 946: 933: 920: 916: 911: 905: 901: 896: 889: 877: 868: 861: 860: 859: 857: 853: 849: 837: 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 812: 795: 788: 781: 774: 772:Bright giants 767: 760: 753: 746: 739: 735:Main sequence 730: 723: 716: 709: 702: 695: 688: 681: 674: 667: 660: 653: 646: 639: 637:Spectral type 632: 625: 614: 611: 603: 593: 589: 583: 582: 577:This section 575: 571: 566: 565: 557: 555: 549: 547: 542: 537: 535: 531: 517: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 469:Rafael Rebolo 460: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 437: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 418:Johns Hopkins 415: 411: 407: 397: 395: 391: 385: 381: 378: 376: 372: 368: 358: 356: 352: 351:star clusters 348: 344: 343:main-sequence 339: 337: 333: 328: 327: 317: 308: 298: 296: 292: 281: 280:population II 277: 268: 264: 260: 255: 253: 249: 244: 242: 238: 234: 230: 226: 217: 205: 201: 196: 187: 185: 181: 177: 173: 169: 165: 161: 155: 153: 149: 144: 139: 137: 136:spectral type 132: 130: 126: 111: 107: 103: 99: 95: 84: 80: 77: 76:main-sequence 73: 69: 65: 51: 37: 19: 18290:Brown dwarfs 18040:Proper names 17817:Earth analog 17802:Astrobiology 17794:Habitability 17731:Microlensing 17691:White dwarfs 17661:M/Red dwarfs 17651:Herbig Ae/Be 17636:Brown dwarfs 17578:Rogue planet 17559:Interstellar 17501:Planetesimal 17270:Planetesimal 17250:Giant planet 17240:Ecumenopolis 17209: 17138:Mini-Neptune 17074:Dwarf planet 16828: 16776:White dwarfs 16766:Brown dwarfs 16749:Most distant 16697:Most massive 16675:Proper names 16635:Photographic 16588:Solar System 16566:observations 16493:Star systems 16316:Stellar wind 16299:Chromosphere 16272:Oscillations 16152:Helium flash 16002:Hypothetical 15980:X-ray binary 15919:Compact star 15754:Bright giant 15507:Henyey track 15485:Herbig Ae/Be 15359: 15355: 15303: 15299: 15286:Cha Halpha 1 15273:Brown Dwarfs 15179: 15149:(12): 4475. 15146: 15142:Scholarpedia 15140: 15110:. Retrieved 15099: 15088:. Retrieved 15074: 15029: 15025: 15011: 14994: 14984: 14939: 14935: 14924: 14913:. Retrieved 14907: 14898: 14853: 14849: 14839: 14804: 14800: 14794: 14749: 14745: 14724: 14678: 14674: 14664: 14627: 14623: 14601: 14548: 14544: 14533: 14525:the original 14470: 14466: 14456: 14413: 14409: 14403: 14360: 14356: 14349: 14306: 14302: 14295: 14284:. Retrieved 14280:the original 14269: 14226: 14222: 14216: 14157: 14153: 14147: 14122: 14118: 14108: 14097:. Retrieved 14093:the original 14079: 14026: 14023:Astrobiology 14022: 14012: 13967: 13963: 13953: 13908: 13904: 13894: 13849: 13845: 13835: 13792: 13788: 13782: 13739: 13735: 13728: 13688:(A24): A24. 13685: 13681: 13675: 13632: 13628: 13622: 13571: 13567: 13557: 13545:. Retrieved 13541:the original 13530: 13487: 13483: 13473: 13420: 13416: 13405: 13352: 13348: 13338: 13287: 13283: 13273: 13220: 13216: 13156:2007.15735v2 13146: 13142: 13131: 13120:. Retrieved 13116: 13106: 13084: 13041: 13037: 12975: 12971: 12947:. 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Retrieved 10783:the original 10713: 10709: 10703: 10692:. Retrieved 10681: 10673:the original 10626: 10622: 10565: 10561: 10555: 10510: 10506: 10481:. Retrieved 10476: 10467: 10455:. Retrieved 10451:the original 10446: 10437: 10392: 10388: 10378: 10366:. Retrieved 10360: 10347: 10336:. Retrieved 10332: 10322: 10269: 10265: 10254: 10203: 10199: 10134: 10130: 10069: 10065: 10001: 9995: 9971:. Retrieved 9967: 9958: 9905: 9901: 9836: 9832: 9780: 9776: 9765: 9720: 9716: 9705: 9691:cite journal 9654: 9650: 9592: 9588: 9527: 9523: 9512: 9467: 9463: 9452: 9399: 9395: 9334: 9330: 9319: 9274: 9270: 9259: 9245:cite journal 9228: 9224: 9217: 9206:. Retrieved 9204:. 2024-01-09 9196: 9151: 9147: 9136: 9093: 9089: 9078: 9019: 9015: 9005: 8960: 8956: 8900: 8896: 8886: 8843: 8839: 8829: 8813: 8755: 8751: 8741: 8698: 8692: 8685: 8673:. Retrieved 8669:the original 8663:Morse, Jon. 8658: 8615: 8611: 8600: 8549: 8545: 8534: 8483: 8479: 8468: 8456:. Retrieved 8452:the original 8447: 8437: 8425:. Retrieved 8421:the original 8416: 8406: 8363: 8359: 8352: 8309: 8305: 8295: 8252: 8248: 8242: 8199: 8195: 8181: 8144: 8140: 8130: 8085: 8081: 8071: 8026: 8022: 7963: 7959: 7905: 7901: 7869: 7826: 7820: 7758: 7754: 7743: 7698: 7694: 7630: 7626: 7620: 7569: 7565: 7555: 7510: 7506: 7442: 7438: 7432: 7389: 7383: 7374: 7331: 7327: 7320: 7301: 7289: 7246: 7240: 7222: 7179: 7175: 7172:Rauer, Heike 7162: 7117: 7111: 7068: 7062: 7056: 7013: 7009: 7003: 6960: 6956: 6946: 6935:. Retrieved 6931:the original 6926: 6917: 6906:. Retrieved 6902:the original 6892: 6881:. Retrieved 6877:the original 6867: 6822: 6818: 6808: 6765: 6759: 6749: 6698: 6694: 6684: 6639: 6635: 6625: 6574: 6570: 6560: 6517: 6511: 6504: 6459: 6455: 6444: 6399: 6395: 6385: 6340: 6336: 6326: 6281: 6277: 6267: 6222: 6218: 6207: 6162: 6158: 6148: 6103: 6099: 6089: 6064: 6060: 6051: 6026: 5988: 5984: 5978: 5933: 5929: 5885: 5881: 5874: 5862:. Retrieved 5857: 5820: 5816: 5806: 5773: 5769: 5760: 5734: 5721: 5710:. Retrieved 5700: 5689:. Retrieved 5685: 5676: 5643: 5639: 5630: 5626: 5611: 5594: 5588: 5585:Basri, Gibor 5578: 5544: 5534: 5507: 5503: 5490: 5465: 5461: 5455: 5444:. Retrieved 5439: 5430: 5411: 5405: 5379: 5372:Tarter, Jill 5366: 5339: 5335: 5325: 5310: 5267: 5263: 5250: 5240:24 September 5238:. Retrieved 5213:. Retrieved 5173: 5165: 5153:. Retrieved 5146:the original 5125: 5119: 5087:. Retrieved 5081: 5054:. Retrieved 5050:the original 5045: 5035: 5020: 4988: 4982: 4976: 4968: 4869:Least dense 4751:08 06 53.736 4713:03 39 35.220 4707: 4683:10 49 18.723 4598: 4431:Flame Nebula 4419:05 41 32.801 4391: 4388: 4382: 4360: 4354: 4350:00 55 58.300 4348: 4343: 4340: 4337: 4330: 4325: 4320: 4280: 4239:01 39 42.847 4030:14 24 39.144 3836:Gliese 229 B 3779: 3667:Gliese 229 B 3647:M8.5 and M9 3594: 3575:tidal forces 3571:eccentricity 3556: 3553:Habitability 3526:solar system 3518: 3511: 3489:rather than 3468: 3426: 3391: 3385:. Currently 3350: 3343:moving group 3331: 3312: 3285: 3204: 3180:white dwarfs 3177: 3149: 3137:Gliese 229 B 3134: 3130: 3108: 3100:star cluster 3088: 3070: 3047: 3035: 3031: 2967: 2953: 2916:In 2024 the 2915: 2908: 2896: 2888: 2872: 2857: 2832: 2815: 2787: 2708:Chamaeleon I 2643: 2632: 2625: 2622: 2618:Coronagraphs 2616: 2578: 2563: 2559: 2549: 2529: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2472: 2372: 2336: 2298:April 2023: 2185:April 2014: 2106:UGPS 0722-05 2095: 2061: 2029: 1994: 1889: 1883: 1825: 1799: 1771: 1750:Observations 1700:, below the 1669:star cluster 1655:luminosities 1643: 1635: 1614: 1610: 1597: 1554: 1536: 1524: 1473: 1444: 1421: 1410: 1387: 1378: 1340: 1331: 1299: 1290:zinc sulfide 1267: 1261: 1260: 1244:mid-infrared 1203:iron hydride 1200: 1176: 1160: 1141: 1139:luminosity. 1137: 1121:lithium test 1120: 1118: 1094: 1081: 1077: 838: 815: 714:White dwarfs 707:Brown dwarfs 705: 606: 597: 586:Please help 581:verification 578: 554:Epsilon Indi 550: 546:lithium test 538: 518: 489: 484: 480: 466: 456: 452: 438: 408:astronomers 403: 386: 382: 379: 364: 347:white dwarfs 340: 322: 304: 267:solar masses 263:population I 256: 245: 225:black dwarfs 222: 156: 140: 133: 125:fuse lithium 96:of ordinary 64:Brown dwarfs 63: 62: 18:L-class star 18274:Outer space 18052:before 2000 17968:Discoveries 17743:Polarimetry 17631:Binary star 17521:Rubble pile 17516:Ring system 17486:Outer space 17456:Kuiper belt 17411:Hills cloud 17366:Debris disk 17361:Cosmic dust 17290:Sub-Neptune 17275:Protoplanet 17210:Brown dwarf 17198:Other types 17154:Hot Neptune 17149:Hot Jupiter 17140:(Gas dwarf) 17115:Super-Earth 17100:Ocean world 17095:Lava planet 17089:Iron planet 17051:Terrestrial 16992:Main topics 16829:Brown dwarf 16605:Circumpolar 16483:Kraft break 16463:Color index 16438:Metallicity 16398:Designation 16367:Cosmic dust 16289:Photosphere 16055:Dark-energy 16030:Electroweak 16015:Black dwarf 15946:Radio-quiet 15929:White dwarf 15815:White dwarf 15465:Bok globule 14125:: 269–288. 12110:(4): 1868. 11186:. Space.com 10362:EurekAlert! 8202:(6): 2455. 7071:(79): A79. 5597:: L29–L32. 4928:Dark matter 4830:Most dense 4793:08 55 10.83 4661:Sagittarius 4576:18 10 06.18 4500:Metal-poor 4485:Metal-rich 4362:06 02 02.17 4327:Wolf 1130 C 4283:August 2008 4230:WD 0137−349 4127:Chamaeleon 4101:00 59 10.83 3858:PPL 15 A, B 3799:light-years 3752:Rho-Oph 102 3745:First with 3687:First with 3542:inclination 3346:association 3215:WD 0137-349 3018:M-type star 2926:WISE 1049AB 2922:Binary star 2853:solar cycle 2839:Monte Carlo 2611:Gliese 229A 2537:metallicity 2495:metallicity 2320:<200 K). 2233:June 2018: 2068:temperature 1706:white dwarf 1673:association 1377:0.008 1294:2M0050–3322 1248:Spitzer IRS 1212:variability 793:Hypergiants 779:Supergiants 765:Blue giants 420:scientists 345:dwarfs and 332:atmospheres 248:white dwarf 241:Jill Tarter 239:. In 1975, 231:; (b) 229:white dwarf 172:light-years 143:white dwarf 18300:Star types 18284:Categories 17963:Exoplanets 17944:Host stars 17891:Catalogues 17714:Astrometry 17676:Subdwarf B 17613:Host stars 17586:Retrograde 17481:Oort cloud 17319:Formation 17255:Mesoplanet 17179:Super-puff 17105:Mega-Earth 17084:Ice planet 16969:Definition 16954:Exoplanets 16791:Candidates 16786:Supernovae 16771:Red dwarfs 16630:Extinction 16418:Kinematics 16413:Luminosity 16391:Properties 16284:Atmosphere 16182:Si burning 16172:Ne burning 16110:White hole 16083:Quasi-star 16010:Blue dwarf 15865:Technetium 15781:Hypergiant 15759:Supergiant 15090:2013-03-16 15086:. AAS Nova 15080:Astrobites 15039:2306.15219 15032:(2): L43. 14949:1805.09983 14942:(5): 208. 14915:2021-01-12 14863:2103.01990 14856:(5): 224. 14814:2206.13097 14759:1702.02001 14752:(1): 261. 14637:2403.04592 14630:(6): 253. 14558:1802.04803 14551:(2): 145. 14286:2013-03-16 14099:2011-10-22 13977:1705.06045 13918:2108.08323 13911:(2): L25. 13859:1609.05053 13795:(2): 178. 13581:2203.09520 13574:: 101641. 13547:3 December 13430:2001.05030 13423:(2): 106. 13362:1608.08259 13230:2106.05247 13223:(2): 182. 13149:(4): 156. 13122:2023-09-23 12985:1705.01170 12949:2020-02-18 12885:1904.06418 12750:1809.05849 12713:2019-11-12 12657:1507.07659 12650:(6): 108. 12598:2212.03264 12528:1705.05863 12401:1707.05793 12334:1801.07773 12300:2019-12-11 12244:1704.03573 12237:(2): 118. 12185:2301.02101 12088:2023-04-16 12064:2023-04-16 11799:1911.04600 11792:(2): 176. 11609:1706.00657 11514:2019-12-11 11458:1601.05508 11399:1806.08737 11363:2023-04-16 11223:1707.00277 11190:2012-12-28 11167:1 February 11127:2403.02226 11063:(2): L22. 11040:Phys.org. 11000:1609.07761 10993:(2): L27. 10941:1706.03010 10934:(2): 115. 10882:1808.02485 10823:1707.02212 10694:2020-02-09 10520:1608.02480 10447:Hubblesite 10402:2205.08077 10395:(6): 288. 10338:2020-03-06 10279:1605.07927 9973:2020-03-06 9915:2004.12829 9908:(2): 145. 9790:2401.13153 9783:(2): L32. 9730:2310.09524 9664:2312.03639 9602:2303.16923 9595:(2): L30. 9537:2108.05321 9530:(2): 140. 9477:2011.11616 9409:2008.06396 9402:(2): 123. 9344:1911.12372 9284:1908.08902 9231:: 132.06. 9208:2024-01-10 9161:1906.08913 9103:1502.05365 9054:2152/35100 9029:1502.04707 9022:(2): 102. 8970:1804.00362 8846:(5): 113. 8701:(1): 101. 8618:(2): 156. 8458:30 October 8427:30 October 8366:(2): 108. 8312:(2): L29. 8154:2309.14567 8095:2306.11807 8088:(2): L48. 7768:1811.00672 7708:2002.05723 7701:(2): 171. 7579:1508.01767 7572:(2): 158. 7520:1912.07692 7513:(2): L19. 7392:(2): L18. 7189:1506.05097 7182:(2): L25. 7127:1604.00917 6937:2014-04-28 6908:2019-02-11 6883:2013-03-15 6832:1603.08614 6701:(1): L16. 6649:2206.07566 6577:(2): 172. 6520:(1): L10. 6469:2209.00620 6409:2205.00168 6350:1710.02640 6291:2107.12368 6284:(5): 179. 6232:2212.07399 6225:(2): 138. 6172:2201.04711 5943:1805.12143 5864:2012-12-28 5712:2013-03-16 5691:2019-10-23 5446:2022-05-02 4961:References 4849:Transiting 4698:Brightest 4655:17 52 27.0 4586:Radius is 4369:Cassiopeia 4272:incomplete 4138:LP 944–20 4049:Gliese 229 3762:Ophiuchus 3732:Chamaeleon 3642:Gliese 569 3601:Oort cloud 3290:, such as 3243:dwarf nova 2795:convection 2685:Gliese 229 2660:Milestones 2635:exoplanets 2603:Gliese 229 2364:exoplanets 2085:convective 2076:photometry 2030:The first 1981:See also: 1886:Gliese 229 1808:(TiO) and 1774:red dwarfs 1423:Gas giants 1326:HD 29587 b 1167:Gliese 229 818:star birth 758:Red giants 737:("dwarfs") 721:Red dwarfs 430:Gliese 229 320:13.6 233:red dwarfs 200:Gliese 229 166:system, a 152:convective 18250:Astronomy 18057:2000–2009 18023:1501–2000 18018:1001–1500 17706:Detection 17671:Red giant 17331:Accretion 17323:evolution 17164:Ice giant 17159:Gas giant 17110:Sub-Earth 16999:Exoplanet 16722:Brightest 16620:Magnitude 16600:Pole star 16521:Symbiotic 16516:Eclipsing 16448:Starlight 16249:Structure 16239:Supernova 16232:Micronova 16227:Recurrent 16212:Symbiotic 16197:p-process 16192:r-process 16187:s-process 16177:O burning 16167:C burning 16147:CNO cycle 16090:Gravastar 15626:Hypernova 15616:Supernova 15591:Dredge-up 15564:Blue loop 15557:super-AGB 15540:Red clump 15517:Evolution 15475:Protostar 15455:Accretion 15447:Formation 15108:. NOIRLab 15066:259262475 14976:0004-6256 14890:232105126 14721:118955538 14713:0004-637X 14585:0004-637X 14505:2299/1227 14448:119114679 14423:1404.4682 14416:(1): 23. 14341:119336794 14192:0028-0836 14139:0004-6361 14036:1211.6467 14004:0004-637X 13970:(2): 78. 13945:0004-637X 13827:119001471 13802:1311.1228 13749:0806.0025 13695:1006.2383 13667:119140521 13642:0707.3744 13614:247065421 13606:1387-6473 13465:210718358 13457:0004-637X 13397:119017727 13389:0004-637X 13355:(1): 50. 13322:0004-637X 13297:1406.0635 13290:(1): 20. 13265:235377000 13257:0004-637X 13191:220920317 13183:1538-3881 13076:118532416 13051:1109.2906 13020:119080074 13012:0004-637X 12978:(1): 47. 12920:119286540 12912:0035-8711 12785:119462149 12777:0035-8711 12684:0004-6264 12625:0035-8711 12563:119349942 12555:0035-8711 12495:0004-637X 12428:0035-8711 12361:0035-8711 12279:119249195 12271:0004-637X 12212:0035-8711 12150:119530628 12142:1538-3881 12001:0004-637X 11919:0704.3106 11872:0028-0836 11826:207863267 11758:1743-9221 11726:: 13–22. 11697:0004-637X 11644:119385778 11636:0035-8711 11569:0004-6361 11485:1538-4357 11451:(1): 17. 11426:0035-8711 11326:Space.com 11250:0035-8711 11163:. NOIRLab 11120:(1): 55. 11095:119290950 11070:1202.1287 11027:119111063 10968:119056418 10909:118898602 10875:(2): 25. 10850:118895524 10816:(1): 66. 10789:March 19, 10748:0004-637X 10723:1303.2401 10716:(1): L1. 10547:119279978 10513:(2): 85. 10457:8 January 10429:248834536 10314:118446190 10306:0067-0049 10272:(1): 10. 10246:118435904 10238:0067-0049 10213:1008.3591 10169:0004-637X 10144:0806.1059 10104:0004-6256 10079:0812.0364 10046:119283917 10038:0035-8711 10011:1401.5982 9950:216553879 9942:0004-637X 9879:118509317 9871:0004-637X 9846:1408.6283 9839:(1): 41. 9757:0004-637X 9723:(1): 94. 9657:(2): 55. 9629:257833714 9564:0004-637X 9504:0067-0049 9444:221135837 9436:0004-637X 9371:208513044 9337:(2): 74. 9311:201645245 9277:(2): 69. 9188:195316522 9154:(1): 17. 9128:0004-637X 9096:(2): 92. 9070:118507808 9062:0004-637X 8997:0067-0049 8963:(2): 28. 8935:0004-637X 8910:1410.0746 8903:(1): 39. 8878:0004-6256 8853:1402.1378 8790:0004-637X 8765:1209.6123 8758:(1): 60. 8733:118575478 8708:1301.1669 8675:24 August 8650:0004-637X 8625:1205.2122 8584:0004-637X 8559:1108.4678 8552:(1): 50. 8518:0067-0049 8493:1108.4677 8486:(2): 19. 8398:118344589 8373:1103.0014 8344:118382542 8319:1103.3544 8262:1102.5411 8255:(1): L9. 8209:1004.1436 8147:(2): 86. 8122:0004-637X 8036:0806.0067 7973:0802.4387 7915:0901.4093 7861:204927572 7803:119390019 7795:0035-8711 7735:211126544 7665:0004-637X 7604:0004-637X 7547:209386563 7477:0004-637X 7452:0808.2611 7424:119102654 7399:1404.6501 7341:1210.0305 7256:1012.5676 7214:119111221 7154:118434022 7078:1106.0586 7048:118513110 7023:1008.5150 7016:(1): 57. 6995:118553341 6970:1305.0980 6859:119114880 6825:(1): 17. 6800:119338327 6741:119246100 6733:0004-637X 6708:1408.4671 6676:0004-6256 6642:(2): 65. 6617:118398946 6609:0004-637X 6584:1206.4313 6527:1310.5144 6496:0004-637X 6462:(1): L6. 6436:0035-8711 6377:0004-637X 6343:(1): 46. 6318:0004-6256 6259:0004-637X 6199:0004-637X 6165:(2): 68. 6140:0004-637X 6023:204927572 5970:119059288 5936:(2): 11, 5823:: 82–87. 5302:204927572 5215:March 31, 5210:0067-0057 5192:2214-7985 5155:March 31, 5089:March 31, 5056:March 31, 4998:1304.1259 4991:(1): 77. 4934:Exoplanet 4821:Monoceros 4702:LP 944-20 4674:Luhman 16 4646:Farthest 4626:Reticulum 4564:Smallest 4471:88.5–91.7 4409:Youngest 4224:red giant 4161:LP 944-20 4093:CFBDS0059 3880:2M0535-05 3788:proto-BD 3738:bona fide 3705:Centaurus 3546:SIMP 0136 3227:evaporate 3145:TOI-1994b 3141:subgiants 2860:LP 944-20 2835:LP 944-20 2807:LP 944-20 2782:LP 944-20 2780:image of 2744:exoplanet 2715:LP 944-20 2552:750 2399:catalysts 2395:lightning 2387:water ice 2360:C-O bonds 2204:7.2 ± 0.7 2072:adiabatic 1959:potassium 1782:LP 944-20 1702:deuterium 1631:deuterium 1623:gas cloud 1609:, called 1532:deuterium 1485:WISE 0855 1306:water ice 1262:Iron rain 1256:VHS 1256b 1240:fosterite 1232:enstatite 1100:lithium-7 1035:∼ 988:× 982:≲ 912:≲ 902:ρ 897:≲ 852:protostar 826:protostar 744:Subgiants 728:Subdwarfs 600:July 2020 371:red dwarf 164:Luhman 16 72:gas giant 18013:501–1000 17993:Heaviest 17973:Extremes 17681:Subgiant 17554:Exocomet 16901:Category 16796:Remnants 16692:Extremes 16652:Parallax 16625:Apparent 16615:Asterism 16593:Sunlight 16543:Globular 16528:Multiple 16453:Variable 16443:Rotation 16403:Dynamics 16294:Starspot 15968:Magnetar 15911:Remnants 15727:Subgiant 15700:Subdwarf 15552:post-AGB 15338:11685964 15263:Archived 15228:T dwarfs 15224:L dwarfs 15220:M dwarfs 14786:54847595 14593:56431008 14513:16885979 14395:11895472 14261:17662168 14200:15931217 14071:23537137 13886:53692008 13774:14467194 13720:54989533 13522:11685964 13330:13180928 13096:Archived 12845:16239438 12436:29792989 12369:55776991 11944:15144741 11880:16541067 11766:16822178 11705:11733526 11307:28818943 11258:54736762 10661:11268202 10600:17800872 10483:11 April 10368:10 April 10177:18381182 10112:15376964 9470:(1): 7. 8821:Archived 8526:16850733 8287:54666396 7940:44050900 7877:Archived 7673:17326111 7612:89611607 7485:15981010 7366:50935950 7309:Archived 7281:51769219 7103:55994657 6552:56107487 6043:☉ 6036:☉ 5912:15407249 5798:28029538 5729:(2014), 5708:. Iac.es 5668:73569208 5571:73521636 5468:: 1121. 5374:(2014), 4905:See also 4834:TOI-569b 4781:Coolest 4766:Hottest 4739:Dimmest 4708:IR: L0: 4670:Nearest 4549:Largest 3934:Eridanus 3905:T1 + T6 3603:just as 3559:orbiting 3184:GD 165 B 3077:20 3073:2M1101AB 2671:Pleiades 2648:and the 2533:spectrum 2491:subdwarf 2433:subdwarf 2377:and the 2368:HR 8799c 2355:hydroxyl 2351:hydrogen 2341:between 2293:Ross 19B 2282:parsecs. 2081:rotation 2064:pressure 1926:hydrogen 1890:T dwarfs 1826:L dwarfs 1727:parallax 1651:2M1101AB 1417:infrared 1382:☉ 1322:HD 29587 1278:sulfides 1270:chromium 1236:corundum 1224:silicate 1108:helium-4 844:☉ 800:absolute 473:Pleiades 447:'s moon 336:infrared 315:☉ 287:☉ 275:☉ 160:infrared 98:hydrogen 56:Jupiter. 18236:Portals 17988:Largest 17983:Nearest 17686:T Tauri 17582:Orbits 17566:Exomoon 17546:Systems 17260:Planemo 17125:Gaseous 16868:Gravity 16817:Related 16737:Nearest 16685:Chinese 16533:Cluster 16506:Contact 16343:Proplyd 16217:Remnant 16105:Blitzar 16079:Hawking 16035:Strange 15985:Burster 15941:Neutron 15894:Extreme 15845:He-weak 15490:T Tauri 15374:Bibcode 15318:Bibcode 15192:Details 15173:History 15151:Bibcode 15112:9 April 15044:Bibcode 14954:Bibcode 14868:Bibcode 14819:Bibcode 14807:: A84. 14764:Bibcode 14693:Bibcode 14642:Bibcode 14563:Bibcode 14521:4368344 14485:Bibcode 14428:Bibcode 14375:Bibcode 14321:Bibcode 14241:Bibcode 14208:4415442 14172:Bibcode 14127:Bibcode 14062:3612282 14041:Bibcode 13982:Bibcode 13923:Bibcode 13864:Bibcode 13807:Bibcode 13754:Bibcode 13700:Bibcode 13647:Bibcode 13586:Bibcode 13502:Bibcode 13435:Bibcode 13367:Bibcode 13302:Bibcode 13235:Bibcode 13161:Bibcode 13056:Bibcode 13044:: A94. 12990:Bibcode 12890:Bibcode 12853:5181947 12825:Bibcode 12807:Science 12755:Bibcode 12662:Bibcode 12603:Bibcode 12533:Bibcode 12473:Bibcode 12406:Bibcode 12339:Bibcode 12249:Bibcode 12190:Bibcode 12122:Bibcode 12037:Bibcode 12009:8563521 11981:Bibcode 11924:Bibcode 11888:4310407 11852:Bibcode 11804:Bibcode 11738:Bibcode 11677:Bibcode 11577:3149721 11549:Bibcode 11493:3208550 11463:Bibcode 11404:Bibcode 11285:Bibcode 11277:Science 11228:Bibcode 11132:Bibcode 11075:Bibcode 11005:Bibcode 10946:Bibcode 10887:Bibcode 10828:Bibcode 10756:8419422 10728:Bibcode 10669:4411256 10641:Bibcode 10580:Bibcode 10525:Bibcode 10477:CNN.com 10407:Bibcode 10284:Bibcode 10218:Bibcode 10149:Bibcode 10084:Bibcode 10016:Bibcode 9920:Bibcode 9851:Bibcode 9795:Bibcode 9735:Bibcode 9669:Bibcode 9607:Bibcode 9542:Bibcode 9482:Bibcode 9414:Bibcode 9349:Bibcode 9289:Bibcode 9233:Bibcode 9166:Bibcode 9108:Bibcode 9034:Bibcode 8975:Bibcode 8915:Bibcode 8858:Bibcode 8770:Bibcode 8713:Bibcode 8630:Bibcode 8564:Bibcode 8498:Bibcode 8378:Bibcode 8324:Bibcode 8267:Bibcode 8234:2019463 8214:Bibcode 8159:Bibcode 8100:Bibcode 8063:1438322 8041:Bibcode 7978:Bibcode 7920:Bibcode 7841:Bibcode 7773:Bibcode 7713:Bibcode 7645:Bibcode 7584:Bibcode 7525:Bibcode 7457:Bibcode 7404:Bibcode 7346:Bibcode 7334:: A26. 7261:Bibcode 7194:Bibcode 7083:Bibcode 7028:Bibcode 6975:Bibcode 6837:Bibcode 6780:Bibcode 6713:Bibcode 6654:Bibcode 6589:Bibcode 6532:Bibcode 6474:Bibcode 6414:Bibcode 6355:Bibcode 6296:Bibcode 6237:Bibcode 6177:Bibcode 6118:Bibcode 6069:Bibcode 6061:Science 6003:Bibcode 5948:Bibcode 5825:Bibcode 5778:Bibcode 5648:Bibcode 5599:Bibcode 5512:Bibcode 5470:Bibcode 5344:Bibcode 5342:: 579. 5282:Bibcode 5130:Bibcode 5003:Bibcode 4886:Gallery 4743:L 97-3B 4582:Serpens 4444:object 4317:Oldest 4306:RA/Dec 4297:Record 4214:Boötes 4171:Fornax 4009:Taurus 3999:Teide 1 3868:Taurus 3824:Taurus 3814:Teide 1 3782:HH 1165 3689:planemo 3627:RA/Dec 3618:Record 3597:Nemesis 3521:Spitzer 3491:planets 3475:2M1207b 3436:central 3304:HH 1165 3282:cluster 3272:HH 1165 3091:W2150AB 2803:Chandra 2778:Chandra 2748:2M1207b 2674:cluster 2667:Teide 1 2605:B, and 2598:Teide 1 2570:Spitzer 2383:ammonia 2347:methane 2270:NEOWISE 2255:of the 2191:3 to 10 2025:methane 2021:ammonia 1967:magenta 1936:metals 1906:methane 1856:), the 1830:hydride 1778:Teide 1 1681:2M1207b 1592:Jupiter 1564:." The 1512:2M1207b 1435:Neptune 1427:Jupiter 1238:and/or 1216:aurorae 1163:methane 1096:Lithium 534:lithium 507:55 ± 15 491:Teide 1 477:Teide 1 434:Teide 1 406:Caltech 278:) or a 237:substar 190:History 176:parsecs 148:magenta 18003:Kepler 17978:Firsts 17877:Tholin 17748:Timing 17666:Pulsar 17591:Trojan 17205:Blanet 16964:Planet 16858:Galaxy 16846:Planet 16834:Desert 16742:bright 16680:Arabic 16501:Binary 16321:Bubble 16045:Planck 16020:Exotic 15956:Binary 15951:Pulsar 15889:Helium 15850:Barium 15793:Carbon 15786:Yellow 15774:Yellow 15747:Yellow 15586:PG1159 15336: 15226:, and 15064: 14995:Zenodo 14974: 14888: 14784: 14719: 14711: 14591: 14583: 14519: 14511: 14467:Nature 14446: 14393: 14339: 14259: 14206: 14198: 14190: 14154:Nature 14137: 14069: 14059: 14002: 13943: 13884: 13825: 13772: 13718: 13665: 13612: 13604: 13520: 13463: 13455: 13395: 13387: 13328: 13320: 13263: 13255: 13189: 13181: 13074: 13018: 13010: 12918: 12910: 12851: 12843: 12783: 12775: 12682: 12623: 12561: 12553: 12493: 12434: 12426: 12367: 12359: 12277: 12269: 12210: 12148: 12140: 12007: 11999: 11942: 11886: 11878: 11870: 11844:Nature 11824: 11764: 11756: 11703: 11695: 11642: 11634: 11575: 11567: 11491: 11483: 11424: 11305: 11256: 11248: 11093: 11025: 10966: 10907: 10848: 10754: 10746: 10667: 10659: 10623:Nature 10598: 10545: 10427: 10312: 10304: 10244: 10236: 10175: 10167: 10110: 10102: 10044: 10036: 9948: 9940: 9877: 9869: 9755: 9627: 9562: 9502: 9442: 9434: 9369: 9309: 9186: 9126: 9068: 9060: 8995: 8933: 8876: 8788: 8731: 8648: 8592:286881 8590: 8582: 8524: 8516: 8396: 8342: 8285: 8232: 8120: 8061: 7998:847552 7996: 7938: 7859: 7801: 7793: 7733: 7671: 7663: 7610: 7602: 7545: 7483: 7475: 7422: 7364: 7279: 7212: 7152: 7142: 7101: 7046: 6993: 6857: 6798: 6739: 6731: 6674: 6615: 6607: 6550: 6494: 6434: 6375: 6316: 6257: 6197: 6138: 6029:α 6021: 5968: 5910: 5796: 5770:Nature 5749: 5666: 5569: 5559: 5418: 5394: 5300: 5208: 5198: 5190: 4855: 4851:, has 4844:Puppis 4757:Volans 4719:Fornax 4641:hours 4637:−0.005 4635:+0.004 4596: 4516:Pisces 4473: 4465:Pisces 4437: 4377:Pictor 4373:Cygnus 4312:Notes 4226:phase 4148:Fornax 4118:ChaHα1 4106:Cetus 4081:Cetus 4060:Lepus 4036:Boötes 4021:GD 165 3986:Gemini 3949:A/B/C 3911:Indus 3889:Orion 3846:Lepus 3801:(0.26 3794:Orion 3721:ChaHα1 3694:2M1207 3654:Bootes 3633:Notes 3503:ChaHα8 3495:ChaHα8 3404: 3308:sulfur 3241:-type 3239:WZ Sge 3225:would 2892:RCW 38 2811:plasma 2721: 2628:Kelu-1 2566:Hubble 2279:CW1446 2193: 2122: 1955:sodium 1934:alkali 1900:O and 1824:, the 1818:GD 165 1814:GD 165 1677:2M1207 1602: 1545: 1528:helium 1495: 1464: 1453: 1431:Saturn 1413:X-rays 1401:fusion 1392: 1360: 1345: 1228:quartz 1146: 1104:proton 1102:and a 802:magni- 751:Giants 560:Theory 523: 509: 485:Nature 481:Nature 445:Saturn 416:, and 367:GD 165 353:, and 168:binary 123:) can 116: 18262:Stars 18143:Other 18008:1–500 17933:Lists 17042:types 17037:Sizes 16863:Guest 16667:Lists 16548:Super 16202:Fusor 16075:Black 16060:Quark 16040:Preon 16025:Boson 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