Nyaya - Knowledge

2075: 3835:, yet avoids ‘inexactness’ and ‘misleading irregularities’ by various technical devices. This technical language, being based on the natural language Sanskrit, inherits a certain natural structure and interpretation, and sensitivity to the context of enquiry. On the other hand, the symbolic formal systems of Western logic, though considerably influenced in their structure (say, in quantification, etc.) by the basic patterns discernible in European languages, are professedly purely symbolic, carrying no interpretation whatsoever−such interpretations are supposed to be supplied separately in the specific context of the particular field of enquiry ‘employing’ the symbolic formal system. 3815:

tradition has the attributes of a natural science and not that of a collection of context free formal statements), and in philosophical discourse. Inference in Indian logic is ‘deductive and inductive’, ‘formal as well as material’. In essence, it is the method of scientific enquiry. Indian ‘formal logic’ is thus not ‘formal’, in the sense generally understood: in Indian logic ‘form’ cannot be entirely separated from ‘content’. In fact, great care is exercised to exclude from logical discourse terms, which have no referential content. No statement, which is known to be false, is admitted as a premise in a valid argument. Thus, the ‘method of indirect proof’ (

6220: 2885:(lit., from the specialty of numbers): By rules of perception, only number "one" can ever be directly perceived. All other numbers other than one, are inferences and concepts created by consciousness. When man is born, his mind is incapable of inferences and concepts. He develops consciousness as he develops. The consciousness development is self-evident and proven because of man's ability with perfect numerical conception. This ability to conceive numerically perfect concepts must depend on something. That something is divine consciousness. So God must exist. 3797:

between the logical soundness or validity of a piece of reasoning and the truth of the premises from which it proceeds and in this sense is familiar from everyday usage. However, a precise statement of the distinction must be made with reference to a particular language or system of notation, a formalised language, which shall avoid the inexactness and systematically misleading irregularities of structure and expression that are found in ordinary (colloquial or literary) English and other natural languages and shall follow or reproduce the logical form.

2513:, states Lochtefeld, may be explained with the example of a traveller who has never visited lands or islands with endemic population of wildlife. He or she is told, by someone who has been there, that in those lands you see an animal that sort of looks like a cow, grazes like cow but is different from a cow in such and such way. Such use of analogy and comparison is, state the Indian epistemologists, a valid means of conditional knowledge, as it helps the traveller identify the new animal later. The subject of comparison is formally called 1344:, a foundational text for Nyāya school, that primarily discusses logic, methodology and epistemology. The Nyaya of logic is said to have been founded by a sage named Gautama. He is also known as Gautama, Aksapada and Dirghatapas. The names Gotama and Gautama points to the family to which he belonged while the names Aksapada and Dirghatapas refer respectively to his meditative habit and practice of long penance. The people of Mithila (modern Darbhanga in North Bihar) ascribe the foundation of Nyāya philosophy to Gautama, husband of 2572:). The schools of Hinduism which consider it epistemically valid suggest that a human being needs to know numerous facts, and with the limited time and energy available, he can learn only a fraction of those facts and truths directly. He must rely on others, his parent, family, friends, teachers, ancestors and kindred members of society to rapidly acquire and share knowledge and thereby enrich each other's lives. This means of gaining proper knowledge is either spoken or written, but through 10881: 7526: 7536: 1561: 7515: 3609: 3547: 5966: 7546: 1212:(न्याय) is a Sanskrit word which means justice, equality for all being, specially a collection of general or universal rules. In some contexts, it means model, axiom, plan, legal proceeding, judicial sentence, or judgment. Nyaya could also mean, "that which shows the way" tracing its Sanskrit etymology. In the theory of logic, and Indian texts discussing it, the term also refers to an argument consisting of an 5958: 3802:

soundness or validity’ of an inference. It achieves this by taking recourse to a symbolic language that has little to do with natural languages. The main concern of Western logic, in its entire course of development, has been one of systematising patterns of mathematical reasoning, with the mathematical objects being thought of as existing either in an independent ideal world or in a formal domain.

53: 3489: 11308: 10868: 3847: 1575: 2101:, a Sanskrit word, literally is "means of knowledge". It encompasses one or more reliable and valid means by which human beings gain accurate, true knowledge. The focus of Pramana is how correct knowledge can be acquired, how one knows, how one doesn't, and to what extent knowledge pertinent about someone or something can be acquired. 2787:(literally, the Supreme Soul). Evidence available suggests that early Nyāya scholars were non-theistic or atheists. Later, and over time, Nyāya scholars tried to apply some of their epistemological insights and methodology to the question: does God exist? Some offered arguments against and some in favor. 2891:(lit., from the unforeseen): Everybody reaps the fruits of his own actions. Merits and demerits accrue from his own actions. An Unseen Power keeps a balance sheet of the merit and demerit. But since this Unseen Power is Unintelligent, it needs intelligent guidance to work. That intelligent guide is God. 3801:

Thus, the basic features of Western logic are: It deals with a study of ‘propositions’, specially their ‘logical form’ as abstracted from their ‘content’ or ‘matter’. It deals with ‘general conditions of valid inference’, wherein the truth or otherwise of the premises have no bearing on the ‘logical

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Logic is the systematic study of the structure of propositions and of the general conditions of valid inference by a method, which abstracts from the content or matter of the propositions and deals only with their logical form. This distinction between form and matter is made whenever we distinguish

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to concern itself with epistemology, that is the reliable means to gain correct knowledge and to remove wrong notions. False knowledge is not merely ignorance to Naiyyayikas, it includes delusion. Correct knowledge is discovering and overcoming one's delusions, and understanding true nature of soul,

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is epistemology, or the theory of knowledge. Thus Indian logic is not concerned merely with making arguments in formal mathematics rigorous and precise, but attends to the much larger issue of providing rigour to the arguments encountered in natural sciences (including mathematics, which in Indian

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A literal interpretation of the three verses suggests that Nyāya school rejected the need for a God for the efficacy of human activity. Since human action and results do not require assumption or need of the existence of God, sutra IV.1.21 is seen as a criticism of the "existence of God and theism

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In Nyaya philosophy, direct realism asserts that our cognitions are informational states revealing external objects. According to Nyaya, the world consists of stable, three-dimensional objects, and their system of categories accurately mirrors reality's structure. Nyaya philosophy emphasizes the

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Nyaya-Vaisheshika offers one of the most vigorous efforts at the construction of a substantialist, realist ontology that the world has ever seen. It provides an extended critique of event-ontologies and idealist metaphysics. (...) This ontology is Platonistic, realistic, but neither exclusively

2845:(lit., from combination): Atoms are inactive. To form a substance, they must combine. To combine, they must move. Nothing moves without intelligence and source of motion. Since we perceive substance, some intelligent source must have moved the inactive atoms. That intelligent source is God. 2771:' means 'elsewise' and 'elsewhere' and both of these meanings are brought out in error. The presented object is perceived elsewise and the represented object exists elsewhere. They further maintain that knowledge is not intrinsically valid but becomes so due to extraneous conditions ( 1367:

to spiritual questions. While the early Nyaya scholars published little to no analysis on whether supernatural power or God exists, they did apply their insights into reason and reliable means to knowledge to the questions of nature of existence, spirituality, happiness and

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is of a tell-tale character in its application to logic in the West; and it may be taken to indicate how, almost from its very rise, western logic found itself in the firm grip of formalism and how it took more than twenty centuries for the scientific method underlying

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says that indeterminate perception apprehends substance, qualities and actions and universals as separate and indistinct, without any association with any names, whereas determinate perception apprehends them all together with a name. There is yet another stage called

2482:: Here the hetu is contradicted by another hetu. If both have equal force, then nothing follows. 'Sound is eternal, because it is audible', and 'Sound is non-eternal, because it is produced'. Here 'audible' is counterbalanced by 'produced' and both are of equal force. 2213:(definite; correct perception excludes judgments of doubt, either because of one's failure to observe all the details, or because one is mixing inference with observation and observing what one wants to observe, or not observing what one does not want to observe). 2814:

postulate". The context of the above verses includes various efficient causes. Nyāya Sūtra verses IV.1.22 to IV.1.24, for example, examine the hypothesis that "random chance" explains the world, after these Indian scholars had rejected God as the efficient cause.

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school of Hinduism than others. It holds that human suffering results from mistakes/defects produced by activity under wrong knowledge (notions and ignorance). Moksha (liberation), it states, is gained through right knowledge. This premise led

2267:, but it is necessarily preceded by an earlier stage when it is indeterminate. Vātsāyana says that if an object is perceived with its name we have determinate perception but if it is perceived without a name, we have indeterminate perception. 2147:

The Nyāya scholars, along with those from other schools of Hinduism, also developed a theory of error, to methodically establish means to identify errors and the process by which errors are made in human pursuit of knowledge. These include

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in verses 10.28 through 10.63 discusses many types of comparisons and analogies, identifying when this epistemic method is more useful and reliable, and when it is not. In various ancient and medieval texts of Hinduism, 32 types of

3819:) is not accepted as a valid method−neither in Indian philosophy nor in Indian mathematics−for proving the existence of an entity whose existence is not demonstrable (even in principle) by other (direct) means of proof. 3806:

however, does not deal with ideal entities, such as propositions, logical truth as distinguished from material truth, or with purely symbolic languages that apparently have nothing to do with natural languages.

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Indian logic does not make any attempt to develop a purely symbolic and content independent or ‘formal language’ as the vehicle of logical analysis. Instead, what Indian logic, especially in its later phase of

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The Nyaya school considers perception, inference, comparison/analogy, and testimony from reliable sources as four means to correct knowledge, holding that perception is the ultimate source of such knowledge.

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gives the following nine arguments to prove the existence of creative God and also refutes the existing objections and questions by atheistic systems of Carvaka, Mimamsa, Buddhists, Jains and Samkhya:

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The Nyaya Sutras of Gautama (Original Text, English Translation & Commentary) Translated & English Commentary by M.M. Satisa Candra Vidyabhusana Edited with a Sanskrit Preface by Dr. Sukhram

2767:). The Naiyyayikas also believe, like Kumarila, that error is due to a wrong synthesis of the presented and represented objects. The represented object is confused with the presented one. The word ' 2795:

In Nyāya Sūtra's Book 4, Chapter 1, verses 19–21, postulates God exists, states a consequence, then presents contrary evidence, and from contradiction concludes that the postulate must be invalid.

2867:(lit, from faith): Vedas are infallible. Human beings are fallible. Infallible Vedas cannot have been authored by fallible human beings. Someone authored the infallible Vedas. That author is God. 3330: 2624:

importance of universals, qualities, and relations in understanding the organization of the world. These foundational elements are believed to play essential roles in determining the

1159:, stating that anything that really exists is in principle humanly knowable. To them, correct knowledge and understanding is different from simple, reflexive cognition; it requires 4762:

Karl Potter and Sibajiban Bhattacharya (1994), Logical Theory & Gangesa & Other chapters, in The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, Volume 6, Princeton University Press,

2318:

The methodology of inference involves a combination of induction and deduction by moving from particular to particular via generality. It has five steps, as in the example shown:

2879:(lit., from precepts): Vedas deal with moral laws. These are divine. Divine injunctions and prohibitions can only come from a divine creator of laws. That divine creator is God. 2691:

and an effect as an unconditional and invariable consequent of a cause. The same cause produces the same effect; and the same effect is produced by the same cause. The cause is

2209:(does not wander; correct perception does not change, nor is it the result of deception because one's sensory organ or means of observation is drifting, defective, suspect) and 4241:, page 63, Quote: "The Buddhist schools reject any Ātman concept. As we have already observed, this is the basic and ineradicable distinction between Hinduism and Buddhism". 11358: 2474:: Here the hetu is non-exclusive. The hetu is all-inclusive and leaves nothing by way of sapaksha or vipaksha. e.g. 'All things are non-ternal, because they are knowable'. 3742:, which denotes both 'thought' and 'word' or 'discourse'. The significance of this etymological connection can be adequately appreciated if it is remembered that 2310:(when inference is not based on causation but on uniformity of co-existence). A detailed analysis of error is also given, explaining when anumana could be false. 4855:

Karl Potter (1977), Meaning and Truth, in Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, Volume 2, Princeton University Press, Reprinted in 1995 by Motilal Banarsidass,

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Karl Potter (1977), Meaning and Truth, in Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, Volume 2, Princeton University Press, Reprinted in 1995 by Motilal Banarsidass,

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Karl Potter (1977), Meaning and Truth, in Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, Volume 2, Princeton University Press, Reprinted in 1995 by Motilal Banarsidass,

1165:(अनुव्यवसाय, cross-examination of cognition, reflective cognition of what one thinks one knows). An influential collection of texts on logic and reason is the 2468:: The hetu is too narrow. It is only present in the Paksha, it is not present in the Sapaksa and in the Vipaksha. `Sound is eternal because it is audible'. 2839:(lit. "from effect"): The world is an effect. All effects have efficient cause. Hence the world must have an efficient cause. That efficient cause is God. 1376:, examined various arguments on theism and attempted to prove existence of God. Other Nyāya scholars offered arguments to disprove the existence of God. 2216:

Ordinary perception to Nyāya scholars was based on direct experience of reality by eyes, ears, nose, touch and taste. Extraordinary perception included

1105:. Nyāya's most significant contributions to Indian philosophy were systematic development of the theory of logic, methodology, and its treatises on 4651: 2989: 2436:: If Paksha itself is unreal, then there cannot be locus of the hetu. e.g. The sky-lotus is fragrant, because it is a lotus like any other lotus. 5510: 5276:

English translation: Francis X. Clooney (2010), Hindu God, Christian God: How Reason Helps Break Down the Boundaries, Oxford University Press,

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The Naiyyayikas believe that the bondage of the world is due to false knowledge, which can be removed by constantly thinking of its opposite (

2488:: When another proof (as by perception) definitely contradicts and disproves the middle term (hetu). 'Fire is cold because it is a substance'. 4213:

is central to Brahmanical thought). Put very briefly, this is the doctrine that human beings have no soul, no self, no unchanging essence.";

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Monier Williams (1893), Indian Wisdom – Religious, Philosophical and Ethical Doctrines of the Hindus, Luzac & Co, London, pages 457–458

2061: 8822: 8429: 7582: 4209:, page 64; Quote: "Central to Buddhist soteriology is the doctrine of not-self (Pali: anattā, Sanskrit: anātman, the opposed doctrine of 4779:

Gerald Larson and Ram Bhattacharya, The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies (Editor:Karl Potter), Volume 4, Princeton University Press,

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describes salvation as a passive stage of the self in its natural purity, unassociated with pleasure, pain, knowledge and willingness.

2861:(lit., from word): Each word has meaning and represents an object. This representational power of words has a cause. That cause is God. 1585: 1073: 2580:

of reliable sources. The disagreement between the schools of Hinduism has been on how to establish reliability. Some schools, such as

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by Jagadish Tarkalankar (17th century CE) and Gadadhar Bhattacharya (17th century CE) are the last two notable works of this school.

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John A. Grimes, A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English, State University of New York Press,

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John A. Grimes, A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English, State University of New York Press,

4016:

PT Raju (1985), Structural Depths of Indian Thought: Toward a Constructive Postmodern Ethics, State University of New York Press,

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Karl Potter (2004), The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies: Indian metaphysics and epistemology, Volume 2, Motilal Banarsidass,

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John Clayton (2010), Religions, Reasons and Gods: Essays in Cross-cultural Philosophy of Religion, Cambridge University Press,

4270:

David Ambeul (1998), Ontology in Indian Philosophy, in Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Editor: Edward Craig), Routledge,

3510: 3497: 2205:, according to ancient Indian scholars, where one's sensory organ relies on accepting or rejecting someone else's perception), 11332: 10580: 4745:

Karl Potter and Sibajiban Bhattacharya (1994), The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, Volume 6, Princeton University Press,

1695: 8789: 5947: 5770: 5748: 5682: 5660: 5533: 5486: 5371: 5329: 5305: 5281: 5244: 5227: 5207: 5158: 5124: 5100: 5083: 5059: 5048: 4965: 4806: 4784: 4767: 4750: 4508: 4416: 4389: 4362: 4335: 4319: 4275: 4258: 4238: 4206: 4196: 4167: 4150: 4126: 4109: 4092: 4067: 4043: 4021: 4004: 5271: 2294:, where one does not need any formal procedure, and at the most the last three of their 5 steps), and inference for others ( 4201:

Steven Collins (1994), Religion and Practical Reason (Editors: Frank Reynolds, David Tracy), State Univ of New York Press,

3788:

The essential features of logic in the Western tradition are well captured in the following statement by a famous logician

4411:

Francis X. Clooney (2010), Hindu God, Christian God: How Reason Helps Break Down the Boundaries, Oxford University Press,

3421:

Numerous commentaries have been written on Nyāya-Sutra since its composition. Some of these commentaries are available on

1201:) as a state of removal of ignorance, wrong knowledge, the gain of correct knowledge, and unimpeded continuation of self. 10964: 5918: 5884: 5870: 5852: 4900: 2907:, right knowledge, and equanimity. Additionally, Ishvara is omnipotent and acts in a way that is good for his creatures. 11093: 9149: 5895: 4182:

B. K. Matilal "Perception. An Essay on Classical Indian Theories of Knowledge" (Oxford University Press, 1986), p. xiv.

4162:

Jeaneane Fowler (2002), Perspectives of Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Hinduism, Sussex Academic Press,

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testimony. Laukika-sourced knowledge must be questioned and revised as more trustworthy knowledge becomes available.

11242: 10231: 5462: 5438: 5417: 5350: 5012: 4880: 4860: 4843: 4826: 4733: 4716: 4574: 4550: 4529: 4474: 3692: 3590: 3528: 691: 7443: 3673: 3572: 2290:(inference) is one of the most important contributions of the Nyāya. It can be of two types: inference for oneself ( 2232:(a form of perception of prior processes and previous states of a 'topic of study' by observing its current state). 11326: 10763: 5043:

Eliott Deutsche (2000), in Philosophy of Religion : Indian Philosophy Vol 4 (Editor: Roy Perrett), Routledge,

2931:(liberation). However, the Nyāya school also maintains that God's grace is essential for obtaining true knowledge. 2054: 2028: 7990: 3645: 10918: 10793: 8815: 7575: 7431: 6962: 1890: 10401: 7630: 4121:

BK Matilal (1997), Logic, Language and Reality: Indian Philosophy and Contemporary Issues, Motilal Banarsidass,

1337:, the early Nyāya scholars began compiling the science of rational, coherent inquiry and pursuit of knowledge. 11247: 10819: 9979: 7922: 7549: 7260: 3630: 3557: 2190:(I, i.4) as a 'non-erroneous cognition which is produced by the intercourse of sense-organs with the objects'. 1763: 1066: 4488:

Original atheism of the Nyaya, in Indian Thought – Proceedings and Transactions of the First Oriental Congress

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should not be taken to carry with it all these implications of European history when it is used in the phrase

2855:(unseen principles of nature) cannot do this. We must infer that something intelligent is behind. That is God. 2462:: The hetu is too wide. It is present in both sapaksa and vipaksa. `The hill has fire because it is knowable'. 9393: 8978: 8624: 7389: 3652: 1633: 1185:; however, a key difference between the two is that Buddhism believes that there is neither a soul nor self; 2074: 10798: 10703: 10351: 9068: 8724: 8323: 7438: 5913: 2246:(indeterminate), when one just perceives an object without being able to know its features, and the second 2023: 1274:(science of uncovering sophism, fraud, error, finding fakes). Some of these subsume or deploy the tools of 2628:, causal, and logical organization of the world, playing a crucial role in the classification of objects. 11322: 10602: 10316: 8945: 7453: 3953: 2047: 1709: 1647: 8203: 5095:

P. Billimoria (1988), Śabdapramāṇa: Word and Knowledge, Studies of Classical India Volume 10, Springer,

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James Lochtefeld, "Upamana" in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 2: N-Z, Rosen Publishing.

4989: 4711:

James Lochtefeld, "Pramana" in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 2: N-Z, Rosen Publishing.

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John C. Plott et al (2000), Global History of Philosophy: The Axial Age, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass,

11273: 10469: 10138: 9444: 9220: 8808: 8293: 8188: 7568: 7480: 6972: 6549: 6005: 5978: 3866: 3746:, in its rise and development in the western world, particularly in Greece, was closely connected with 3659: 2949: 2625: 2448:: Conditional hetu. `Wherever there is fire, there is smoke'. The presence of smoke is due to wet fuel. 1961: 1001: 630: 274: 8854: 8148: 2298:, which requires a systematic methodology of 5 steps). Inference can also be classified into 3 types: 1097::'nyāyaḥ'), literally meaning "justice", "rules", "method" or "judgment", is one of the six orthodox ( 423: 11373: 11368: 11252: 11177: 10959: 10675: 8887: 8877: 8469: 8055: 7625: 7500: 6426: 5940: 5818: 4253:(1997), Logic, Language and Reality: Indian Philosophy and Contemporary Issues, Motilal Banarsidass, 3886: 3363:(17th century CE) tried to develop a consistent system by combining the ancient and the new schools, 2576:(words). The reliability of the source is important, and legitimate knowledge can only come from the 2494:: Instead of proving something it is proving the opposite. 'Sound is eternal because it is produced'. 1775: 1059: 6079: 3924: 1379:

The most important contribution made by the Nyāya school to Hindu thought has been its treatises on

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of the 14th century, has developed is a technical language, which is based on the natural language

1652: 967: 962: 726: 8153: 6114: 3641: 2851:(lit., from support): Something sustains this world. Something destroys this world. Unintelligent 1238:" signifying logic is there etymologically identical with "nigama" the conclusion of a syllogism. 17: 11234: 10356: 10297: 10250: 10108: 10071: 9439: 9354: 9344: 9268: 9134: 9106: 8369: 8349: 8039: 7731: 7130: 6990: 6661: 6201: 6144: 5256:

G Oberhammer (1965), Zum problem des Gottesbeweises in der Indischen Philosophie, Numen, 12: 1–34

3619: 3568: 2003: 1926: 1674: 676: 123: 60: 7025: 2981: 2564:(शब्द) means relying on word, testimony of past or present reliable experts. Hiriyanna explains 10489: 10421: 9501: 9339: 8917: 8892: 8882: 8649: 8614: 8050: 7775: 7473: 7426: 6636: 6359: 5621: 3929: 3626: 2873:(lit., from scriptures): The infallible Vedas testify to the existence of God. Thus God exists. 2675: 2526: 2018: 1971: 1936: 1684: 1664: 1600: 1334: 8066: 5925: 5566:

Alonzo, Church (1959). "'Logic', in the Encyclopaedia Britannica, XIV Edition, Chicago 1959".

3263: 2542: 2156:(विपर्यय, contrariness, errors) which can be corrected or resolved by a systematic process of 11288: 10726: 10665: 10645: 10479: 10391: 10371: 10361: 9994: 9843: 9476: 9408: 9316: 9283: 9111: 9091: 8897: 7827: 7495: 7448: 7421: 7384: 6641: 5734: 5617: 4379: 4352: 4250: 1998: 1990: 1976: 1931: 1756: 1741: 1605: 1590: 1156: 565: 545: 253: 246: 6957: 4667:"The Nyaya-sutra: Selections with Early Commentaries, by Matthew Dasti and Stephen Phillips" 4217: 4062:

DPS Bhawuk (2011), Spirituality and Indian Psychology (Editor: Anthony Marsella), Springer,

2719:

Remote cause is not a cause because it is not unconditional. E.g., The father of the potter.

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This is not so since, as a matter of fact, no result is accomplished without human action.

2197:(direct experience by one's sensory organ(s) with the object, whatever is being studied), 8: 11162: 11145: 11125: 11088: 11037: 11032: 10974: 10911: 10884: 10839: 10829: 10788: 10736: 10721: 10650: 10630: 10612: 10444: 10411: 10272: 10259: 10066: 9863: 9774: 9729: 9635: 9521: 9334: 9182: 8559: 8499: 8273: 7847: 7771: 7605: 7518: 7485: 7364: 7255: 7190: 7040: 6899: 6779: 6651: 6479: 6416: 6369: 5865: 5847: 5555:. Osmania University, Digital Library Of India. The Kuppuswami Sastri Research Institute. 5116:

The Nyaya Theory of Knowledge: A Critical Study of Some Problems of Logic and Metaphysics

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Eternal substances, or eternal conditions are not unconditional antecedents, e.g. space.

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Each school of Hinduism has its own treatises on epistemology, with different number of

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According to Matthew Dasti and Stephen Phillips, it may be useful to interpret the word

1175:, variously estimated to have been composed between 6th-century BCE and 2nd-century CE. 454: 408: 102: 11098: 11027: 10984: 10834: 10803: 10783: 10731: 10713: 10688: 10683: 10635: 10622: 10589: 10484: 10386: 10321: 10277: 10221: 10061: 9890: 9784: 9692: 9496: 9375: 9366: 9329: 9324: 9230: 9225: 9202: 9121: 8935: 8862: 8073: 7884: 7714: 7320: 7279: 6571: 6384: 6329: 5806:

The Navya-nyāya doctrine of negation: the semantics and ontology of negative statements

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Monier-Williams' Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon, Germany

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recite its spiritual questions in logical propositions. In early centuries BCE, states

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Rational belief in classical India : Nyāya's epistemology and defense of theism

3997:

An Introduction to Indian Philosophy: Perspectives on Reality, Knowledge and Freedom

2442:: Hetu cannot exist in paksa at all. E.g. Sound is a quality, because it is visible. 11363: 11217: 10943: 10938: 10824: 10758: 10748: 10449: 10396: 10346: 10326: 10287: 10282: 10123: 10051: 9769: 9680: 9571: 9543: 9528: 9491: 9197: 9177: 9144: 9049: 9011: 8669: 8303: 8238: 8026: 7960: 7889: 7670: 7662: 7270: 7180: 7071: 6671: 6666: 6631: 6606: 6492: 6449: 6136: 5996: 5785:

Indian metaphysics and epistemology: the tradition of Nyāya-Vaiśeṣika up to Gaṅgeśa

5575: 5391: 4678: 4600: 3881: 3666: 2824: 1852: 1768: 1172: 1102: 914: 610: 600: 290: 267: 190: 44: 8248: 6454: 4801:

Troy Organ, Philosophy and the Self: East and West, Associated University Presse,

4728:

Karl Potter (2002), Presuppositions of India's Philosophies, Motilal Banarsidass,

1387:

that, subsequently, has been adopted by the majority of the other Indian schools.

11063: 11005: 10530: 10499: 10464: 10429: 10307: 10158: 10056: 10014: 9925: 9913: 9898: 9873: 9848: 9618: 9486: 9481: 9398: 9383: 9056: 8940: 8619: 8489: 8364: 8263: 7939: 7857: 7832: 7754: 7539: 7404: 7357: 7339: 7289: 7223: 7205: 7148: 7098: 6917: 6821: 6694: 6656: 6626: 6464: 6354: 6193: 6186: 6033: 5909: 5905: 5899: 5861: 5843: 5738: 5295: 5174: 5148: 5114: 4955: 4930: 4288: 3035: 2651: 1862: 1384: 580: 469: 438: 225: 200: 9670: 8709: 7780: 6119: 2953:, Nyāya is mentioned as one of the fourteen principal branches of learning. The 2763:

The Nyāya theory of error is similar to that of Kumarila's Viparita-khyati (see

2240:

The Naiyyayika maintains two modes or stages in perception. The first is called

11353: 11317: 11010: 10989: 10904: 10439: 10434: 10302: 10267: 10199: 10173: 10009: 9858: 9797: 9710: 9553: 9449: 9192: 8872: 8694: 8644: 8634: 8283: 8178: 8060: 8003: 7973: 7842: 7615: 7374: 7310: 7153: 6497: 6374: 6344: 6179: 5892: 5078:

M. Hiriyanna (2000), The Essentials of Indian Philosophy, Motilal Banarsidass,

4666: 4604: 3914: 3871: 3564: 3506: 3125: 3050:(9th century CE) is the next major exposition of this school. Two other texts, 2932: 2268: 1946: 1325: 1020: 575: 494: 484: 393: 232: 9880: 9655: 8679: 7864: 7795: 6043: 5496: 4875:

C Sharma, A Critical Survey of Indian Philosophy, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass,

4682: 3375: 3300: 3229: 11347: 11167: 11108: 10494: 10406: 10336: 10078: 9868: 9802: 9759: 9628: 9253: 9039: 9021: 8143: 8116: 7979: 7966: 7953: 7907: 7852: 7490: 7394: 7173: 6947: 6685: 6576: 6487: 6421: 5708:

Gleanings from the history and bibliography of the Nyaya-Vaisesika literature

5587: 4690: 4637: 4612: 4588: 3789: 3771: 3766: 2955: 1011: 947: 942: 909: 788: 721: 696: 681: 671: 525: 348: 332: 239: 7721: 5387:

A Study of Nyayavaisesika Categories with Special Reference to Tarkasamgraha

1244:

is related to several other concepts and words used in Indian philosophies:

1227: 784: 428: 11157: 10979: 10525: 10515: 10474: 10454: 10226: 10189: 10148: 10034: 9984: 9645: 9623: 9601: 9548: 9516: 9388: 9248: 9159: 8955: 8689: 8589: 8574: 8308: 8138: 7946: 7879: 7759: 7739: 7620: 7045: 7010: 6907: 6524: 5478:

The Nyāya-Sutras of Gautama: original text, English translation & notes

5476: 4293: 4222: 3803: 3780: 2529:, if a boy says "her face is like the moon in charmingness", "her face" is 2186:(extraordinary). Ordinary perception is defined by Akṣapāda Gautama in his 2083: 1898: 1842: 1380: 1181:

school shares some of its methodology and human suffering foundations with

1161: 1113: 1106: 991: 640: 505: 459: 297: 144: 7709: 5813: 5778: 5763:

Epistemology in classical India: the knowledge sources of the Nyāya school

5756: 5722:

Indian logic and atomism: an exposition of the Nyāya and Vaiçeṣika systems

5690: 5526:

Epistemology in classical India: the knowledge sources of the Nyāya school

3407: 3399: 3391: 3383: 3373: 3365: 3357: 3347: 3339: 3331: 3323: 3315: 3307: 3298: 3287: 3280: 3273: 3264: 3255: 3243: 3236: 3227: 3219: 3210: 3201: 3194: 3187: 3180: 3172: 3163: 3152: 3144: 3137: 3130: 3118: 3110: 3102: 3094: 3086: 3079: 3072: 3060: 3052: 3044: 3036: 3025: 3018: 3006: 2998: 2990: 2982: 2974: 2921: 11192: 11187: 11140: 10520: 10459: 10331: 10311: 10216: 10153: 10113: 10093: 10019: 9989: 9650: 9586: 9278: 9263: 9139: 9129: 9078: 9044: 8983: 8769: 8659: 8639: 8409: 8233: 8193: 8183: 7985: 7800: 7684: 7352: 7185: 7113: 7103: 7015: 7005: 6980: 6621: 6616: 6507: 6301: 6285: 6228: 6163: 6099: 5715: 5668: 4084: 3971: 3356: 3171: 2965: 2568:

as a concept which means testimony of a reliable and trustworthy person (

1913: 1406: 1143: 1139: 919: 874: 827: 777: 706: 590: 515: 340: 318: 260: 208: 95: 8604: 5830: 5792: 4957:

Logic, Language and Reality: Indian Philosophies and Contemporary Issues

3919: 11135: 11103: 11068: 10366: 10194: 10143: 10133: 10004: 9908: 9853: 9660: 9640: 9506: 9273: 9187: 9016: 8963: 8927: 8831: 8719: 8699: 8609: 8564: 8539: 8479: 8474: 8424: 8344: 8318: 8253: 8079: 8032: 7837: 7785: 7250: 7218: 7163: 7020: 6729: 6566: 6539: 6321: 6094: 5729: 5595: 5395: 3633: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3013: 2242: 1921: 1552: 996: 882: 510: 218: 8009: 3031: 2132: 1234:" from the root "i" which conveys the same meaning as "gam" – to go. " 11197: 11058: 10969: 10381: 10376: 10236: 10163: 10098: 9969: 9903: 9715: 9705: 9700: 9675: 9471: 9031: 8993: 8744: 8579: 8404: 8379: 8298: 8258: 8243: 8198: 7996: 7790: 7369: 7158: 7108: 7081: 7030: 6995: 6985: 6937: 6836: 6804: 6749: 6646: 6601: 6275: 4627: 3891: 3756: 2276:, when one is able to re-recognise something on the basis of memory. 2248: 2082:

The Nyāya school of Hinduism developed and refined many treatises on

1357: 1352:

where a fair is held every year on the 9th day of the lunar month of

1349: 1250: 1217: 1213: 1006: 864: 768: 686: 620: 449: 311: 9606: 7744: 7560: 5579: 5481:. Translated by Satis Chandra Vidyabhusana (First ed.). Delhi. 5385: 4229:

Is The Buddhist 'No-Self' Doctrine Compatible With Pursuing Nirvana?

3608: 3575:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 2799:

The Lord is the cause, since we see that human action lacks results.

2090:

treated it as theory of knowledge, and its scholars developed it as

1560: 1363:

The Nyāya scholars that followed refined, expanded, and applied the

1098: 165: 11118: 10211: 10118: 10083: 10041: 10029: 9817: 9611: 9511: 9454: 9258: 9212: 9096: 8739: 8629: 8569: 8519: 8514: 8359: 8354: 8313: 8278: 8228: 8163: 8158: 7912: 7749: 7414: 7233: 7228: 7118: 7055: 7035: 6866: 6702: 6529: 6502: 6469: 6411: 6311: 6306: 6280: 6205: 6089: 5961: 3832: 3294: 3225:(14th century CE) is the first major treatise of the new school of 3193:(12th century CE) is a notable treatise of this syncretist school. 2716:

Mere accidental antecedent. E.g., The colour of the potter's cloth.

2228:(a form of induction from perceived specifics to a universal), and 1956: 1536:

as cognition rather than knowledge when studying the Nyāya system.

1401: 1182: 1090: 1042: 869: 804: 658: 535: 479: 282: 151: 137: 8749: 6243: 4104:

Vassilis Vitsaxis (2009), Thought and Faith, Somerset Hall Press,

3261:, incorporated his father's views. Jayadeva wrote a commentary on 2336:

Wherever there is smoke, there is fire, e.g. in a kitchen (called

837: 11182: 11113: 9838: 9812: 9807: 9749: 9744: 9576: 9464: 9459: 9418: 9240: 9086: 8968: 8759: 8754: 8734: 8674: 8664: 8654: 8594: 8544: 8534: 8459: 8449: 8439: 8384: 8218: 8098: 7822: 7699: 7674: 7610: 7315: 7168: 7086: 7076: 6851: 6841: 6814: 6809: 6799: 6754: 6739: 6734: 6514: 6459: 6444: 6436: 6403: 6270: 6173: 6148: 6124: 6023: 6013: 4330:

N Sinha (1990), The Nyaya Sutras of Gotama, Motilal Banarsidass,

3760: 3250: 3067: 2988:. The text is divided into five books, each having two sections. 2897: 2829: 2784: 2764: 2647: 2638: 2581: 2202: 2092: 1373: 1353: 1330: 1312: 1118: 981: 974: 929: 859: 797: 745: 418: 367: 158: 109: 74: 8484: 6109: 5965: 2193:

Indian texts identify four requirements for correct perception:

1405:

or categories and includes all six (or seven) categories of the

1323:

The historical development of Nyāya school is unclear, although

11020: 10103: 10024: 9754: 9413: 9403: 9101: 9003: 8764: 8714: 8704: 8599: 8584: 8504: 8494: 8454: 8394: 8389: 8374: 8339: 8288: 8208: 7874: 7704: 7645: 7347: 7325: 7138: 7091: 7050: 6932: 6922: 6861: 6769: 6712: 6707: 6561: 6248: 6084: 6070: 6055: 5955: 5879: 5449: 5447: 3899: 3764:

to be redeemed, brought into prominence and implemented in the

2960: 2903: 2687:

is defined as an unconditional and invariable antecedent of an

2372: 2252:(determinate), when one is able to clearly know an object. All 2104:

The Naiyayikas (the Nyāya scholars) accepted four valid means (

1903: 1369: 1345: 842: 752: 653: 3425:

for reference. A few of the commentaries are mentioned below:

3345:(17th century CE) is also a notable work. The Commentaries on 1520:(sophisticated refutation or misleading/futile objections) and 1155:

Naiyyayika scholars approached philosophy as a form of direct

1138:(word, testimony of past or present reliable experts). In its 11212: 10927: 9919: 8867: 8800: 8779: 8774: 8684: 8554: 8509: 8419: 8223: 8173: 8122: 8103: 7640: 7243: 7238: 6942: 6912: 6846: 6826: 6764: 6744: 6717: 6556: 6258: 6104: 6060: 6038: 5675:

Classical Indian philosophy of induction: the Nyāya viewpoint

4994:(1st ed.). Agra: Lakshmi Narain Agarwal. pp. 53–58. 4894: 2600: 2358:

In Nyāya terminology for this example, the hill would be the

2306:(inferring an unperceived cause from a perceived effect) and 1908: 1028: 933: 851: 5653:

Definition and induction: a historical and comparative study

5444: 3207:(13th century CE) is another important work of this school. 2631: 11172: 8784: 8549: 8529: 7635: 7284: 7213: 7195: 7143: 6927: 6871: 6831: 6791: 6774: 6759: 6724: 6153: 6065: 4191:

KN Jayatilleke (2010), Early Buddhist Theory of Knowledge,

4087:, An Introduction to Hinduism, Cambridge University Press, 2919:), namely, the true knowledge. The opening aphorism of the 2745:, colour of the thread which gives the colour of the cloth. 2235: 1094: 761: 325: 4381:

World Scriptures: An Introduction to Comparative Religions

2302:(inferring an unperceived effect from a perceived cause), 1348:, and point out as the place of his birth a village named 9764: 5957: 5179:. Allahabad: Presbyterian Mission Press. 1850. p. 51 2370:, and the relationship between the smoke and the fire is 1197:

believes that there is a soul and self, with liberation (

10896: 4960:(2nd ed.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. p. 43. 2400:

It must not be incompatible with an established truth, (

6018: 3422: 2712:

Nyaya recognizes five kinds of accidental antecedents

2592:. Other schools debate means to establish reliability. 52: 5902:

The Oxford Centre for Hindu Studies, Oxford University

3717:

knowledge. This choice may be due to only considering

3478: 2959:

states that knowledge of Nyāya came from the mouth of

2755: 5457:, Vol. II, Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 2006, 5433:, Vol. II, Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 2006, 5412:, Vol. II, Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 2006, 4589:"The Search for Definitions in Early Nyāya-Vaiśeṣika" 2695:

present in any hidden form whatsoever in its effect.

2607:, or words and writings of trustworthy human beings. 2603:), which are the words of the four sacred Vedas, and 2407:

Absence of another evidence for the opposite thesis (

1356:(March–April). It is situated 28 miles north-east of 1340:

By the 2nd century CE, Aksapada Gautama had composed

4310: 4308: 4306: 3842: 3136:(10th century CE) is basically an independent work. 2790: 2343:

The hill has smoke that is pervaded by fire (called

11359:

Schools and traditions in ancient Indian philosophy

6219: 5701:

Jewel of Reflection on the Truth about Epistemology

5300:. State University of New York Press. p. 340. 2803:Since this is efficacious, the reason lacks force. 2722:

The co-effects of a cause are not causally related.

2654:school recognizes six means to reliable knowledge. 2584:, state that this is never possible, and therefore 2174:(perception) occupies the foremost position in the 1189:school like some other schools of Hinduism such as 3972:"Nyaya | Logic, Epistemology, Ethics | Britannica" 3810:The central concern of Indian logic as founded in 3713:Nyaya philosophy does not establish a category of 3441:Nyaya-Varttika-tatparayatika-parisuddhi by Udayans 3416: 2728:Unnecessary things, e.g. the donkey of the potter. 2086:that widely influenced other schools of Hinduism. 1295:What covered in, and where? and what gave shelter? 5548: 5274:, Anandashram Sanskrit Granthvali, pages 290–292; 5202:. London ; New York: Continuum. p. 91. 4303: 1467:(members of syllogism or inferential components), 1390: 1307:Who knows then whence it first came into being?" 1303:Whence was it produced? Whence is this creation? 11345: 5740:A History of Indian Literature – Nyāya-Vaiśeṣika 5176:The Aphorisms of the Nyaya Philosophy by Gautama 4357:. University of California Press. pp. 18–. 4346: 4344: 3738:is etymologically connected with the Greek word 2751:, efficient cause, e.g. the weaver of the cloth. 2498: 2152:(समस्या, problems, inconsistencies, doubts) and 1426:(valid means of knowledge or knowledge sources), 5153:. New Delhi: Northern Book Centre. p. 71. 4350: 3438:Nyaya-Varttika tatparya-tika by Vacaspati Misra 2642:. For example, compared to Nyāya school's four 2201:(non-verbal; correct perception is not through 1266:(science of reasoning, innovation, synthesis), 4377: 2895:Naiyyayikas characterize Ishvara as absent of 2390:It must be present in all positive instances ( 2178:epistemology. Perception can be of two types, 1258:(epistemology, science of correct knowledge), 10912: 8816: 7576: 5941: 5866:"Epistemology in Classical Indian Philosophy" 5699:, (“Jewel”), translated by Stephen Phillips, 4341: 4156: 3329:are the next important works of this school. 2972:The earliest text of the Nyāya School is the 2927:states that only the true knowledge leads to 2901:, false knowledge, and error; and possessing 2550:and their value in epistemology are debated. 2350:Therefore, there is fire on the hill (called 2055: 1301:Who really knows? Who will here proclaim it? 1254:(science of inquiry, systematic philosophy), 1067: 5823:Materials for the study of Navya-nyāya logic 5293: 5146: 5037: 5035: 5033: 4935:. Calcutta: Sarasudhanidhi Press. p. 24 4650:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4354:Maps of Time: An Introduction to Big History 3092:is the first systematic account of theistic 2817: 1305:The gods came after this world's production, 1293:there was no realm of air, no sky beyond it. 1230:, revered Sanskrit grammarian, derives the " 5914:"Analytic Philosophy in Early Modern India" 5848:"Analytic Philosophy in Early Modern India" 5147:Das, Kanti Lal; Mukherjee, Anirban (2008). 5113:Chatterjee, Satischandra (1 January 2016). 4928: 2521:, while the attribute(s) are identified as 2397:It must be absent in all negative instances 1297:Was water there, unfathomed depth of water? 10919: 10905: 8823: 8809: 7583: 7569: 5948: 5934: 5509:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5474: 5112: 4461: 4459: 4457: 4455: 4453: 4451: 4449: 4447: 4445: 4443: 2783:Early Naiyyayikas wrote very little about 2739:, material cause, e.g. thread of a cloth. 2553: 2163: 2062: 2048: 1074: 1060: 5677:, (Translator: Kisor Kumar Chakrabarti), 5167: 5030: 4954:Matilal, Bimal Krishna (1 January 2008). 4567:Indian Philosophy: A Popular Introduction 4178: 4176: 3693:Learn how and when to remove this message 3591:Learn how and when to remove this message 3529:Learn how and when to remove this message 3293:(16th century CE) is first great work of 2678:, The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies 2632:Comparison with other schools of Hinduism 2456:: This is the fallacy of irregular hetu. 1437:Conditions and the components of inquiry 1399:The Nyāya metaphysics recognizes sixteen 1224:encompasses propriety, logic and method. 1122:as reliable means of gaining knowledge – 5523: 5294:Klostermaier, Klaus K. (10 March 2010). 5106: 5023: 5021: 5003: 5001: 4981: 4924: 4922: 4920: 4918: 4916: 4817: 4815: 4569:, People's Publishing House, New Delhi, 4080: 4078: 4076: 3966: 3964: 3962: 3413:are the popular manuals of this school. 2778: 2698:The following conditions should be met: 2650:school has just one (perception), while 2236:Determinate and indeterminate perception 2073: 5383: 5266: 5264: 5262: 5197: 5140: 5074: 5072: 5070: 4953: 4947: 4797: 4795: 4793: 4440: 4199:, pages 246–249, from note 385 onwards; 4137: 4135: 2732:Nyaya recognizes three kinds of cause: 1473:(hypothetical/suppositional reasoning), 1291:Then was not non-existent nor existent: 14: 11346: 5710:, Indian Studies: Past & Present, 5565: 5366:, Vol. I, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 5343:A Critical Survey of Indian Philosophy 5324:, Vol. I, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 4929:Vidyasagara, Pandit Jibananda (1872). 4522:A Critical Survey of Indian Philosophy 4467:A Critical Survey of Indian Philosophy 4407: 4405: 4403: 4401: 4173: 4058: 4056: 4054: 4052: 3925:Vaisheshika#The Categories or Padārtha 3024:(6th century CE) is written to defend 2775:during both validity and invalidity). 2657: 2509:(उपमान) means comparison and analogy. 2379:Hetu further has five characteristics 2313: 2279: 27:One of six schools of Hindu philosophy 10900: 10562: 9304: 8842: 8804: 7590: 7564: 5929: 5798: 5018: 4998: 4987: 4913: 4812: 4664: 4561: 4559: 4437:Padmapurana Uttarakhanda, Chapter 263 4073: 4034: 4032: 4030: 3959: 3949: 3947: 3945: 3705: 3465:Mitabhasini Vrtti by Mahadeva Vedanti 2517:, the object of comparison is called 2329:Because there is smoke there (called 5528:. New York: Routledge. p. 102. 5259: 5200:An introduction to Indian philosophy 5119:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 319. 5067: 4871: 4869: 4790: 4705: 4625: 4541:Hiriyanna, M. (1993, reprint 2000). 4501:Indian Philosophy Since Independence 4351:David Christian (1 September 2011). 4132: 3631:adding citations to reliable sources 3602: 3540: 3482: 2139:word/testimony of reliable sources ( 11094:Analytic and synthetic propositions 10965:Formal semantics (natural language) 7545: 5919:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 5885:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 5871:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 5853:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 5616: 5297:A Survey of Hinduism: Third Edition 4901:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 4586: 4503:, Volume 1, BR Grüner Netherlands, 4398: 4244: 4049: 3479:Differences from Western Philosophy 3474:Nyaya Sutra Vyakhya by Mathuranatha 3459:Nyaya-Vrtti by Abhayatilakopadhyaya 2969:also mentions principles of Nyāya. 2669:physicalistic nor phenomenalistic. 1484:Forms of and strategies for debate 24: 5645: 5390:(PhD thesis). Gauhati University. 5377: 4722: 4556: 4027: 3942: 2322:There is fire on the hill (called 1461:(conclusion or accepted position), 1409:in the second one of them, called 25: 11390: 5860: 5842: 5836: 4991:Introduction to Indian Philosophy 4892: 4866: 4384:. Paulist Press. pp. 34 ff. 4143:Encyclopaedia of Asian Philosophy 3429:Nyaya-Sutra by Gotama or Aksapada 3150:(10th century CE) is a survey of 2791:Arguments that God does not exist 2618: 2419:) may occur due to the following 2029:Social and political philosophers 11306: 10880: 10879: 10866: 7544: 7534: 7525: 7524: 7513: 6218: 5964: 5956: 5703:. 3 volumes, London: Bloomsbury. 5651:Kisor Kumar Chakrabarti (1995), 4141:Oliver Leaman (2006), Nyaya, in 3845: 3734:It is significant that the name 3607: 3545: 3487: 3447:Vardhamanedu by Padmanabha Misra 2108:) of obtaining valid knowledge ( 1573: 1559: 1372:. Later Nyāya scholars, such as 1329:hymns of Book 10 Chapter 129 of 1142:, Nyāya school is closer to the 51: 7514: 5610: 5559: 5542: 5517: 5468: 5423: 5402: 5384:Goswami, Diptimani (May 2014). 5362:Dasgupta, Surendranath (1975). 5356: 5335: 5320:Dasgupta, Surendranath (1975). 5314: 5287: 5250: 5233: 5216: 5191: 5089: 4886: 4849: 4832: 4773: 4756: 4739: 4658: 4619: 4580: 4535: 4514: 4493: 4480: 4431: 4422: 4378:Kenneth Kramer (January 1986). 4371: 4324: 4281: 4264: 4185: 3618:needs additional citations for 3444:Parisuddhiprakasa by Vardhamana 3417:Commentaries on the Nyaya-Sutra 3004:is a classic commentary on the 2808:Nyaya Sutra, IV.1.19 – IV.1.21 2595:Testimony can be of two types, 2387:(the case under consideration), 2347:, reaffirmation or application) 1539: 1526:(point of defeat or clinchers). 1420:Methods and objects of inquiry 8830: 7923:Progressive utilization theory 7439:Relations with other religions 5787:, Princeton University Press, 5655:, University of Hawaii Press, 5549:Kuppuswami Sastri, S. (1951). 5364:A History of Indian Philosophy 5345:, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 5322:A History of Indian Philosophy 4770:, page 69-81, 178–201, 462–466 4587:Das, Nilanjan (1 March 2023). 4545:, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 4524:, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 4469:, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 4338:, see Introduction, pages i–ii 4115: 4098: 4010: 3989: 3078:is an important commentary on 2430:that results in this fallacy. 2362:(minor term), the fire is the 2160:(तर्क, reasoning, technique). 1416:These sixteen categories are: 1317:Creation....10:129–1, 10:129–6 1281: 13: 1: 10563: 5568:The Journal of Symbolic Logic 5524:Phillips, Stephen H. (2012). 4626:Roe., Dasti, Matthew (2010). 4543:Outlines of Indian Philosophy 3936: 3453:Nyayalankara Vrtti by Jayanta 2942: 2910: 2702:The cause must be antecedent 1432:(objects of valid knowledge), 1134:(comparison and analogy) and 10352:Ordinary language philosophy 8843: 5825:, Harvard University Press, 5808:, Harvard University Press, 5743:, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 4593:Journal of Indian Philosophy 3894:"not this", "neither this" ( 3468:Nyayaprakasa by Kesava Misra 3066:are also attributed to him. 3030:against the attacks made by 2611:testimony is preferred over 1270:(science of discussion) and 1220:. In philosophical context, 1204: 7: 10402:Contemporary utilitarianism 10317:Internalism and externalism 4932:Tarkasangraha by Annabhatta 4565:Chattopadhyaya, D. (1986), 3910:Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism 3838: 3571:the claims made and adding 3435:Nyaya-Varttika by Udyotakar 3408: 3400: 3392: 3384: 3374: 3366: 3358: 3348: 3340: 3332: 3324: 3316: 3308: 3299: 3288: 3281: 3274: 3265: 3256: 3244: 3237: 3228: 3220: 3211: 3202: 3195: 3188: 3181: 3173: 3164: 3153: 3145: 3138: 3131: 3119: 3111: 3103: 3095: 3087: 3080: 3073: 3061: 3053: 3045: 3037: 3026: 3019: 3007: 2999: 2991: 2983: 2975: 2922: 2366:(major term), the smoke is 10: 11395: 9666:Svatantrika and Prasangika 9305: 5622:"Indian Approach to Logic" 4605:10.1007/s10781-022-09530-4 4215:Edward Roer (Translator), 3867:Ancient Mithila University 3827:starting with the work of 3471:Nyayabodhini by Govardhana 3432:Nyaya-Bhasya by Vatsyayana 3100:. His other works include 2415:The fallacies in Anumana ( 2383:It must be present in the 1496:(victory-directed debate), 1479:(settlement or certainty), 1002:Naalayira Divya Prabandham 631:Akshar Purushottam Darshan 275:Akshar Purushottam Darshan 11301: 11261: 11233: 11226: 11178:Necessity and sufficiency 11081: 11046: 10998: 10952: 10934: 10926: 10860: 10812: 10712: 10674: 10621: 10588: 10579: 10575: 10558: 10508: 10420: 10258: 10249: 10182: 9965: 9956: 9934: 9889: 9831: 9783: 9737: 9728: 9691: 9562: 9427: 9374: 9365: 9315: 9311: 9300: 9239: 9211: 9168: 9120: 9077: 9030: 9002: 8954: 8926: 8888:Philosophy of mathematics 8878:Philosophy of information 8853: 8849: 8838: 8332: 8131: 7931: 7900: 7815: 7730: 7661: 7654: 7598: 7511: 7338: 7303: 7129: 7064: 6971: 6898: 6891: 6790: 6693: 6684: 6592: 6478: 6435: 6402: 6320: 6294: 6266: 6257: 6236: 6227: 6216: 6135: 6004: 5995: 5974: 5761:Stephen Phillips (2012), 4683:10.5840/teachphil20194216 3887:List of teachers of Nyaya 3462:Nyaya-Vrtti by Visvanatha 3450:Nyayalankara by Srikantha 3249:, though a commentary on 3046:Nyāyavārttikatātparyaṭīkā 2818:Arguments that God exists 1776:Middle Eastern philosophy 1262:(science of categories), 1048:Other Indian philosophies 796: 776: 760: 744: 8110:Yoga Sutras of Patanjali 6583:Yoga Sutras of Patanjali 5552:A Primer Of Indian Logic 5475:Dr. Sukram, ed. (2018). 4988:Sinha, Jadunath (1949). 3728: 3501:may need to be rewritten 3456:Nyaya-manjari by Jayanta 2541:. The 7th century text 2326:, required to be proved) 1490:(truth-directed debate), 1116:accepts four out of six 692:Kamalakanta Bhattacharya 10357:Postanalytic philosophy 10298:Experimental philosophy 8040:Samkhyapravachana Sutra 6662:Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam 5898:21 January 2021 at the 5198:Bartley, C. J. (2011). 4490:, Vol ii, pages 281–285 4227:Katie Javanaud (2013), 4218:Shankara's Introduction 3257:Nyāyatātparyapariśuddhi 3074:Nyāyatātparyapariśuddhi 2226:samanyalaksanapratyaksa 677:Nigamananda Paramahansa 10490:Social constructionism 9502:Hellenistic philosophy 8918:Theoretical philosophy 8893:Philosophy of religion 8883:Philosophy of language 7776:Early Buddhist schools 6637:Eighteen Greater Texts 5618:Matilal, Bimal Krishna 4300:, Volume 32, page 1260 3930:Categories (Aristotle) 3799: 3786: 3774:(1561–1626). The term 3349:Tattvacintāmaṇidīdhiti 3317:Tattvacintāmaṇidīdhiti 3289:Tattvacintāmaṇivyākhyā 2811: 2671: 2537:, and charmingness is 2079: 1999:Aesthetic philosophers 1309: 319:Shakti Vishishtadvaita 11313:Philosophy portal 10873:Philosophy portal 10392:Scientific skepticism 10372:Reformed epistemology 8898:Philosophy of science 7390:Hindu gurus and sants 6642:Eighteen Lesser Texts 5720:Arthur Keith (1921), 5706:Gopi Kaviraj (1961), 5150:Language and Ontology 4428:Naisadacharitam 17–75 3794: 3732: 2797: 2779:On God and liberation 2662: 2502:(comparison, analogy) 2426:: It is the unproved 2230:jnanalaksanapratyaksa 2195:Indriyarthasannikarsa 2077: 1580:Philosophy portal 1502:(destructive debate), 1289: 1248:(science of causes), 1216:or sometimes for any 566:Svabhavika Bhedabheda 546:Achintya Bheda Abheda 254:Svabhavika Bhedabheda 247:Achintya Bheda Abheda 10293:Critical rationalism 10000:Edo neo-Confucianism 9844:Acintya bheda abheda 9823:Renaissance humanism 9534:School of the Sextii 8908:Practical philosophy 8903:Political philosophy 8214:Brihadratha Ikshvaku 8051:Sarvadarsanasangraha 7828:Acintya bheda abheda 7380:Anti-Hindu sentiment 5783:Karl Potter (1977), 4419:, pages 18–19, 35–39 3817:reductio ad absurdum 3627:improve this article 3282:Vāsudeva Sārvabhauma 3245:Nyāyanibandhaprakāśa 3238:Vardhamāna Upādhyāya 2340:, example of vyāpti) 2024:Philosophers of mind 1508:(defective reasons), 1391:Sixteen categories ( 891:Principal Upanishads 556:Chaitanya Mahaprabhu 10975:Philosophy of logic 9864:Nimbarka Sampradaya 9775:Korean Confucianism 9522:Academic Skepticism 8274:Dayananda Saraswati 7848:Nimbarka Sampradaya 7772:Buddhist philosophy 7486:Hinduism by country 6652:Iraiyanar Akapporul 6612:Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai 5819:Daniel H.H. Ingalls 5724:, Greenwood Press, 5341:Sharma, C. (1997). 5270:Original Sanskrit: 4893:Dasti, Matthew R., 4671:Teaching Philosophy 4665:Laine, Joy (2019). 4520:Sharma, C. (1997). 4499:Dale Riepe (1979), 4465:Sharma, C. (1997). 3309:Raghunātha Śiromaṇi 3279:(14th century CE). 3161:The later works on 2658:Theory of causation 2314:Theory of inference 2034:Women in philosophy 1764:Indigenous American 1547:Part of a series on 399:Raghunatha Siromani 11274:Rules of inference 11243:Mathematical logic 10985:Semantics of logic 10485:Post-structuralism 10387:Scientific realism 10342:Quinean naturalism 10322:Logical positivism 10278:Analytical Marxism 9497:Peripatetic school 9409:Chinese naturalism 8936:Aesthetic response 8863:Applied philosophy 7885:Pashupata Shaivism 7715:Pashupata Shaivism 5799:Navya-Nyaya school 5453:Radhakrishnan, S. 5429:Radhakrishnan, S. 5408:Radhakrishnan, S. 3976:www.britannica.com 3556:possibly contains 2917:pratipakshabhavana 2409:asatpratipakshitva 2080: 1727:Eastern philosophy 1152:self and reality. 11341: 11340: 11297: 11296: 11131:Deductive closure 11077: 11076: 11016:Critical thinking 10894: 10893: 10856: 10855: 10852: 10851: 10848: 10847: 10554: 10553: 10550: 10549: 10546: 10545: 10273:Analytic feminism 10245: 10244: 10207:Kierkegaardianism 10169:Transcendentalism 10129:Neo-scholasticism 9975:Classical Realism 9952: 9951: 9724: 9723: 9539:Neopythagoreanism 9296: 9295: 9292: 9291: 8913:Social philosophy 8798: 8797: 8650:Pratītyasamutpāda 7811: 7810: 7592:Indian philosophy 7558: 7557: 7334: 7333: 6887: 6886: 6680: 6679: 6594:Sangam literature 6550:Yājñavalkya Smṛti 6398: 6397: 6214: 6213: 5893:Lectures on Nyaya 5771:978-0-415-89554-5 5749:978-3-447-01807-4 5697:Tattva-cintā-maṇi 5683:978-0-7391-4705-4 5661:978-0-585-30953-8 5535:978-0-415-89554-5 5488:978-81-7110-629-5 5455:Indian Philosophy 5431:Indian Philosophy 5410:Indian Philosophy 5372:978-81-208-0412-8 5330:978-81-208-0412-8 5307:978-0-7914-8011-3 5282:978-0-19-973872-4 5245:978-0-521-12627-4 5228:978-81-208-0309-1 5209:978-1-84706-448-6 5160:978-81-7211-228-8 5126:978-81-208-4082-9 5101:978-94-010-7810-8 5084:978-81-208-1330-4 5060:978-0-7914-3067-5 5049:978-0-8153-3611-2 4967:978-81-208-0008-3 4807:978-0-941664-80-6 4785:978-0-691-07301-9 4768:978-0-691-07384-2 4751:978-0-691-07384-2 4509:978-90-6032-113-3 4417:978-0-19-973872-4 4391:978-0-8091-2781-8 4364:978-0-520-95067-2 4336:978-81-208-0748-8 4320:978-81-7110-629-5 4276:978-0-415-07310-3 4259:978-81-208-0717-4 4239:978-81-208-0158-5 4231:, Philosophy Now; 4207:978-0-7914-2217-5 4197:978-81-208-0619-1 4168:978-1-898723-94-3 4151:978-0-415-86253-0 4127:978-81-208-0717-4 4110:978-1-935244-04-2 4093:978-0-521-43878-0 4068:978-1-4419-8109-7 4044:978-0-7914-3067-5 4022:978-0-88706-139-4 4005:978-0-415-80003-7 3877:Gautama Maharishi 3853:Philosophy portal 3829:Gāngeśa Upādhyāya 3703: 3702: 3695: 3677: 3601: 3600: 3593: 3558:original research 3539: 3538: 3531: 3511:lead layout guide 3213:Gangeśa Upādhyāya 3084:'s treatise. His 3054:Nyāyaṣūcinibandha 2950:Yājñavalkya Smṛti 2759:(theory of error) 2757:Anyathakhyativada 2708:Unconditionality 2557:(word, testimony) 2525:. Thus, explains 2394:, or homologues), 2072: 2071: 1880: 1879: 1084: 1083: 816: 815: 812: 811: 174: 173: 118: 117: 16:(Redirected from 11386: 11374:History of logic 11369:Hindu philosophy 11311: 11310: 11309: 11231: 11230: 10996: 10995: 10960:Computer science 10921: 10914: 10907: 10898: 10897: 10883: 10882: 10871: 10870: 10869: 10586: 10585: 10577: 10576: 10560: 10559: 10450:Frankfurt School 10397:Transactionalism 10347:Normative ethics 10327:Legal positivism 10303:Falsificationism 10288:Consequentialism 10283:Communitarianism 10256: 10255: 10124:New Confucianism 9963: 9962: 9770:Neo-Confucianism 9735: 9734: 9544:Second Sophistic 9529:Middle Platonism 9372: 9371: 9313: 9312: 9302: 9301: 9145:Epiphenomenalism 9012:Consequentialism 8946:Institutionalism 8851: 8850: 8840: 8839: 8825: 8818: 8811: 8802: 8801: 8304:Satyakama Jabala 8239:Akshapada Gotama 8189:Gārgī Vāchaknavī 8169:Vāchaspati Misra 8027:Nyayakusumanjali 7961:Bhagavata Purana 7918:Radical Humanism 7890:Shaiva Siddhanta 7659: 7658: 7631:Vedic philosophy 7585: 7578: 7571: 7562: 7561: 7548: 7547: 7538: 7528: 7527: 7517: 7516: 7427:Pilgrimage sites 7181:Ganesh Chaturthi 6896: 6895: 6691: 6690: 6672:Vedarthasamgraha 6667:Vinayagar Agaval 6632:Five Great Epics 6607:Divya Prabandham 6520:Minor Upanishads 6264: 6263: 6234: 6233: 6222: 6221: 6002: 6001: 5968: 5960: 5950: 5943: 5936: 5927: 5926: 5906:Ganeri, Jonardon 5889: 5875: 5862:Zalta, Edward N. 5857: 5844:Zalta, Edward N. 5695:Gangesa (2020), 5673:Gangesa (2010), 5640: 5639: 5637: 5635: 5626: 5614: 5608: 5607: 5563: 5557: 5556: 5546: 5540: 5539: 5521: 5515: 5514: 5508: 5500: 5472: 5466: 5451: 5442: 5427: 5421: 5406: 5400: 5399: 5381: 5375: 5360: 5354: 5339: 5333: 5318: 5312: 5311: 5291: 5285: 5268: 5257: 5254: 5248: 5237: 5231: 5220: 5214: 5213: 5195: 5189: 5188: 5186: 5184: 5171: 5165: 5164: 5144: 5138: 5137: 5135: 5133: 5110: 5104: 5093: 5087: 5076: 5065: 5051:, pages 245–248; 5039: 5028: 5025: 5016: 5005: 4996: 4995: 4985: 4979: 4978: 4976: 4974: 4951: 4945: 4944: 4942: 4940: 4926: 4911: 4910: 4909: 4907: 4890: 4884: 4873: 4864: 4853: 4847: 4836: 4830: 4819: 4810: 4799: 4788: 4777: 4771: 4760: 4754: 4743: 4737: 4726: 4720: 4709: 4703: 4702: 4662: 4656: 4655: 4649: 4641: 4623: 4617: 4616: 4584: 4578: 4563: 4554: 4539: 4533: 4518: 4512: 4497: 4491: 4484: 4478: 4463: 4438: 4435: 4429: 4426: 4420: 4409: 4396: 4395: 4375: 4369: 4368: 4348: 4339: 4328: 4322: 4312: 4301: 4298:Hindu Philosophy 4285: 4279: 4268: 4262: 4248: 4242: 4189: 4183: 4180: 4171: 4160: 4154: 4139: 4130: 4119: 4113: 4102: 4096: 4082: 4071: 4060: 4047: 4036: 4025: 4014: 4008: 3995:B Gupta (2012), 3993: 3987: 3986: 3984: 3982: 3968: 3957: 3951: 3882:Hindu philosophy 3855: 3850: 3849: 3848: 3750:. Thus the name 3698: 3691: 3687: 3684: 3678: 3676: 3635: 3611: 3603: 3596: 3589: 3585: 3582: 3576: 3573:inline citations 3549: 3548: 3541: 3534: 3527: 3523: 3520: 3514: 3507:improve the lead 3491: 3490: 3483: 3411: 3403: 3395: 3387: 3379: 3369: 3361: 3351: 3343: 3335: 3327: 3325:Padārthakhaṇḍana 3319: 3311: 3304: 3291: 3284: 3277: 3268: 3259: 3247: 3240: 3233: 3223: 3216: 3205: 3198: 3191: 3184: 3176: 3167: 3156: 3148: 3141: 3134: 3122: 3114: 3106: 3104:Ātmatattvaviveka 3098: 3090: 3088:Nyāyakusumāñjali 3083: 3076: 3064: 3062:Nyāyasūtraddhāra 3056: 3048: 3040: 3029: 3022: 3010: 3002: 2994: 2986: 2984:Akṣapāda Gautama 2978: 2925: 2825:Nyayakusumanjali 2809: 2679: 2626:phenomenological 2588:is not a proper 2308:Samanyatodrishta 2064: 2057: 2050: 1769:Aztec philosophy 1648:Ancient Egyptian 1630: 1629: 1582: 1578: 1577: 1576: 1563: 1544: 1543: 1319: 1173:Aksapada Gautama 1171:, attributed to 1103:Hindu philosophy 1076: 1069: 1062: 915:Agama (Hinduism) 903:Other scriptures 896:Minor Upanishads 742: 741: 611:Ekasarana Dharma 455:Vāchaspati Misra 375: 374: 291:Shaiva Siddhanta 268:Ekasarana Dharma 131: 130: 68: 67: 55: 45:Hindu philosophy 32: 31: 21: 11394: 11393: 11389: 11388: 11387: 11385: 11384: 11383: 11344: 11343: 11342: 11337: 11307: 11305: 11293: 11257: 11248:Boolean algebra 11222: 11073: 11064:Metamathematics 11042: 10994: 10948: 10930: 10925: 10895: 10890: 10867: 10865: 10844: 10808: 10708: 10670: 10617: 10571: 10570: 10542: 10531:Russian cosmism 10504: 10500:Western Marxism 10465:New Historicism 10430:Critical theory 10416: 10412:Wittgensteinian 10308:Foundationalism 10241: 10178: 10159:Social contract 10015:Foundationalism 9948: 9930: 9914:Illuminationism 9899:Aristotelianism 9885: 9874:Vishishtadvaita 9827: 9779: 9720: 9687: 9558: 9487:Megarian school 9482:Eretrian school 9423: 9384:Agriculturalism 9361: 9307: 9288: 9235: 9207: 9164: 9116: 9073: 9057:Incompatibilism 9026: 8998: 8950: 8922: 8845: 8834: 8829: 8799: 8794: 8620:Parameshashakti 8328: 8264:Ramana Maharshi 8149:Kumārila Bhaṭṭa 8127: 8093:Vaiśeṣika Sūtra 8067:Tattvacintāmaṇi 7940:Abhinavabharati 7927: 7896: 7870:Sikh Philosophy 7858:Vishishtadvaita 7807: 7726: 7650: 7594: 7589: 7559: 7554: 7521: 7507: 7330: 7299: 7290:Vasant Panchami 7224:Pahela Baishakh 7206:Makar Sankranti 7125: 7060: 6967: 6883: 6786: 6676: 6657:Abhirami Antati 6627:Kamba Ramayanam 6588: 6474: 6431: 6394: 6316: 6290: 6253: 6223: 6210: 6194:Vishishtadvaita 6131: 5991: 5970: 5954: 5910:Edward N. Zalta 5900:Wayback Machine 5878: 5839: 5804:Bimal Matilal, 5801: 5648: 5646:Further reading 5643: 5633: 5631: 5624: 5615: 5611: 5580:10.2307/2964454 5564: 5560: 5547: 5543: 5536: 5522: 5518: 5502: 5501: 5489: 5473: 5469: 5452: 5445: 5428: 5424: 5407: 5403: 5382: 5378: 5361: 5357: 5340: 5336: 5319: 5315: 5308: 5292: 5288: 5275: 5269: 5260: 5255: 5251: 5238: 5234: 5221: 5217: 5210: 5196: 5192: 5182: 5180: 5173: 5172: 5168: 5161: 5145: 5141: 5131: 5129: 5127: 5111: 5107: 5094: 5090: 5077: 5068: 5040: 5031: 5026: 5019: 5006: 4999: 4986: 4982: 4972: 4970: 4968: 4952: 4948: 4938: 4936: 4927: 4914: 4905: 4903: 4891: 4887: 4874: 4867: 4863:, pages 170–172 4854: 4850: 4846:, pages 168–169 4837: 4833: 4829:, pages 160–168 4820: 4813: 4800: 4791: 4787:, pages 361–362 4778: 4774: 4761: 4757: 4744: 4740: 4727: 4723: 4719:, pages 520–521 4710: 4706: 4663: 4659: 4643: 4642: 4624: 4620: 4585: 4581: 4564: 4557: 4540: 4536: 4519: 4515: 4498: 4494: 4486:G. Jha (1919), 4485: 4481: 4464: 4441: 4436: 4432: 4427: 4423: 4410: 4399: 4392: 4376: 4372: 4365: 4349: 4342: 4329: 4325: 4313: 4304: 4286: 4282: 4278:, pages 118–127 4269: 4265: 4261:, pages 354–355 4249: 4245: 4232: 4226: 4214: 4200: 4190: 4186: 4181: 4174: 4161: 4157: 4153:, pages 405–407 4140: 4133: 4129:, pages 353–357 4120: 4116: 4103: 4099: 4083: 4074: 4061: 4050: 4037: 4028: 4015: 4011: 4007:, pages 171–189 3994: 3990: 3980: 3978: 3970: 3969: 3960: 3952: 3943: 3939: 3934: 3851: 3846: 3844: 3841: 3731: 3721:knowledge, not 3711: 3699: 3688: 3682: 3679: 3636: 3634: 3624: 3612: 3597: 3586: 3580: 3577: 3562: 3550: 3546: 3535: 3524: 3518: 3515: 3504: 3492: 3488: 3481: 3423:www.archive.org 3419: 3393:nyāya-vaiśeṣika 3389:to develop the 3341:Nyāyasūtravṛtti 3266:Tattvacintāmaṇi 3221:Tattvacintāmaṇi 3179:categories and 3038:Vācaspati Miśra 2945: 2913: 2820: 2810: 2807: 2802: 2800: 2793: 2781: 2773:paratah pramana 2761: 2681: 2673: 2667: 2660: 2652:Advaita Vedanta 2634: 2621: 2559: 2527:Monier Williams 2504: 2446:Vyapyatvasiddha 2376:(middle term). 2316: 2285: 2238: 2182:(ordinary) and 2169: 2068: 2039: 2038: 2004:Epistemologists 1994: 1993: 1982: 1981: 1918: 1894: 1893: 1882: 1881: 1627: 1626: 1615: 1574: 1572: 1571: 1542: 1397: 1385:system of logic 1321: 1311: 1306: 1304: 1302: 1300: 1298: 1296: 1294: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1272:Phakkika-sastra 1207: 1112:Nyāya school's 1080: 1035: 1034: 1033: 1016: 963:Vaiśeṣika Sūtra 924: 847: 832: 831: 818: 817: 731: 701: 663: 645: 625: 605: 585: 581:Srinivasacharya 560: 540: 520: 489: 470:Vishishtadvaita 464: 433: 424:Kumārila Bhaṭṭa 403: 389:Akṣapāda Gotama 372: 371: 355: 354: 326:Shiva Bhedabeda 226:Vishishtadvaita 186: 185: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11392: 11382: 11381: 11376: 11371: 11366: 11361: 11356: 11339: 11338: 11336: 11335: 11330: 11320: 11315: 11302: 11299: 11298: 11295: 11294: 11292: 11291: 11286: 11281: 11276: 11271: 11265: 11263: 11259: 11258: 11256: 11255: 11250: 11245: 11239: 11237: 11228: 11224: 11223: 11221: 11220: 11215: 11210: 11205: 11200: 11195: 11190: 11185: 11180: 11175: 11170: 11165: 11160: 11155: 11154: 11153: 11143: 11138: 11133: 11128: 11123: 11122: 11121: 11116: 11106: 11101: 11096: 11091: 11085: 11083: 11079: 11078: 11075: 11074: 11072: 11071: 11066: 11061: 11056: 11050: 11048: 11044: 11043: 11041: 11040: 11035: 11030: 11025: 11024: 11023: 11018: 11008: 11002: 11000: 10993: 10992: 10987: 10982: 10977: 10972: 10967: 10962: 10956: 10954: 10950: 10949: 10947: 10946: 10941: 10935: 10932: 10931: 10924: 10923: 10916: 10909: 10901: 10892: 10891: 10889: 10888: 10876: 10861: 10858: 10857: 10854: 10853: 10850: 10849: 10846: 10845: 10843: 10842: 10837: 10832: 10827: 10822: 10816: 10814: 10810: 10809: 10807: 10806: 10801: 10796: 10791: 10786: 10781: 10776: 10771: 10766: 10761: 10756: 10751: 10746: 10741: 10740: 10739: 10729: 10724: 10718: 10716: 10710: 10709: 10707: 10706: 10701: 10696: 10691: 10686: 10680: 10678: 10676:Middle Eastern 10672: 10671: 10669: 10668: 10663: 10658: 10653: 10648: 10643: 10638: 10633: 10627: 10625: 10619: 10618: 10616: 10615: 10610: 10605: 10600: 10594: 10592: 10583: 10573: 10572: 10569: 10568: 10564: 10556: 10555: 10552: 10551: 10548: 10547: 10544: 10543: 10541: 10540: 10533: 10528: 10523: 10518: 10512: 10510: 10506: 10505: 10503: 10502: 10497: 10492: 10487: 10482: 10477: 10472: 10467: 10462: 10457: 10452: 10447: 10442: 10440:Existentialism 10437: 10435:Deconstruction 10432: 10426: 10424: 10418: 10417: 10415: 10414: 10409: 10404: 10399: 10394: 10389: 10384: 10379: 10374: 10369: 10364: 10359: 10354: 10349: 10344: 10339: 10334: 10329: 10324: 10319: 10314: 10305: 10300: 10295: 10290: 10285: 10280: 10275: 10270: 10268:Applied ethics 10264: 10262: 10253: 10247: 10246: 10243: 10242: 10240: 10239: 10234: 10232:Nietzscheanism 10229: 10224: 10219: 10214: 10209: 10204: 10203: 10202: 10192: 10186: 10184: 10180: 10179: 10177: 10176: 10174:Utilitarianism 10171: 10166: 10161: 10156: 10151: 10146: 10141: 10136: 10131: 10126: 10121: 10116: 10111: 10106: 10101: 10096: 10091: 10086: 10081: 10076: 10075: 10074: 10072:Transcendental 10069: 10064: 10059: 10054: 10049: 10039: 10038: 10037: 10027: 10022: 10017: 10012: 10010:Existentialism 10007: 10002: 9997: 9992: 9987: 9982: 9977: 9972: 9966: 9960: 9954: 9953: 9950: 9949: 9947: 9946: 9940: 9938: 9932: 9931: 9929: 9928: 9923: 9916: 9911: 9906: 9901: 9895: 9893: 9887: 9886: 9884: 9883: 9878: 9877: 9876: 9871: 9866: 9861: 9856: 9851: 9846: 9835: 9833: 9829: 9828: 9826: 9825: 9820: 9815: 9810: 9805: 9800: 9798:Augustinianism 9795: 9789: 9787: 9781: 9780: 9778: 9777: 9772: 9767: 9762: 9757: 9752: 9747: 9741: 9739: 9732: 9726: 9725: 9722: 9721: 9719: 9718: 9713: 9711:Zoroastrianism 9708: 9703: 9697: 9695: 9689: 9688: 9686: 9685: 9684: 9683: 9678: 9673: 9668: 9663: 9658: 9653: 9648: 9643: 9633: 9632: 9631: 9626: 9616: 9615: 9614: 9609: 9604: 9599: 9594: 9589: 9584: 9579: 9568: 9566: 9560: 9559: 9557: 9556: 9554:Church Fathers 9551: 9546: 9541: 9536: 9531: 9526: 9525: 9524: 9519: 9514: 9509: 9499: 9494: 9489: 9484: 9479: 9474: 9469: 9468: 9467: 9462: 9457: 9452: 9447: 9436: 9434: 9425: 9424: 9422: 9421: 9416: 9411: 9406: 9401: 9396: 9391: 9386: 9380: 9378: 9369: 9363: 9362: 9360: 9359: 9358: 9357: 9352: 9347: 9342: 9337: 9327: 9321: 9319: 9309: 9308: 9298: 9297: 9294: 9293: 9290: 9289: 9287: 9286: 9281: 9276: 9271: 9266: 9261: 9256: 9251: 9245: 9243: 9237: 9236: 9234: 9233: 9228: 9223: 9217: 9215: 9209: 9208: 9206: 9205: 9200: 9195: 9190: 9185: 9180: 9174: 9172: 9166: 9165: 9163: 9162: 9157: 9152: 9147: 9142: 9137: 9132: 9126: 9124: 9118: 9117: 9115: 9114: 9109: 9104: 9099: 9094: 9089: 9083: 9081: 9075: 9074: 9072: 9071: 9069:Libertarianism 9066: 9065: 9064: 9054: 9053: 9052: 9042: 9036: 9034: 9028: 9027: 9025: 9024: 9019: 9014: 9008: 9006: 9000: 8999: 8997: 8996: 8991: 8986: 8981: 8976: 8971: 8966: 8960: 8958: 8952: 8951: 8949: 8948: 8943: 8938: 8932: 8930: 8924: 8923: 8921: 8920: 8915: 8910: 8905: 8900: 8895: 8890: 8885: 8880: 8875: 8873:Metaphilosophy 8870: 8865: 8859: 8857: 8847: 8846: 8836: 8835: 8828: 8827: 8820: 8813: 8805: 8796: 8795: 8793: 8792: 8787: 8782: 8777: 8772: 8767: 8762: 8757: 8752: 8747: 8742: 8737: 8732: 8727: 8722: 8717: 8712: 8707: 8702: 8697: 8695:Shabda Brahman 8692: 8687: 8682: 8677: 8672: 8667: 8662: 8657: 8652: 8647: 8645:Pratibimbavada 8642: 8637: 8632: 8627: 8622: 8617: 8612: 8607: 8602: 8597: 8592: 8587: 8582: 8577: 8572: 8567: 8562: 8557: 8552: 8547: 8542: 8537: 8532: 8527: 8522: 8517: 8512: 8507: 8502: 8497: 8492: 8487: 8482: 8477: 8472: 8467: 8462: 8457: 8452: 8447: 8442: 8437: 8432: 8427: 8422: 8417: 8412: 8407: 8402: 8397: 8392: 8387: 8382: 8377: 8372: 8367: 8362: 8357: 8352: 8347: 8342: 8336: 8334: 8330: 8329: 8327: 8326: 8321: 8316: 8311: 8306: 8301: 8296: 8291: 8286: 8284:Vedanta Desika 8281: 8276: 8271: 8266: 8261: 8256: 8251: 8246: 8241: 8236: 8231: 8226: 8221: 8216: 8211: 8206: 8201: 8196: 8191: 8186: 8181: 8179:Gautama Buddha 8176: 8174:Uddalaka Aruni 8171: 8166: 8161: 8156: 8151: 8146: 8141: 8135: 8133: 8129: 8128: 8126: 8125: 8120: 8113: 8106: 8101: 8096: 8089: 8088: 8087: 8077: 8070: 8063: 8061:Tarka-Sangraha 8058: 8053: 8048: 8043: 8036: 8029: 8024: 8019: 8018: 8017: 8012: 8004:Mimamsa Sutras 8000: 7993: 7988: 7983: 7976: 7974:Buddhist texts 7971: 7964: 7957: 7950: 7943: 7935: 7933: 7929: 7928: 7926: 7925: 7920: 7915: 7910: 7904: 7902: 7898: 7897: 7895: 7894: 7893: 7892: 7887: 7882: 7872: 7867: 7862: 7861: 7860: 7855: 7850: 7845: 7840: 7835: 7830: 7819: 7817: 7813: 7812: 7809: 7808: 7806: 7805: 7804: 7803: 7798: 7793: 7788: 7783: 7769: 7768: 7767: 7762: 7752: 7747: 7742: 7736: 7734: 7728: 7727: 7725: 7724: 7719: 7718: 7717: 7712: 7702: 7697: 7692: 7687: 7682: 7677: 7667: 7665: 7656: 7652: 7651: 7649: 7648: 7643: 7638: 7633: 7628: 7623: 7618: 7613: 7608: 7602: 7600: 7596: 7595: 7588: 7587: 7580: 7573: 7565: 7556: 7555: 7553: 7552: 7542: 7532: 7512: 7509: 7508: 7506: 7505: 7504: 7503: 7498: 7488: 7483: 7478: 7477: 7476: 7471: 7466: 7461: 7456: 7451: 7446: 7436: 7435: 7434: 7424: 7419: 7418: 7417: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7387: 7382: 7377: 7372: 7367: 7362: 7361: 7360: 7355: 7344: 7342: 7336: 7335: 7332: 7331: 7329: 7328: 7323: 7318: 7313: 7307: 7305: 7301: 7300: 7298: 7297: 7292: 7287: 7282: 7276: 7275: 7274: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7248: 7247: 7246: 7241: 7236: 7231: 7226: 7221: 7216: 7208: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7183: 7178: 7177: 7176: 7171: 7166: 7156: 7154:Raksha Bandhan 7151: 7146: 7141: 7135: 7133: 7127: 7126: 7124: 7123: 7122: 7121: 7116: 7111: 7106: 7096: 7095: 7094: 7089: 7084: 7079: 7068: 7066: 7062: 7061: 7059: 7058: 7053: 7048: 7043: 7038: 7033: 7028: 7023: 7018: 7013: 7008: 7003: 6998: 6993: 6988: 6983: 6977: 6975: 6969: 6968: 6966: 6965: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6945: 6940: 6935: 6930: 6925: 6920: 6915: 6910: 6904: 6902: 6893: 6889: 6888: 6885: 6884: 6882: 6881: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6859: 6854: 6849: 6844: 6839: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6818: 6817: 6812: 6807: 6796: 6794: 6788: 6787: 6785: 6784: 6777: 6772: 6767: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6737: 6732: 6727: 6722: 6721: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6699: 6697: 6688: 6682: 6681: 6678: 6677: 6675: 6674: 6669: 6664: 6659: 6654: 6649: 6644: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6598: 6596: 6590: 6589: 6587: 6586: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6553: 6552: 6547: 6542: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6511: 6510: 6505: 6495: 6490: 6484: 6482: 6476: 6475: 6473: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6441: 6439: 6433: 6432: 6430: 6429: 6424: 6419: 6414: 6408: 6406: 6400: 6399: 6396: 6395: 6393: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6365:Shvetashvatara 6362: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6340:Brihadaranyaka 6337: 6332: 6326: 6324: 6318: 6317: 6315: 6314: 6309: 6304: 6298: 6296: 6292: 6291: 6289: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6267: 6261: 6255: 6254: 6252: 6251: 6246: 6240: 6238: 6237:Classification 6231: 6225: 6224: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6211: 6209: 6208: 6199: 6198: 6197: 6190: 6183: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6141: 6139: 6133: 6132: 6130: 6129: 6128: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6076: 6075: 6074: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6047: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6010: 6008: 5999: 5993: 5992: 5990: 5989: 5984: 5981: 5975: 5972: 5971: 5953: 5952: 5945: 5938: 5930: 5924: 5923: 5903: 5890: 5876: 5858: 5838: 5837:External links 5835: 5834: 5833: 5816: 5800: 5797: 5796: 5795: 5781: 5759: 5732: 5718: 5704: 5693: 5671: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5641: 5609: 5558: 5541: 5534: 5516: 5487: 5467: 5443: 5422: 5401: 5376: 5355: 5334: 5313: 5306: 5286: 5258: 5249: 5232: 5215: 5208: 5190: 5166: 5159: 5139: 5125: 5105: 5088: 5066: 5064: 5063: 5052: 5029: 5017: 4997: 4980: 4966: 4946: 4912: 4885: 4883:, pages192-196 4865: 4848: 4831: 4811: 4789: 4772: 4755: 4738: 4721: 4704: 4657: 4618: 4599:(1): 133–196. 4579: 4555: 4534: 4513: 4492: 4479: 4439: 4430: 4421: 4397: 4390: 4370: 4363: 4340: 4323: 4302: 4280: 4263: 4243: 4184: 4172: 4155: 4131: 4114: 4097: 4072: 4048: 4026: 4009: 3988: 3958: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3932: 3927: 3922: 3917: 3915:Tarka-Sangraha 3912: 3907: 3889: 3884: 3879: 3874: 3872:Gautama Buddha 3869: 3864: 3858: 3857: 3856: 3840: 3837: 3730: 3727: 3710: 3704: 3701: 3700: 3615: 3613: 3606: 3599: 3598: 3553: 3551: 3544: 3537: 3536: 3496:The article's 3495: 3493: 3486: 3480: 3477: 3476: 3475: 3472: 3469: 3466: 3463: 3460: 3457: 3454: 3451: 3448: 3445: 3442: 3439: 3436: 3433: 3430: 3418: 3415: 3126:Jayanta Bhatta 3120:Nyāyapariśiṣṭa 3020:Nyāya Vārttika 2944: 2941: 2912: 2909: 2893: 2892: 2886: 2883:Samkhyāviśeşāt 2880: 2874: 2868: 2862: 2856: 2846: 2840: 2819: 2816: 2805: 2792: 2789: 2780: 2777: 2760: 2754: 2753: 2752: 2746: 2740: 2730: 2729: 2726: 2723: 2720: 2717: 2710: 2709: 2706: 2705:Invariability 2703: 2661: 2659: 2656: 2633: 2630: 2620: 2619:Direct Realism 2617: 2558: 2552: 2533:, the moon is 2503: 2497: 2496: 2495: 2489: 2483: 2477: 2476: 2475: 2469: 2463: 2451: 2450: 2449: 2443: 2437: 2413: 2412: 2405: 2398: 2395: 2388: 2356: 2355: 2348: 2341: 2334: 2327: 2315: 2312: 2284: 2278: 2269:Jayanta Bhatta 2237: 2234: 2211:Vyavasayatmaka 2168: 2162: 2145: 2144: 2137: 2128: 2121: 2070: 2069: 2067: 2066: 2059: 2052: 2044: 2041: 2040: 2037: 2036: 2031: 2026: 2021: 2019:Metaphysicians 2016: 2011: 2006: 2001: 1995: 1989: 1988: 1987: 1984: 1983: 1980: 1979: 1974: 1969: 1964: 1959: 1954: 1949: 1947:Metaphilosophy 1944: 1939: 1934: 1929: 1924: 1917: 1916: 1911: 1906: 1901: 1895: 1889: 1888: 1887: 1884: 1883: 1878: 1877: 1876: 1875: 1870: 1865: 1860: 1855: 1850: 1845: 1840: 1832: 1831: 1825: 1824: 1823: 1822: 1821: 1820: 1815: 1810: 1805: 1800: 1795: 1785: 1784: 1783: 1773: 1772: 1771: 1761: 1760: 1759: 1754: 1749: 1744: 1739: 1734: 1724: 1723: 1722: 1717: 1712: 1699: 1698: 1692: 1691: 1690: 1689: 1688: 1687: 1682: 1672: 1667: 1662: 1657: 1656: 1655: 1650: 1637: 1636: 1628: 1622: 1621: 1620: 1617: 1616: 1614: 1613: 1608: 1603: 1598: 1593: 1588: 1583: 1568: 1565: 1564: 1556: 1555: 1549: 1548: 1541: 1538: 1530: 1529: 1528: 1527: 1521: 1515: 1509: 1503: 1497: 1491: 1482: 1481: 1480: 1474: 1468: 1462: 1456: 1450: 1444: 1435: 1434: 1433: 1427: 1396: 1389: 1287:Nasadiya Sukta 1286: 1285: 1283: 1280: 1256:Pramana-sastra 1206: 1203: 1126:(perception), 1082: 1081: 1079: 1078: 1071: 1064: 1056: 1053: 1052: 1051: 1050: 1045: 1037: 1036: 1032: 1031: 1025: 1024: 1021:Secular ethics 1015: 1014: 1009: 1004: 999: 994: 989: 984: 978: 977: 975:Pramana Sutras 971: 970: 965: 960: 955: 953:Mimamsa Sutras 950: 948:Samkhya Sutras 945: 939: 938: 923: 922: 917: 912: 906: 905: 899: 898: 893: 887: 886: 878: 877: 872: 867: 862: 856: 855: 846: 845: 840: 834: 833: 825: 824: 823: 820: 819: 814: 813: 810: 809: 808: 807: 800: 794: 793: 792: 791: 780: 774: 773: 772: 771: 764: 758: 757: 756: 755: 748: 738: 737: 733: 732: 730: 729: 724: 719: 713: 710: 709: 703: 702: 700: 699: 694: 689: 684: 679: 674: 668: 665: 664: 662: 661: 656: 650: 647: 646: 644: 643: 637: 634: 633: 627: 626: 624: 623: 617: 614: 613: 607: 606: 604: 603: 597: 594: 593: 587: 586: 584: 583: 578: 572: 569: 568: 562: 561: 559: 558: 552: 549: 548: 542: 541: 539: 538: 532: 529: 528: 522: 521: 519: 518: 513: 508: 502: 499: 498: 491: 490: 488: 487: 485:Vedanta Desika 482: 476: 473: 472: 466: 465: 463: 462: 457: 452: 446: 443: 442: 435: 434: 432: 431: 426: 421: 415: 412: 411: 405: 404: 402: 401: 396: 394:Jayanta Bhatta 391: 385: 382: 381: 373: 362: 361: 360: 357: 356: 353: 352: 344: 343: 337: 336: 329: 322: 315: 308: 301: 294: 286: 285: 279: 278: 271: 264: 257: 250: 243: 236: 229: 222: 214: 213: 211: 205: 204: 196: 195: 193: 187: 181: 180: 179: 176: 175: 172: 171: 170: 169: 162: 155: 148: 141: 127: 126: 120: 119: 116: 115: 114: 113: 106: 99: 92: 85: 78: 64: 63: 57: 56: 48: 47: 41: 40: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11391: 11380: 11377: 11375: 11372: 11370: 11367: 11365: 11362: 11360: 11357: 11355: 11352: 11351: 11349: 11334: 11331: 11328: 11324: 11321: 11319: 11316: 11314: 11304: 11303: 11300: 11290: 11289:Logic symbols 11287: 11285: 11282: 11280: 11277: 11275: 11272: 11270: 11267: 11266: 11264: 11260: 11254: 11251: 11249: 11246: 11244: 11241: 11240: 11238: 11236: 11232: 11229: 11225: 11219: 11216: 11214: 11211: 11209: 11206: 11204: 11201: 11199: 11196: 11194: 11191: 11189: 11186: 11184: 11181: 11179: 11176: 11174: 11171: 11169: 11168:Logical truth 11166: 11164: 11161: 11159: 11156: 11152: 11149: 11148: 11147: 11144: 11142: 11139: 11137: 11134: 11132: 11129: 11127: 11124: 11120: 11117: 11115: 11112: 11111: 11110: 11109:Contradiction 11107: 11105: 11102: 11100: 11097: 11095: 11092: 11090: 11087: 11086: 11084: 11080: 11070: 11067: 11065: 11062: 11060: 11057: 11055: 11054:Argumentation 11052: 11051: 11049: 11045: 11039: 11038:Philosophical 11036: 11034: 11033:Non-classical 11031: 11029: 11026: 11022: 11019: 11017: 11014: 11013: 11012: 11009: 11007: 11004: 11003: 11001: 10997: 10991: 10988: 10986: 10983: 10981: 10978: 10976: 10973: 10971: 10968: 10966: 10963: 10961: 10958: 10957: 10955: 10951: 10945: 10942: 10940: 10937: 10936: 10933: 10929: 10922: 10917: 10915: 10910: 10908: 10903: 10902: 10899: 10887: 10886: 10877: 10875: 10874: 10863: 10862: 10859: 10841: 10838: 10836: 10833: 10831: 10828: 10826: 10823: 10821: 10818: 10817: 10815: 10813:Miscellaneous 10811: 10805: 10802: 10800: 10797: 10795: 10792: 10790: 10787: 10785: 10782: 10780: 10777: 10775: 10772: 10770: 10767: 10765: 10762: 10760: 10757: 10755: 10752: 10750: 10747: 10745: 10742: 10738: 10735: 10734: 10733: 10730: 10728: 10725: 10723: 10720: 10719: 10717: 10715: 10711: 10705: 10702: 10700: 10697: 10695: 10692: 10690: 10687: 10685: 10682: 10681: 10679: 10677: 10673: 10667: 10664: 10662: 10659: 10657: 10654: 10652: 10649: 10647: 10644: 10642: 10639: 10637: 10634: 10632: 10629: 10628: 10626: 10624: 10620: 10614: 10611: 10609: 10606: 10604: 10601: 10599: 10596: 10595: 10593: 10591: 10587: 10584: 10582: 10578: 10574: 10566: 10565: 10561: 10557: 10539: 10538: 10534: 10532: 10529: 10527: 10524: 10522: 10519: 10517: 10514: 10513: 10511: 10509:Miscellaneous 10507: 10501: 10498: 10496: 10495:Structuralism 10493: 10491: 10488: 10486: 10483: 10481: 10480:Postmodernism 10478: 10476: 10473: 10471: 10470:Phenomenology 10468: 10466: 10463: 10461: 10458: 10456: 10453: 10451: 10448: 10446: 10443: 10441: 10438: 10436: 10433: 10431: 10428: 10427: 10425: 10423: 10419: 10413: 10410: 10408: 10407:Vienna Circle 10405: 10403: 10400: 10398: 10395: 10393: 10390: 10388: 10385: 10383: 10380: 10378: 10375: 10373: 10370: 10368: 10365: 10363: 10360: 10358: 10355: 10353: 10350: 10348: 10345: 10343: 10340: 10338: 10337:Moral realism 10335: 10333: 10330: 10328: 10325: 10323: 10320: 10318: 10315: 10313: 10309: 10306: 10304: 10301: 10299: 10296: 10294: 10291: 10289: 10286: 10284: 10281: 10279: 10276: 10274: 10271: 10269: 10266: 10265: 10263: 10261: 10257: 10254: 10252: 10248: 10238: 10235: 10233: 10230: 10228: 10225: 10223: 10220: 10218: 10215: 10213: 10210: 10208: 10205: 10201: 10198: 10197: 10196: 10193: 10191: 10188: 10187: 10185: 10181: 10175: 10172: 10170: 10167: 10165: 10162: 10160: 10157: 10155: 10152: 10150: 10147: 10145: 10142: 10140: 10139:Phenomenology 10137: 10135: 10132: 10130: 10127: 10125: 10122: 10120: 10117: 10115: 10112: 10110: 10107: 10105: 10102: 10100: 10097: 10095: 10092: 10090: 10087: 10085: 10082: 10080: 10079:Individualism 10077: 10073: 10070: 10068: 10065: 10063: 10060: 10058: 10055: 10053: 10050: 10048: 10045: 10044: 10043: 10040: 10036: 10033: 10032: 10031: 10028: 10026: 10023: 10021: 10018: 10016: 10013: 10011: 10008: 10006: 10003: 10001: 9998: 9996: 9993: 9991: 9988: 9986: 9983: 9981: 9978: 9976: 9973: 9971: 9968: 9967: 9964: 9961: 9959: 9955: 9945: 9944:Judeo-Islamic 9942: 9941: 9939: 9937: 9933: 9927: 9924: 9922: 9921: 9920:ʿIlm al-Kalām 9917: 9915: 9912: 9910: 9907: 9905: 9902: 9900: 9897: 9896: 9894: 9892: 9888: 9882: 9879: 9875: 9872: 9870: 9869:Shuddhadvaita 9867: 9865: 9862: 9860: 9857: 9855: 9852: 9850: 9847: 9845: 9842: 9841: 9840: 9837: 9836: 9834: 9830: 9824: 9821: 9819: 9816: 9814: 9811: 9809: 9806: 9804: 9803:Scholasticism 9801: 9799: 9796: 9794: 9791: 9790: 9788: 9786: 9782: 9776: 9773: 9771: 9768: 9766: 9763: 9761: 9758: 9756: 9753: 9751: 9748: 9746: 9743: 9742: 9740: 9736: 9733: 9731: 9727: 9717: 9714: 9712: 9709: 9707: 9704: 9702: 9699: 9698: 9696: 9694: 9690: 9682: 9679: 9677: 9674: 9672: 9669: 9667: 9664: 9662: 9659: 9657: 9654: 9652: 9649: 9647: 9644: 9642: 9639: 9638: 9637: 9634: 9630: 9627: 9625: 9622: 9621: 9620: 9617: 9613: 9610: 9608: 9605: 9603: 9600: 9598: 9595: 9593: 9590: 9588: 9585: 9583: 9580: 9578: 9575: 9574: 9573: 9570: 9569: 9567: 9565: 9561: 9555: 9552: 9550: 9547: 9545: 9542: 9540: 9537: 9535: 9532: 9530: 9527: 9523: 9520: 9518: 9515: 9513: 9510: 9508: 9505: 9504: 9503: 9500: 9498: 9495: 9493: 9490: 9488: 9485: 9483: 9480: 9478: 9475: 9473: 9470: 9466: 9463: 9461: 9458: 9456: 9453: 9451: 9448: 9446: 9443: 9442: 9441: 9438: 9437: 9435: 9433: 9430: 9426: 9420: 9417: 9415: 9412: 9410: 9407: 9405: 9402: 9400: 9397: 9395: 9392: 9390: 9387: 9385: 9382: 9381: 9379: 9377: 9373: 9370: 9368: 9364: 9356: 9353: 9351: 9348: 9346: 9343: 9341: 9338: 9336: 9333: 9332: 9331: 9328: 9326: 9323: 9322: 9320: 9318: 9314: 9310: 9303: 9299: 9285: 9282: 9280: 9277: 9275: 9272: 9270: 9267: 9265: 9262: 9260: 9257: 9255: 9254:Conceptualism 9252: 9250: 9247: 9246: 9244: 9242: 9238: 9232: 9229: 9227: 9224: 9222: 9219: 9218: 9216: 9214: 9210: 9204: 9201: 9199: 9196: 9194: 9191: 9189: 9186: 9184: 9183:Particularism 9181: 9179: 9176: 9175: 9173: 9171: 9167: 9161: 9158: 9156: 9153: 9151: 9150:Functionalism 9148: 9146: 9143: 9141: 9138: 9136: 9135:Eliminativism 9133: 9131: 9128: 9127: 9125: 9123: 9119: 9113: 9110: 9108: 9105: 9103: 9100: 9098: 9095: 9093: 9090: 9088: 9085: 9084: 9082: 9080: 9076: 9070: 9067: 9063: 9060: 9059: 9058: 9055: 9051: 9048: 9047: 9046: 9043: 9041: 9040:Compatibilism 9038: 9037: 9035: 9033: 9029: 9023: 9020: 9018: 9015: 9013: 9010: 9009: 9007: 9005: 9001: 8995: 8992: 8990: 8987: 8985: 8982: 8980: 8979:Particularism 8977: 8975: 8972: 8970: 8967: 8965: 8962: 8961: 8959: 8957: 8953: 8947: 8944: 8942: 8939: 8937: 8934: 8933: 8931: 8929: 8925: 8919: 8916: 8914: 8911: 8909: 8906: 8904: 8901: 8899: 8896: 8894: 8891: 8889: 8886: 8884: 8881: 8879: 8876: 8874: 8871: 8869: 8866: 8864: 8861: 8860: 8858: 8856: 8852: 8848: 8841: 8837: 8833: 8826: 8821: 8819: 8814: 8812: 8807: 8806: 8803: 8791: 8788: 8786: 8783: 8781: 8778: 8776: 8773: 8771: 8768: 8766: 8763: 8761: 8758: 8756: 8753: 8751: 8748: 8746: 8743: 8741: 8738: 8736: 8733: 8731: 8728: 8726: 8723: 8721: 8718: 8716: 8713: 8711: 8708: 8706: 8703: 8701: 8698: 8696: 8693: 8691: 8688: 8686: 8683: 8681: 8678: 8676: 8673: 8671: 8668: 8666: 8663: 8661: 8658: 8656: 8653: 8651: 8648: 8646: 8643: 8641: 8638: 8636: 8633: 8631: 8628: 8626: 8625:Parinama-vada 8623: 8621: 8618: 8616: 8613: 8611: 8608: 8606: 8603: 8601: 8598: 8596: 8593: 8591: 8588: 8586: 8583: 8581: 8578: 8576: 8573: 8571: 8568: 8566: 8563: 8561: 8558: 8556: 8553: 8551: 8548: 8546: 8543: 8541: 8538: 8536: 8533: 8531: 8528: 8526: 8523: 8521: 8518: 8516: 8513: 8511: 8508: 8506: 8503: 8501: 8498: 8496: 8493: 8491: 8488: 8486: 8483: 8481: 8478: 8476: 8473: 8471: 8468: 8466: 8463: 8461: 8458: 8456: 8453: 8451: 8448: 8446: 8443: 8441: 8438: 8436: 8433: 8431: 8428: 8426: 8423: 8421: 8418: 8416: 8413: 8411: 8408: 8406: 8403: 8401: 8398: 8396: 8393: 8391: 8388: 8386: 8383: 8381: 8378: 8376: 8373: 8371: 8368: 8366: 8363: 8361: 8358: 8356: 8353: 8351: 8348: 8346: 8343: 8341: 8338: 8337: 8335: 8331: 8325: 8322: 8320: 8317: 8315: 8312: 8310: 8307: 8305: 8302: 8300: 8297: 8295: 8292: 8290: 8287: 8285: 8282: 8280: 8277: 8275: 8272: 8270: 8267: 8265: 8262: 8260: 8257: 8255: 8252: 8250: 8249:Padmasambhāva 8247: 8245: 8242: 8240: 8237: 8235: 8232: 8230: 8227: 8225: 8222: 8220: 8217: 8215: 8212: 8210: 8207: 8205: 8202: 8200: 8197: 8195: 8192: 8190: 8187: 8185: 8182: 8180: 8177: 8175: 8172: 8170: 8167: 8165: 8162: 8160: 8157: 8155: 8154:Maṇḍana Miśra 8152: 8150: 8147: 8145: 8144:Abhinavagupta 8142: 8140: 8137: 8136: 8134: 8130: 8124: 8121: 8119: 8118: 8117:Yoga Vasistha 8114: 8112: 8111: 8107: 8105: 8102: 8100: 8097: 8095: 8094: 8090: 8086: 8083: 8082: 8081: 8078: 8076: 8075: 8071: 8069: 8068: 8064: 8062: 8059: 8057: 8054: 8052: 8049: 8047: 8044: 8042: 8041: 8037: 8035: 8034: 8030: 8028: 8025: 8023: 8020: 8016: 8013: 8011: 8010:All 108 texts 8008: 8007: 8006: 8005: 8001: 7999: 7998: 7994: 7992: 7989: 7987: 7984: 7982: 7981: 7980:Dharmashastra 7977: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7969: 7965: 7963: 7962: 7958: 7956: 7955: 7954:Bhagavad Gita 7951: 7949: 7948: 7944: 7942: 7941: 7937: 7936: 7934: 7930: 7924: 7921: 7919: 7916: 7914: 7911: 7909: 7908:Integral yoga 7906: 7905: 7903: 7899: 7891: 7888: 7886: 7883: 7881: 7878: 7877: 7876: 7873: 7871: 7868: 7866: 7863: 7859: 7856: 7854: 7853:Shuddhadvaita 7851: 7849: 7846: 7844: 7841: 7839: 7836: 7834: 7831: 7829: 7826: 7825: 7824: 7821: 7820: 7818: 7814: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7794: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7784: 7782: 7779: 7778: 7777: 7773: 7770: 7766: 7763: 7761: 7758: 7757: 7756: 7753: 7751: 7748: 7746: 7743: 7741: 7738: 7737: 7735: 7733: 7729: 7723: 7720: 7716: 7713: 7711: 7708: 7707: 7706: 7703: 7701: 7698: 7696: 7693: 7691: 7688: 7686: 7683: 7681: 7678: 7676: 7672: 7669: 7668: 7666: 7664: 7660: 7657: 7653: 7647: 7644: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7603: 7601: 7597: 7593: 7586: 7581: 7579: 7574: 7572: 7567: 7566: 7563: 7551: 7543: 7541: 7537: 7533: 7531: 7523: 7522: 7520: 7510: 7502: 7499: 7497: 7494: 7493: 7492: 7491:Hindu temples 7489: 7487: 7484: 7482: 7479: 7475: 7472: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7462: 7460: 7457: 7455: 7452: 7450: 7447: 7445: 7442: 7441: 7440: 7437: 7433: 7430: 7429: 7428: 7425: 7423: 7420: 7416: 7413: 7412: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7395:Hindu studies 7393: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7373: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7365:Denominations 7363: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7351: 7350: 7349: 7346: 7345: 7343: 7341: 7337: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7309: 7308: 7306: 7302: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7277: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7253: 7252: 7249: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7211: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7175: 7174:Vijayadashami 7172: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7161: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7136: 7134: 7132: 7128: 7120: 7117: 7115: 7112: 7110: 7107: 7105: 7102: 7101: 7100: 7097: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7080: 7078: 7075: 7074: 7073: 7070: 7069: 7067: 7063: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6991:Simantonayana 6989: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6979: 6978: 6976: 6974: 6970: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6905: 6903: 6901: 6897: 6894: 6890: 6880: 6879: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6802: 6801: 6798: 6797: 6795: 6793: 6789: 6783: 6782: 6778: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6705: 6704: 6701: 6700: 6698: 6696: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6683: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6599: 6597: 6595: 6591: 6585: 6584: 6580: 6578: 6577:Yoga Vasistha 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6537: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6500: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6488:Bhagavad Gita 6486: 6485: 6483: 6481: 6477: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6442: 6440: 6438: 6434: 6428: 6427:Sthapatyaveda 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6409: 6407: 6405: 6401: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6327: 6325: 6323: 6319: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6299: 6297: 6293: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6268: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6256: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6241: 6239: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6226: 6207: 6203: 6200: 6196: 6195: 6191: 6189: 6188: 6184: 6182: 6181: 6177: 6176: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6146: 6143: 6142: 6140: 6138: 6134: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6082: 6081: 6078: 6077: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6053: 6052: 6049: 6048: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6011: 6009: 6007: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5994: 5988: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5976: 5973: 5967: 5963: 5959: 5951: 5946: 5944: 5939: 5937: 5932: 5931: 5928: 5922: 5920: 5915: 5911: 5907: 5904: 5901: 5897: 5894: 5891: 5887: 5886: 5881: 5877: 5873: 5872: 5867: 5863: 5859: 5855: 5854: 5849: 5845: 5841: 5840: 5832: 5828: 5824: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5811: 5807: 5803: 5802: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5780: 5776: 5772: 5768: 5765:, Routledge, 5764: 5760: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5746: 5742: 5741: 5736: 5735:Bimal Matilal 5733: 5731: 5727: 5723: 5719: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5692: 5688: 5684: 5680: 5676: 5672: 5670: 5666: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5650: 5649: 5630: 5623: 5619: 5613: 5605: 5601: 5597: 5593: 5589: 5585: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5562: 5554: 5553: 5545: 5537: 5531: 5527: 5520: 5512: 5506: 5498: 5494: 5490: 5484: 5480: 5479: 5471: 5464: 5463:0-19-563820-4 5460: 5456: 5450: 5448: 5440: 5439:0-19-563820-4 5436: 5432: 5426: 5419: 5418:0-19-563820-4 5415: 5411: 5405: 5397: 5393: 5389: 5388: 5380: 5373: 5369: 5365: 5359: 5352: 5351:81-208-0365-5 5348: 5344: 5338: 5331: 5327: 5323: 5317: 5309: 5303: 5299: 5298: 5290: 5283: 5279: 5273: 5267: 5265: 5263: 5253: 5246: 5242: 5236: 5229: 5225: 5219: 5211: 5205: 5201: 5194: 5178: 5177: 5170: 5162: 5156: 5152: 5151: 5143: 5128: 5122: 5118: 5117: 5109: 5102: 5098: 5092: 5085: 5081: 5075: 5073: 5071: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5034: 5024: 5022: 5014: 5013:0-8239-2287-1 5010: 5004: 5002: 4993: 4992: 4984: 4969: 4963: 4959: 4958: 4950: 4934: 4933: 4925: 4923: 4921: 4919: 4917: 4902: 4898: 4897: 4889: 4882: 4881:81-208-0365-5 4878: 4872: 4870: 4862: 4861:81-208-0309-4 4858: 4852: 4845: 4844:81-208-0309-4 4841: 4835: 4828: 4827:81-208-0309-4 4824: 4818: 4816: 4809:, pages 91–94 4808: 4804: 4798: 4796: 4794: 4786: 4782: 4776: 4769: 4765: 4759: 4752: 4748: 4742: 4736:, pages 25–26 4735: 4734:81-208-0779-0 4731: 4725: 4718: 4717:0-8239-2287-1 4714: 4708: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4668: 4661: 4653: 4647: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4630: 4622: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4583: 4576: 4575:81-7007-023-6 4572: 4568: 4562: 4560: 4553:, pp.245,245n 4552: 4551:81-208-1099-6 4548: 4544: 4538: 4531: 4530:81-208-0365-5 4527: 4523: 4517: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4496: 4489: 4483: 4476: 4475:81-208-0365-5 4472: 4468: 4462: 4460: 4458: 4456: 4454: 4452: 4450: 4448: 4446: 4444: 4434: 4425: 4418: 4414: 4408: 4406: 4404: 4402: 4393: 4387: 4383: 4382: 4374: 4366: 4360: 4356: 4355: 4347: 4345: 4337: 4333: 4327: 4321: 4317: 4311: 4309: 4307: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4290: 4289:The Spectator 4284: 4277: 4273: 4267: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4247: 4240: 4236: 4230: 4224: 4220: 4219: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4198: 4194: 4188: 4179: 4177: 4169: 4165: 4159: 4152: 4148: 4145:, Routledge, 4144: 4138: 4136: 4128: 4124: 4118: 4111: 4107: 4101: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4081: 4079: 4077: 4069: 4065: 4059: 4057: 4055: 4053: 4045: 4041: 4035: 4033: 4031: 4023: 4019: 4013: 4006: 4002: 3999:, Routledge, 3998: 3992: 3977: 3973: 3967: 3965: 3963: 3955: 3950: 3948: 3946: 3941: 3931: 3928: 3926: 3923: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3908: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3890: 3888: 3885: 3883: 3880: 3878: 3875: 3873: 3870: 3868: 3865: 3863: 3860: 3859: 3854: 3843: 3836: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3820: 3818: 3813: 3808: 3805: 3798: 3793: 3791: 3790:Alonzo Church 3785: 3783: 3782: 3777: 3773: 3772:Francis Bacon 3769: 3768: 3767:Novum Organum 3763: 3762: 3758: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3726: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3708: 3697: 3694: 3686: 3675: 3672: 3668: 3665: 3661: 3658: 3654: 3651: 3647: 3644: – 3643: 3639: 3638:Find sources: 3632: 3628: 3622: 3621: 3616:This section 3614: 3610: 3605: 3604: 3595: 3592: 3584: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3560: 3559: 3554:This section 3552: 3543: 3542: 3533: 3530: 3522: 3512: 3509:and read the 3508: 3502: 3499: 3494: 3485: 3484: 3473: 3470: 3467: 3464: 3461: 3458: 3455: 3452: 3449: 3446: 3443: 3440: 3437: 3434: 3431: 3428: 3427: 3426: 3424: 3414: 3412: 3410: 3404: 3402: 3401:Tarkasaṁgraha 3396: 3394: 3388: 3386: 3380: 3378: 3377: 3370: 3368: 3367:Prācina nyāya 3362: 3360: 3354: 3352: 3350: 3344: 3342: 3336: 3334: 3328: 3326: 3320: 3318: 3312: 3310: 3303: 3302: 3296: 3292: 3290: 3283: 3278: 3276: 3270: 3269: 3267: 3260: 3258: 3252: 3248: 3246: 3239: 3234: 3232: 3231: 3224: 3222: 3215: 3214: 3208: 3206: 3204: 3197: 3192: 3190: 3183: 3178: 3177: 3175: 3169:accepted the 3168: 3166: 3159: 3157: 3155: 3149: 3147: 3140: 3135: 3133: 3127: 3123: 3121: 3115: 3113: 3107: 3105: 3099: 3097: 3091: 3089: 3082: 3077: 3075: 3069: 3065: 3063: 3057: 3055: 3049: 3047: 3041: 3039: 3033: 3028: 3023: 3021: 3015: 3011: 3009: 3003: 3001: 2995: 2993: 2987: 2985: 2979: 2977: 2970: 2968: 2967: 2962: 2958: 2957: 2956:Matsya-Purāṇa 2952: 2951: 2940: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2924: 2918: 2908: 2906: 2905: 2900: 2899: 2890: 2887: 2884: 2881: 2878: 2875: 2872: 2869: 2866: 2863: 2860: 2857: 2854: 2850: 2847: 2844: 2841: 2838: 2835: 2834: 2833: 2831: 2828: 2826: 2815: 2804: 2796: 2788: 2786: 2776: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2758: 2750: 2747: 2744: 2741: 2738: 2735: 2734: 2733: 2727: 2724: 2721: 2718: 2715: 2714: 2713: 2707: 2704: 2701: 2700: 2699: 2696: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2680: 2677: 2670: 2666: 2655: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2640: 2629: 2627: 2616: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2593: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2566:Sabda-pramana 2563: 2556: 2551: 2549: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2501: 2493: 2490: 2487: 2484: 2481: 2480:Satpratipaksa 2478: 2473: 2470: 2467: 2464: 2461: 2458: 2457: 2455: 2454:Savyabhichara 2452: 2447: 2444: 2441: 2440:Svarupasiddha 2438: 2435: 2434:Ashrayasiddha 2432: 2431: 2429: 2425: 2422: 2421: 2420: 2418: 2410: 2406: 2403: 2399: 2396: 2393: 2389: 2386: 2382: 2381: 2380: 2377: 2375: 2374: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2354:, conclusion) 2353: 2349: 2346: 2342: 2339: 2335: 2332: 2328: 2325: 2321: 2320: 2319: 2311: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2296:Parathanumana 2293: 2292:Svarthanumana 2289: 2282: 2277: 2275: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2250: 2245: 2244: 2233: 2231: 2227: 2224:(intuition), 2223: 2219: 2214: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2191: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2166: 2161: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2142: 2138: 2135: 2134: 2129: 2126: 2122: 2119: 2115: 2114: 2113: 2111: 2107: 2102: 2100: 2096: 2094: 2089: 2085: 2076: 2065: 2060: 2058: 2053: 2051: 2046: 2045: 2043: 2042: 2035: 2032: 2030: 2027: 2025: 2022: 2020: 2017: 2015: 2012: 2010: 2007: 2005: 2002: 2000: 1997: 1996: 1992: 1986: 1985: 1978: 1975: 1973: 1970: 1968: 1965: 1963: 1962:Phenomenology 1960: 1958: 1955: 1953: 1950: 1948: 1945: 1943: 1940: 1938: 1935: 1933: 1930: 1928: 1925: 1923: 1920: 1919: 1915: 1912: 1910: 1907: 1905: 1902: 1900: 1897: 1896: 1892: 1886: 1885: 1874: 1871: 1869: 1866: 1864: 1861: 1859: 1856: 1854: 1851: 1849: 1846: 1844: 1841: 1839: 1836: 1835: 1834: 1833: 1830: 1827: 1826: 1819: 1816: 1814: 1811: 1809: 1806: 1804: 1801: 1799: 1796: 1794: 1791: 1790: 1789: 1786: 1782: 1779: 1778: 1777: 1774: 1770: 1767: 1766: 1765: 1762: 1758: 1755: 1753: 1750: 1748: 1745: 1743: 1740: 1738: 1735: 1733: 1730: 1729: 1728: 1725: 1721: 1718: 1716: 1713: 1711: 1708: 1707: 1706: 1703: 1702: 1701: 1700: 1697: 1694: 1693: 1686: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1677: 1676: 1673: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1661: 1658: 1654: 1653:Ancient Greek 1651: 1649: 1646: 1645: 1644: 1641: 1640: 1639: 1638: 1635: 1632: 1631: 1625: 1619: 1618: 1612: 1609: 1607: 1604: 1602: 1599: 1597: 1594: 1592: 1589: 1587: 1584: 1581: 1570: 1569: 1567: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1557: 1554: 1551: 1550: 1546: 1545: 1537: 1535: 1525: 1524:nigrahasthāna 1522: 1519: 1516: 1513: 1510: 1507: 1504: 1501: 1498: 1495: 1492: 1489: 1486: 1485: 1483: 1478: 1475: 1472: 1469: 1466: 1463: 1460: 1457: 1454: 1451: 1448: 1445: 1442: 1439: 1438: 1436: 1431: 1428: 1425: 1422: 1421: 1419: 1418: 1417: 1414: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1403: 1394: 1388: 1386: 1382: 1377: 1375: 1371: 1366: 1361: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1350:Gautamasthana 1347: 1343: 1338: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1327: 1320: 1318: 1314: 1308: 1279: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1260:Tattva-sastra 1257: 1253: 1252: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1202: 1200: 1196: 1195:Viśiṣṭādvaita 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1174: 1170: 1169: 1164: 1163: 1158: 1153: 1150: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1130:(inference), 1129: 1125: 1121: 1120: 1115: 1110: 1108: 1104: 1101:) schools of 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1077: 1072: 1070: 1065: 1063: 1058: 1057: 1055: 1054: 1049: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1040: 1039: 1038: 1030: 1027: 1026: 1023: 1022: 1018: 1017: 1013: 1012:Shiva Samhita 1010: 1008: 1005: 1003: 1000: 998: 995: 993: 990: 988: 985: 983: 980: 979: 976: 973: 972: 969: 966: 964: 961: 959: 956: 954: 951: 949: 946: 944: 943:Brahma Sutras 941: 940: 937: 936: 935: 931: 926: 925: 921: 918: 916: 913: 911: 910:Bhagavad Gita 908: 907: 904: 901: 900: 897: 894: 892: 889: 888: 885: 884: 880: 879: 876: 873: 871: 868: 866: 863: 861: 858: 857: 854: 853: 849: 848: 844: 841: 839: 836: 835: 830: 829: 822: 821: 806: 803: 802: 801: 799: 795: 790: 789:Prashastapada 786: 783: 782: 781: 779: 775: 770: 767: 766: 765: 763: 759: 754: 751: 750: 749: 747: 743: 740: 739: 735: 734: 728: 727:Radhakrishnan 725: 723: 720: 718: 715: 714: 712: 711: 708: 705: 704: 698: 697:Anandamayi Ma 695: 693: 690: 688: 685: 683: 682:Ramprasad Sen 680: 678: 675: 673: 672:Abhinavagupta 670: 669: 667: 666: 660: 657: 655: 652: 651: 649: 648: 642: 639: 638: 636: 635: 632: 629: 628: 622: 619: 618: 616: 615: 612: 609: 608: 602: 599: 598: 596: 595: 592: 589: 588: 582: 579: 577: 574: 573: 571: 570: 567: 564: 563: 557: 554: 553: 551: 550: 547: 544: 543: 537: 534: 533: 531: 530: 527: 526:Shuddhadvaita 524: 523: 517: 514: 512: 509: 507: 504: 503: 501: 500: 496: 493: 492: 486: 483: 481: 478: 477: 475: 474: 471: 468: 467: 461: 458: 456: 453: 451: 448: 447: 445: 444: 440: 437: 436: 430: 427: 425: 422: 420: 417: 416: 414: 413: 410: 407: 406: 400: 397: 395: 392: 390: 387: 386: 384: 383: 380: 377: 376: 369: 365: 359: 358: 351: 350: 349:Integral yoga 346: 345: 342: 339: 338: 335: 334: 333:Shiva Advaita 330: 328: 327: 323: 321: 320: 316: 314: 313: 309: 307: 306: 302: 300: 299: 295: 293: 292: 288: 287: 284: 281: 280: 277: 276: 272: 270: 269: 265: 263: 262: 258: 256: 255: 251: 249: 248: 244: 242: 241: 240:Shuddhadvaita 237: 235: 234: 230: 228: 227: 223: 221: 220: 216: 215: 212: 210: 207: 206: 203: 202: 198: 197: 194: 192: 189: 188: 184: 178: 177: 168: 167: 163: 161: 160: 156: 154: 153: 149: 147: 146: 142: 140: 139: 135: 134: 133: 132: 129: 128: 125: 122: 121: 112: 111: 107: 105: 104: 100: 98: 97: 93: 91: 90: 86: 84: 83: 79: 77: 76: 72: 71: 70: 69: 66: 65: 62: 59: 58: 54: 50: 49: 46: 43: 42: 38: 34: 33: 30: 19: 11208:Substitution 11028:Mathematical 10953:Major fields 10878: 10864: 10535: 10526:Postcritique 10516:Kyoto School 10475:Posthumanism 10455:Hermeneutics 10310: / 10251:Contemporary 10227:Newtonianism 10190:Cartesianism 10149:Reductionism 9985:Conservatism 9980:Collectivism 9918: 9646:Sarvāstivadā 9624:Anekantavada 9581: 9549:Neoplatonism 9517:Epicureanism 9450:Pythagoreans 9389:Confucianism 9355:Contemporary 9345:Early modern 9249:Anti-realism 9203:Universalism 9160:Subjectivism 8956:Epistemology 8725:Iccha-mrityu 8690:Satkaryavada 8590:Nididhyasana 8575:Matsya Nyaya 8309:Madhvacharya 8139:Adi Shankara 8132:Philosophers 8115: 8108: 8091: 8072: 8065: 8056:Shiva Sutras 8046:Sangam texts 8038: 8031: 8022:Nyāya Sūtras 8002: 7995: 7978: 7968:Brahma Sutra 7967: 7959: 7952: 7947:Arthashastra 7945: 7938: 7880:Pratyabhijna 7760:Anekantavada 7679: 7501:Architecture 7104:Brahmacharya 7046:Samavartanam 7011:Annaprashana 6877: 6780: 6581: 6535:Dharmaśāstra 6525:Arthashastra 6360:Maitrayaniya 6192: 6185: 6178: 6158: 6100:Brahmacharya 5917: 5883: 5869: 5851: 5822: 5805: 5784: 5762: 5739: 5721: 5707: 5700: 5696: 5674: 5652: 5632:. 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Retrieved 3975: 3903: 3895: 3862:Nyāya Sūtras 3824: 3821: 3811: 3809: 3804:Indian logic 3800: 3795: 3787: 3781:Indian logic 3779: 3775: 3765: 3759: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3733: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3712: 3706: 3689: 3680: 3670: 3663: 3656: 3649: 3637: 3625:Please help 3620:verification 3617: 3587: 3578: 3555: 3525: 3516: 3505:Please help 3500: 3498:lead section 3420: 3406: 3398: 3397:school. His 3390: 3382: 3372: 3364: 3355: 3346: 3338: 3322: 3314: 3286: 3272: 3262: 3254: 3242: 3226: 3218: 3209: 3200: 3196:Keśava Miśra 3189:Tārkikarakṣā 3186: 3170: 3162: 3160: 3158:philosophy. 3151: 3143: 3139:Bhāsavarajña 3132:Nyāyamañjari 3129: 3117: 3109: 3101: 3093: 3085: 3071: 3070:'s (984 CE) 3059: 3051: 3043: 3017: 3005: 3000:Nyāya Bhāṣya 2997: 2973: 2971: 2964: 2954: 2948: 2946: 2937:Nyayamanjari 2936: 2928: 2920: 2916: 2914: 2902: 2896: 2894: 2888: 2882: 2876: 2870: 2864: 2858: 2852: 2848: 2842: 2836: 2823: 2821: 2812: 2798: 2794: 2782: 2772: 2768: 2762: 2756: 2748: 2742: 2736: 2731: 2711: 2697: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2682: 2672: 2664: 2663: 2643: 2637: 2635: 2622: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2596: 2594: 2589: 2585: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2560: 2554: 2547: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2505: 2499: 2491: 2485: 2479: 2472:Anupasamhari 2471: 2465: 2459: 2453: 2445: 2439: 2433: 2427: 2423: 2416: 2414: 2408: 2401: 2391: 2384: 2378: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2357: 2351: 2344: 2337: 2330: 2323: 2317: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2286: 2280: 2274:Pratyabhijñā 2273: 2264: 2260: 2257: 2253: 2247: 2241: 2239: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2215: 2210: 2206: 2198: 2194: 2192: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2170: 2167:(perception) 2164: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2146: 2140: 2131: 2130:comparison ( 2124: 2117: 2116:perception ( 2109: 2105: 2103: 2098: 2091: 2087: 2084:epistemology 2081: 1991:Philosophers 1899:Epistemology 1720:South Africa 1675:Contemporary 1624:Philosophies 1540:Epistemology 1533: 1531: 1523: 1517: 1511: 1505: 1499: 1493: 1487: 1476: 1470: 1464: 1458: 1452: 1446: 1440: 1429: 1423: 1415: 1410: 1400: 1398: 1392: 1381:epistemology 1378: 1365:Nyaya Sutras 1364: 1362: 1342:Nyāya Sūtras 1341: 1339: 1324: 1322: 1316: 1310: 1290: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1240: 1235: 1231: 1226: 1221: 1209: 1208: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1178: 1177: 1168:Nyāya Sūtras 1166: 1162:Anuvyavasaya 1160: 1154: 1148: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1117: 1114:epistemology 1111: 1107:epistemology 1086: 1085: 1019: 992:Arthashastra 987:Dharmaśāstra 958:Nyāya Sūtras 928: 927: 902: 881: 850: 826: 641:Swaminarayan 506:Madhvacharya 497:(Tattvavada) 460:Adi Shankara 378: 363: 347: 331: 324: 317: 310: 303: 298:Pratyabhijna 296: 289: 273: 266: 259: 252: 245: 238: 231: 224: 217: 199: 182: 164: 157: 150: 143: 136: 108: 101: 94: 88: 87: 80: 73: 29: 11323:WikiProject 11193:Proposition 11188:Probability 11141:Description 11082:Foundations 10521:Objectivism 10460:Neo-Marxism 10422:Continental 10332:Meta-ethics 10312:Coherentism 10217:Hegelianism 10154:Rationalism 10114:Natural law 10094:Materialism 10020:Historicism 9990:Determinism 9881:Navya-Nyāya 9656:Sautrāntika 9651:Pudgalavada 9587:Vaisheshika 9440:Presocratic 9340:Renaissance 9279:Physicalism 9264:Materialism 9170:Normativity 9155:Objectivism 9140:Emergentism 9130:Behaviorism 9079:Metaphysics 9045:Determinism 8984:Rationalism 8770:Vivartavada 8660:Rājamaṇḍala 8615:Paramananda 8415:Apauruṣheyā 8410:Anupalabdhi 8269:Vivekananda 8234:Dharmakirti 8194:Buddhaghosa 8184:Yājñavalkya 7991:Jain Agamas 7986:Hindu texts 7865:Navya-Nyāya 7801:Svatantrika 7796:Sautrāntika 7685:Vaisheshika 7550:WikiProject 7422:Persecution 7410:Nationalism 7400:Iconography 7280:Ratha Yatra 7191:Janmashtami 7186:Rama Navami 7114:Vanaprastha 7065:Varnashrama 7041:Ritushuddhi 7026:Vidyarambha 7016:Chudakarana 7006:Nishkramana 6981:Garbhadhana 6622:Thirukkural 6617:Thiruppugal 6545:Nāradasmṛti 6508:Mahabharata 6286:Atharvaveda 6164:Vaisheshika 6051:Puruṣārthas 5396:10603/64250 4477:, pp.209–10 4225:, pages 2–4 4221:, p. 2, at 4085:Gavin Flood 3825:Navya-Nyāya 3757:Aristotle's 3725:knowledge. 3683:August 2021 3581:August 2021 3519:August 2021 3376:Navya-Nyāya 3359:Annaṁbhatta 3301:Navya-Nyāya 3297:school of 3235:. His son, 3230:Navya-Nyāya 3008:Nyāya Sūtra 2976:Nyāya Sūtra 2966:Mahābhārata 2923:Nyāya Sūtra 2865:Pratyayataḥ 2676:Karl Potter 2665:Metaphysics 2543:Bhaṭṭikāvya 2402:abādhitatva 2283:(inference) 2261:pratyakshas 2207:Avyabhicara 2199:Avyapadesya 2188:Nyāya Sutra 2123:inference ( 1914:Metaphysics 1829:By religion 1685:Continental 1665:Renaissance 1407:Vaisheshika 1282:Development 1264:Tarka-vidya 1144:Vaisheshika 1140:metaphysics 968:Yoga Sutras 920:Vachanamrut 875:Atharvaveda 828:Major texts 778:Vaisheshika 717:Vivekananda 707:Neo-Vedanta 601:Chakradhara 591:Mahanubhava 516:Vyasatirtha 341:Neo-Vedanta 312:Pramanavada 305:Panchartika 261:Mahanubhava 209:Vaishnavite 183:Sub-schools 96:Vaisheshika 11348:Categories 11253:Set theory 11151:Linguistic 11146:Entailment 11136:Definition 11104:Consequent 11099:Antecedent 10820:Amerindian 10727:Australian 10666:Vietnamese 10646:Indonesian 10195:Kantianism 10144:Positivism 10134:Pragmatism 10109:Naturalism 10089:Liberalism 10067:Subjective 10005:Empiricism 9909:Avicennism 9854:Bhedabheda 9738:East Asian 9661:Madhyamaka 9641:Abhidharma 9507:Pyrrhonism 9274:Nominalism 9269:Naturalism 9198:Skepticism 9188:Relativism 9178:Absolutism 9107:Naturalism 9017:Deontology 8989:Skepticism 8974:Naturalism 8964:Empiricism 8928:Aesthetics 8832:Philosophy 8720:Svātantrya 8610:Paramatman 8565:Kshetrajna 8540:Ishvaratva 8480:Cittabhumi 8475:Chidabhasa 8425:Asiddhatva 8345:Abhasavada 8319:Guru Nanak 8254:Vasubandhu 8080:Upanishads 8074:Tirukkuṟaḷ 8033:Panchadasi 7838:Bhedabheda 7786:Madhyamaka 7626:Monotheism 7251:Kumbh Mela 7219:Gudi Padwa 7164:Durga Puja 7149:Shivaratri 7021:Karnavedha 7001:Namakarana 6963:Tirthatana 6730:Dattatreya 6567:Subhashita 6540:Manusmriti 6417:Dhanurveda 6350:Taittiriya 6335:Kaushitaki 6322:Upanishads 6095:Aparigraha 5997:Philosophy 5634:14 January 5497:1175607882 5420:, pp.36–40 5272:Nyayasutra 5247:, page 150 5062:, page 238 5015:, page 721 4906:7 December 4753:, page 422 4251:BK Matilal 4170:, page 129 4112:, page 131 4095:, page 225 4070:, page 172 4046:, page 238 4024:, page 223 3937:References 3906:"not so"). 3653:newspapers 3565:improve it 3333:Viśvanatha 3203:Tārkabhaṣā 3182:Varadarāja 3112:Kiraṇāvali 3014:Udyotakara 2943:Literature 2929:niḥśreyasa 2911:Liberation 2466:Asadharana 2417:hetvābhasa 2243:nirvikalpa 2165:Pratyaksha 1922:Aesthetics 1611:Categories 1553:Philosophy 1506:hetvābhāsa 1455:(example), 1246:Hetu-vidya 997:Kama Sutra 883:Upanishads 511:Jayatirtha 441:(Mayavada) 429:Prabhākara 219:Bhedabheda 11284:Fallacies 11279:Paradoxes 11269:Logicians 11203:Statement 11198:Reference 11163:Induction 11126:Deduction 11089:Abduction 11059:Metalogic 11006:Classical 10970:Inference 10699:Pakistani 10661:Taiwanese 10608:Ethiopian 10581:By region 10567:By region 10382:Scientism 10377:Systemics 10237:Spinozism 10164:Socialism 10099:Modernism 10062:Objective 9970:Anarchism 9904:Averroism 9793:Christian 9745:Neotaoism 9716:Zurvanism 9706:Mithraism 9701:Mazdakism 9472:Cyrenaics 9399:Logicians 9032:Free will 8994:Solipsism 8941:Formalism 8580:Mithyatva 8470:Chaitanya 8465:Catuṣkoṭi 8430:Asatkalpa 8405:Anavastha 8380:Aishvarya 8299:Sakayanya 8294:Sadananda 8259:Gaudapada 8244:Nagarjuna 8199:Patañjali 8015:Principal 7997:Kamasutra 7791:Yogachara 7710:Raseśvara 7474:Theosophy 7405:Mythology 7385:Criticism 7353:Etymology 7311:Svādhyāya 7210:New Year 7159:Navaratri 7131:Festivals 7109:Grihastha 7082:Kshatriya 7056:Antyeshti 7031:Upanayana 6996:Jatakarma 6986:Pumsavana 6973:Sanskaras 6938:Naivedhya 6892:Practices 6837:Mahavidya 6805:Saraswati 6792:Goddesses 6750:Kartikeya 6647:Athichudi 6602:Tirumurai 6455:Vyākaraṇa 6422:Natyaveda 6370:Chandogya 6295:Divisions 6276:Yajurveda 5814:606911358 5779:701015636 5757:489575550 5691:665834163 5604:117854610 5588:0022-4812 5505:cite book 5284:, page 37 5086:, page 43 4699:150789983 4691:0145-5788 4646:cite book 4638:664141068 4613:1573-0395 4511:, page 38 3892:Neti neti 3709:knowledge 3569:verifying 3385:Vaiśeṣika 3295:Navadvipa 3271:known as 3174:Vaiśeṣika 3146:Nyāyasāra 3081:Vācaspati 3027:Vātsāyana 2992:Vātsāyana 2935:, in his 2849:Dhŗtyādéḥ 2743:Asamavayi 2570:āptavākya 2460:Sadharana 2338:Udāhārana 2333:, reason) 2304:Sheshavat 2265:savikalpa 2249:savikalpa 2172:Pratyakṣa 2154:viparyaya 2118:pratyakṣa 2014:Logicians 2009:Ethicists 1967:Political 1927:Education 1848:Christian 1843:Confucian 1742:Indonesia 1696:By region 1634:By period 1514:(tricks), 1459:siddhānta 1447:prayojana 1402:padarthas 1393:padārthas 1358:Darbhanga 1251:Anviksiki 1218:syllogism 1214:enthymeme 1205:Etymology 1124:Pratyakṣa 1093::न्यायः, 1007:Tirumurai 865:Yajurveda 769:Patanjali 722:Aurobindo 687:Bamakhepa 621:Sankardev 450:Gaudapada 124:Heterodox 11318:Category 11218:Validity 11119:Antinomy 11047:Theories 11011:Informal 10885:Category 10840:Yugoslav 10830:Romanian 10737:Scottish 10722:American 10651:Japanese 10631:Buddhist 10613:Africana 10603:Egyptian 10445:Feminist 10367:Rawlsian 10362:Quietism 10260:Analytic 10212:Krausism 10119:Nihilism 10084:Kokugaku 10047:Absolute 10042:Idealism 10030:Humanism 9818:Occamism 9785:European 9730:Medieval 9676:Yogacara 9636:Buddhist 9629:Syādvāda 9512:Stoicism 9477:Cynicism 9465:Sophists 9460:Atomists 9455:Eleatics 9394:Legalism 9335:Medieval 9259:Idealism 9213:Ontology 9193:Nihilism 9097:Idealism 8855:Branches 8844:Branches 8745:Tanmatra 8740:Tajjalan 8730:Syādvāda 8630:Pradhana 8605:Padārtha 8570:Lakshana 8515:Ekagrata 8360:Adrishta 8355:Adarsana 8333:Concepts 8314:Mahavira 8279:Ramanuja 8229:Chanakya 8164:Avatsara 8159:Valluvar 8099:Vedangas 7913:Gandhism 7816:Medieval 7765:Syādvāda 7750:Charvaka 7722:Pāṇiniya 7616:Idealism 7530:Category 7481:Glossary 7449:Buddhism 7415:Hindutva 7375:Calendar 7256:Haridwar 7234:Vaisakhi 7229:Puthandu 7119:Sannyasa 7036:Keshanta 6867:Shashthi 6703:Trimurti 6530:Nitisara 6503:Ramayana 6498:Itihasas 6470:Jyotisha 6412:Ayurveda 6404:Upavedas 6385:Mandukya 6330:Aitareya 6312:Aranyaka 6307:Brahmana 6281:Samaveda 6206:Charvaka 6006:Concepts 5987:Timeline 5979:Glossary 5962:Hinduism 5896:Archived 5737:(1977), 5716:24469380 5669:45728618 5230:, page 1 3920:Padārtha 3839:See also 3833:Sanskrit 3748:rhetoric 3723:de dicto 3715:a priori 3707:A priori 2843:Āyojanāt 2806:— 2737:Samavayi 2644:pramanas 2639:Pramanas 2535:upamānam 2531:upameyam 2519:upamānam 2515:upameyam 2492:Viruddha 2392:sapaksha 2352:Nigamana 2324:Pratijñā 2300:Purvavat 2258:alaukika 2222:pratibha 2184:alaukika 2095:-sastras 1972:Religion 1957:Ontology 1937:Language 1891:Branches 1838:Buddhist 1793:American 1715:Ethiopia 1680:Analytic 1660:Medieval 1601:Glossary 1586:Contents 1453:dṛṣṭānta 1443:(doubt), 1326:Nasadiya 1313:Rig Veda 1268:Vadartha 1183:Buddhism 1119:Pramanas 1091:Sanskrit 1043:Hinduism 930:Shastras 870:Samaveda 805:Valluvar 576:Nimbarka 536:Vallabha 480:Ramanuja 368:Acharyas 364:Teachers 283:Shaivite 191:Smartist 152:Buddhism 138:Charvaka 61:Orthodox 37:a series 35:Part of 11364:Atomism 11333:changes 11325: ( 11183:Premise 11114:Paradox 10944:History 10939:Outline 10835:Russian 10804:Spanish 10799:Slovene 10789:Maltese 10784:Italian 10764:Finland 10732:British 10714:Western 10704:Turkish 10689:Islamic 10684:Iranian 10636:Chinese 10623:Eastern 10590:African 10537:more... 10222:Marxism 10052:British 9995:Dualism 9891:Islamic 9849:Advaita 9839:Vedanta 9813:Scotism 9808:Thomism 9750:Tiantai 9693:Persian 9681:Tibetan 9671:Śūnyatā 9612:Cārvāka 9602:Ājīvika 9597:Mīmāṃsā 9577:Samkhya 9492:Academy 9445:Ionians 9419:Yangism 9376:Chinese 9367:Ancient 9330:Western 9325:Ancient 9284:Realism 9241:Reality 9231:Process 9112:Realism 9092:Dualism 9087:Atomism 8969:Fideism 8790:More... 8760:Upekkhā 8755:Uparati 8735:Taijasa 8710:Śūnyatā 8680:Saṃsāra 8675:Samadhi 8640:Prakṛti 8595:Nirvāṇa 8545:Jivatva 8535:Ikshana 8490:Devatas 8460:Bhumika 8450:Brahman 8440:Avyakta 8385:Akrodha 8365:Advaita 8324:More... 8219:Jaimini 8123:More... 7833:Advaita 7823:Vedanta 7781:Śūnyatā 7740:Ājīvika 7732:Nāstika 7700:Vedanta 7695:Mīmāṃsā 7675:Samkhya 7655:Ancient 7611:Atomism 7606:Atheism 7519:Outline 7469:Sikhism 7464:Judaism 7459:Jainism 7340:Related 7316:Namaste 7169:Ramlila 7099:Ashrama 7087:Vaishya 7077:Brahmin 6900:Worship 6852:Rukmini 6842:Matrika 6815:Parvati 6810:Lakshmi 6800:Tridevi 6755:Krishna 6740:Hanuman 6735:Ganesha 6686:Deities 6572:Tantras 6562:Stotras 6515:Puranas 6460:Nirukta 6450:Chandas 6445:Shiksha 6437:Vedanga 6390:Prashna 6380:Mundaka 6302:Samhita 6271:Rigveda 6202:Nāstika 6187:Advaita 6174:Vedanta 6169:Mīmāṃsā 6149:Samkhya 6137:Schools 6125:Akrodha 6044:Saṃsāra 6024:Ishvara 6014:Brahman 5912:(ed.), 5880:"Nyaya" 5864:(ed.). 5846:(ed.). 5831:1907221 5793:3933891 5596:2964454 5374:, p.366 5353:, p.208 5332:, p.365 4577:, p.163 4532:, p.192 3761:Organon 3667:scholar 3642:"Nyaya" 3563:Please 3251:Udayana 3068:Udayana 3032:Dignāga 2947:In the 2933:Jayanta 2898:adharma 2889:Adŗşţāt 2871:Shrutéḥ 2830:Udayana 2785:Ishvara 2769:anyatha 2765:Mimamsa 2749:Nimitta 2648:Carvaka 2613:Laukika 2609:Vaidika 2605:Laukika 2597:Vaidika 2590:pramana 2582:Carvaka 2548:Upamāna 2539:sāmānya 2523:sāmānya 2511:Upamāna 2507:Upamāna 2500:Upamāna 2486:Badhita 2424:Asiddha 2345:Upanaya 2288:Anumāna 2281:Anumāna 2254:laukika 2203:hearsay 2180:laukika 2150:saṁśaya 2133:upamāna 2125:anumāna 2110:prameya 2106:pramaṇa 2099:Pramana 2093:Pramana 1977:Science 1932:History 1858:Islamic 1818:Russian 1813:Italian 1798:British 1788:Western 1781:Iranian 1757:Vietnam 1732:Chinese 1705:African 1643:Ancient 1606:History 1591:Outline 1500:vitaṇḍā 1477:nirṇaya 1465:avayava 1441:saṁśaya 1430:prameya 1424:pramāṇa 1411:prameya 1374:Udayana 1354:Chaitra 1335:Clooney 1331:Rigveda 1157:realism 1132:Upamāna 1128:Anumāṇa 982:Puranas 860:Rigveda 798:Secular 746:Samkhya 439:Advaita 419:Jaimini 409:Mīmāṃsā 201:Advaita 159:Jainism 145:Ājīvika 110:Vedanta 103:Mīmāṃsā 75:Samkhya 11379:Āstika 11235:topics 11021:Reason 10999:Logics 10990:Syntax 10794:Polish 10774:German 10769:French 10754:Danish 10744:Canada 10694:Jewish 10656:Korean 10641:Indian 10183:People 10104:Monism 10057:German 10025:Holism 9958:Modern 9936:Jewish 9859:Dvaita 9832:Indian 9755:Huayan 9607:Ajñana 9564:Indian 9429:Greco- 9414:Taoism 9404:Mohism 9350:Modern 9317:By era 9306:By era 9221:Action 9102:Monism 9022:Virtue 9004:Ethics 8765:Utsaha 8715:Sutram 8705:Sthiti 8700:Sphoṭa 8670:Sakshi 8655:Puruṣa 8635:Prajna 8600:Niyama 8560:Kasaya 8505:Dravya 8495:Dharma 8455:Bhuman 8445:Bhrama 8400:Ananta 8395:Anatta 8390:Aksara 8375:Ahimsa 8350:Abheda 8340:Abhava 8289:Raikva 8209:Kapila 8204:Kanada 7901:Modern 7875:Shaiva 7843:Dvaita 7745:Ajñana 7705:Shaiva 7663:Āstika 7646:Moksha 7599:Topics 7540:Portal 7444:Baháʼí 7348:Hindus 7326:Tilaka 7295:Others 7271:Ujjain 7266:Prayag 7261:Nashik 7201:Pongal 7139:Diwali 7092:Shudra 7051:Vivaha 6958:Dhyāna 6933:Bhajan 6923:Bhakti 6908:Temple 6862:Shakti 6770:Varuna 6713:Vishnu 6708:Brahma 6557:Sutras 6493:Agamas 6249:Smriti 6180:Dvaita 6145:Āstika 6090:Asteya 6085:Ahimsa 6071:Moksha 6056:Dharma 5969:topics 5829: 5812: 5791: 5777: 5769: 5755: 5747: 5730:451428 5728: 5714: 5689: 5681: 5667: 5659: 5602: 5594: 5586: 5532: 5495: 5485: 5465:, p.41 5461: 5441:, p.40 5437: 5416: 5370: 5349: 5328: 5304: 5280: 5243: 5226: 5206: 5183:31 May 5157: 5132:31 May 5123: 5099: 5082: 5058: 5047: 5011: 4973:31 May 4964: 4939:31 May 4879: 4859: 4842: 4825: 4805: 4783: 4766: 4749: 4732: 4715: 4697: 4689: 4636: 4611: 4573: 4549: 4528: 4507: 4473: 4415: 4388: 4361: 4334: 4318: 4274: 4257: 4237: 4205: 4195: 4166: 4149: 4125: 4108: 4091: 4066: 4042: 4020: 4003: 3904:na-iti 3900:sandhi 3669: 3662: 3655: 3648: 3640: 3409:Dīpikā 2963:. The 2961:Brahmā 2904:dharma 2877:Vākyāt 2853:Adrsta 2837:Kāryāt 2689:effect 2385:Paksha 2373:vyapti 2364:sādhya 2360:paksha 2218:yogaja 2136:), and 2112:) – 1904:Ethics 1873:Taoist 1868:Jewish 1808:German 1803:French 1737:Indian 1670:Modern 1449:(aim), 1370:moksha 1346:Ahalya 1228:Panini 1191:Dvaita 1099:Āstika 934:Sutras 843:Smriti 785:Kaṇāda 753:Kapila 736:Others 659:Shakta 654:Tantra 495:Dvaita 233:Dvaita 166:Ajñana 11354:Nyaya 11262:other 11227:Lists 11213:Truth 10980:Proof 10928:Logic 10825:Aztec 10779:Greek 10759:Dutch 10749:Czech 10598:Bantu 10035:Anti- 9582:Nyaya 9572:Hindu 9432:Roman 9226:Event 8868:Logic 8780:Yamas 8775:Viraj 8750:Tyāga 8685:Satya 8585:Mokṣa 8555:Karma 8510:Dhrti 8435:Ātman 8420:Artha 8224:Vyasa 8104:Vedas 8085:Minor 7932:Texts 7680:Nyaya 7671:Hindu 7641:Artha 7621:Logic 7454:Islam 7432:India 7321:Bindi 7304:Other 7244:Ugadi 7239:Vishu 7072:Varna 6953:Tapas 6943:Yajna 6913:Murti 6847:Radha 6827:Durga 6822:Bhumi 6765:Surya 6745:Indra 6718:Shiva 6480:Other 6465:Kalpa 6355:Katha 6259:Vedas 6244:Śruti 6229:Texts 6159:Nyaya 6115:Damah 6105:Satya 6061:Artha 6039:Karma 6029:Atman 5983:Index 5625:(PDF) 5600:S2CID 5592:JSTOR 4896:Nyāya 4695:S2CID 4211:ātman 3981:3 May 3954:nyAya 3902:from 3812:nyāya 3776:logic 3752:logic 3744:logic 3740:logos 3736:logic 3729:Logic 3719:de re 3674:JSTOR 3660:books 3275:Āloka 3165:Nyāya 3154:Nyāya 3096:Nyāya 2859:Padāt 2685:cause 2601:Vedic 2586:Sabda 2578:Sabda 2574:Sabda 2562:Śabda 2555:Śabda 2176:Nyāya 2158:tarka 2141:śabda 2088:Nyāya 1909:Logic 1853:Hindu 1752:Korea 1747:Japan 1710:Egypt 1596:Lists 1534:jnana 1512:chala 1494:jalpa 1471:tarka 1276:Nyaya 1242:Nyaya 1236:Nyaya 1232:Nyaya 1222:Nyaya 1210:Nyaya 1199:mokṣa 1187:Nyāya 1179:Nyāya 1149:Nyāya 1136:Śabda 1087:Nyāya 1029:Kural 852:Vedas 838:Śruti 379:Nyaya 89:Nyaya 18:Nyāya 11327:talk 11173:Name 11158:Form 9926:Sufi 9760:Chan 9619:Jain 9592:Yoga 9122:Mind 9062:Hard 9050:Hard 8785:Yoga 8550:Kama 8530:Idam 8525:Hitā 8520:Guṇa 8485:Dāna 8370:Aham 7774:and 7755:Jain 7690:Yoga 7636:Kama 7496:List 7358:List 7285:Teej 7214:Bihu 7196:Onam 7144:Holi 6948:Homa 6928:Japa 6918:Puja 6878:more 6872:Sita 6857:Sati 6832:Kali 6781:more 6775:Vayu 6760:Rama 6725:Agni 6695:Gods 6375:Kena 6345:Isha 6154:Yoga 6120:Dayā 6110:Dāna 6080:Niti 6066:Kama 6034:Maya 5827:OCLC 5810:OCLC 5789:OCLC 5775:OCLC 5767:ISBN 5753:OCLC 5745:ISBN 5726:OCLC 5712:OCLC 5687:OCLC 5679:ISBN 5665:OCLC 5657:ISBN 5636:2019 5584:ISSN 5530:ISBN 5511:link 5493:OCLC 5483:ISBN 5459:ISBN 5435:ISBN 5414:ISBN 5368:ISBN 5347:ISBN 5326:ISBN 5302:ISBN 5278:ISBN 5241:ISBN 5224:ISBN 5204:ISBN 5185:2022 5155:ISBN 5134:2022 5121:ISBN 5097:ISBN 5080:ISBN 5056:ISBN 5045:ISBN 5009:ISBN 4975:2022 4962:ISBN 4941:2022 4908:2021 4877:ISBN 4857:ISBN 4840:ISBN 4823:ISBN 4803:ISBN 4781:ISBN 4764:ISBN 4747:ISBN 4730:ISBN 4713:ISBN 4687:ISSN 4652:link 4634:OCLC 4632:. . 4609:ISSN 4571:ISBN 4547:ISBN 4526:ISBN 4505:ISBN 4471:ISBN 4413:ISBN 4386:ISBN 4359:ISBN 4332:ISBN 4316:ISBN 4272:ISBN 4255:ISBN 4235:ISBN 4203:ISBN 4193:ISBN 4164:ISBN 4147:ISBN 4123:ISBN 4106:ISBN 4089:ISBN 4064:ISBN 4040:ISBN 4018:ISBN 4001:ISBN 3983:2024 3896:neti 3646:news 3405:and 3381:and 3371:and 3337:'s 3321:and 3285:'s 3142:'s 3116:and 3058:and 3042:'s 2428:hetu 2368:hetu 2331:Hetu 2263:are 2256:and 1952:Mind 1863:Jain 1518:jāti 1488:vāda 1383:and 1193:and 1095:IAST 932:and 762:Yoga 82:Yoga 11069:Set 10200:Neo 9765:Zen 8665:Ṛta 8500:Dhi 7370:Law 5576:doi 5392:hdl 4679:doi 4601:doi 4292:at 3898:is 3770:of 3629:by 3567:by 3313:'s 3253:'s 3241:'s 3217:'s 3199:'s 3185:'s 3128:'s 3016:'s 2996:'s 2980:of 2822:In 2693:not 2220:or 1942:Law 1299:... 11350:: 7673:: 6204:: 6147:: 6019:Om 5916:, 5908:, 5882:. 5868:. 5850:. 5821:, 5773:, 5751:, 5685:, 5663:, 5627:. 5620:. 5598:. 5590:. 5582:. 5572:23 5570:. 5507:}} 5503:{{ 5491:. 5446:^ 5261:^ 5069:^ 5032:^ 5020:^ 5000:^ 4915:^ 4899:, 4868:^ 4814:^ 4792:^ 4693:. 4685:. 4675:42 4673:. 4669:. 4648:}} 4644:{{ 4607:. 4597:51 4595:. 4591:. 4558:^ 4442:^ 4400:^ 4343:^ 4305:^ 4296:, 4175:^ 4134:^ 4075:^ 4051:^ 4029:^ 3974:. 3961:^ 3944:^ 3792:: 3305:. 3124:. 3108:, 3034:. 3012:. 2683:A 2674:— 2646:, 2143:). 2127:), 2120:), 2097:. 1413:. 1360:. 1315:, 1278:. 1109:. 787:, 39:on 11329:) 10920:e 10913:t 10906:v 8824:e 8817:t 8810:v 7584:e 7577:t 7570:v 5949:e 5942:t 5935:v 5921:. 5888:. 5874:. 5856:. 5638:. 5606:. 5578:: 5538:. 5513:) 5499:. 5398:. 5394:: 5310:. 5212:. 5187:. 5163:. 5136:. 4977:. 4943:. 4701:. 4681:: 4654:) 4640:. 4615:. 4603:: 4394:. 4367:. 3985:. 3784:. 3696:) 3690:( 3685:) 3681:( 3671:· 3664:· 3657:· 3650:· 3623:. 3594:) 3588:( 3583:) 3579:( 3561:. 3532:) 3526:( 3521:) 3517:( 3513:. 3503:. 2827:, 2599:( 2411:) 2404:) 2063:e 2056:t 2049:v 1395:) 1089:( 1075:e 1068:t 1061:v 370:) 366:( 20:)

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