431:
60:
40:
414:
400:
963:) but also extended to some smaller localities where markets were necessary for local trade. These local fairs used the same calendrical system as Rome's, marking out the days of the year into cycles from A to H, but each town or village in an area typically used a separate day, permitting itinerant traders (
851:
were obliged to conduct and conclude all of their business on the nundinae, such that if any motion was not carried by dusk it needed to be proposed and announced anew and discussed only after a further three-week period. This was occasionally exploited as a kind of
927:'s account of the origins of these superstitions is unsatisfying, however, and it is more likely that 1 January was avoided because its status as a general holiday was bad for business and the nones because of the ill luck attending their lack of a tutelary deity.
597:
of each month. Early on in the Julian calendar, though, the strength of this superstition caused the priests to insert an extra day as under the former system; it was accommodated by removing another day sometime later in the year; this seems to have occurred in
723:, especially of coming assemblies and legislation. Later writers praising early Rome's rusticity and spartanness claimed that its farmers would busy themselves with labor during the week and only groom and fully bathe on the nundinae.
698:
The nundinal cycle formed a rhythm within quotidian Roman life. Farmers and craftsmen from Rome's hinterland would rest from work on the nundinae to visit the city, selling groceries and supplies which the Romans or
791:
business could be conducted. Plebeians, however, seem to have continued to use them as a time to settle disputes among themselves and to convene their own institutions. This was emended somewhat by the
1049:, moved a day forward or backward to avoid interference with a religious festival or important public assembly, they are thought to have been absolutely fixed at eight days under the
447:
also celebrated an 8-day week which may have been the basis of the Roman system. They supposedly used each day for royal audiences and councils with their various kings. According to
2342:
2037:
197:, however, were not evenly divisible by 8; under these systems, the nundinae fell on a different letter each year. These letters formed the basis of the later Christian
990:
The early Roman prejudice against commerce, especially the retail trade of the nundinal markets, means that the nundinae are usually referenced in negative contexts in
978:
was also glossed by the Romans as a system of nundinae, although it did not necessarily occur at eight-day intervals. In the 3rd and 4th century, the annual fairs in
887:
to that god at each nundinae. Inscriptions have been discovered from cults to both
Jupiter Nundinarius and Mercury Nundinator. Superstitions arose about the ill
2272:
2323:
2056:
1248:
1133:
The details of such interference with the nundinal cycle are unclear but, e.g., it is thought that the nundinae were moved by a day if one occurred on
2108:
2485:
2401:
2307:
2253:
1790:
1654:
31:
2352:
1730:
1575:
1543:
1359:
1493:
1462:
1299:
656:
during the early imperial period. For a time, both systems were used together, but the nundinae are seldom mentioned in extant sources after the
3064:
2708:
2429:
265:
2317:
805:
2832:
185:
from A to H. The earliest form of the Roman calendar is sometimes said to have included exactly 38 such cycles, running for 304 days from
2282:
285:("festival; holiday"), but not all Romans considered it to be one: a writer named Titius listed the nundinae as a "customary occasion" (
915:
took steps to avoid such coincidences, usually by making the year 354 instead of 355 days long by removing a day from
February or the
690:) a legal holiday. Different scholars have placed the end of 8-day markets at various dates from the late 1st to early 5th centuries.
719:
authorities later issued similar admonitions concerning its clerics, priests, and bishops. Nundinae were used for dinner parties and
762:
and used as an occasion for the king to settle disputes among them. Supposedly, retail trading was long restricted to foreigners or
2288:
3150:
2439:
781:
735:
provoked bad luck for one's finances. The nundinae were not the only markets at Rome, though, as there were both daily markets (
550:
2917:
2643:
2569:
2382:
2218:
2179:
1912:
1858:
1723:
1697:
1411:
1292:
339:, similarly appeared only as a plural at first, although it is now used in the singular number for individual days. In Roman
2411:
2118:
2066:
1537:
2537:
2864:
2884:
1784:
1258:
707:. It was a time of public merrymaking and Roman farming and slave manuals included stern warnings about permitting the
391:. Each nundinae was thought to follow the next after a 9-day interval because the first day was included in the count.
3049:
3025:
2959:
2938:
2683:
2495:
1800:
1743:
1664:
1588:
1553:
1503:
1472:
1374:
1312:
2989:
499:
arose out of concern that these plebeians visiting the city would cause trouble out of remembrance of the popular
2047:
947:. There are records from the imperial period of towns and villas petitioning for the right to hold such markets (
503:, since it was supposedly generally known that his birthday fell on one of the nones but it was uncertain which.
3107:
2615:
1955:
17:
3004:
2785:
1434:
534:
BC permitted their use for most legal and business purposes. Dates otherwise permitted for public assemblies (
3177:
1880:
1186:
467:
would be and what they were to do over the course of the coming month. The regular nundinae were credited by
387:
The name of the 8-day cycle is based upon the Latin word for "nine" because the Romans tended to count dates
360:
for the span between the nundinae seems to have been standard in early Latin, but only appears in compounds (
3220:
1827:
715:, an enslaved overseer, too much free time during the visit to town lest he get caught up in mischief. The
1038:("marketing") without other qualification meant corruption, especially the purchase of judicial verdicts.
804:
binding on the whole population. If plebeian assemblies had previously been permitted on market days, any
593:
intercalation meant that the nundinae began to fall upon the supposedly unlucky days of 1 January and the
908:
839:. All proposed legislation or official appointments were supposed to be publicly announced three weeks (
703:
would purchase for the next eight days. Auctions were held. Children and adolescents were exempted from
3154:
3035:
2905:
2860:
2845:
2781:
2553:
1007:
704:
495:
to
Servius Tullius. Macrobius relates that the prohibition against the nundinae occurring on months'
261:
867:
Although their religious nature was never very pronounced, the nundinae were allegedly dedicated to
557:
BC was later remembered as an example of the pernicious effects of having the nundinae occur on the
3163:
3017:
2870:
857:
788:
141:
140:, forming a kind of weekend including, for a certain period, rest from work for the ruling class (
3270:
763:
700:
3248:
3235:
3092:
2879:
1644:
1395:
955:). Such a right seems to have been universally granted to the capitals of Italy's prefectures (
657:
190:
3198:
3188:
2675:
2661:
2625:
1965:
1821:
1444:
1215:
1196:
506:
All patrician business was originally suspended during the nundinae but it seems to have been
2909:
2895:
2815:
2671:
2231:
1890:
1600:
848:
825:
816:)—were now positively banned. At the same time, these provisions meant that the nundinae now
661:
1276:
2752:
1565:
1011:
935:
The 8-day nundinal cycle also seems to have been observed elsewhere in Italy, particularly
488:
1994:
8:
836:
294:
257:
193:
before an unorganized expanse of about 50 winter days. The lengths of the
Republican and
186:
3172:
2547:
2451:
1755:
1054:
665:
388:
2301:
2266:
2009:
1842:
451:, the people of the Roman countryside were first obliged to gather in the city on the
3058:
3045:
3021:
2955:
2934:
2913:
2702:
2679:
1138:
979:
546:
436:
198:
65:
45:
2336:
2202:
2163:
1896:
1709:
1707:
994:, particularly for the buying and selling of things that should not be sold such as
545:
The theoretical proscriptions concerning the nundinae were not always observed. The
175:) was the cycle of days preceding and including each nundinae. These were marked on
2800:
2736:
1082:
991:
904:
896:
716:
638:
610:
594:
578:
496:
452:
302:
114:
79:
2930:
Shopping in
Ancient Rome: The Retail Trade in the Late Republic and the Principate
2766:
3192:
3118:
3103:
3039:
2949:
2928:
2899:
2665:
1704:
1424:
1349:
1077:
920:
892:
755:
724:
642:
609:
The nundinae of the late
Republic and early Empire were possibly centered on the
558:
500:
480:
464:
325:
321:
194:
727:
describes the superstition, "religiously believed by many", that trimming one's
430:
213:
1087:
1072:
1066:
1050:
1042:
1027:
861:
793:
770:
519:
423:
418:
405:
224:
160:
137:
59:
39:
3264:
2192:
912:
880:
872:
677:
586:
515:
329:
1514:
1512:
1110:
328:, even in references to a single day. The English form "nundine", following
232:
1870:
1868:
1046:
999:
900:
868:
821:
732:
476:
468:
460:
923:, this also had the unstated effect of avoiding nundinae on them as well.
250:
2717:
1509:
1264:
916:
829:
653:
340:
1865:
3077:
1134:
1019:
853:
801:
728:
720:
129:
3224:
3000:
2985:
2455:
2235:
2196:
2096:
1759:
1648:
1604:
1569:
1428:
1353:
1023:
995:
924:
876:
835:
The nundinal cycles were an important pattern in the business of the
759:
492:
484:
448:
444:
272:
3146:
3131:
2473:
1003:
940:
936:
614:
590:
456:
2389:
2124:
1931:
313:
and the names of most other recurring days of the Roman calendar,
1640:
975:
944:
673:
634:
472:
413:
399:
51:
1041:
Although nundinae are known to have been manipulated during the
660:. The nundinal cycle had probably fallen out of use by the time
633:("no, not") or analogy with the treatment of the days following
617:
supposedly avoided new undertakings on the days after nundinae (
561:; the New Year was allowed to coincide with a market again in 52
2828:
2811:
2796:
2777:
2762:
2747:
2732:
2501:
2364:
1015:
774:
681:
566:
279:
120:
919:. Since the nones were definitionally eight days before each
884:
298:
176:
2370:
1053:. Scholars therefore use them when trying to find Julian or
731:
silently during the nundinae or doing so beginning with the
3088:
3073:
2761:
2329:
888:
649:
103:
85:
625:), owing either to superstitions concerning homophones of
2525:
1685:
1610:
974:
A pre-existing system of rural markets in North Africa's
483:
when he aimed to improve commerce in the town, or to the
97:
2746:
2631:
1833:
1675:
1673:
1483:
1481:
1385:
1383:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1321:
542:) were still downgraded if a nundinae occurred on them.
1984:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1622:
479:
and first established Rome's religious observances, to
2417:
2025:
773:, the gatherings on the nundinae were overseen by the
409:, giving the nundinal days to the left of its day list
3206:
Snyder, Walter F. (1936), "Quinto
Nundinas Pompeis",
2593:
2591:
2153:
2151:
1670:
1478:
1380:
1318:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1224:
117:
100:
88:
82:
2136:
1971:
1919:
1735:
1733:
1580:
1578:
1366:
1364:
1362:
94:
3240:
Antiquitates Rerum
Humanarum et Divinarum Libri XLI
2979:, Classical Association of Canada, pp. 360–385
1304:
1302:
758:, Rome's nundinae were market days for the country
91:
2603:
2588:
2576:
2513:
2461:
2148:
2084:
2072:
1943:
1450:
1221:
2241:
3262:
2816:"The Fourteen Orations against Marcus Antonius"
2795:
2695:Le Calendrier Romain: Recherches Chronologiques
2692:
2259:
1937:
1410:sfnp error: no target: CITEREFJulius_Modestus (
589:of the calendar, the inalterable nature of its
55:, showing its nundinal letters on the left side
228:) was apparently formed from an early form of
1813:
1811:
1809:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1137:, the festival celebrating the flight of the
3247:
3117:
2062:
2000:
333:
305:or nundinae to be religious occasions. Like
34:, the goddess of Roman birthname ceremonies.
3194:A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities
2731:
2294:
1401:
1291:sfnp error: no target: CITEREFCorn._Labeo (
1207:
1205:
1118:
1108:
1032:
965:
957:
949:
841:
810:
779:
745:
737:
709:
685:
627:
619:
571:
536:
524:
508:
378:
370:
362:
354:
315:
307:
287:
277:
248:
240:
230:
211:
169:
3229:, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania
3063:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2776:
2707:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2642:sfnp error: no target: CITEREFDion_Cass. (
2348:
1806:
1765:
1529:
1527:
766:out of concern for its spiritual effects.
2217:sfnp error: no target: CITEREFTrebatius (
1911:sfnp error: no target: CITEREFSuetonius (
2926:
2893:
2659:
2621:
2568:sfnp error: no target: CITEREFGöttling (
1988:
1961:
1886:
1817:
1202:
569:complains in one of his letters about a
429:
412:
398:
58:
38:
3197:, London: Taylor & Walton, p.
3186:
3145:
3034:
2947:
2435:
1722:sfnp error: no target: CITEREFGranius (
1696:sfnp error: no target: CITEREFGellius (
1524:
1440:
1282:
1242:
1211:
1192:
301:Messala that they did not consider the
27:Rest days in the ancient Roman calendar
14:
3263:
3218:
3205:
2999:
2954:, London: Longmans, Green, & Co.,
2844:
2637:
2582:
2507:
2395:
2178:sfnp error: no target: CITEREFCaesar (
2102:
1857:sfnp error: no target: CITEREFGraev. (
1780:
1679:
1628:
1518:
1487:
1389:
1337:
1254:
581:despite the nundinae. Following the 46
455:of each month, about a week after the
271:("to shine"). It is now glossed as an
136:, were the market days of the ancient
3087:
2984:
2837:The Orations of Marcus Tullius Cicero
2827:
2820:The Orations of Marcus Tullius Cicero
2810:
2716:
2543:
2491:
2479:
2313:
2278:
2247:
2208:
1902:
1874:
1796:
1739:
1660:
1584:
1549:
1499:
1468:
1370:
1308:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1141:. This could occur every three years.
939:, as attested in stone calendars and
223:
3130:
2859:
2559:
2423:
2407:
2381:sfnp error: no target: CITEREFLivy (
2114:
1533:
808:—including their informal sessions (
487:when they began to gather after the
2967:
2933:, Oxford: Oxford University Press,
2885:De Verborum Significatione Libri XX
2609:
2597:
2519:
2467:
2157:
2142:
2090:
2078:
2031:
1949:
1925:
1713:
1691:
1456:
1057:dates for events in Roman history.
24:
3171:
3041:The Calendar of the Roman Republic
3016:, No. 510 (in English and Latin),
2972:: The Culture of the Roman Week",
2878:
2674:: John Wiley & Sons, pp.
2169:
2130:
2015:
1848:
1270:
1159:
832:and render judgments on nundinae.
25:
3282:
3234:
3102:
3091:(2004), Kline, Anthony S. (ed.),
3003:(2011), Kaster, Robert A. (ed.),
2908:: K & P Publishing, pp.
2043:
1616:
1181:, Oxford: Oxford University Press
3153:, in Babbitt, Frank Cole (ed.),
3072:
2839:, London: George Bell & Sons
2822:, London: George Bell & Sons
2790:, London: George Bell & Sons
2738:De Domo Sua ad Pontifices Oratio
2531:
2376:
891:when a nundinae would fall upon
434:A section of the remains of the
113:
78:
2951:The Public School Latin Grammar
2948:Kennedy, Benjamin Hall (1879),
2653:
2445:
2358:
2225:
2186:
1749:
1634:
1594:
1559:
1418:
1343:
1127:
930:
518:and, among its provisions, the
3253:Saturarum Menippearum Libri CL
3208:The Journal of Roman Studies,
3125:, London: Taylor & Francis
2894:Francese, Christopher (2007),
2367:, in his speeches and letters.
1106:The equivalent etymology from
1100:
907:who controlled the calendar's
13:
1:
3178:Epistulae Morales ad Lucilium
3121:(1855), Bostock, John (ed.),
2901:Ancient Rome in So Many Words
2660:Benefiel, Rebecca R. (2016),
1148:
982:were also known as nundinae.
881:Rome's high priest of Jupiter
693:
3020:: Harvard University Press,
2863:(1937), Cary, Ernest (ed.),
1153:
820:be used for sessions of the
7:
3226:Greek & Roman Mythology
3191:, in Smith, William (ed.),
3036:Michels, Agnes Kirsopp Lake
1124:("day") is given by Festus.
1060:
828:noted that officials could
777:. The days were originally
475:when he ruled jointly with
459:, to hear from the king or
384:) in the classical period.
343:, the word was abbreviated
322:always appeared as a plural
246:("day"), a root related to
10:
3287:
3187:Schmitz, Leonhard (1842),
3166:: Harvard University Press
3162:, Loeb Classical Library,
2873:: Harvard University Press
2869:, Loeb Classical Library,
2861:Dionysius of Halicarnassus
2846:Dionysius of Halicarnassus
2782:Shuckburgh, Evelyn Shirley
2667:A Companion to Roman Italy
2063:Pliny & Bostock (1855)
1877:, Book XLVIII, Ch. xxxiii.
1521:, Book II, Ch. xxviii, §3.
971:) to attend each in turn.
394:
29:
3219:Struck, Peter T. (2009),
2927:Holleran, Claire (2012),
2564:Gesch. der Röm. Staatstv.
2510:, pp. 163 & 165.
2051:, Book XXVIII, Ch. v, §28
1179:Oxford English Dictionary
1026:. This bias endured into
985:
2835:, in Yonge, C.D. (ed.),
2818:, in Yonge, C.D. (ed.),
2693:Brind'Amour, P. (1983),
1093:
376:, &c.) and phrases (
275:modifying an understood
63:The full remains of the
30:Not to be confused with
3097:, Poetry in Translation
2991:Saturnaliorum Libri VII
2768:Epistulae ad Familiares
2332:Epistulae ad Familiares
652:first came into use in
225:[ˈnuːn.dɪ.nae̯]
204:
3014:Loeb Classical Library
2662:"Regional Interaction"
2105:, Book VII, Ch. lviii.
1839:, Book I, Ep. xiv, §1.
1119:
1109:
1033:
966:
958:
950:
842:
811:
780:
746:
743:) and periodic fairs (
738:
710:
686:
668:for official use in AD
628:
620:
572:
537:
525:
509:
440:
427:
410:
379:
371:
363:
355:
334:
316:
308:
288:
278:
249:
241:
231:
212:
170:
164:
69:
56:
3094:On the Roman Calendar
2496:Book I, Ch. xiii, §19
2482:, Book XL, Ch. xlvii.
1801:Book I, Ch. xiii, §17
1665:Vol. I, Ch. xiii, §18
1273:, "Nundinalem Cocum".
849:tribunes of the plebs
658:Julio-Claudian period
433:
416:
402:
62:
42:
3137:Ἠθικά , Book IV, §20
3134:, "Αἴτια Ῥωμαϊκά ",
2968:Ker, James (2010), "
2851:Ῥωμαϊκὴ Ἀρχαιολογία
2753:Epistulae ad Atticum
2548:Book I, Introduction
1836:Epistulae ad Atticum
1744:Book I, Ch. xvi, §30
1589:Book I, Ch. xvi, §33
1554:Book I, Ch. xvi, §32
1406:Quaestiones Confusae
1375:Book I, Ch. xvi, §28
1313:Book I, Ch. xvi, §29
721:public announcements
489:expulsion of Tarquin
297:themselves told the
3123:The Natural History
2398:, Book IX, Ch. xli.
2379:, Book III, Ch. 35.
1940:, pp. 256–275.
1504:Book I, Ch. xv, §12
1473:Book I, Ch. xv, §13
837:Centuriate Assembly
551:M. Aemilius Lepidus
514:by the time of the
258:Proto-Indo-European
256:and ultimately the
3109:Historia Naturalis
2854:(in Ancient Greek)
2697:(in Latin), Ottawa
2353:Vol. II, Ep. cccxi
2067:Book XXVIII, Ch. v
2034:, p. 369–370.
1938:Brind'Amour (1983)
1024:judicial decisions
847:) in advance. The
672:321, altering the
621:postridie nundinas
577:being held in the
441:
428:
411:
403:The reconstructed
70:
57:
43:A fragment of the
3151:"Roman Questions"
3079:Fastorum Libri VI
2919:978-0-7818-1153-8
2866:Roman Antiquities
2349:Shuckburgh (1908)
2145:, pp. 366–7.
2006:, Book l, l. 186.
1928:, pp. 381–2.
1631:, pp. 201–2.
1083:Dominical letters
1004:medical treatment
917:intercalary month
806:public assemblies
676:by declaring the
437:Fasti Praenestini
199:dominical letters
66:Fasti Praenestini
49:for the month of
46:Fasti Praenestini
16:(Redirected from
3278:
3256:
3243:
3230:
3214:
3213:, pp. 12–18
3201:
3182:
3167:
3141:
3126:
3113:
3098:
3083:
3068:
3062:
3054:
3030:
2995:
2980:
2964:
2943:
2922:
2889:
2874:
2855:
2840:
2823:
2806:
2791:
2772:
2757:
2742:
2727:
2723:Ῥωμαϊκὴ Ἱστορία
2712:
2706:
2698:
2688:
2648:
2647:
2635:
2629:
2619:
2613:
2607:
2601:
2595:
2586:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2557:
2551:
2541:
2535:
2534:, Book I, l. 58.
2529:
2523:
2517:
2511:
2505:
2499:
2489:
2483:
2477:
2471:
2465:
2459:
2449:
2443:
2433:
2427:
2421:
2415:
2405:
2399:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2374:
2368:
2362:
2356:
2346:
2340:
2337:Book XVI, Ep. 12
2327:
2321:
2311:
2305:
2292:
2286:
2283:Book V, Ch. viii
2276:
2270:
2267:Book V, Ch. viii
2257:
2251:
2245:
2239:
2229:
2223:
2222:
2206:
2200:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2167:
2161:
2155:
2146:
2140:
2134:
2128:
2122:
2112:
2106:
2100:
2094:
2088:
2082:
2076:
2070:
2060:
2054:
2041:
2035:
2029:
2023:
2013:
2007:
1998:
1992:
1986:
1969:
1959:
1953:
1947:
1941:
1935:
1929:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1900:
1894:
1884:
1878:
1872:
1863:
1862:
1846:
1840:
1831:
1825:
1815:
1804:
1794:
1788:
1778:
1763:
1753:
1747:
1737:
1728:
1727:
1711:
1702:
1701:
1689:
1683:
1677:
1668:
1658:
1652:
1638:
1632:
1626:
1620:
1614:
1608:
1598:
1592:
1582:
1573:
1563:
1557:
1547:
1541:
1531:
1522:
1516:
1507:
1497:
1491:
1485:
1476:
1466:
1460:
1454:
1448:
1438:
1432:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1399:
1393:
1387:
1378:
1368:
1357:
1347:
1341:
1335:
1316:
1306:
1297:
1296:
1280:
1274:
1268:
1262:
1252:
1246:
1240:
1219:
1209:
1200:
1190:
1184:
1182:
1170:
1142:
1131:
1125:
1122:
1114:
1104:
1036:
992:Latin literature
969:
961:
953:
893:January 1st
845:
814:
799:
785:
749:
741:
713:
689:
671:
631:
623:
611:Circus Flaminius
605:
601:
584:
579:Circus Flaminius
575:
564:
556:
540:
533:
528:
512:
421:as given by the
382:
374:
366:
358:
348:
347:
337:
319:
311:
291:
283:
254:
244:
236:
227:
222:
217:
195:Julian calendars
184:
182:nundinal letters
173:
127:
126:
123:
122:
119:
110:
109:
106:
105:
102:
99:
96:
93:
90:
87:
84:
21:
3286:
3285:
3281:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3276:
3275:
3261:
3260:
3056:
3055:
3052:
3028:
2962:
2941:
2920:
2700:
2699:
2686:
2656:
2651:
2641:
2636:
2632:
2622:Holleran (2012)
2620:
2616:
2608:
2604:
2596:
2589:
2581:
2577:
2567:
2558:
2554:
2542:
2538:
2530:
2526:
2518:
2514:
2506:
2502:
2490:
2486:
2478:
2474:
2466:
2462:
2450:
2446:
2434:
2430:
2422:
2418:
2406:
2402:
2394:
2390:
2380:
2375:
2371:
2363:
2359:
2347:
2343:
2328:
2324:
2312:
2308:
2293:
2289:
2277:
2273:
2258:
2254:
2246:
2242:
2230:
2226:
2216:
2213:De Religionibus
2207:
2203:
2191:
2187:
2177:
2168:
2164:
2156:
2149:
2141:
2137:
2129:
2125:
2119:Vol. IV, p. 317
2113:
2109:
2101:
2097:
2089:
2085:
2077:
2073:
2061:
2057:
2042:
2038:
2030:
2026:
2014:
2010:
1999:
1995:
1989:Francese (2007)
1987:
1972:
1962:Benefiel (2016)
1960:
1956:
1948:
1944:
1936:
1932:
1924:
1920:
1910:
1901:
1897:
1887:Holleran (2012)
1885:
1881:
1873:
1866:
1856:
1847:
1843:
1832:
1828:
1818:Holleran (2012)
1816:
1807:
1795:
1791:
1779:
1766:
1754:
1750:
1738:
1731:
1721:
1712:
1705:
1695:
1690:
1686:
1678:
1671:
1659:
1655:
1639:
1635:
1627:
1623:
1619:, Book XVI, §7.
1615:
1611:
1599:
1595:
1583:
1576:
1564:
1560:
1548:
1544:
1532:
1525:
1517:
1510:
1498:
1494:
1486:
1479:
1467:
1463:
1459:, pp. 382.
1455:
1451:
1439:
1435:
1425:Julius Modestus
1423:
1419:
1409:
1402:Julius Modestus
1400:
1396:
1388:
1381:
1369:
1360:
1350:Cornelius Labeo
1348:
1344:
1336:
1319:
1307:
1300:
1290:
1281:
1277:
1269:
1265:
1259:"Internundinum"
1253:
1249:
1241:
1222:
1210:
1203:
1191:
1187:
1172:
1171:
1160:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1145:
1139:last Roman king
1132:
1128:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1078:Day of the week
1063:
1047:imperial period
1043:late republican
988:
933:
797:
696:
669:
603:
599:
582:
562:
559:January kalends
554:
538:dies comitialis
531:
501:Servius Tullius
481:Servius Tullius
397:
345:
344:
326:classical Latin
220:
207:
180:
116:
112:
81:
77:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3284:
3274:
3273:
3271:Roman calendar
3259:
3258:
3245:
3232:
3216:
3210:Vol. 26, No. 1
3203:
3184:
3169:
3143:
3128:
3115:
3100:
3085:
3070:
3050:
3032:
3026:
2997:
2982:
2976:Vol. 64, No. 3
2965:
2960:
2945:
2939:
2924:
2918:
2891:
2876:
2857:
2842:
2833:"On His House"
2825:
2808:
2793:
2774:
2759:
2744:
2729:
2714:
2690:
2684:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2649:
2630:
2614:
2612:, p. 380.
2602:
2600:, p. 377.
2587:
2575:
2552:
2536:
2524:
2522:, p. 365.
2512:
2500:
2484:
2472:
2470:, p. 363.
2460:
2444:
2436:Babbitt (1936)
2428:
2416:
2412:Vol. VI, p. 59
2400:
2388:
2369:
2357:
2341:
2322:
2306:
2287:
2271:
2252:
2240:
2224:
2201:
2185:
2162:
2160:, p. 366.
2147:
2135:
2123:
2107:
2095:
2093:, p. 370.
2083:
2081:, p. 367.
2071:
2055:
2036:
2024:
2022:, Ep. 86, §12.
2008:
1993:
1970:
1954:
1952:, p. 364.
1942:
1930:
1918:
1895:
1879:
1864:
1855:., viii, p. 7.
1841:
1826:
1805:
1789:
1764:
1748:
1729:
1703:
1684:
1682:, p. 163.
1669:
1653:
1633:
1621:
1609:
1601:Cassius Hemina
1593:
1574:
1558:
1542:
1538:Vol. I, p. 395
1523:
1508:
1492:
1490:, p. 181.
1477:
1461:
1449:
1441:Kennedy (1879)
1433:
1417:
1394:
1392:, p. 199.
1379:
1358:
1342:
1340:, p. 201.
1317:
1298:
1287:Fastorum Libri
1275:
1263:
1247:
1243:Schmitz (1842)
1220:
1212:Michels (1967)
1201:
1193:Schmitz (1842)
1185:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1126:
1098:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1090:
1088:Runic calendar
1085:
1080:
1075:
1073:Eight-day week
1069:
1067:Roman calendar
1062:
1059:
1028:medieval Latin
1016:church offices
987:
984:
951:ius nundinarum
932:
929:
879:, the wife of
798:3rd century BC
794:Hortensian Law
787:upon which no
695:
692:
682:Day of the Sun
520:Hortensian Law
461:his equivalent
424:Fasti Antiates
419:Roman calendar
406:Fasti Antiates
396:
393:
380:inter nundinum
295:Roman pontiffs
238:("ninth") and
206:
203:
149:nundinal cycle
138:Roman calendar
26:
18:Nundinal cycle
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3283:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3228:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3209:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3179:
3174:
3170:
3165:
3161:
3160:
3157:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3139:
3136:
3133:
3129:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3111:
3110:
3105:
3101:
3096:
3095:
3090:
3086:
3081:
3080:
3075:
3071:
3066:
3060:
3053:
3051:9781400849789
3047:
3044:, Princeton,
3043:
3042:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3027:9780674996496
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3010:
3007:
3002:
2998:
2993:
2992:
2987:
2983:
2978:
2975:
2971:
2966:
2963:
2961:9781177808293
2957:
2953:
2952:
2946:
2942:
2940:9780199698219
2936:
2932:
2931:
2925:
2921:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2886:
2881:
2877:
2872:
2868:
2867:
2862:
2858:
2853:
2850:
2847:
2843:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2804:
2803:
2798:
2794:
2789:
2788:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2770:
2769:
2764:
2760:
2755:
2754:
2749:
2745:
2740:
2739:
2734:
2730:
2725:
2722:
2719:
2715:
2710:
2704:
2696:
2691:
2687:
2685:9781118993118
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2657:
2645:
2639:
2634:
2627:
2623:
2618:
2611:
2606:
2599:
2594:
2592:
2584:
2583:Snyder (1936)
2579:
2571:
2565:
2561:
2556:
2549:
2545:
2540:
2533:
2528:
2521:
2516:
2509:
2508:Kaster (2011)
2504:
2497:
2493:
2488:
2481:
2476:
2469:
2464:
2457:
2453:
2448:
2441:
2437:
2432:
2425:
2420:
2413:
2409:
2404:
2397:
2392:
2384:
2378:
2373:
2366:
2361:
2354:
2350:
2345:
2338:
2334:
2333:
2326:
2319:
2315:
2310:
2303:
2299:
2298:
2291:
2284:
2280:
2275:
2268:
2264:
2263:
2256:
2249:
2244:
2237:
2233:
2228:
2220:
2214:
2210:
2205:
2198:
2194:
2189:
2181:
2175:
2171:
2166:
2159:
2154:
2152:
2144:
2139:
2133:, "Nundinas".
2132:
2127:
2120:
2116:
2111:
2104:
2099:
2092:
2087:
2080:
2075:
2068:
2064:
2059:
2052:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2033:
2028:
2021:
2017:
2012:
2005:
2004:
1997:
1990:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1967:
1963:
1958:
1951:
1946:
1939:
1934:
1927:
1922:
1914:
1909:, Ch. 92, §2.
1908:
1904:
1899:
1892:
1888:
1883:
1876:
1871:
1869:
1860:
1854:
1850:
1845:
1838:
1837:
1830:
1823:
1819:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1802:
1798:
1793:
1786:
1782:
1781:Struck (2009)
1777:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1761:
1757:
1752:
1745:
1741:
1736:
1734:
1725:
1719:
1715:
1710:
1708:
1699:
1694:, xx, l, §49.
1693:
1688:
1681:
1680:Kaster (2011)
1676:
1674:
1666:
1662:
1657:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1637:
1630:
1629:Kaster (2011)
1625:
1618:
1613:
1606:
1602:
1597:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1579:
1571:
1567:
1562:
1555:
1551:
1546:
1539:
1535:
1530:
1528:
1520:
1515:
1513:
1505:
1501:
1496:
1489:
1488:Kaster (2011)
1484:
1482:
1474:
1470:
1465:
1458:
1453:
1446:
1442:
1437:
1430:
1426:
1421:
1413:
1407:
1403:
1398:
1391:
1390:Kaster (2011)
1386:
1384:
1376:
1372:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1355:
1351:
1346:
1339:
1338:Kaster (2011)
1334:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1303:
1294:
1288:
1284:
1279:
1272:
1267:
1260:
1256:
1255:Struck (2009)
1251:
1244:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1217:
1213:
1208:
1206:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1180:
1176:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1158:
1140:
1136:
1130:
1123:
1121:
1116:("nine") and
1115:
1113:
1112:
1103:
1099:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
983:
981:
977:
972:
970:
968:
967:circumforanei
962:
960:
954:
952:
946:
942:
938:
928:
926:
922:
918:
914:
913:Julian reform
910:
909:intercalation
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
865:
863:
859:
855:
850:
846:
844:
838:
833:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
813:
807:
803:
800:, which made
796:in the early
795:
790:
786:
784:
783:
776:
772:
767:
765:
761:
757:
752:
750:
748:
742:
740:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
712:
706:
702:
691:
688:
683:
679:
675:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
646:
644:
640:
636:
632:
630:
624:
622:
616:
612:
607:
596:
592:
588:
587:Julian reform
580:
576:
574:
568:
560:
552:
548:
543:
541:
539:
529:
527:
526:Lex Hortensia
521:
517:
516:Twelve Tables
513:
511:
504:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
471:variously to
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
439:
438:
432:
426:
425:
420:
415:
408:
407:
401:
392:
390:
385:
383:
381:
375:
373:
367:
365:
364:internundinum
359:
357:
350:
342:
338:
336:
331:
327:
323:
320:
318:
312:
310:
304:
300:
296:
292:
290:
284:
282:
281:
274:
270:
269:
263:
262:reconstructed
259:
255:
253:
252:
245:
243:
237:
235:
234:
226:
218:
216:
215:
202:
200:
196:
192:
188:
183:
178:
174:
172:
171:internundinum
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
145:
143:
139:
135:
131:
128:), sometimes
125:
108:
75:
68:
67:
61:
54:
53:
48:
47:
41:
37:
33:
19:
3252:
3239:
3225:
3221:"Dictionary"
3211:
3207:
3193:
3176:
3159:
3155:
3138:
3135:
3122:
3108:
3093:
3078:
3040:
3013:
3009:
3006:Saturnalia,
3005:
2990:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2950:
2929:
2906:Conshohocken
2900:
2883:
2865:
2852:
2849:
2836:
2819:
2801:
2786:
2767:
2751:
2737:
2724:
2721:
2694:
2666:
2654:Bibliography
2633:
2617:
2605:
2578:
2563:
2555:
2544:Kline (2004)
2539:
2527:
2515:
2503:
2487:
2475:
2463:
2447:
2431:
2419:
2403:
2391:
2372:
2360:
2344:
2331:
2325:
2314:Yonge (1891)
2309:
2296:
2290:
2279:Yonge (1903)
2274:
2261:
2255:
2243:
2227:
2212:
2204:
2188:
2173:
2165:
2138:
2126:
2110:
2098:
2086:
2074:
2058:
2048:
2039:
2027:
2019:
2011:
2002:
1996:
1957:
1945:
1933:
1921:
1906:
1898:
1882:
1852:
1844:
1835:
1829:
1792:
1751:
1717:
1687:
1656:
1636:
1624:
1612:
1596:
1561:
1545:
1495:
1464:
1452:
1436:
1420:
1405:
1397:
1345:
1286:
1278:
1266:
1250:
1188:
1178:
1174:
1129:
1117:
1107:
1102:
1040:
1031:
989:
973:
964:
959:praefecturae
956:
948:
934:
931:Outside Rome
883:, offered a
866:
840:
834:
817:
809:
782:diēs nefāstī
778:
768:
756:its monarchy
753:
744:
736:
733:index finger
708:
701:their slaves
697:
666:Hebrew weeks
664:adopted the
647:
626:
618:
608:
570:
544:
535:
523:
507:
505:
477:Titus Tatius
469:Roman legend
442:
435:
422:
404:
386:
377:
369:
361:
353:
351:
341:inscriptions
332:
314:
306:
286:
276:
267:
247:
239:
229:
210:
208:
181:
168:
156:
152:
148:
146:
133:
73:
71:
64:
50:
44:
36:
3189:"Nu'ndinae"
2802:Philippicae
2718:Cassius Dio
2454:, cited by
2408:Cary (1937)
2262:Philippicae
2234:, cited in
2195:, cited in
2176:, Book XVI.
2115:Cary (1937)
1758:, cited by
1647:, cited by
1603:, cited by
1568:, cited by
1534:Cary (1937)
1427:, cited in
1352:, cited in
1283:Corn. Labeo
1071:Week &
980:Mesopotamia
843:trinundinum
830:free slaves
802:plebiscites
674:day of rest
662:Constantine
389:inclusively
372:trinundinum
153:market week
3255:(in Latin)
3242:(in Latin)
3181:(in Latin)
3140:(in Latin)
3112:(in Latin)
3082:(in Latin)
2994:(in Latin)
2896:"Nundinae"
2888:(in Latin)
2805:(in Latin)
2771:(in Latin)
2756:(in Latin)
2741:(in Latin)
2726:(in Latin)
2638:Dion Cass.
2624:, p.
2610:Ker (2010)
2598:Ker (2010)
2520:Ker (2010)
2468:Ker (2010)
2438:, p.
2396:Dion. Hal.
2158:Ker (2010)
2143:Ker (2010)
2103:Dion. Hal.
2091:Ker (2010)
2079:Ker (2010)
2049:Hist. Nat.
2032:Ker (2010)
1964:, p.
1950:Ker (2010)
1926:Ker (2010)
1889:, p.
1820:, p.
1785:"Nundinae"
1720:, Book II.
1519:Dion. Hal.
1457:Ker (2010)
1443:, p.
1214:, p.
1195:, p.
1173:"nundine,
1149:References
1135:Regifugium
1034:nundinatio
1012:government
911:until the
860:and their
858:patricians
854:filibuster
769:Under the
694:Observance
687:dies Solis
678:Lord's day
650:7-day week
493:sacrifices
293:) and the
157:8-day week
142:patricians
130:anglicized
3164:Cambridge
3156:Moralia,
3018:Cambridge
3001:Macrobius
2986:Macrobius
2974:Phoenix,
2871:Cambridge
2640:, lx, 24.
2566:, p. 183.
2492:Macrobius
2480:Cass. Dio
2456:Macrobius
2426:, Ch. 42.
2248:Macrobius
2236:Macrobius
2232:Trebatius
2209:Trebatius
2197:Macrobius
2003:Saturarum
1903:Suetonius
1875:Cass. Dio
1797:Macrobius
1760:Macrobius
1740:Macrobius
1661:Macrobius
1649:Macrobius
1605:Macrobius
1585:Macrobius
1570:Macrobius
1566:Tuditanus
1550:Macrobius
1500:Macrobius
1469:Macrobius
1429:Macrobius
1371:Macrobius
1354:Macrobius
1309:Macrobius
1289:, Book I.
1154:Citations
1055:Gregorian
1008:education
996:virginity
925:Macrobius
877:flaminica
826:Trebatius
812:contiones
789:patrician
760:plebeians
602:BC and AD
547:rebellion
491:to offer
485:plebeians
465:holy days
463:what the
449:Macrobius
445:Etruscans
352:The form
289:sollemnes
273:adjective
209:The name
3265:Category
3149:(1936),
3147:Plutarch
3132:Plutarch
3059:citation
3038:(1967),
2970:Nundinae
2831:(1891),
2814:(1903),
2780:(1908),
2703:citation
2560:Göttling
2424:Plutarch
2330:Cicero,
2295:Cicero,
2260:Cicero,
2174:Auspices
1834:Cicero,
1061:See also
1051:republic
1030:, where
943:, as at
941:graffiti
937:Campania
905:pontiffs
903:and the
771:Republic
747:mercatus
615:Augustus
591:leap day
530:) of 287
457:new moon
356:nundinum
335:nundines
317:nundinae
214:nūndinae
191:December
165:nundinum
134:nundines
74:nundinae
3158:Vol. IV
2787:Letters
2784:(ed.),
2676:441–458
2452:Granius
2297:De Domo
2020:Ad Luc.
2001:Varro,
1853:Thesaur
1756:Granius
1714:Granius
1692:Gellius
1641:Geminus
976:Maghreb
945:Pompeii
899:of any
895:or the
873:Jupiter
862:clients
856:by the
775:aediles
739:macella
711:vilicus
635:kalends
473:Romulus
395:History
52:Aprilis
32:Nundina
3173:Seneca
3048:
3024:
3008:Vol. I
2958:
2937:
2916:
2880:Festus
2829:Cicero
2812:Cicero
2797:Cicero
2778:Cicero
2763:Cicero
2748:Cicero
2733:Cicero
2682:
2672:Malden
2365:Cicero
2193:Caesar
2170:Caesar
2131:Festus
2016:Seneca
1849:Graev.
1271:Festus
1022:, and
1020:favors
986:Legacy
875:. The
869:Saturn
822:Senate
764:slaves
754:Under
717:church
705:school
670:
641:, and
604:
600:
583:
573:contio
567:Cicero
563:
555:
532:
330:French
309:feriae
280:feriae
221:Latin:
179:using
3249:Varro
3236:Varro
3119:Pliny
3104:Pliny
2044:Pliny
1718:Hist.
1645:Varro
1617:Varro
1111:novem
1094:Notes
901:month
897:nones
818:could
729:nails
725:Pliny
654:Italy
639:nones
595:nones
553:in 78
510:fasti
497:nones
453:nones
303:nones
299:augur
268:dyew-
260:root
242:-din-
233:nōnus
187:March
177:fasti
161:Latin
155:, or
3089:Ovid
3074:Ovid
3065:link
3046:ISBN
3022:ISBN
2956:ISBN
2935:ISBN
2914:ISBN
2709:link
2680:ISBN
2644:help
2570:help
2532:Ovid
2383:help
2377:Livy
2219:help
2180:help
1913:help
1859:help
1724:help
1698:help
1643:and
1412:help
1293:help
1120:diēs
1045:and
1018:and
1014:and
1000:love
998:and
921:ides
889:luck
871:and
680:the
648:The
643:ides
606:44.
565:BC.
443:The
417:The
251:diēs
205:Name
147:The
72:The
3199:648
2626:184
2318:§45
2302:§41
1966:443
1907:Aug
1822:186
1445:126
1216:202
1197:648
1177:",
885:ram
751:).
629:non
585:BC
549:of
346:NVN
324:in
264:as
189:to
167:or
144:).
132:to
3267::
3251:,
3238:,
3223:,
3175:,
3106:,
3076:,
3061:}}
3057:{{
3012:,
2988:,
2912:,
2910:77
2904:,
2898:,
2882:,
2848:,
2799:,
2765:,
2750:,
2735:,
2720:,
2705:}}
2701:{{
2678:,
2670:,
2664:,
2590:^
2562:,
2546:,
2494:,
2440:74
2410:,
2351:,
2335:,
2316:,
2300:,
2281:,
2265:,
2211:,
2172:,
2150:^
2117:,
2065:,
2046:,
2018:,
1973:^
1905:,
1891:53
1867:^
1851:,
1808:^
1799:,
1783:,
1767:^
1742:,
1732:^
1716:,
1706:^
1672:^
1663:,
1587:,
1577:^
1552:,
1536:,
1526:^
1511:^
1502:,
1480:^
1471:,
1404:,
1382:^
1373:,
1361:^
1320:^
1311:,
1301:^
1285:,
1257:,
1223:^
1204:^
1175:n.
1161:^
1010:,
1006:,
1002:,
864:.
824:.
645:.
637:,
613:.
598:40
368:,
349:.
201:.
163::
151:,
121:iː
115:/-
111:,
104:aɪ
3257:.
3244:.
3231:.
3215:.
3202:.
3183:.
3168:.
3142:.
3127:.
3114:.
3099:.
3084:.
3069:.
3067:)
3031:.
2996:.
2981:.
2944:.
2923:.
2890:.
2875:.
2856:.
2841:.
2824:.
2807:.
2792:.
2773:.
2758:.
2743:.
2728:.
2713:.
2711:)
2689:.
2646:)
2628:.
2585:.
2572:)
2550:.
2498:.
2458:.
2442:.
2414:.
2385:)
2355:.
2339:.
2320:.
2304:.
2285:.
2269:.
2250:.
2238:.
2221:)
2215:.
2199:.
2182:)
2121:.
2069:.
2053:.
1991:.
1968:.
1915:)
1893:.
1861:)
1824:.
1803:.
1787:.
1762:.
1746:.
1726:)
1700:)
1667:.
1651:.
1607:.
1591:.
1572:.
1556:.
1540:.
1506:.
1475:.
1447:.
1431:.
1414:)
1408:.
1377:.
1356:.
1315:.
1295:)
1261:.
1245:.
1218:.
1199:.
1183:.
684:(
522:(
266:*
219:(
159:(
124:/
118:n
107:/
101:n
98:ɪ
95:d
92:ˈ
89:n
86:ə
83:n
80:/
76:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
