Knowledge

Novatianism

Source 📝

1416: 90: 1693: 370:(those who had renounced their Christianity under persecution but later wanted to return to the church), his followers extended the doctrine to include all mortal sins (idolatry, murder, and adultery, or fornication). Most of them forbade second marriage. They always had a successor of Novatian at Rome and were everywhere governed by bishops. 164:
and the Greeks in general were correct in calling the Roman presbyter Novatus, not Novatianus. He attributes the origin of the latter name to Cyprian, who called the Roman presbyter Novatianus, as being a follower of his own rebellious priest, Novatus of Carthage. Novatian in his writings defended
373:
Because Novatianists (including Novatian) did not submit to the bishop of Rome, they were labeled by Rome as schismatics. Additionally, Rome also labeled Novatianists heretics for denying that the Church had the power to grant absolution in certain cases (such as to the
324:
writes that the Novatians would rebaptize people who came from the Catholic Church. Some have argued that the Novatians did not baptize infants, though the stance of the Novatians is disputed and the arguments that Novatians were
271:, but that the church is a congregation of saints, and if sinners would be let inside the church, it would endanger the church. Novatians always had a successor of Novatian in Rome (where Novatian was from) and they used the 121:
in 251, on the grounds that Cornelius was too liberal in accepting lapsed Christians. Novatian held that lapsed Christians, who had not maintained their confession of faith under persecution, may not be received again into
1415: 343:. After his death, the Novatianist sect spread rapidly and could be found in every province and were very numerous in some places. Those who allied themselves with his doctrines were called 48:(those baptized Christians who had denied their faith or performed the formalities of a ritual sacrifice to the pagan gods under the pressures of the persecution sanctioned by Emperor 1150: 1728: 157:
came to a position opposed to both and advocated a council be held to establish a policy under which former idolaters could be once again admitted to communion with the church.
173:
prohibitions on meats must be understood spiritually, condemned Christians who attend public games and praised chastity. Novatian was heavily influenced by the works of
1143: 809:
Infant Baptism Tested by Scripture and History: Or, The Infants Claim to Church Membership Defended and Established, on Testimony Scriptural and Historical
1136: 363:) to reflect their desire not to be identified with what they considered the lax practices of a corrupted and what was hitherto a universal Church. 890: 866: 295:
martyrs. Novatians forbade remarriage. Christologically Novatian was probably orthodox, however some suggest he had similarities to the later
824:"Philip Schaff: ANF05. Fathers of the Third Century: Hippolytus, Cyprian, Caius, Novatian, Appendix - Christian Classics Ethereal Library" 1723: 1163: 389:
maintained a similar belief about Christians who had lapsed under the pressures of persecution; they too were declared heretics.
329:
is founded on somewhat weak evidence, and by this point infant baptism had become common and clear among the orthodox writers.
807: 718: 592: 1625: 1390: 955: 708: 467: 131: 1718: 1645: 1743: 1602: 637: 1733: 1128: 1159: 812:. Stavely and M'Calla ; New York : Stanford and Swords ; Alexandria : Bell and Entwisle. 582: 1467: 1239: 126:
with the church. He was consecrated bishop by three bishops of Italy and declared himself to be the true
134:
by a synod held at Rome in October of the same year. Novatian is said to have suffered martyrdom under
268: 61: 1336: 200:
might repent and be put to lifelong penance, but the forgiveness must be left to God, and that the
948: 386: 228: 1697: 1640: 339: 1672: 1013: 326: 1620: 123: 39: 8: 1532: 1512: 1301: 1172: 1081: 1008: 1003: 154: 89: 853:
Coetus Sanctorum. Der Kirchenbegriff des Novatian und die Geschichte seiner Sonderkirche
1086: 941: 710:
A Case for Mixed-audience with Reference to the Warning Passages in the Book of Hebrews
415: 321: 135: 110: 27: 1738: 1545: 1472: 1207: 884: 860: 714: 588: 44: 823: 1677: 1400: 1117: 1091: 1076: 998: 914:
Novatian of Rome: On the Trinity, Letters to Cyprian of Carthage, Ethical Treatises
310: 272: 552: 525: 1378: 1368: 1066: 208: 1158: 877:
The Trinitarian Theology of Novatian of Rome: A Study in Third-Century Orthodoxy
656: 435: 1635: 1612: 1442: 1405: 1289: 1269: 1234: 1227: 1071: 220: 118: 782: 758: 734: 683: 496: 1712: 1575: 1540: 1385: 1348: 1343: 1326: 1306: 1200: 622: 610: 475: 170: 1665: 1550: 1452: 1395: 1358: 1321: 1264: 1185: 296: 288: 244: 53: 267:, Novatian believed that being inside the church is not a requirement for 235:, and wrote about a distinction between the Son and the Father, to combat 1655: 1595: 1585: 1565: 1555: 1522: 1424: 1373: 1259: 1195: 1180: 303: 248: 236: 106: 1580: 1492: 1487: 1462: 1457: 1437: 1432: 1331: 1316: 1311: 1296: 1284: 1254: 1045: 983: 292: 224: 174: 72: 1660: 1650: 1630: 1590: 1570: 1560: 1517: 1507: 1502: 1477: 1447: 1353: 1274: 1244: 1212: 993: 988: 964: 393: 360: 284: 102: 611:
Chapman, John. "Novatian and Novatianism." The Catholic Encyclopedia
93:
Novatianism was heavily influenced by Tertullian, the idea that the
1692: 1497: 1482: 1249: 1222: 1217: 1190: 1050: 1035: 978: 623:
Chapman, John. "St. Cyprian of Carthage." The Catholic Encyclopedia
410: 405: 382: 240: 161: 142: 114: 84: 31: 927: 735:"EarlyChurch.org.uk: Novatian and Novatianism (Mid Third Century)" 613:
Vol. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 24 February 2016
1279: 1019: 625:
Vol. 4. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1908. 24 February 2016
264: 252: 166: 150: 65: 68:
wrote against them. Novatianism survived until the 8th century.
1112: 1107: 497:"Church Fathers : Concerning Repentance, Book I (Ambrose)" 337:
Novatian's strict views existed before him and may be found in
57: 49: 928:"Novatian of Rome and the Culmination of Pre-Nicene Orthodoxy" 141:
Novatian should not be confused with one Novatus, a priest of
232: 219:
Novatian was a trinitarian. Novatian's writings defended the
196:
should not be let back into the church. He believed that the
97:
cannot be restored was also found in the views of Tertullian.
38:
200–258) that held a strict view that refused readmission to
933: 223:
as the creator of the world to combat the teachings of the
127: 916:, (Translation with Introduction, Turnhout: Brepols, 2015) 468:"Catholic Encyclopedia : Novatian and Novatianism" 1729:
Christian denominations established in the 3rd century
291:, and according to Eulugius, Novatians did not either 251:
was solely to be the source of blessings given during
1160:
Beliefs condemned as heretical by the Catholic Church
354: 783:"Church Fathers: On Baptism, Book III (Augustine)" 359:) or "Purists" (not to be confused with the later 759:"Catholic Encyclopedia: Novatian and Novatianism" 684:"Catholic Encyclopedia: Novatian and Novatianism" 462: 460: 458: 456: 454: 1710: 302:By the 4th century, Novatians had also adopted 642:, (Henry Wace, ed.), John Murray, London, 1911 451: 1144: 949: 638:Stokes, G. T., "Novatianus and Novatianism", 366:While Novatian had refused absolution to the 71:Novatian theology was heavily influenced by 907:Rome: A Pilgrim’s Guide to the Eternal City 348: 1151: 1137: 956: 942: 889:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 865:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 227:. Novatian also defended the unity of the 874: 640:A Dictionary of Early Christian Biography 606: 604: 247:. Novatian believed that the role of the 580: 299:, though this view has been criticized. 88: 16:Early Christian sect devoted to Novatian 587:(Annotated ed.). Jazzybee Verlag. 1711: 805: 706: 633: 631: 601: 75:, and made heavy use of his writings. 1132: 937: 678: 676: 651: 649: 204:could not be forgiven on this earth. 1626:Community of the Lady of All Nations 850: 576: 574: 572: 547: 545: 520: 518: 516: 628: 13: 899: 673: 646: 381:In the 4th and 5th centuries, the 14: 1755: 920: 569: 542: 513: 332: 145:, who advocated re-admitting the 1691: 1414: 392:Some Novatians blended with the 816: 799: 775: 751: 727: 700: 584:The Sacred Writings of Novatian 30:sect devoted to the theologian 1724:Heresy in ancient Christianity 616: 489: 428: 1: 963: 930:, Pickwick Publications, 2011 421: 347:, but they called themselves 258: 35: 474:. 1911-02-01. Archived from 287:, the Novatians did not use 130:. He and his followers were 7: 399: 355: 192:Novatian believed that the 78: 10: 1760: 1698:Catholic Church portal 844: 707:Thomas, C. Adrian (2008). 557:earlychristianwritings.com 530:earlychristianwritings.com 316: 180: 117:, opposed the election of 82: 56:declared the Novatianists 1686: 1611: 1531: 1423: 1412: 1171: 1100: 1059: 1028: 971: 349: 62:Saint Cyprian of Carthage 60:following the letters of 806:Hodges, William (1844). 278: 185: 1719:Schisms in Christianity 661:Encyclopedia Britannica 1744:Nature of Jesus Christ 875:Papandrea, JL (2008), 739:www.earlychurch.org.uk 340:The Shepherd of Hermas 214: 211:to support this idea. 98: 1734:Christian terminology 1673:Positive Christianity 926:Papandrea, James L., 912:Papandrea, James L., 909:(Cascade Books, 2012) 905:Papandrea, James L., 657:"Novatian | antipope" 92: 309:Some Novatians were 207:Novatians cited the 165:the doctrine of the 160:Lardner argues that 149:without an enforced 1641:Jehovah's Witnesses 1513:Spanish Adoptionism 1082:Ordination of women 440:The Free Dictionary 387:Africa Proconsulare 155:Cyprian of Carthage 1208:Antidicomarianites 416:James L. Papandrea 169:, argued that the 136:Emperor Valerian I 113:, a Roman priest, 111:Decian persecution 99: 1706: 1705: 1546:Consubstantiation 1126: 1125: 851:Vogt, HJ (1968), 787:www.newadvent.org 763:www.newadvent.org 720:978-1-4331-0331-5 688:www.newadvent.org 594:978-3-8496-2144-5 581:Novatian (2012). 501:www.newadvent.org 1751: 1696: 1695: 1678:Reincarnationism 1418: 1401:Subordinationism 1386:Pneumatomachians 1317:Melchisedechians 1153: 1146: 1139: 1130: 1129: 1118:Testament of Job 1092:Quartodecimanism 1077:Premillennialism 958: 951: 944: 935: 934: 894: 888: 880: 870: 864: 856: 838: 837: 835: 834: 820: 814: 813: 803: 797: 796: 794: 793: 779: 773: 772: 770: 769: 755: 749: 748: 746: 745: 731: 725: 724: 704: 698: 697: 695: 694: 680: 671: 670: 668: 667: 653: 644: 635: 626: 620: 614: 608: 599: 598: 578: 567: 566: 564: 563: 549: 540: 539: 537: 536: 522: 511: 510: 508: 507: 493: 487: 486: 484: 483: 464: 449: 448: 447: 446: 432: 358: 352: 351: 273:episcopal polity 231:and humanity in 52:in AD 250). The 37: 1759: 1758: 1754: 1753: 1752: 1750: 1749: 1748: 1709: 1708: 1707: 1702: 1690: 1682: 1607: 1533:Early modernity 1527: 1419: 1410: 1379:Semipelagianism 1369:Patripassianism 1167: 1157: 1127: 1122: 1096: 1072:Spiritual gifts 1067:Continuationism 1055: 1024: 967: 962: 923: 902: 900:Further reading 882: 881: 858: 857: 847: 842: 841: 832: 830: 822: 821: 817: 804: 800: 791: 789: 781: 780: 776: 767: 765: 757: 756: 752: 743: 741: 733: 732: 728: 721: 705: 701: 692: 690: 682: 681: 674: 665: 663: 655: 654: 647: 636: 629: 621: 617: 609: 602: 595: 579: 570: 561: 559: 551: 550: 543: 534: 532: 524: 523: 514: 505: 503: 495: 494: 490: 481: 479: 466: 465: 452: 444: 442: 434: 433: 429: 424: 402: 335: 319: 281: 261: 217: 209:Book of Hebrews 190: 183: 87: 81: 28:early Christian 17: 12: 11: 5: 1757: 1747: 1746: 1741: 1736: 1731: 1726: 1721: 1704: 1703: 1701: 1700: 1687: 1684: 1683: 1681: 1680: 1675: 1670: 1669: 1668: 1663: 1653: 1648: 1643: 1638: 1636:Indifferentism 1633: 1628: 1623: 1617: 1615: 1609: 1608: 1606: 1605: 1600: 1599: 1598: 1593: 1588: 1583: 1573: 1568: 1563: 1558: 1553: 1548: 1543: 1537: 1535: 1529: 1528: 1526: 1525: 1520: 1515: 1510: 1505: 1500: 1495: 1490: 1485: 1480: 1475: 1470: 1465: 1460: 1455: 1450: 1445: 1443:Bosnian Church 1440: 1435: 1429: 1427: 1421: 1420: 1413: 1411: 1409: 1408: 1406:Valentinianism 1403: 1398: 1393: 1391:Psilanthropism 1388: 1383: 1382: 1381: 1371: 1366: 1361: 1356: 1351: 1346: 1341: 1340: 1339: 1334: 1324: 1319: 1314: 1309: 1304: 1299: 1294: 1293: 1292: 1290:Valentinianism 1287: 1282: 1277: 1272: 1270:Priscillianism 1267: 1262: 1252: 1247: 1242: 1237: 1235:Collyridianism 1232: 1231: 1230: 1228:Circumcellions 1220: 1215: 1210: 1205: 1204: 1203: 1198: 1188: 1183: 1177: 1175: 1169: 1168: 1156: 1155: 1148: 1141: 1133: 1124: 1123: 1121: 1120: 1115: 1110: 1104: 1102: 1098: 1097: 1095: 1094: 1089: 1084: 1079: 1074: 1069: 1063: 1061: 1057: 1056: 1054: 1053: 1048: 1043: 1038: 1032: 1030: 1026: 1025: 1023: 1022: 1017: 1011: 1006: 1001: 996: 991: 986: 981: 975: 973: 969: 968: 961: 960: 953: 946: 938: 932: 931: 922: 921:External links 919: 918: 917: 910: 901: 898: 897: 896: 879:, Lewiston, NJ 872: 846: 843: 840: 839: 815: 798: 774: 750: 726: 719: 713:. Peter Lang. 699: 672: 645: 627: 615: 600: 593: 568: 541: 512: 488: 450: 426: 425: 423: 420: 419: 418: 413: 408: 401: 398: 334: 333:After Novatian 331: 318: 315: 311:Quartodecimans 280: 277: 260: 257: 216: 213: 189: 184: 182: 179: 132:excommunicated 119:Pope Cornelius 83:Main article: 80: 77: 54:Church of Rome 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 1756: 1745: 1742: 1740: 1737: 1735: 1732: 1730: 1727: 1725: 1722: 1720: 1717: 1716: 1714: 1699: 1694: 1689: 1688: 1685: 1679: 1676: 1674: 1671: 1667: 1664: 1662: 1659: 1658: 1657: 1654: 1652: 1649: 1647: 1644: 1642: 1639: 1637: 1634: 1632: 1629: 1627: 1624: 1622: 1619: 1618: 1616: 1614: 1610: 1604: 1601: 1597: 1594: 1592: 1589: 1587: 1584: 1582: 1579: 1578: 1577: 1576:Protestantism 1574: 1572: 1569: 1567: 1564: 1562: 1559: 1557: 1554: 1552: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1542: 1541:Antinomianism 1539: 1538: 1536: 1534: 1530: 1524: 1521: 1519: 1516: 1514: 1511: 1509: 1506: 1504: 1501: 1499: 1496: 1494: 1491: 1489: 1486: 1484: 1481: 1479: 1476: 1474: 1471: 1469: 1466: 1464: 1461: 1459: 1456: 1454: 1451: 1449: 1446: 1444: 1441: 1439: 1436: 1434: 1431: 1430: 1428: 1426: 1422: 1417: 1407: 1404: 1402: 1399: 1397: 1394: 1392: 1389: 1387: 1384: 1380: 1377: 1376: 1375: 1372: 1370: 1367: 1365: 1362: 1360: 1357: 1355: 1352: 1350: 1349:Monothelitism 1347: 1345: 1344:Monophysitism 1342: 1338: 1335: 1333: 1330: 1329: 1328: 1327:Monarchianism 1325: 1323: 1320: 1318: 1315: 1313: 1310: 1308: 1307:Macedonianism 1305: 1303: 1302:Luciferianism 1300: 1298: 1295: 1291: 1288: 1286: 1283: 1281: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1257: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1246: 1243: 1241: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1229: 1226: 1225: 1224: 1221: 1219: 1216: 1214: 1211: 1209: 1206: 1202: 1201:Semi-Arianism 1199: 1197: 1194: 1193: 1192: 1189: 1187: 1184: 1182: 1179: 1178: 1176: 1174: 1170: 1165: 1161: 1154: 1149: 1147: 1142: 1140: 1135: 1134: 1131: 1119: 1116: 1114: 1111: 1109: 1106: 1105: 1103: 1099: 1093: 1090: 1088: 1087:New Jerusalem 1085: 1083: 1080: 1078: 1075: 1073: 1070: 1068: 1065: 1064: 1062: 1058: 1052: 1049: 1047: 1044: 1042: 1039: 1037: 1034: 1033: 1031: 1027: 1021: 1018: 1015: 1012: 1010: 1007: 1005: 1002: 1000: 997: 995: 992: 990: 987: 985: 982: 980: 977: 976: 974: 970: 966: 959: 954: 952: 947: 945: 940: 939: 936: 929: 925: 924: 915: 911: 908: 904: 903: 892: 886: 878: 873: 868: 862: 854: 849: 848: 829: 825: 819: 811: 810: 802: 788: 784: 778: 764: 760: 754: 740: 736: 730: 722: 716: 712: 711: 703: 689: 685: 679: 677: 662: 658: 652: 650: 643: 641: 634: 632: 624: 619: 612: 607: 605: 596: 590: 586: 585: 577: 575: 573: 558: 554: 548: 546: 531: 527: 521: 519: 517: 502: 498: 492: 478:on 2019-04-03 477: 473: 472:NewAdvent.org 469: 463: 461: 459: 457: 455: 441: 437: 436:"Novationism" 431: 427: 417: 414: 412: 409: 407: 404: 403: 397: 395: 390: 388: 384: 379: 377: 371: 369: 364: 362: 357: 346: 342: 341: 330: 328: 323: 314: 312: 307: 305: 300: 298: 294: 290: 286: 283:According to 276: 274: 270: 266: 256: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 234: 230: 226: 222: 212: 210: 205: 203: 199: 195: 188: 178: 176: 172: 171:Old Testament 168: 163: 158: 156: 152: 148: 144: 139: 137: 133: 129: 125: 120: 116: 112: 108: 104: 96: 91: 86: 76: 74: 69: 67: 63: 59: 55: 51: 47: 46: 41: 33: 29: 25: 21: 1666:Santa Muerte 1656:Narco-saints 1551:Febronianism 1468:Free Spirits 1453:Conciliarism 1396:Sabellianism 1363: 1359:Nestorianism 1265:Paulicianism 1186:Apollinarism 1040: 913: 906: 876: 852: 831:. Retrieved 828:www.ccel.org 827: 818: 808: 801: 790:. Retrieved 786: 777: 766:. Retrieved 762: 753: 742:. Retrieved 738: 729: 709: 702: 691:. Retrieved 687: 664:. Retrieved 660: 639: 618: 583: 560:. Retrieved 556: 533:. Retrieved 529: 504:. Retrieved 500: 491: 480:. Retrieved 476:the original 471: 443:, retrieved 439: 430: 391: 380: 375: 372: 367: 365: 345:Novatianists 344: 338: 336: 327:credobaptist 320: 308: 301: 289:confirmation 282: 262: 245:Adoptionists 218: 206: 201: 197: 193: 191: 186: 159: 146: 140: 100: 94: 70: 43: 23: 19: 18: 1621:Americanism 1596:Lutheranism 1586:Arminianism 1566:Josephinism 1556:Gallicanism 1523:Waldensians 1425:Middle Ages 1374:Pelagianism 1364:Novatianism 1260:Manichaeism 1196:Anomoeanism 1181:Adoptionism 1041:Novatianism 304:monasticism 249:Holy Spirit 237:Marcionites 138:(253–260). 109:during the 107:Pope Fabian 24:Novationism 20:Novatianism 1713:Categories 1581:Anabaptism 1493:Josephines 1488:Impanation 1473:Henricians 1463:Fraticelli 1458:Dulcinians 1438:Bogomilism 1337:Modalistic 1332:Athinganoi 1312:Marcionism 1297:Iconoclasm 1285:Sethianism 1255:Gnosticism 1046:Artotyrite 1029:Influenced 984:Tertullian 833:2021-09-22 792:2021-11-30 768:2022-06-29 744:2021-09-22 693:2021-08-16 666:2021-08-16 562:2021-09-22 553:"Novatian" 535:2021-08-16 526:"Novatian" 506:2021-12-27 482:2019-10-19 445:2022-06-29 422:References 394:Montanists 297:Nestorians 259:The Church 175:Tertullian 101:After the 73:Tertullian 1651:Mormonism 1646:Modernism 1631:Feeneyism 1613:Modernity 1591:Calvinism 1571:Pantheism 1561:Jansenism 1518:Taborites 1508:Pasagians 1503:Migetians 1478:Humiliati 1448:Catharism 1433:Arnoldism 1354:Montanism 1275:Naassenes 1245:Ebionites 1213:Audianism 1173:Antiquity 1014:Miltiades 994:Maximilla 989:Quintilla 965:Montanism 322:Augustine 285:Theodoret 269:salvation 241:Modalists 124:communion 103:martyrdom 58:heretical 40:communion 1739:Donatism 1603:Quietism 1498:Lollardy 1483:Hussites 1322:Modalism 1250:Euchites 1223:Donatism 1218:Docetism 1191:Arianism 1051:Ascitans 1036:Novatian 979:Montanus 885:citation 861:citation 411:Donatist 406:Antipope 400:See also 385:sect in 383:Donatist 356:katharoi 293:venerate 225:Gnostics 162:Eusebius 143:Carthage 115:Novatian 85:Novatian 79:Novatian 32:Novatian 1661:Maximón 1280:Ophites 1240:Dualism 1060:Beliefs 1020:Themiso 1009:Blastus 1004:Proclus 845:Sources 361:Cathars 350:καθαροι 317:Baptism 265:Cyprian 263:Unlike 253:Baptism 229:godhead 181:Beliefs 167:Trinity 151:penance 66:Ambrose 26:was an 1113:Tymion 1108:Pepuza 999:Prisca 972:People 855:, Bonn 717:  591:  221:Father 50:Decius 1101:Other 376:lapsi 368:lapsi 279:Other 233:Jesus 202:lapsi 198:lapsi 194:lapsi 187:Lapsi 147:lapsi 95:lapsi 45:lapsi 1164:list 891:link 867:link 715:ISBN 589:ISBN 378:). 243:and 128:Pope 64:and 215:God 105:of 42:of 22:or 1715:: 887:}} 883:{{ 863:}} 859:{{ 826:. 785:. 761:. 737:. 686:. 675:^ 659:. 648:^ 630:^ 603:^ 571:^ 555:. 544:^ 528:. 515:^ 499:. 470:. 453:^ 438:, 396:. 313:. 306:. 275:. 255:. 239:, 177:. 153:. 36:c. 1166:) 1162:( 1152:e 1145:t 1138:v 1016:? 957:e 950:t 943:v 895:. 893:) 871:. 869:) 836:. 795:. 771:. 747:. 723:. 696:. 669:. 597:. 565:. 538:. 509:. 485:. 353:( 34:(

Index

early Christian
Novatian
communion
lapsi
Decius
Church of Rome
heretical
Saint Cyprian of Carthage
Ambrose
Tertullian
Novatian

martyrdom
Pope Fabian
Decian persecution
Novatian
Pope Cornelius
communion
Pope
excommunicated
Emperor Valerian I
Carthage
penance
Cyprian of Carthage
Eusebius
Trinity
Old Testament
Tertullian
Book of Hebrews
Father

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.