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went into hiding. When he returned to
Carthage, he found these confessors assumed authority of clergy, especially forgiveness of sin. Although many confessors willingly relinquished their positions of authority upon the clergies' return, some attempted to retain their positions. Cyprian called a
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At Rome, the principle was established that the apostates should not be abandoned, but that they should be exhorted to do penance, so that, in case of their being again cited before the authorities, they might atone for their apostasy by remaining steadfast.
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a legal document proving conformity with Roman religion. To avoid this test, many members of the clergy fled, leaving their communities without leadership. In their absence, lay people who had not lapsed, called confessors, filled their leadership role.
208:), or had, by bribing the authorities, caused such certificates to be drawn up for them, representing them as having offered sacrifice, without, however, having actually done so. A two-year sanction was imposed as penance. From Latin
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of 250 AD, which required all citizens of the Roman Empire to publicly sacrifice to traditional gods, created unrest within the Church. Christians who submitted to pressure and made public sacrifice were called lapsed or
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should not be allowed to return to the church as they could not be forgiven on earth, but only by God. Novatian stood against
Cornelius and was proclaimed as the new Pope. He then created a stricter ‘
186:: Those who had actually offered a sacrifice to the idols. Christians that made sacrifices, especially to Roman gods, were only offered absolution on their deathbeds.
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was part of a larger picture which threatened the cohesion of the
Christian church at that time. After Fabian’s execution,
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which ran for several centuries. Another priest (Novatus) disagreed with both popes and took the opinion that all
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218:: Those that made false statements or other acts to save their lives. From Latin – "those doing the acts"
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After the 250 AD Decian
Persecution, Cyprian of Carthage held a council sometime after Easter 251 AD, in which
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226:: Those who gave up sacred scriptures, artifacts and/or revealed names of fellow Christians. From Latin
324:"Ctihodná Marie Egyptská jako příklad pokání a překonávání pokušení. Naděje pro všechny padlé lidi…"
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192:: Those who had burnt incense on the altar before the statues of the gods. From Latin
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could be restored to communion through repentance and penance. A Roman priest named
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council in 251 AD to address this problem, the root of which was the status of the
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446:"Novatus of Carthage from the McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia"
278:. Text and translation by Maurice Bévenot. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971
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Cyprian was able to avoid full schism by identifying five categories of
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back into communion, while the clergy demanded harsher punishments.
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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should be taken back without asking for any penance or apology.
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succeeded him as Pope. Cornelius and
Cyprian believed that the
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Vol. 9. New York: Robert
Appleton Company, 1910. 13 March 2021
414:"Novatian of Rome and the Culmination of Pre-Nicene Orthodoxy"
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Kirsch, Johann Peter. "Lapsi." The
Catholic Encyclopedia
416:. Wipf and Stock Publishers – via Google Books.
288:. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1984. Page 318-323.
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389:"Catholic Encyclopedia: Novatian and Novatianism"
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450:McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia Online
132:This difference of opinion in how to treat the
522:New Advent website; Cyprian’s Third Treatise,
80:from their faith, only to return to it later.
375:Pope Cornelius, a reconciler, had a hard road
276:De lapsis and De Ecclesiae Catholicae unitate
167:and assigning penance appropriate to each.
212:– "little book; letter; certificate"
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359:McBrien, Richard P (September 24, 2004),
27:Christians who bowed to external pressure
412:Papandrea, James L. (November 7, 2011).
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342:"Saint Cyprian | Franciscan Media"
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202:: Those who had drawn up attestation (
179:were classified into five categories:
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72:. The term refers to those who have
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322:Dvořáček, Michal (April 1, 2023).
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303:- Lutheran Missouri Synod: Lapsi
64:who renounced their faith under
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125:. Confessors tended to accept
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432:earlychristianwritings.com
362:National Catholic Reporter
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328:PRAVOSLAVNÁ CÍRKEVNÍ OBEC
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545:4th-century Christianity
467:The Rise of Christianity
286:The Rise of Christianity
540:Schisms in Christianity
346:www.franciscanmedia.org
108:After the execution of
463:Frend, W.H.C. (1984).
196:– "burn incense"
32:early Christian Church
550:Christian terminology
348:. September 11, 2022.
293:Catholic Encyclopedia
40:(Latin for "fallen;"
301:Christian Cyclopedia
272:Cyprian of Carthage
154:Church of the Pure’
90:Decian persecution
393:www.newadvent.org
70:Roman authorities
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282:W.H.C Frend
255:Backsliding
200:Libellatici
194:thurificare
190:Thurificati
184:Sacrificati
110:Pope Fabian
78:fallen away
66:persecution
534:Categories
428:"Novatian"
398:2021-08-16
369:5 December
309:References
223:Traditores
57:peptōkotes
46:πεπτωκότες
524:De Lapsis
250:Judaizers
138:Cornelius
112:, Bishop
62:apostates
51:romanized
555:Apostasy
239:See also
210:libellus
205:libellus
146:Novatian
118:Carthage
100:libellus
228:tradere
114:Cyprian
84:Origins
60:) were
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30:In the
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475:-323.
74:lapsed
177:lapsi
165:lapsi
158:lapsi
150:lapsi
142:lapsi
134:lapsi
127:lapsi
123:lapsi
95:lapsi
42:Greek
37:lapsi
477:ISBN
371:2008
88:The
473:318
116:of
76:or
68:by
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