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Despite the magnitude of the eruption, no deaths directly resulted. Eyewitness accounts from people located downwind in the path of a thick ash cloud described the gradual lowering of visibility to next to nothing. Ash threatened to contaminate drinking water and destroyed food resources, but the
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erupted from beneath the Mount Katmai area, resulting in the formation of a 1.2-mile (2 km) wide, funnel-shaped vent and the collapse of Mount Katmai's summit, creating a 2,000-foot (600 m) deep, 1.9 by 2.5 mi (3 by 4 km)
1401:
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in 1918 to protect the area around the 1912 eruption of
Novarupta and the 40-square-mile (104 km), 100-to-700-foot (30 to 210 m) deep, pyroclastic flow of the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes.
379:
The 1912 eruption that formed
Novarupta was the largest to occur during the 20th century. It began on June 6, 1912, and culminated in a series of violent eruptions. Rated a 6 on the
1211:
383:, the 60-hour-long eruption expelled 3.1 to 3.6 cubic miles (13 to 15 km) of ash, thirty times as much as the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens. The erupted magma of
722:
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passed down through generations from previous eruptions. However, the Native villages experiencing the heaviest ash falls were abandoned and the inhabitants relocated.
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559:
1219:
79:
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the vent. The 295-foot (90 m) high and 1,180-foot (360 m) wide dome it created forms what is now referred to as
Novarupta.
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1291:(October 1983). "The compositionally zoned eruption of 1912 in the Valley of Ten Thousand smokes, Katmai National Park, Alaska".
1005:
65:
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and 4,000 ft (1,200 m) below the post-eruption Mount Katmai summit. During the eruption a large quantity of
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The eruption that formed the Valley of Ten
Thousand Smokes is one of the few in recorded history to have produced
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263:. Formed during the largest volcanic eruption of the 20th century, Novarupta released 30 times the volume of
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in 1980, Katmai is located on the Alaska
Peninsula, across from Kodiak Island, with headquarters in nearby
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to multiple
English meanings, including "newly erupted", "new eruption", "new break", and "new vent".
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8:
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Building in an Ashen Land – Historic
Resource Study of Katmai National Park and Preserve
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1246:"Witness: Firsthand Accounts of the Largest Volcanic Eruption in the Twentieth Century"
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The
Novarupta eruption occurred about 6.59 mi (10.61 km) from the peak of
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Conduit and
Eruption Dynamics of the 1912 Vulcanian Explosions at Novarupta, Alaska
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988:"Preliminary volcano-hazard assessment for the Katmai volcanic cluster, Alaska"
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910:"The plinian eruptions of 1912 at Novarupta, Katmai National Park, Alaska"
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723:"The Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes in Katmai National Park and Preserve"
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Rosi, Mauro; Papale, Paolo; Lupi, Luca; Stoppato, Marco (2003).
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USGS QuickTime video clip on
Novarupta (36 seconds/0.8 MB)
869:"Can Another Great Volcanic Eruption Happen in Alaska?"
790:. Tucson, Arizona: Geoscience Press, Inc. p. 117.
1148:
449:(36 cu mi or 150 km of tephra) and the
395:
resulted in more than 4.1 cubic miles (17 km) of
786:
Simkin, Tom; Siebert, Lee; Blong, Russell J. (1994).
959:
Volcanoes of North America: United States and Canada
577:
867:; Hendley II, James W.; Stauffer, Peter H. (1998).
785:
402:and approximately 2.6 cubic miles (11 km) of
978:
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514:Colorful ash in the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes
1408:
499:
1447:Mountains of Lake and Peninsula Borough, Alaska
1442:Volcanoes of Lake and Peninsula Borough, Alaska
529:, who explored the volcano's aftermath for the
453:(4.8 cu mi or 20 km of tephra).
1393:– topographic maps, annotated satellite images
1293:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
992:U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 00-489
809:
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433:At least two larger eruptions occurred in the
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259:, about 290 miles (470 km) southwest of
1378:USGS collection of descriptions of Novarupta
953:
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957:Wood, C.A. and Kienle, J. (editors) (1990)
804:
472:The eruption ended with the extrusion of a
16:Volcano in Katmai National Park, Alaska, US
1204:
1177:
1049:
767:(Thesis). University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa.
695:"Hiking the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes"
1239:
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1111:
999:
961:, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press,
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873:U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 075-98
813:
607:whose emergence could be fully observed.
509:
426:ejected 2.6 cubic miles (11 km) of
406:tuff. During the 20th century, only the
370:
247:that was formed in 1912, located on the
814:Brantley, Steven R. (January 4, 1999).
683:
547:
1409:
1267:Clemens, Janet; Norris, Frank (1999).
1234:
1186:
430:, and Santa María just slightly less.
127:, with Novarupta towards the northeast
1402:USGS Photographic Library – novarupta
1397:Alaska Volcano Observatory: Novarupta
1335:"Katmai National Park & Preserve"
1323:
654:
652:
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1277:, Alaska Support Office. Chapter 4.
274:
13:
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1218:. November 6, 2012. Archived from
757:
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1437:Katmai National Park and Preserve
1359:
1331:Katmai National Park and Preserve
1193:The Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes
691:Katmai National Park and Preserve
645:
554:Katmai National Park and Preserve
269:1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens
257:Katmai National Park and Preserve
158:Katmai National Park and Preserve
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1212:"Novarupta – Historic eruptions"
580:
492:were aided in their survival by
375:Novarupta geologic cross section
117:
29:
1492:Lava domes of the United States
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1080:
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822:United States Geological Survey
441:) during the 19th century: the
408:1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo
1155:. Firefly Books. p. 219.
853:
817:Volcanoes of the United States
751:
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715:
618:
596:Timeline of volcanism on Earth
422:were of comparable magnitude;
66:Volcanoes in the United States
1:
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544:that persisted for 15 years.
523:Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes
521:from the eruption formed the
506:Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes
500:Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes
123:Map showing volcanoes of the
1427:20th-century volcanic events
1317:10.1016/0377-0273(83)90003-3
1088:"Krakatau: Eruptive History"
1026:"Pinatubo: Eruptive History"
560:National Park & Preserve
7:
1462:Natural disasters in Alaska
1343:. Welcome to Katmai Country
1198:National Geographic Society
603:, a cinder cone volcano in
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531:National Geographic Society
10:
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1216:Alaska Volcano Observatory
551:
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381:Volcanic Explosivity Index
282:1912 eruption of Novarupta
55:2,759 ft (841 m)
1196:. Washington, D.C., USA:
727:Alaska Historical Society
627:has been translated from
451:1883 eruption of Krakatoa
414:and the 1902 eruption of
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1124:Global Volcanism Program
1093:Global Volcanism Program
1062:Global Volcanism Program
1031:Global Volcanism Program
920:(8). Springer: 646–684.
665:Global Volcanism Program
611:
1129:Smithsonian Institution
1098:Smithsonian Institution
1067:Smithsonian Institution
1036:Smithsonian Institution
914:Bulletin of Volcanology
670:Smithsonian Institution
1422:1912 natural disasters
820:. Online Version 1.1.
788:Volcanoes of the World
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344:58.26667°N 155.15667°W
95:58.26667°N 155.15667°W
1340:National Park Service
1275:National Park Service
1273:. Anchorage, Alaska:
1222:on September 27, 2016
908:(December 11, 2004).
540:, producing numerous
513:
494:traditional knowledge
374:
1467:Subduction volcanoes
1374:at Wikimedia Commons
994:. Open-File Report.
758:Isgett, Samantha J.
729:. February 10, 2014.
548:Katmai National Park
525:, named by botanist
458:Mount Katmai Volcano
404:pyroclastic ash-flow
349:58.26667; -155.15667
234:June to October 1912
100:58.26667; -155.15667
1482:Volcanoes of Alaska
1457:Mountains of Alaska
1452:Holocene lava domes
1309:1983JVGR...18....1H
1250:Alaska Park Science
926:1992BVol...54..646F
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154:Protected area
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1477:Calderas of Alaska
934:10.1007/BF00430778
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45:Highest point
1487:Holocene calderas
1370:Media related to
1333:(June 29, 2008).
1188:Griggs, Robert F.
1162:978-1-55297-683-8
568:National Monument
558:Established as a
519:Pyroclastic flows
435:Dutch East Indies
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1200:. p. 192.
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1226:December 19,
1224:. Retrieved
1220:the original
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843:. Retrieved
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707:February 17,
705:. Retrieved
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675:December 24,
673:. Retrieved
663:
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298:June 6, 1912
240:
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223:Aleutian Arc
166:Parent range
39:in July 1987
35:Novarupta's
18:
773:10125/62457
741:"Novarupta"
660:"Novarupta"
564:King Salmon
538:welded tuff
416:Santa María
412:Philippines
347: /
98: /
73:Coordinates
1411:Categories
1134:January 1,
1103:January 1,
1072:January 1,
1041:January 1,
745:Britannica
639:References
335:155°9′24″W
295:Start date
86:155°9′24″W
1390:Novarupta
1372:Novarupta
1152:Volcanoes
1057:"Tambora"
840:156941033
625:Novarupta
601:Parícutin
542:fumaroles
533:in 1916.
474:lava dome
439:Indonesia
420:Guatemala
332:58°16′0″N
290:Novarupta
261:Anchorage
241:Novarupta
212:Volcanic
206:lava dome
111:Geography
83:58°16′0″N
51:Elevation
37:lava dome
24:Novarupta
1303:: 1–56.
1301:Elsevier
1190:(1922).
1171:53901499
1119:"Katmai"
986:(2000).
969:, p. 70.
942:86862398
881:47452495
877:Academia
574:See also
478:rhyolite
397:air fall
393:andesite
385:rhyolite
315:Location
179:Topo map
1305:Bibcode
1299:(1–4).
922:Bibcode
482:plugged
467:caldera
447:Tambora
410:in the
287:Volcano
267:of the
245:volcano
202:Caldera
191:Geology
134:Country
61:Listing
1169:
1159:
1009:
965:
940:
886:
838:
828:
794:
605:Mexico
428:tephra
391:, and
389:dacite
323:Alaska
148:Alaska
1012:14669
938:S2CID
888:25963
765:(PDF)
698:(PDF)
629:Latin
612:Notes
480:that
462:magma
437:(now
265:magma
243:is a
204:with
144:State
1349:2008
1256:(1).
1228:2012
1167:OCLC
1157:ISBN
1136:2009
1105:2009
1074:2009
1043:2009
1006:DGGS
963:ISBN
884:HSDL
847:2008
836:OCLC
826:ISBN
792:ISBN
709:2016
677:2017
400:tuff
304:Type
218:belt
184:USGS
1313:doi
996:doi
930:doi
769:hdl
476:of
445:of
418:in
361:VEI
255:in
214:arc
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1297:18
1295:.
1254:11
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