551:
antifreeze proteins to prevent their bodily fluids from freezing. The family includes over 100 species, making it the most diverse group of fish in the
Southern Ocean. Nototheniidae inhabits a variety of habitats, from shallow coastal waters to deep ocean trenches. Many species are bottom-dwellers and can be found in rocky areas or on the seafloor, while others are pelagic and swim in the water column. Some species migrate seasonally to different habitats for feeding or spawning purposes. Due to their abundance in the Southern Ocean, Nototheniidae is an important part of the food chain for many marine predators, including seals, whales, and birds.
624:
613:
76:
563:, however, they have other depth-related adaptations, such as increased fatty tissues and reduced mineralization of the bones, resulting in a body density approaching neutral, to fill a variety of niches. The spleen may be used to remove ice crystals from circulating blood. As the chilly Antarctic and sub-Antarctic waters of the Southern Ocean average −1 to 4 °C (30–39 °F), most species of these regions produce
546:
Nototheniidae is a family of teleost fishes found mainly in the
Southern Ocean, surrounding the continent of Antarctica. The family comprises about 50 species of fish that are adapted to living in the cold, nutrient-rich waters of the Southern Ocean. The Nototheniidae family includes some of the most
47:
550:
Nototheniidae is a family of perciform fish that are primarily found in the
Southern Ocean surrounding Antarctica, with some species also occurring in the sub-Antarctic regions of the southern hemisphere. They are known for their unique adaptations to the cold, such as the ability to produce
570:
The concentration of antifreeze glycoproteins can vary with differing environmental conditions, such as colder environments caused by location. Larger amounts of the proteins have been found in species with habitats in higher latitudes, due to the higher expression of the protein and longer
1074:
21:
In some scientific literature, the term "cod icefish" is used to identify members of this family. This should not be confused with the term "icefish," which refers to the "white-blooded" fishes of the family
740:"Order Perciformes: Suborder Notothenoididei: Families Bovichtidae, Pseaudaphritidae, Elegopinidae, Nototheniidae, Harpagiferidae, Artedidraconidae, Bathydraconidae, Channichthyidae and Percophidae"
806:
Near, TJ; et al. (2004). "Phylogenetic investigations of
Antarctic notothenioid fishes (Perciformes: Notothenioidei) using complete gene sequences of the mitochondrial encoded 16S rRNA".
501:
are large. The mouth is terminal and may be horizontal or angled with a protrusible upper jaw. There are no teeth on the roof of the mouth. in most species there are no spines on the
347:
515:
280:
431:
1028:"The effect of habitat temperature on serum antifreeze glycoprotein (AFGP) activity in Notothenia rossii (Pisces: Nototheniidae) in the Southern Ocean"
707:
1282:
1308:
1256:
1395:
257:
means “coming from the south”, a reference to the
Antarctic distribution of the genus. They are traditionally placed in the order
1295:
1121:"Back on the menu How smarter fishing practices, improved management and MSC certification have transformed toothfish's fortunes"
493:
is similar to the second dorsal fin and has 22 to 40 segmented rays. All but the last dorsal and anal fin rays are branched. The
547:
ecologically and evolutionarily important fish in the
Antarctic ecosystem, making them a crucial subject for scientific study.
779:
1300:
597:
Nototheniidae species are the major fish resource in the
Southern Ocean, many notothens are under increasing pressure from
890:
769:
1357:
1313:
717:
879:
H.H. Dewitt; P.C. Heemstra; and O. Gon (1990). "Nototheniidae
Notothens". In O. Gon and P.C. Heemstra (eds.).
571:
degradation time compared to relatives in more temperate regions, portraying flexible temperature regulation.
1390:
380:
232:
509:. Any scales are usually ctenoid although the spinules may be reduced or absent. They have between 1and 3
75:
1217:
1204:
1075:"Biology and phenotypic plasticity of the Antarctic nototheniid fish Trematomus newnesi in McMurdo Sound"
856:
448:
543:. As the dominant Antarctic fish taxa, they occupy both sea-bottom and water-column ecological niches.
1222:
1362:
1323:
880:
27:
969:"Evolution of antifreeze glycoprotein gene from a trypsinogen gene in Antarctic notothenioid fish"
1182:
564:
461:
1349:
1385:
1144:
444:
250:
1344:
1287:
1336:
1243:
1191:
1086:
1039:
980:
815:
703:
602:
520:
293:
261:
together with their relatives, Actual phylogenetic relationships among species of suborder
237:
485:
Nototheniidae fishes have fusiform or elongate and oblong bodies. They typically have two
8:
623:
606:
473:
242:
55:
1090:
1043:
984:
819:
1102:
598:
306:
70:
1196:
489:, the first having 3 to 11 spines and the second having 25-42 segmented fin rays. The
1331:
1230:
1209:
1055:
1008:
1003:
968:
886:
831:
775:
712:
675:
653:
651:
273:
The following subfamilies and genera are classified within the family
Nototheniidae:
1106:
152:
1235:
1094:
1047:
998:
988:
823:
665:
506:
186:
612:
575:
365:
201:
190:
23:
1026:
Miya, Tshoanelo; Gon, Ofer; Mwale, Monica; Christina Cheng, C.-H. (2014-03-01).
827:
536:
408:
398:
355:
262:
246:
208:
197:
137:
117:
1098:
1051:
670:
1379:
1167:
1120:
1059:
852:
342:
220:
63:
1027:
993:
835:
679:
560:
510:
502:
498:
388:
324:
301:
219:
Nototheniidae was described as a family in 1861 by the German-born
British
1012:
1269:
1176:
785:
567:
to prevent the formation of ice crystals in blood and other body fluids.
258:
204:
127:
767:
652:
Richard van der Laan; William N. Eschmeyer & Ronald Fricke (2014).
580:
540:
494:
486:
456:
439:
426:
375:
288:
224:
513:. They vary in size from. Total length of 11 cm (4.3 in) in
1274:
314:
87:
46:
1261:
1138:
926:
The Antarctic Silverfish: a Keystone Species in a Changing Ecosystem
739:
737:
1161:
861:
738:
Christopher Scharpf & Kenneth J. Lazara, eds. (12 April 2021).
586:
490:
194:
107:
97:
878:
1248:
589:, the typical morph and a large-mouthed/broad-headed morph.
1025:
471:
These subfamilies are not recognised in the 5th Edition of
938:
911:
Antarctic Fish Biology: Evolution in a Unique Environment
702:
1072:
953:"Surface Temperature - NOAA's Science On a Sphere".
885:. South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity.
768:
J. S. Nelson; T. C. Grande; M. V. H. Wilson (2016).
706:; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.).
1377:
744:The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database
539:and are particularly abundant off the shores of
955:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
908:
535:Nototheniidae species are largely found in the
265:have not yet been determined with certainty.
245:in 1844 subsequently being designated as the
746:. Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara
530:
847:
845:
45:
1002:
992:
939:Farrell, AP & Steffensen, JF (2005).
923:
763:
761:
669:
200:which is traditionally placed within the
805:
622:
611:
231:which had been described in 1844 by Sir
851:
842:
647:
645:
1378:
1073:Eastman, JT & DeVries, AL (1997).
913:. Academic PressSan Diego, California.
758:
731:
698:
696:
1143:
1142:
874:
872:
808:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
654:"Family-group names of Recent fishes"
1324:11fc8017-38b9-4210-97d1-d680ebb93af9
966:
928:. Springer International Publishing.
904:
902:
774:(5th ed.). Wiley. p. 465.
708:"Genera in the family Nototheniidae"
642:
578:, for example, the circum-Antarctic
693:
519:to 215 cm (85 in) in the
13:
1123:. Marine Stewardship Council. 2018
869:
480:
14:
1407:
899:
207:. They are largely found in the
74:
1113:
1066:
1019:
960:
947:
932:
924:Vacchi, M; et al. (2017).
941:The Physiology of Polar Fishes
917:
799:
718:California Academy of Sciences
559:Nototheniidae species have no
1:
967:Chen, L; et al. (1997).
635:
497:is rounded to forked and the
1396:Taxa named by Albert Günther
882:Fishes of the Southern Ocean
592:
585:exists as two morphs in the
7:
828:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.01.002
214:
10:
1412:
554:
241:which Richardson had also
1151:
1099:10.1017/S0954102097000047
1052:10.1007/s00300-013-1437-y
671:10.11646/zootaxa.3882.1.1
268:
165:
160:
71:Scientific classification
69:
53:
44:
39:
909:Eastman, Joseph (1993).
855:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
565:antifreeze glycoproteins
531:Distribution and habitat
525:Dissostichus eleginoides
516:Patagonotothen cornucola
223:Albert Günther with the
28:Icefish (disambiguation)
618:(Aethotaxis mitopteryx)
994:10.1073/pnas.94.8.3811
857:"Family Nototheniidae"
632:
620:
251:Theodore Nicholas Gill
1345:Paleobiology Database
704:Eschmeyer, William N.
629:Trematomus bernacchii
626:
615:
574:Some species exhibit
1391:Perciformes families
865:. June 2021 version.
603:Patagonian toothfish
521:Patagonian toothfish
238:Notothenia coriiceps
60:Dissostichus mawsoni
1091:1997AntSc...9...27E
1044:2014PoBio..37..367M
985:1997PNAS...94.3811C
820:2004MolPE..32..881N
771:Fishes of the World
607:Antarctic toothfish
601:, particularly the
474:Fishes of the World
56:Antarctic toothfish
633:
621:
599:commercial fishing
277:Pleuragrammatinae
1373:
1372:
1332:Open Tree of Life
1145:Taxon identifiers
1079:Antarctic Science
781:978-1-118-34233-6
713:Catalog of Fishes
627:Emerald rockcod (
616:Longfin icedevil
465:
452:
435:
422:
414:
404:
394:
384:
371:
361:
351:
338:
330:
320:
310:
297:
284:
235:with the species
191:ray-finned fishes
172:
171:
156:
1403:
1366:
1365:
1353:
1352:
1340:
1339:
1327:
1326:
1317:
1316:
1304:
1303:
1291:
1290:
1278:
1277:
1265:
1264:
1252:
1251:
1239:
1238:
1226:
1225:
1213:
1212:
1200:
1199:
1187:
1186:
1185:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1140:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1117:
1111:
1110:
1070:
1064:
1063:
1023:
1017:
1016:
1006:
996:
979:(8): 3811–3816.
964:
958:
951:
945:
944:
936:
930:
929:
921:
915:
914:
906:
897:
896:
876:
867:
866:
849:
840:
839:
803:
797:
796:
794:
793:
784:. Archived from
765:
756:
755:
753:
751:
735:
729:
728:
726:
724:
700:
691:
690:
688:
686:
673:
649:
460:
443:
430:
420:
412:
402:
392:
379:
369:
359:
346:
336:
328:
318:
305:
292:
278:
151:
79:
78:
49:
37:
36:
16:Family of fishes
1411:
1410:
1406:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1401:
1400:
1376:
1375:
1374:
1369:
1361:
1356:
1348:
1343:
1335:
1330:
1322:
1320:
1312:
1307:
1299:
1294:
1286:
1281:
1273:
1268:
1260:
1255:
1247:
1242:
1234:
1229:
1221:
1216:
1208:
1203:
1195:
1190:
1181:
1180:
1175:
1166:
1165:
1160:
1147:
1137:
1136:
1126:
1124:
1119:
1118:
1114:
1071:
1067:
1024:
1020:
965:
961:
952:
948:
937:
933:
922:
918:
907:
900:
893:
877:
870:
850:
843:
804:
800:
791:
789:
782:
766:
759:
749:
747:
736:
732:
722:
720:
701:
694:
684:
682:
650:
643:
638:
595:
557:
533:
483:
481:Characteristics
413:Balushkin, 1976
403:Balushkin, 1976
393:Balushkin, 1976
370:Balushkin, 1979
366:Lindbergichthys
360:Balushkin, 1976
329:Balushkin, 1982
319:Balushkin, 1989
279:Andersen &
271:
233:John Richardson
217:
150:
73:
24:Channichthyidae
17:
12:
11:
5:
1409:
1399:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1371:
1370:
1368:
1367:
1354:
1341:
1328:
1318:
1305:
1292:
1279:
1266:
1253:
1240:
1227:
1214:
1201:
1188:
1173:
1157:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1135:
1134:
1112:
1065:
1038:(3): 367–373.
1018:
959:
946:
931:
916:
898:
891:
868:
853:Froese, Rainer
841:
814:(3): 881–891.
798:
780:
757:
730:
692:
664:(2): 001–230.
640:
639:
637:
634:
594:
591:
556:
553:
537:Southern Ocean
532:
529:
482:
479:
469:
468:
467:
466:
453:
436:
421:Balushkin,1982
417:
416:
415:
409:Patagonotothen
405:
399:Paranotothenia
395:
385:
372:
362:
356:Lepidonotothen
352:
335:Nototheniinae
333:
332:
331:
321:
311:
298:
270:
267:
263:Notothenioidei
216:
213:
209:Southern Ocean
198:Notothenioidei
193:, part of the
170:
169:
163:
162:
158:
157:
145:
141:
140:
138:Notothenioidei
135:
131:
130:
125:
121:
120:
118:Actinopterygii
115:
111:
110:
105:
101:
100:
95:
91:
90:
85:
81:
80:
67:
66:
51:
50:
42:
41:
40:Cod icefishes
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1408:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1386:Nototheniidae
1384:
1383:
1381:
1364:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1319:
1315:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1210:Nototheniidae
1206:
1202:
1198:
1197:Nototheniidae
1193:
1189:
1184:
1183:Nototheniidae
1178:
1174:
1169:
1163:
1159:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1153:Nototheniidae
1150:
1146:
1141:
1122:
1116:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1069:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1032:Polar Biology
1029:
1022:
1014:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
963:
956:
950:
942:
935:
927:
920:
912:
905:
903:
894:
892:9780868102115
888:
884:
883:
875:
873:
864:
863:
858:
854:
848:
846:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
802:
788:on 2019-04-08
787:
783:
777:
773:
772:
764:
762:
745:
741:
734:
719:
715:
714:
709:
705:
699:
697:
681:
677:
672:
667:
663:
659:
655:
648:
646:
641:
630:
625:
619:
614:
610:
608:
604:
600:
590:
588:
584:
582:
577:
572:
568:
566:
562:
552:
548:
544:
542:
538:
528:
526:
522:
518:
517:
512:
511:lateral lines
508:
504:
500:
499:pectoral fins
496:
492:
488:
478:
476:
475:
463:
459:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
441:
437:
433:
429:
428:
424:
423:
419:Trematominae
418:
411:
410:
406:
401:
400:
396:
391:
390:
386:
382:
378:
377:
373:
368:
367:
363:
358:
357:
353:
349:
345:
344:
343:Gobionotothen
340:
339:
334:
327:
326:
322:
317:
316:
312:
308:
304:
303:
299:
295:
291:
290:
286:
285:
282:
276:
275:
274:
266:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
239:
234:
230:
226:
222:
221:ichthyologist
212:
210:
206:
203:
199:
196:
192:
188:
184:
183:cod icefishes
180:
176:
175:Nototheniidae
168:
164:
159:
154:
149:
148:Nototheniidae
146:
143:
142:
139:
136:
133:
132:
129:
126:
123:
122:
119:
116:
113:
112:
109:
106:
103:
102:
99:
96:
93:
92:
89:
86:
83:
82:
77:
72:
68:
65:
64:McMurdo Sound
61:
57:
52:
48:
43:
38:
35:
31:
29:
25:
19:
18:
1152:
1127:16 September
1125:. Retrieved
1115:
1085:(1): 27–35.
1082:
1078:
1068:
1035:
1031:
1021:
976:
972:
962:
954:
949:
940:
934:
925:
919:
910:
881:
860:
811:
807:
801:
790:. Retrieved
786:the original
770:
750:15 September
748:. Retrieved
743:
733:
723:15 September
721:. Retrieved
711:
683:. Retrieved
661:
657:
628:
617:
596:
579:
576:polymorphism
573:
569:
561:swim bladder
558:
549:
545:
534:
524:
514:
503:preoperculum
484:
472:
470:
455:
438:
425:
407:
397:
389:Nototheniops
387:
374:
364:
354:
341:
337:Günther 1861
325:Pleuragramma
323:
313:
302:Dissostichus
300:
294:H. H. DeWitt
287:
272:
254:
236:
228:
218:
182:
178:
174:
173:
166:
147:
59:
34:
20:
1270:iNaturalist
1177:Wikispecies
943:. Elsevier.
685:9 September
487:dorsal fins
259:Perciformes
253:. The name
249:in 1862 by
205:Perciformes
128:Perciformes
1380:Categories
792:2021-09-15
636:References
581:Trematomus
541:Antarctica
495:caudal fin
457:Trematomus
440:Pagothenia
427:Cryothenia
381:Richardson
376:Notothenia
289:Aethotaxis
255:Notothenia
229:Notothenia
225:type genus
134:Suborder:
1060:1432-2056
593:Fisheries
507:operculum
462:Boulenger
348:Balushkin
315:Gvozdarus
243:described
179:notothens
167:see text
94:Kingdom:
88:Eukaryota
1162:Wikidata
1107:27173180
862:FishBase
836:15288063
680:25543675
605:and the
587:Ross Sea
491:anal fin
449:La Monte
215:Taxonomy
195:suborder
144:Family:
108:Chordata
104:Phylum:
98:Animalia
84:Domain:
54:Head of
1168:Q571462
1087:Bibcode
1040:Bibcode
1013:9108060
981:Bibcode
957:. 2018.
816:Bibcode
658:Zootaxa
583:newnesi
555:Biology
445:Nichols
432:Daniels
185:, is a
161:Genera
153:Günther
124:Order:
114:Class:
1363:151404
1350:266361
1337:258647
1321:NZOR:
1301:171103
1288:111108
1105:
1058:
1011:
1001:
889:
834:
778:
678:
464:, 1902
451:, 1936
447:&
434:, 1981
383:, 1844
350:, 1976
309:, 1898
296:, 1962
281:Hureau
269:Genera
227:being
187:family
177:, the
155:, 1861
26:. See
1358:WoRMS
1283:IRMNG
1275:85936
1236:626HG
1103:S2CID
1004:20523
307:Smitt
202:order
62:) in
1314:8206
1309:NCBI
1296:ITIS
1262:8549
1257:GBIF
1249:5281
1218:BOLD
1129:2021
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