324:. An estimated 79% of species reside within the Antarctic region. They primarily inhabit seawater temperatures between â2 and 4 °C (28 and 39 °F); however, some of the non-Antarctic species inhabit waters that may be as warm as 10 °C (50 °F) around New Zealand and South America. Seawater temperatures below the freezing point of freshwater (0 °C or 32 °F) are possible due to the greater salinity in the Southern Ocean waters. Notothenioids have an estimated depth range of about 0â1,500 m (0â4,921 ft).
126:
108:
419:
hemoglobin is partially compensated in these species by the presence of a large, slow-beating heart and enlarged blood vessels that transport a large volume of blood under low pressure to enhance cardiac output. Despite these compensations, the loss of globin proteins still results in reduced physiological performance.
418:
proteins in their blood. As a result, the oxygen-carrying capacity of their blood is reduced to less than 10% that of other fishes. This trait likely arose due to the high oxygen solubility of the
Southern Ocean waters. At cold temperatures, the oxygen solubility of water is enhanced. The loss of
402:
in blood and body fluids. Although many of the
Antarctic species have antifreeze proteins in their body fluids, not all of them do. Some non-Antarctic species either produce no or very little antifreeze, and antifreeze concentrations in some species are very low in young, larval fish. They also
296:
promoted widespread radiation within the suborder, leading to the rapid development of new species. Their adaptive radiation is characterized by depth related diversification. Comparison studies between non-Antarctic and
Antarctic species have revealed different ecological processes and genetic
432:
Notothenioidei was first described as a separate grouping, as a "division" he named
Nototheniiformes, by the British ichthyologist Charles Tate Regan in 1913., this subsequently has been considered as a suborder of the Percifomes. The name is based on the
371:
of bony structures. This reduced ossification of the skeleton (observed in some notothenioids) changes the weight and creates neutral buoyancy in the water, where the fish neither sinks nor floats, and can thus adjust its depth with ease.
261:
epoch. This period marked the cooling of the
Southern Ocean, resulting in the stable, frigid conditions that have persisted to the present day. Another key factor in the evolution of notothenioids is the preponderance of the
2080:"Order Perciformes: Suborder Notothenoididei: Families Bovichtidae, Pseaudaphritidae, Elegopinidae, Nototheniidae, Harpagiferidae, Artedidraconidae, Bathydraconidae, Channichthyidae and Percophidae"
1998:
2564:
Macdonald, J. A. (2004). "Notothenioidei (Southern Cod-Icefishes)". In M. Hutchins, R. W. Garrison, V. Geist, P. V. Loiselle, N. Schlager, M. C. McDade, ...W. E. Duellman (Eds.),
527:
1081:
387:
that either permit survival in, or are possible only because of, the generally cold, stable seawater temperatures of the
Southern Ocean. These include highly unsaturated
452:
This classification follows
Eastman and Eakin, 2000 and includes references to additional classified species. Most species are restricted to the vicinity of Antarctica.
266:, a large, slow-moving current that extends to the seafloor and precludes most migration to and from the Antarctic region. The earliest known notothenioid is the fossil
886:
1999:"Adrenergic and Adenosinergic Regulation of the Cardiovascular System in an Antarctic Icefish: Insight into Central and Peripheral Determinants of Cardiac Output"
340:
fishes. They are not distinguished by a single physical trait, but rather a distinctive set of morphological traits. These include the presence of three flat
1203:
1760:"Antarctic notothenioid fish: What are the future consequences of 'losses' and 'gains' acquired during long-term evolution at cold and stable temperatures?"
901:
2419:
2531:
2475:
2245:
623:
531:
2377:
2280:
2342:
2210:
1958:
1799:
1744:
1541:
1474:
1401:
1303:
1607:
Logue, JA; et al. (2000). "Lipid compositional correlates of temperature-adaptive interspecific differences in membrane physical structure".
1414:
1128:
458:
268:
2678:
1321:
2742:
398:
Many notothenioid fishes are able to survive in the freezing, ice-laden waters of the
Southern Ocean because of the presence of an
1642:
Kawall, HG; et al. (2002). "Metabolic cold adaptation in
Antarctic fishes: Evidence from enzymatic activities of the brain".
2665:
2566:
1891:
2670:
1415:
Near, TJ, Dornburg, A, Kuhn, KA, Eastman, JT, Pennington, JT, Patarnello, T, Zane, L, FernĂĄndez, DA, and Jones, CD (2012).
2737:
363:
in nature. However, a depth-related diversification has given rise to some species attaining increased buoyancy, using
1488:
Eastman, J and Grande, L (1989). "Evolution of the
Antarctic fish fauna with emphasis on the Recent notothenioids".
257:
has supported fish habitats for 400 million years; however, modern notothenioids likely appeared sometime after the
2704:
1218:
2683:
1204:"An updated species list for notothenioid fish (Percifomes; Notothenioidei), with comments on Antarctic species"
2541:
2485:
2429:
2387:
2352:
2290:
2255:
2220:
1916:"When bad things happen to good fish: the loss of hemoglobin and myoglobin expression in Antarctic icefishes"
559:
263:
695:
441:
410:(or other oxygen-binding and oxygen-transporting pigments) in their blood, the notothenioids of the family
125:
2639:
2108:(Notothenioidei: Bovichtidae): a new genus and species of temperate icefish from southeastern Australia.
724:
444:
in 1841 and which means âcoming from the southâ, a reference to the Antarctic distribution of the genus.
545:
2709:
2048:
831:
1687:"Evolution in chronic cold: varied loss of cellular response to heat in Antarctic notothenioid fish"
1510:
1352:
2617:
518:
391:
and metabolic compensation in enzymatic activity. Many notothenoids have lost the nearly universal
1815:"Evolution of antifreeze glycoprotein gene from a trypsinogen gene in Antarctic notothenioid fish"
2732:
1972:
1322:"Eocene relatives of cod icefishes (Perciformes: Notothenioidei) from Seymour Island, Antarctica"
1177:
772:
403:
possess aglomerular kidneys, an adaptation that aids the retention of these antifreeze proteins.
293:
2696:
1915:
2579:
1505:
988:
926:
720:
481:
1417:"Ancient climate change, antifreeze, and the evolutionary diversification of antarctic fishes"
2691:
1952:
1793:
1738:
1535:
1468:
1395:
1297:
115:
Six Notothenioidei, illustrations based on "Antarctic Fish and Fisheries" (K.-H. Kock, 1992)
2652:
2626:
2527:
2471:
2415:
2373:
2338:
2276:
2241:
2206:
1826:
1698:
1651:
1497:
1428:
1367:
609:
495:
333:
1574:
8:
1883:
808:
392:
292:
These unique environmental conditions in concert with the key evolutionary innovation of
276:
1830:
1702:
1655:
1501:
1432:
1371:
2631:
2029:
1721:
1686:
1667:
1523:
1451:
1416:
1148:
850:
637:
509:
399:
192:
120:
2644:
2006:
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology
2536:
2480:
2424:
2382:
2347:
2285:
2250:
2215:
2176:
2154:
2152:
2021:
1940:
1887:
1854:
1849:
1814:
1781:
1726:
1624:
1555:
1456:
1383:
1379:
1333:
238:
2033:
1671:
1527:
822:
595:
2166:
2064:
2060:
2013:
1930:
1879:
1844:
1834:
1771:
1716:
1706:
1659:
1616:
1582:
1515:
1446:
1436:
1375:
960:
804:
20:
1519:
1075:
1052:
1020:
871:
679:
541:
411:
302:
2017:
1421:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1030:
782:
745:
734:
668:
470:
388:
309:
280:
254:
167:
2171:
1711:
2726:
2602:
1337:
1123:
646:
591:
569:
554:
523:
317:
234:
65:
1620:
1586:
1441:
344:
radials, nostrils located laterally on each side of the head, the lack of a
2180:
2025:
1944:
1839:
1785:
1730:
1684:
1628:
1460:
1387:
1064:
881:
859:
756:
704:
632:
381:
368:
349:
345:
341:
285:
226:
1858:
1663:
2611:
1090:
1041:
971:
940:
845:
836:
817:
477:
384:
313:
218:
177:
40:
1320:
BieĹkowska-Wasiluk, M.; Bonde, N.; Møller, P. R.; GaĹşdzicki, A. (2013).
237:. Notothenioids constitute approximately 90% of the fish biomass in the
2153:
Richard van der Laan; William N. Eschmeyer & Ronald Fricke (2014).
1776:
1759:
1137:
1008:
997:
983:
949:
921:
910:
895:
792:
767:
715:
690:
618:
604:
504:
407:
355:
Because notothenioids lack a swim bladder, the majority of species are
321:
298:
242:
85:
50:
1935:
1873:
1319:
1112:
1101:
935:
657:
579:
490:
337:
230:
222:
137:
90:
2573:
2079:
2077:
2596:
2125:
2078:
Christopher Scharpf & Kenneth J. Lazara, eds. (12 April 2021).
360:
157:
80:
75:
60:
55:
45:
2657:
356:
95:
70:
1284:
Gon, O and Heemstra, PC (1992). "Fishes of the Southern Ocean".
1178:"Antarctic fishes of the Scottish National Antarctic expedition"
297:
differences between the two groups of fish, such as the loss of
107:
1575:"The Salinity, Temperature, and δ18O of the Glacial Deep Ocean"
1201:
466:
415:
273:
258:
147:
1757:
1913:
434:
364:
2120:
Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2013). Species of
1350:
1271:
Antarctic Fish Biology: Evolution in a Unique Environment
283:, which already shows close similarities with the extant
1487:
395:(HSR) due to evolution at cold and stable temperatures.
248:
2526:
2470:
2414:
2372:
2337:
2275:
2240:
2205:
1283:
463:
BieĹkowska-Wasiluk, Bonde, Møller & GaĹşdzicki, 2013
406:
While the majority of animal species have up to 45% of
1353:"Evolution and adaptive radiation of Antarctic fishes"
2104:
Last, P.R., A.V. Balushkin and J.B. Hutchins (2002):
1977:
University of Rhode Island Office of Marine Programs
1685:
Bilyk, KT, Vargas-Chacoff, L, and Cheng CHC (2018).
1581:. Vol. 298, no. 5599. pp. 1769â1773.
229:
waters, with some species ranging north to southern
2570:(2nd ed., Vol. 5, pp. 321â329). Detroit: Gale.
2046:
2530:; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.).
2474:; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.).
2418:; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.).
2376:; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.).
2341:; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.).
2279:; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.).
2244:; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.).
2209:; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.).
1556:"Surface Temperature - NOAA's Science On a Sphere"
380:Notothenioids have a variety of physiological and
2724:
2084:The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database
2053:Proceedings of the United States National Museum
1490:Geological Society, London, Special Publications
1175:
1560:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
1182:Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh B
1872:Burton, Derek; Burton, Margaret (2017-12-21).
1273:. San Diego, California: Academic Press, Inc.
1957:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1871:
1798:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1743:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1540:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1473:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1400:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1302:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2086:. Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara
1573:Adkins, J; et al. (29 November 2002).
308:They are distributed mainly throughout the
1641:
106:
2522:
2466:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2170:
1934:
1848:
1838:
1775:
1720:
1710:
1606:
1572:
1509:
1450:
1440:
336:that is largely typical of other coastal
2520:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2134:
1996:
1878:. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press.
1202:J. T. Eastman & R. R. Eakin (2000).
2420:"Genera in the family Artedidraconidae"
2071:
2040:
1812:
1758:Beers, JM, and Jayasundara, N. (2015).
1268:
1171:
1169:
2725:
2532:"Genera in the family Channichthyidae"
2476:"Genera in the family Bathydraconidae"
2246:"Genera in the family Pseudaphritidae"
2578:
2577:
2499:
2443:
2401:
2378:"Genera in the family Harpagiferidae"
2366:
2304:
2269:
2234:
2194:
2155:"Family-group names of Recent fishes"
2131:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1258:
249:Evolution and geographic distribution
2281:"Genera in the family Eleginopsidae"
1315:
1313:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1197:
1195:
1166:
217:is one of 19 suborders of the order
2343:"Genera in the family Notothenidae"
2049:"The Suborders of Perciform Fishes"
1923:The Journal of Experimental Biology
1764:The Journal of Experimental Biology
1351:Clarke, A and Johnston, IA (1996).
264:Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC)
13:
2567:Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia
2558:
2211:"Genera in the family Bovichtidae"
1914:Sidell, B and O'Brien, KM (2006).
1900:
1884:10.1093/oso/9780198785552.001.0001
14:
2754:
1310:
1235:
1192:
2743:Taxa named by Charles Tate Regan
367:deposits in tissues and reduced
124:
38:
2114:
2098:
1990:
1965:
1865:
1806:
1751:
1678:
1635:
1609:Journal of Experimental Biology
1600:
1566:
1286:The Quarterly Review of Biology
348:, and the presence of multiple
221:. The group is found mainly in
2542:California Academy of Sciences
2486:California Academy of Sciences
2430:California Academy of Sciences
2388:California Academy of Sciences
2353:California Academy of Sciences
2291:California Academy of Sciences
2256:California Academy of Sciences
2221:California Academy of Sciences
2065:10.5479/si.00963801.124-3647.1
1997:Joyce, W; et al. (2019).
1548:
1481:
1408:
1344:
1277:
422:
1:
1813:Chen, L; et al. (1997).
1520:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.047.01.18
1160:
375:
2047:Gosline, William A. (1968).
1380:10.1016/0169-5347(96)10029-x
7:
447:
305:) and changes in buoyancy.
10:
2759:
2018:10.1016/j.cbpa.2018.12.012
1217:(1): 11â20. Archived from
327:
18:
2738:Ray-finned fish suborders
2586:
2172:10.11646/zootaxa.3882.1.1
1712:10.1186/s12862-018-1254-6
1176:Charles T. Regan (1913).
1013:DeWitt & Hureau, 1980
427:
205:
200:
121:Scientific classification
119:
114:
105:
29:
2128:. February 2013 version.
2106:Halaphritis platycephala
1691:BMC Evolutionary Biology
1269:Eastman, Joseph (1993).
332:Notothenioids display a
2110:Copeia 2002(2):433-440.
1621:10.1242/jeb.203.14.2105
1587:10.1126/science.1076252
1442:10.1073/pnas.1115169109
400:antifreeze glycoprotein
294:Antifreeze glycoprotein
1875:Essential Fish Biology
1840:10.1073/pnas.94.8.3811
2692:Paleobiology Database
2528:Eschmeyer, William N.
2472:Eschmeyer, William N.
2416:Eschmeyer, William N.
2374:Eschmeyer, William N.
2339:Eschmeyer, William N.
2277:Eschmeyer, William N.
2242:Eschmeyer, William N.
2207:Eschmeyer, William N.
1664:10.1007/s002270100695
312:around the coasts of
1929:(Pt 10): 1791â1802.
1615:(Pt 14): 2105â2115.
1326:Geological Quarterly
1211:Arch. Fish. Mar. Res
1831:1997PNAS...94.3811C
1703:2018BMCEE..18..143B
1656:2002MarBi.140..279H
1502:1989GSLSP..47..241E
1433:2012PNAS..109.3434N
1372:1996TEcoE..11..212C
1188:(Part II (Part 2)).
442:Sir John Richardson
440:, a name coined by
414:do not express any
393:heat shock response
277:La Meseta Formation
241:waters surrounding
1973:"Dissolved Oxygen"
1777:10.1242/jeb.116129
1770:(Pt 12): 1834â45.
1149:Pseudochaenichthys
16:Suborder of fishes
2720:
2719:
2580:Taxon identifiers
2537:Catalog of Fishes
2481:Catalog of Fishes
2425:Catalog of Fishes
2383:Catalog of Fishes
2348:Catalog of Fishes
2286:Catalog of Fishes
2251:Catalog of Fishes
2216:Catalog of Fishes
1936:10.1242/jeb.02091
1893:978-0-19-878555-2
1154:
1143:
1132:
1118:
1107:
1096:
1085:
1080:Andriashev &
1070:
1058:
1047:
1036:
1025:
1014:
1003:
992:
977:
966:
955:
944:
930:
916:
905:
890:
876:
865:
854:
840:
826:
812:
798:
787:
776:
762:
751:
740:
728:
710:
699:
685:
674:
663:
652:
641:
627:
613:
599:
585:
574:
563:
549:
535:
513:
499:
485:
464:
239:continental shelf
212:
211:
196:
2750:
2713:
2712:
2700:
2699:
2687:
2686:
2674:
2673:
2661:
2660:
2648:
2647:
2635:
2634:
2622:
2621:
2620:
2607:
2606:
2605:
2575:
2574:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2524:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2468:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2412:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2370:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2335:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2238:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2203:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2174:
2150:
2129:
2118:
2112:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2075:
2069:
2068:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2003:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1956:
1948:
1938:
1920:
1911:
1898:
1897:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1852:
1842:
1825:(8): 3811â3816.
1810:
1804:
1803:
1797:
1789:
1779:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1742:
1734:
1724:
1714:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1579:Science Magazine
1570:
1564:
1563:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1539:
1531:
1513:
1485:
1479:
1478:
1472:
1464:
1454:
1444:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1399:
1391:
1357:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1317:
1308:
1307:
1301:
1293:
1281:
1275:
1274:
1266:
1233:
1232:
1230:
1229:
1223:
1208:
1199:
1190:
1189:
1173:
1152:
1141:
1127:
1116:
1105:
1094:
1079:
1069:Richardson, 1844
1068:
1056:
1045:
1035:Richardson, 1844
1034:
1023:
1012:
1001:
987:
975:
964:
961:Parachaenichthys
953:
939:
925:
914:
899:
885:
874:
863:
849:
835:
821:
807:
805:Artedidraconidae
797:Richardson, 1844
796:
785:
771:
760:
749:
738:
719:
708:
694:
683:
672:
661:
650:
636:
622:
608:
594:
583:
572:
558:
544:
522:
508:
494:
480:
462:
191:
129:
128:
110:
100:
37:
33:Temporal range:
27:
26:
21:Antarctic fishes
2758:
2757:
2753:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2748:
2747:
2723:
2722:
2721:
2716:
2708:
2703:
2695:
2690:
2682:
2677:
2669:
2664:
2656:
2651:
2643:
2638:
2630:
2625:
2616:
2615:
2610:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2582:
2561:
2559:Further reading
2556:
2546:
2544:
2525:
2500:
2490:
2488:
2469:
2444:
2434:
2432:
2413:
2402:
2392:
2390:
2371:
2367:
2357:
2355:
2336:
2305:
2295:
2293:
2274:
2270:
2260:
2258:
2239:
2235:
2225:
2223:
2204:
2195:
2185:
2183:
2151:
2132:
2119:
2115:
2103:
2099:
2089:
2087:
2076:
2072:
2045:
2041:
2001:
1995:
1991:
1981:
1979:
1971:
1970:
1966:
1950:
1949:
1918:
1912:
1901:
1894:
1870:
1866:
1811:
1807:
1791:
1790:
1756:
1752:
1736:
1735:
1683:
1679:
1640:
1636:
1605:
1601:
1591:
1589:
1571:
1567:
1554:
1553:
1549:
1533:
1532:
1511:10.1.1.897.9784
1486:
1482:
1466:
1465:
1413:
1409:
1393:
1392:
1355:
1349:
1345:
1318:
1311:
1295:
1294:
1282:
1278:
1267:
1236:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1206:
1200:
1193:
1174:
1167:
1163:
1076:Chionobathyscus
1053:Champsocephalus
1021:Channichthyidae
965:Boulenger, 1902
954:Boulenger, 1902
872:Bathydraconidae
761:Balushkin, 1982
750:Balushkin, 1976
739:Balushkin, 1976
709:Balushkin, 1976
684:Balushkin, 1979
680:Lindbergichthys
673:Balushkin, 1976
662:Balushkin, 1989
651:Balushkin, 1976
542:Pseudaphritidae
450:
430:
425:
412:Channichthyidae
389:membrane lipids
378:
330:
303:Channichthyidae
301:(in the family
251:
190:
123:
101:
99:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
35:
34:
31:
23:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2756:
2746:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2733:Notothenioidei
2718:
2717:
2715:
2714:
2701:
2688:
2675:
2662:
2649:
2645:Notothenioidei
2636:
2632:Notothenioidei
2623:
2618:Notothenioidei
2608:
2592:
2590:
2588:Notothenioidei
2584:
2583:
2572:
2571:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2554:
2498:
2442:
2400:
2365:
2303:
2268:
2233:
2193:
2165:(2): 001â230.
2130:
2113:
2097:
2070:
2059:(3647): 1â78.
2039:
1989:
1964:
1899:
1892:
1864:
1805:
1750:
1677:
1650:(2): 279â286.
1644:Marine Biology
1634:
1599:
1565:
1547:
1496:(1): 241â252.
1480:
1407:
1366:(5): 212â218.
1343:
1309:
1276:
1234:
1191:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1157:
1156:
1155:
1144:
1133:
1119:
1108:
1097:
1095:LĂśnnberg, 1905
1086:
1071:
1060:
1048:
1037:
1031:Chaenocephalus
1017:
1016:
1015:
1004:
993:
979:
967:
956:
945:
931:
917:
906:
891:
868:
867:
866:
855:
841:
827:
801:
800:
799:
783:Harpagiferidae
779:
778:
777:
763:
752:
746:Patagonotothen
741:
735:Paranotothenia
730:
711:
700:
686:
675:
669:Lepidonotothen
664:
653:
642:
628:
614:
588:
587:
586:
566:
565:
564:
538:
537:
536:
514:
500:
474:
471:Seymour Island
449:
446:
429:
426:
424:
421:
377:
374:
329:
326:
310:Southern Ocean
281:Seymour Island
255:Southern Ocean
250:
247:
215:Notothenioidei
210:
209:
203:
202:
198:
197:
188:Notothenioidei
185:
181:
180:
175:
171:
170:
168:Actinopterygii
165:
161:
160:
155:
151:
150:
145:
141:
140:
135:
131:
130:
117:
116:
112:
111:
103:
102:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
39:
36:Eoceneâpresent
32:
30:Notothenioidei
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2755:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2711:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2628:
2624:
2619:
2613:
2609:
2604:
2598:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2576:
2569:
2568:
2563:
2562:
2543:
2539:
2538:
2533:
2529:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2487:
2483:
2482:
2477:
2473:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2431:
2427:
2426:
2421:
2417:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2389:
2385:
2384:
2379:
2375:
2369:
2354:
2350:
2349:
2344:
2340:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2292:
2288:
2287:
2282:
2278:
2272:
2257:
2253:
2252:
2247:
2243:
2237:
2222:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2208:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2182:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2127:
2123:
2117:
2111:
2107:
2101:
2085:
2081:
2074:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2043:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2000:
1993:
1978:
1974:
1968:
1960:
1954:
1946:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1917:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1895:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1876:
1868:
1860:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1809:
1801:
1795:
1787:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1754:
1746:
1740:
1732:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1681:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1638:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1603:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1569:
1561:
1557:
1551:
1543:
1537:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1484:
1476:
1470:
1462:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1427:(9): 3434â9.
1426:
1422:
1418:
1411:
1403:
1397:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1354:
1347:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1316:
1314:
1305:
1299:
1291:
1287:
1280:
1272:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1224:on 2018-05-04
1220:
1216:
1212:
1205:
1198:
1196:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1172:
1170:
1165:
1151:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1139:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1125:
1124:Neopagetopsis
1120:
1115:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1092:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1066:
1061:
1059:(two species)
1055:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1032:
1027:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1011:
1010:
1005:
1000:
999:
994:
990:
986:
985:
980:
978:(one species)
974:
973:
968:
963:
962:
957:
952:
951:
946:
942:
938:
937:
932:
928:
924:
923:
918:
915:GĂźnther, 1878
913:
912:
907:
903:
900:DeWitt &
898:
897:
892:
888:
884:
883:
878:
877:
873:
869:
862:
861:
856:
852:
848:
847:
842:
838:
834:
833:
828:
824:
820:
819:
814:
813:
810:
806:
802:
795:
794:
789:
788:
784:
780:
774:
770:
769:
764:
759:
758:
753:
748:
747:
742:
737:
736:
731:
726:
722:
718:
717:
712:
707:
706:
701:
697:
693:
692:
687:
682:
681:
676:
671:
670:
665:
660:
659:
654:
649:
648:
647:Gobionotothen
643:
639:
635:
634:
629:
625:
621:
620:
615:
611:
607:
606:
601:
600:
597:
593:
592:Nototheniidae
589:
582:
581:
576:
575:
571:
570:Eleginopsidae
567:
561:
557:
556:
555:Pseudaphritis
551:
550:
547:
543:
539:
533:
529:
525:
521:
520:
515:
511:
507:
506:
501:
497:
493:
492:
487:
486:
483:
479:
475:
472:
468:
461:
460:
459:Mesetaichthys
455:
454:
453:
445:
443:
439:
436:
420:
417:
413:
409:
404:
401:
396:
394:
390:
386:
383:
373:
370:
366:
362:
358:
353:
351:
350:lateral lines
347:
343:
339:
335:
325:
323:
319:
318:South America
315:
311:
306:
304:
300:
295:
290:
288:
287:
282:
278:
275:
271:
270:
269:Mesetaichthys
265:
260:
256:
246:
244:
240:
236:
235:South America
233:and southern
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
208:
204:
199:
194:
189:
186:
183:
182:
179:
176:
173:
172:
169:
166:
163:
162:
159:
156:
153:
152:
149:
146:
143:
142:
139:
136:
133:
132:
127:
122:
118:
113:
109:
104:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
42:
28:
25:
22:
2587:
2565:
2545:. Retrieved
2535:
2489:. Retrieved
2479:
2433:. Retrieved
2423:
2391:. Retrieved
2381:
2368:
2356:. Retrieved
2346:
2294:. Retrieved
2284:
2271:
2259:. Retrieved
2249:
2236:
2224:. Retrieved
2214:
2184:. Retrieved
2162:
2158:
2122:Channichthys
2121:
2116:
2109:
2105:
2100:
2090:10 September
2088:. Retrieved
2083:
2073:
2056:
2052:
2042:
2009:
2005:
1992:
1980:. Retrieved
1976:
1967:
1953:cite journal
1926:
1922:
1874:
1867:
1822:
1818:
1808:
1794:cite journal
1767:
1763:
1753:
1739:cite journal
1694:
1690:
1680:
1647:
1643:
1637:
1612:
1608:
1602:
1590:. Retrieved
1578:
1568:
1559:
1550:
1536:cite journal
1493:
1489:
1483:
1469:cite journal
1424:
1420:
1410:
1396:cite journal
1363:
1359:
1346:
1329:
1325:
1298:cite journal
1289:
1285:
1279:
1270:
1226:. Retrieved
1219:the original
1214:
1210:
1185:
1181:
1153:Norman, 1937
1147:
1136:
1122:
1111:
1100:
1089:
1074:
1065:Channichthys
1063:
1051:
1040:
1029:
1007:
996:
982:
970:
959:
948:
934:
920:
909:
894:
882:Acanthodraco
880:
860:Pogonophryne
858:
844:
830:
816:
791:
766:
757:Pleuragramma
755:
744:
733:
714:
705:Nototheniops
703:
689:
678:
667:
656:
645:
633:Dissostichus
631:
617:
610:H. H. DeWitt
603:
578:
553:
517:
510:Steindachner
503:
496:Valenciennes
489:
457:
451:
437:
431:
405:
397:
379:
369:ossification
354:
346:swim bladder
342:pectoral fin
331:
307:
291:
286:Dissostichus
284:
267:
252:
227:Subantarctic
214:
213:
206:
187:
24:
2612:Wikispecies
2547:9 September
2491:9 September
2435:9 September
2393:9 September
2358:9 September
2296:9 September
2261:9 September
2226:9 September
2186:9 September
1142:Regan, 1913
1117:Waite, 1916
1106:Dollo, 1900
1091:Chionodraco
1046:Regan, 1914
1042:Chaenodraco
1002:Dollo, 1900
976:Regan, 1914
972:Prionodraco
875:Regan, 1913
864:Regan, 1914
846:Histiodraco
832:Dolloidraco
818:Artedidraco
519:Halaphritis
478:Bovichtidae
423:Systematics
385:adaptations
382:biochemical
316:, southern
314:New Zealand
219:Perciformes
178:Perciformes
2727:Categories
1982:22 January
1697:(1): 143.
1592:22 January
1292:: 220â221.
1228:2018-05-04
1161:References
1138:Pagetopsis
1057:Gill, 1861
1024:Gill, 1861
1009:Vomeridens
998:Racovitzia
984:Psilodraco
950:Gymnodraco
922:Cygnodraco
911:Bathydraco
896:Akarotaxis
809:Andriashev
793:Harpagifer
786:Gill, 1861
768:Trematomus
716:Pagothenia
696:Richardson
691:Notothenia
619:Cryothenia
605:Aethotaxis
584:Gill, 1862
573:Gill, 1893
505:Cottoperca
438:Notothenia
408:hemoglobin
376:Physiology
334:morphology
322:Antarctica
299:hemoglobin
243:Antarctica
184:Suborder:
19:See also:
2012:: 28â38.
1506:CiteSeerX
1338:1641-7291
1113:Dacodraco
1102:Cryodraco
936:Gerlachea
773:Boulenger
658:Gvozdarus
580:Eleginops
560:Castelnau
546:McCulloch
528:Balushkin
491:Bovichtus
338:perciform
272:from the
231:Australia
223:Antarctic
207:see text
201:Families
144:Kingdom:
138:Eukaryota
2658:46572882
2597:Wikidata
2181:25543675
2126:FishBase
2034:58589102
2026:30594528
1945:16651546
1786:26085661
1731:30231868
1672:84943879
1629:10862723
1528:84516955
1461:22331888
1388:21237811
823:LĂśnnberg
725:La Monte
532:Hutchins
448:Families
361:demersal
158:Chordata
154:Phylum:
148:Animalia
134:Domain:
2603:Q571473
2159:Zootaxa
1859:9108060
1827:Bibcode
1722:6146603
1699:Bibcode
1652:Bibcode
1562:. 2018.
1498:Bibcode
1452:3295276
1429:Bibcode
1368:Bibcode
1129:Nybelin
1082:Neyelov
1019:Family
870:Family
803:Family
781:Family
721:Nichols
624:Daniels
596:GĂźnther
590:Family
568:Family
540:Family
476:Family
456:Genus â
357:benthic
328:Anatomy
174:Order:
164:Class:
2710:151728
2697:266358
2671:171099
2179:
2032:
2024:
1943:
1890:
1857:
1847:
1784:
1729:
1719:
1670:
1627:
1526:
1508:
1459:
1449:
1386:
1336:
1146:Genus
1135:Genus
1131:, 1947
1121:Genus
1110:Genus
1099:Genus
1088:Genus
1084:, 1978
1073:Genus
1062:Genus
1050:Genus
1039:Genus
1028:Genus
1006:Genus
995:Genus
991:. 1937
989:Norman
981:Genus
969:Genus
958:Genus
947:Genus
943:, 1900
933:Genus
929:, 1916
919:Genus
908:Genus
904:, 1980
902:Hureau
893:Genus
889:, 1995
879:Genus
857:Genus
853:, 1914
843:Genus
839:, 1913
829:Genus
825:, 1905
815:Genus
811:, 1967
790:Genus
775:, 1902
765:Genus
754:Genus
743:Genus
732:Genus
727:, 1936
723:&
713:Genus
702:Genus
698:, 1844
688:Genus
677:Genus
666:Genus
655:Genus
644:Genus
640:, 1898
630:Genus
626:, 1981
616:Genus
612:, 1962
602:Genus
598:, 1861
577:Genus
562:, 1872
552:Genus
548:, 1929
534:, 2002
530:&
516:Genus
512:, 1875
502:Genus
498:, 1832
488:Genus
484:, 1862
467:Eocene
428:Naming
416:globin
320:, and
274:Eocene
259:Eocene
195:, 1913
2705:WoRMS
2030:S2CID
2002:(PDF)
1919:(PDF)
1850:20523
1668:S2CID
1524:S2CID
1356:(PDF)
1332:(4).
1222:(PDF)
1207:(PDF)
941:Dollo
927:Waite
887:SkĂłra
851:Regan
837:Roule
638:Smitt
435:genus
365:lipid
193:Regan
2684:8205
2679:NCBI
2666:ITIS
2549:2021
2493:2021
2437:2021
2395:2021
2360:2021
2298:2021
2263:2021
2228:2021
2188:2021
2177:PMID
2163:3882
2092:2021
2022:PMID
1984:2019
1959:link
1941:PMID
1888:ISBN
1855:PMID
1819:PNAS
1800:link
1782:PMID
1745:link
1727:PMID
1625:PMID
1594:2019
1542:link
1475:link
1457:PMID
1402:link
1384:PMID
1360:TREE
1334:ISSN
1304:link
524:Last
482:Gill
253:The
225:and
41:Preę
2653:EoL
2640:AFD
2627:ADW
2167:doi
2124:in
2061:doi
2057:124
2014:doi
2010:230
1931:doi
1927:209
1880:doi
1845:PMC
1835:doi
1772:doi
1768:218
1717:PMC
1707:doi
1660:doi
1648:140
1617:doi
1613:203
1583:doi
1516:doi
1447:PMC
1437:doi
1425:109
1376:doi
469:of
359:or
279:of
2729::
2707::
2694::
2681::
2668::
2655::
2642::
2629::
2614::
2599::
2540:.
2534:.
2501:^
2484:.
2478:.
2445:^
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