460:("Survey, Question, Read, Recite, Review") is a method of taking notes from written material, though it might be better classified as a method of reading and gaining understanding. The reader skims the written material to produce a list of headings (Survey), which are then converted into questions (Question). The reader then considers the questions while reading to provide motivation for what is being covered (Read). The reader writes notes in sections headed by the questions (Recite), then writes a summary from memory and reviews the notes (Review).
31:
449:. It is commonly used at universities today. The Cornell method consists of dividing a single page into three sections: a right-hand column for notes, a left-hand column for cues, and a strip at the bottom for a summary. Cues are key words or questions that help evoke key aspects of the topic. Cornell notes may be more effective for understanding concepts or producing readable notes, but studies have found that they had no significant effect on student performance.
139:. Studies comparing the performance of students who took handwritten notes to students who typed their notes found that students who took handwritten notes performed better on examinations, hypothetically due to the deeper processing of learned material through selective rephrasing instead of word-for-word transcription which is common when typing notes.
399:
1162:
for Staff
Development at Oxford Brookes University.; Gruneberg, M. M. & Mathieson, M. (1997). The perceived value of minds maps (spider diagrams) as learning and memory aids. Cognitive Technology, 2, 21–24.; Hartley, J. (2002). Note-taking in non-academic settings: a review. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 16, 559–574.
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take notes on paper, and the digital note-takers have more difficulty remembering what they've written. Electronic note-taking has created computer-aided distractions in class as multitasking on laptops is very easy to accomplish. However, this research only applies to typing notes on laptops, not writing on tablets.
147:
Note-taking is a good strategy to enhance learning and memory, as it allows the notetaker to be selective and reorganize ideas during a lecture. These notes can be reworded in an easier way that will facilitate the understanding of the content taught in class. Afterward, the notes can be used to help
134:
Note-taking is a central aspect of a complex human behavior related to information management involving a range of underlying mental processes and their interactions with other cognitive functions. The person taking notes must acquire and filter the incoming sources, organize and restructure existing
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1082:
Canas, A. J., Coffey, J. W., Carnot, M. J., Feltovich, P., Hoffman, R. R., Feltovich, J. et al. (2003). A summary of literature pertaining to the use of concept mapping techniques and technologies for education and performance support. Report to the Chief of Naval
Education and Training Pensacola FL
585:
Electronic note-taking may be less effective than traditional methods of note-taking. A study done by Pam A. Mueller of
Princeton University and Daniel M. Oppenheimer of the University of California, Los Angeles showed that students who take notes digitally retain less information than students who
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Sometimes lecturers may provide handouts of guided notes, which provide a "map" of the lecture content with key points or ideas missing. Students then fill in missing items as the lecture progresses. Guided notes may assist students in following lectures and identifying the most important ideas from
1161:
Buzan, T. (2000). Use your head. Harlow, England: BBC Active.; Catchpole, R. & Garland, N. (1996). Mind maps: using research to improve the student learning experience. In G. Gibbs (Ed.), Improving student learning: using research to improve student learning (pp. 211–222). Oxford: Oxford Centre
345:
Sentence note-taking is simply writing down each topic as a short, simple sentence. This method works well for fast-paced lesson where a lot of information is being covered. The note-taker records every new thought, fact, or topic on a separate line. All information is recorded but is not organized
191:
The note taker usually has to work fast, and different note-taking styles and techniques try to make the best use of time. The average rate of speech is 2–3 words per second (which is 120-180 words per minute), but the average handwriting speed as only 0.2–0.3 words per second (which is 12-18 words
325:
However, this sort of structure has limitations in non-digital form since it is difficult to go back and insert more information. Adaptive systems are used for paper-and-pen insertions, such as using the reverse side of the preceding page in a spiral notebook to make insertions. Or one can simply
219:
Outlining is a common note-taking system. Notes and thoughts are organized in a structured, logical manner, reducing the time needed to edit and review, allowing a lot of information to be digested in a short period of time. For classes that involve many formulas and graphs, like mathematics or
486:
Research suggests that guided notes improve student recording of critical points in lecture, as well as quiz scores on related content. In addition, an investigation carried out on students with learning problems showed that the use of the guided notes is an effective strategy to improve the
414:
from a central point, purpose, or goal in the center of the page and then branch outward to identify all the ideas connected to that goal. Colors, small graphics, and symbols are often used to help to visualize the information more easily. It is also used for planning and writing essays.
390:, is useful for subject matter that can be broken into categories, such as similarities, differences, date, event, impact, etc. Students may use charting to identify categories and draw a table prior to a lecture or may review and rewrite notes using the charting method.
559:. Online applications are receiving growing attention from students who can forward notes using email, or otherwise make use of collaborative features in these applications and can also download the texts as a file on a local computer. It has also become common for
105:, students learned to take notes in schools, academies and universities, often producing beautiful volumes that served as reference works after they finished their studies. In pre-digital times, people used many kinds of notebooks, including
210:
are typically chronological outlines of a lecture or a text. Linear note taking is a common means of taking notes, however, the potential to just transcribe everything that is being said or on the presentation slide is quite high.
159:
Many different formats are used to structure information and make it easier to find and to understand later. The format of the initial record may often be informal and/or unstructured. One common format for such notes is
121:
developed and published a popular indexing system which served as a model for commonplace books and inspired at least ten different published editions of commonplace book templates in Europe and the
Americas as well as
1587:
Hamilton, Sheri L.; Seibert, Marilyn A.; Gardner, Ralph; Talbert-Johnson, Carolyn (May 2000). "Using Guided Notes to
Improve the Academic Achievement of Incarcerated Adolescents with Learning and Behavior Problems".
1420:
Proceedings: 4th Annual
Symposium: Graduate Research and Scholarly Projects Conference proceedings held at the Eugene Hughes Metropolitan Complex, Wichita State University, April 25, 2008. Symposium Chair: David M.
479:
a lecture. This format provides students with a framework, yet requires active listening (as opposed to providing copies of presentation slides in their entirety), and promotes active engagement during lecture or
1432:
135:
knowledge structures, comprehend and write down their explanation of the information, and ultimately store and integrate the freshly processed material. The result is a knowledge representation, and a
430:
1443:
1110:
Nast, J. (2006). Idea mapping: how to access your hidden brain power, learn faster, remember more, and achieve success in business. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
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The effects of
Cornell note-taking and review strategies on recall and comprehension of lecture content for middle school students with and without disabilities
1152:
Rose, C. & Nicholl, M. J. (1997). Accelerated learning for the 21st century: the six-step plan to unlock your master mind. London: Judy
Piatkus Publishers.
57:
everything. Notes are commonly drawn from a transient source, such as an oral discussion at a meeting, or a lecture (notes of a meeting are usually called
406:
Mapping uses spatial organization and diagrams to assemble information. Ideas are written in a node–link structure, with lines connecting ideas together.
326:
leave large spaces in between items, to enable more material to be inserted. (For information about application software that supports outlining, see
1716:
151:
Taking notes on different words used in lectures fosters vocabulary learning and stimulates autonomous learning of actively engaged individuals.
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from different sources and platforms. By taking notes, the writer records the essence of the information, freeing their mind from having to
1171:
Caviglioli, O. & Harris, I. (2000). Mapwise accelerated learning through visible thinking. Strafford, NH: Network
Educational Press.
535:
The growing use of laptops in universities and colleges has led to a rise in electronic note-taking. Many students write their notes in
878:
629:
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Rico, G. L. (1983). Writing the natural way: using right-brain techniques to release your expressive powers. New York: Penguin Putnam.
689:
337:, outliner software, or a digital notebook program, allows note-takers to revise easily and add more entries or rows to the outline.
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Piolat, A., Olive, T. & Kellogg, R. T. (2005). Cognitive effort during note-taking. Applied
Cognitive Psychology, 19, 291–312.
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579:
1469:"The Impact of the Cornell Note-Taking Method on Students' Performance in a High School Family and Consumer Sciences Class"
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Regardless of the medium, note-taking can be broadly divided into linear and nonlinear methods, which can be combined.
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1943:
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O'Donnell, A. M., Dansereau, D. F. & Hall, R. F. (2002). Knowledge maps as scaffolds for cognitive processing.
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Note-taking has been an important part of human history and scientific development. The Ancient Greeks developed
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Professional note-takers provide access to information for people who cannot take their own notes, such as some
2009:
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Research shows that students who use the SQ3R strategy retain more information and achieve higher test scores.
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into major and minor topics. Notes can be numbered or set off with bullets showing where a new thought begins.
1989:
1139:
1119:
Turley, J. (1989). Speed-reading in business. An action plan for success. Menlo Park, CA: Crisp Publications.
198:
Regardless of the system used, it can be best to focus on writing down the most important information first.
82:
1180:
Minto, B. (1987). The pyramid principle. Harlow, England: Financial Times, Prentice Hall, Pearson Education.
1912:
1563:
1695:
1688:"Academic Freedom and Faculty Intellectual Property in the Era of Zoom and Learning Management Systems"
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185:
17:
912:
852:
Commonplace Books: A History of Manuscripts and Printed Books from Antiquity to the Twentieth Century
651:
619:
1092:
Novak, J. D. & Gowin, D. B. (1984). Learning how to learn. New York: Cambridge University Press.
470:, which adds a "Relate" step before "Review", has been used by some students since the early 1960s.
124:
Bell's Common-Place Book, Form'd Generally upon the Principles Recommended and Practised by Mr Locke
646:
572:
206:
Linear note-taking is the process of recording information in the order in which you receive it.
1467:
Quintus, Lori; Borr, Mari; Duffield, Stacy; Napoleon, Larry; Welch, Anita (Spring–Summer 2012).
1349:
1336:
1252:
1239:
1205:
1192:
1042:
1029:
751:"The Interactive Notebook: How Students Learned to Keep Notes during the Scottish Enlightenment"
34:
President Jimmy Carter's Notes from his private meeting with Pope John Paul II, October 6, 1979.
1299:
1286:
954:
1904:
887:
610:, but are also used in workplace meetings, appointments, conferences, and training sessions.
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993:
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process, recall, and use information that has been rapidly gone through during the lecture.
81:
has made digital notetaking possible and widespread. Note-taking is a foundational skill in
2065:
1955:
831:. London: Printed for J. Greenwood, Bookseller, at the end of Cornhil, next Stocks-Market.
1496:
1128:
Ishikawa, K. (1984). Guide to quality control (2nd revised English ed.). New York: Unipub.
8:
1999:
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480:
383:
235:
102:
685:"Optimising the use of note-taking as an external cognitive aid for increasing learning"
1850:
1825:
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1613:
1545:
955:"College students' theory of note-taking derived from their perceptions of note-taking"
770:
718:"The Nature of Notebooks: How Enlightenment Schoolchildren Transformed the Tabula Rasa"
442:
327:
1893:
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886:, Harvard Initiative for Learning and Teaching, Harvard University, archived from
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Notes on Note-Taking: Review of Research and Insights for Students and Instructors
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Online note-taking has created problems for teachers who must balance educational
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Carlston, David L. (2011-06-14). "Benefits of Student-Generated Note Packets".
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483:. The student ends up with full and accurate notes for use as a study guide.
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with copyright and intellectual property concerns regarding course content.
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913:"An integrative review of the cognitive costs and benefits of note-taking"
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very quickly. Historically, note-taking was an analog process, written in
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1979:
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Jansen, Renée S.; Lakens, Daniel; IJsselsteijn, Wijnand A. (2017-11-01).
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A Comparison of Two Note Taking Methods in a Secondary English Classroom
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Pauk, W. (2001). How to study in college. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.
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510:
509:(or their digital equivalent) that may be linked to each other through
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Van Meter, Peggy; Yokoi, Linda; Pressley, Michael (September 1994).
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The Book Nobody Read: Chasing the Revolutions of Nicolaus Copernicus
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The charting method of note taking, which includes the drawing of
1717:"Remote Teaching, Recording of Classes and Intellectual Property"
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173:
62:
58:
994:"Does writing words in notes contribute to vocabulary learning?"
1994:
548:
433:
A diagram showing the three sections of a page of Cornell notes
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1934:
1433:"The Effects of Teaching Cornell Notes on Student Achievement"
1970:
1501:(Thesis). Rutgers University - Graduate School of Education.
165:
1878:"For More Effective Studying, Take Notes With Pen and Paper"
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Academic Reading and Study Skills: A Theme-Centered Approach
164:, which can allow large amounts of information to be put on
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The Cornell Notes method of note-taking was developed by
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Approaches to non-linear note-taking include clustering,
1826:"Mobile computing initiatives within pharmacy education"
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952:
790:. Harvard University Library Open Collections Program.
683:
Makany, Tamas; Kemp, Jonathan; Dror, Itiel E. (2009).
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to structure information. A common system consists of
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at different levels. A typical structure would be:
1745:"My Teaching Materials have been posted online FAQ"
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234:generally proceed down a page, using headings and
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97:, personal records on important subjects. In the
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567:using these and similar technologies, including
1342:College Study Strategies: Thinking and Learning
1198:College Study Strategies: Thinking and Learning
1035:College Study Strategies: Thinking and Learning
1634:(2015) . "The Work Plan and the Index Cards".
1379:
1377:
1237:Nist-Olejnik, Sherrie; Holschuh, Jodi (2014).
682:
539:or prepare digital hand-written notes using a
402:A mind map connects ideas together graphically
1920:
1823:
1875:
1801:"Attention, Students: Put Your Laptops Away"
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1334:Laskey, Marcia L.; Gibson, Paula W. (1997).
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1190:Laskey, Marcia L.; Gibson, Paula W. (1997).
1189:
1027:Laskey, Marcia L.; Gibson, Paula W. (1997).
1026:
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1927:
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630:List of concept- and mind-mapping software
445:and promoted in his bestselling 1974 book
142:
1849:
1386:"Brain Friendly Techniques: Mind Mapping"
992:Jin, Zhouhan; Webb, Stuart (2021-12-14).
828:A new method of making common-place-books
799:
733:
690:British Journal of Educational Technology
374:, model maps, and the pyramid principle.
349:
333:Computerized note-taking, whether with a
69:, notes traditionally were almost always
1888:
1519:
1383:
877:Michael C. Friedman (October 15, 2014),
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29:
1753:Toronto Metropolitan University Library
1494:
1390:School Library Media Activities Monthly
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676:
1908:
1894:"Taking notes on philosophical texts"
1824:Cain, J; Bird, ER; Jones, MK (2008).
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946:
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602:people. They most frequently work in
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1772:
1430:
1384:Cristine, Goldberg (November 2004).
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854:. Yale University. pp. 55, 58.
673:
24:
1715:Nisenson, Aaron; Sinclair, Chris.
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625:Comparison of note-taking software
340:
176:notes. In the digital age, use of
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959:Journal of Educational Psychology
362:, idea mapping, instant replays,
27:Practice of recording information
703:10.1111/j.1467-8535.2008.00906.x
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487:performance of these students.
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49:) is the practice of recording
1590:Remedial and Special Education
870:
843:
818:
800:Gingerich, Owen (2004-03-01).
793:
781:
742:
709:
555:, with the aid of note-taking
525:Electronic note-taking methods
172:, or other paper methods like
13:
1:
1876:Eck, Allison (June 3, 2014).
1140:Educational Psychology Review
749:Eddy, Matthew Daniel (2016).
716:Eddy, Matthew Daniel (2018).
667:
83:personal knowledge management
929:10.1016/j.edurev.2017.10.001
490:
214:
7:
1696:Modern Language Association
1431:Broe, Duane (Summer 2013).
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186:personal digital assistants
77:), but the introduction of
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1602:10.1177/074193250002100302
1296:Holt, Rinehart and Winston
1294:(1st ed.). New York:
1247:(4th ed.). New York:
1245:College Success Strategies
998:Language Teaching Research
971:10.1037/0022-0663.86.3.323
722:Journal of British Studies
528:
494:
466:An updated version called
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393:
154:
88:
1951:
1726:(PowerPoint presentation)
1495:Zulejka, Baharev (2016).
1287:"Charts and Study Frames"
1006:10.1177/13621688211062184
652:List of graphical methods
620:Category:Learning methods
505:uses individual notes on
1534:10.1177/0098628311411786
573:institutes of technology
647:Handwriting recognition
452:
447:How to Study in College
143:Reasons for note-taking
2076:Educational psychology
1522:Teaching of Psychology
1284:Pacheco, Beth (1985).
850:Havens, Earle (2001).
569:electronic whiteboards
434:
403:
350:Non-linear note-taking
291:II. Second main topic
41:(sometimes written as
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1636:How to Write a Thesis
1564:"SQ4R Reading Method"
1440:www.minotstateu.edu/#
590:Professional services
531:Electronic notetaking
432:
401:
33:
1956:AllMyNotes Organizer
1749:library.torontomu.ca
1642:. pp. 107–144.
893:on February 18, 2018
825:Locke, John (1706).
767:10.1353/bh.2016.0002
735:10.1017/jbr.2017.239
517:such as numbers and
258:I. First main topic
130:Cognitive psychology
2000:Obsidian (software)
1773:Flaherty, Colleen.
1000:: 136216882110621.
481:independent reading
224:, a system such as
103:early modern period
79:notetaking software
1842:10.5688/ajpe797107
443:Cornell University
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404:
370:, learning maps,
328:Category:Outliners
202:Linear note-taking
188:(PDAs) is common.
36:
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2020:Personal Knowbase
1755:. 6 February 2018
1638:. Cambridge, MA:
1249:Pearson Education
788:Commonplace Books
386:sometimes called
364:Ishikawa diagrams
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107:commonplace books
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126:(London, 1770).
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1936:Note-taking
1898:Earlham.edu
1692:www.mla.org
1348:. pp.
1298:. pp.
1204:. pp.
1041:. pp.
1030:"Outlining"
923:: 223–233.
897:January 31,
637:Florilegium
563:to deliver
507:index cards
439:Walter Pauk
111:waste books
99:Renaissance
71:handwritten
51:information
47:note taking
39:Note-taking
2060:Categories
2030:TiddlyWiki
1944:comparison
1942:software (
1810:2018-04-18
1786:2024-06-08
1759:2024-06-08
1730:2024-06-08
1701:2024-06-08
1573:2018-03-26
1481:2018-10-10
1453:2017-05-12
1359:0205191525
1344:. Boston:
1309:0030620341
1251:. p.
1240:"Charting"
1215:0205191525
1200:. Boston:
1193:"Charting"
1052:0205191525
1037:. Boston:
761:: 87–131.
668:References
657:Memorandum
529:See also:
182:tablet PCs
119:John Locke
115:marginalia
73:(often in
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18:Notetaking
1961:A.nnotate
1882:Nova Next
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1674:897401730
1640:MIT Press
1618:143857611
1610:0741-9325
1550:145306500
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1337:"Mapping"
1271:740250682
1014:1362-1688
979:1939-2176
937:1747-938X
775:151427109
561:lecturers
513:or other
503:card file
497:Card file
491:Card file
408:Mind maps
242:that use
222:chemistry
215:Outlining
178:computers
170:notebooks
162:shorthand
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1966:Evernote
1940:outliner
1860:27168620
1421:Eichhorn
1368:35184071
1318:10429683
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1061:35184071
614:See also
604:colleges
565:lectures
557:software
515:metadata
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240:headings
232:Outlines
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2071:Writing
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1990:Keynote
1851:4812780
1805:NPR.org
1350:135–141
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580:freedom
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317:point 3
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311:point 1
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264:point 1
236:bullets
174:Post-It
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63:writing
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2010:Notion
1995:MyInfo
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1884:. PBS.
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1971:Gnote
1720:(PDF)
1662:JSTOR
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1546:S2CID
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549:styli
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1980:Keep
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1670:OCLC
1652:ISBN
1606:ISSN
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1398:ISSN
1364:OCLC
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