443:). When completed the integrated outline contains the relevant scholarly sources (author's last name, publication year, page number if quote) for each section in the outline. An integrated outline is generally prepared after the scholar has collected, read and mastered the literature that will be used in the research paper. Shields and Rangarajan (2013) recommend that new scholars develop a system to do this. Part of the system should contain a systematic way to take notes on the scholarly sources. These notes can then be tied to the paper through the integrated outline. This way the scholar reviews all of the literature before the writing begins.
57:) of a given subject. Each item in an outline may be divided into additional sub-items. If an organizational level in an outline is to be sub-divided, it shall have at least two subcategories, although one subcategory is acceptable on the third and fourth levels, as advised by major style manuals in current use. An outline may be used as a drafting tool of a document, or as a summary of the content of a document or of the knowledge in an entire field. It is not to be confused with the general context of the term "outline", which a summary or overview of a subject, presented verbally or written in prose (for example,
250:, among others, uses the usual five levels, as described above, then repeats the Arabic numerals and lower-case letter surrounded by parentheses (round brackets) – I. A. 1. a. i. (1) (a) – and does not specify any lower levels, though "(i)" is usually next. In common practice, lower levels yet are usually Arabic numerals and lowercase letters again, and sometimes lower-case Roman again, with single parentheses – 1) a) i) – but usage varies. MLA style is sometimes incorrectly referred to as APA style, but the
281:) – capital Roman numerals with a period, capital letters with a period, Arabic numerals with a period, italic lowercase letters with a single parenthesis, Arabic numerals with a double parenthesis, italic lowercase letters with a double parenthesis, and italic lowercase Roman numerals with a single parentheses, though the italics are not required). Because of its use in the
612:
Outliners are used for storing and retrieving textual information, with terms, phrases, sentences, or paragraphs attached to a tree. So rather than being arranged by document, information is arranged by topic or content. An outline in an outliner may contain as many topics as desired. This eliminates
414:
is an outline made from an existing work. Reverse outlining is like reverse engineering a document. The points or topics are extracted from the work, and are arranged in their order of presentation, by section, in the outline. Once completed, the outline can be filled in and rearranged as a plan for
616:
The main difference between a hand-written outline and a digital one, is that the former is usually limited to a summary or blueprint of a planned document, while the latter may easily include all of the content of the entire document and many more. In other words, as a hand-written work an outline
486:
from a refined tree-like 'hierarchical outline', stating that "such an outline might be appropriate, for instance, when the purpose is taxonomic (placing observed phenomena into an exhaustive set of categories). ... hierarchical outlines are rare in quantitative writing, and the researcher is well
450:
because the content of the paper is organized and identified prior to writing. The structure and content is combined and the author can write a small section at a time. The process is less overwhelming because it can be separated into manageable chunks. The first draft can be written using smaller
74:
Specialized applications of outlines also exist. A reverse outline is a list of sentences or topics that is created from an existing work, as a revision tool; it may show the gaps in the document's coverage so that they may be filled, and may help in rearranging sentences or topics to improve the
70:
Outlines are further differentiated by the index prefixing used, or lack thereof. Many outlines include a numerical or alphanumerical prefix preceding each entry in the outline, to provide a specific path for each item, to aid in referring to and discussing the entries listed. An alphanumerical
66:
A sentence outline is a tool for composing a document, such as an essay, a paper, a book, or even an encyclopedia. It is a list used to organize the facts or points to be covered, and their order of presentation, by section. Topic outlines list the subtopics of a subject, arranged in levels, and
329:
One side effect of the use of both Roman numerals and uppercase letters in all of these styles of outlining is that in most alphabets, "I." may be an item at both the top (A-head) and second (B-head) levels. This is usually not problematic because lower level items are usually referred to
883:
The main features or general principles of a subject, proposal, etc. 3.b. A brief verbal or written description of something, giving a general idea of the whole but leaving details to be filled in; a draft, a summary. Also: a précis of a proposed article, novel, scenario,
75:
structure and flow of the work. An integrated outline is a composition tool for writing scholastic works, in which the sources, and the writer's notes from the sources, are integrated into the outline for ease of reference during the writing process.
230:
Some call the Roman numerals "A-heads" (for "A-level headings"), the upper-case letters, "B-heads", and so on. Some writers also prefer to insert a blank line between the A-heads and B-heads, while often keeping the B-heads and C-heads together.
529:
In addition to being used as a composition tool during the drafting process, outlines can also be used as a publishing format. Outlines can be presented as work's table of contents, but they can also be used as the body of a work. The
127:. Propædia had three levels, 10 "Parts" at the top level, 41 "Divisions" at the middle level and 167 "Sections" at the bottom level, numbered, for example, "1. Matter and Energy", "1.1 Atoms", "1.1.1. Structure and Properties of Sync".
234:
If more levels of outline are needed, lower-case Roman numerals and numbers and lower-case letters, sometimes with single and double parenthesis can be used, although the exact order is not well defined, and usage varies widely.
330:
hierarchically. For example, the third sub-sub-item of the fourth sub-item of the second item is item II. D. 3. So, the ninth sub-item (letter-I) of the first item (Roman-I) is item I. I., and only the top level one is item I.
171:
for the next level, and then lowercase letters for the next level. For further levels, the order is started over again. Each numeral or letter is followed by a period, and each item is capitalized, as in the following sample:
555:
Professors often hand out to their students at the beginning of a term, a summary of the subjects to be covered throughout the course in the form of a topic outline. It may also be included as part of a larger course synopsis.
292:
Another alternative scheme repeats all five levels with a single parenthesis for the second five – I) A) 1) a) i) – and then again with a double parenthesis for the third five – (I) (A) (1) (a) (i).
482:(1998, p. 290) recommends that the section headings of an article should when read in isolation, combine to form an outline of the article content. Garson (2002) distinguishes a 'standard outline', presented as a regular
1055:
annual conference, Washington DC March 15, this powerpoint describes a system for writing paper that contains an integrated outline. Slides 37 - 46 examine the components of an integrated outline with an
624:
instead of general word processors for capturing, organizing, editing, and displaying knowledge or general textual information. Outliners are ideal for managing lists, organizing facts and ideas, and for
1158:
White, Basil (1996) Developing
Products and Their Rhetoric from a Single Hierarchical Model, 1996 Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Society for Technical Communication, 43, 223–224.
617:
is a writing tool, but on a computer, it is a general purpose format supported by a robust development and display medium capable of handling knowledge from its creation to its end use.
601:. Textual information is contained in discrete sections called "nodes", which are arranged according to their topic-subtopic (parent-child) relationships, sort of like the members of a
90:
Outlines are differentiated by style, the inclusion of prefixes, and specialized purpose. There are also hand-written outlines and digitized outlines, such as those contained within an
67:
while they can be used to plan a composition, they are most often used as a summary, such as in the form of a table of contents or the topic list in a college course's syllabus.
252:
71:
outline uses alternating letters and numbers to identify entries. A decimal outline uses only numbers as prefixes. An outline without prefixes is called a "bare outline".
498:, such as Jon Franklin, may use outlines to establish plot sequence, character development and dramatic flow of a story, sometimes in conjunction with
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A first subsection may be numbered 0 rather than 1 (as in 2.0 Career opportunities) if it is an introduction or similar to the following subsections.
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used to view, create, build, modify, and maintain outlines. It is a computer program, or part of one, used for displaying, organizing, and editing
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139:, an outline prefix is a label (usually alphanumeric or numeric) placed at the beginning of an outline entry to assist in referring to it.
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format has the advantage of showing how every item at every level relates to the whole, as shown in the following sample outline:
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in drafting legislation, suggests the following sequence, from the top to the seventh level (the only ones specified): I. A. 1.
63:
is not an outline of the type presented below). The outlines described in this article are lists, and come in several varieties.
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521:. A special kind of outline (integrated outline) incorporates scholarly sources into the outline before the writing begins.
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Both topic and sentence outlines follow rigid formats... By convention, each category consists of a minimum of two entries.
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1038:. Stillwater, OK: New Forums Press. See Chapter 8 for a detailed discussion of an integrated outline with examples.
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You should have at least two items to list at each level; if you do not, reconsider the structure of the outline.
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1. Workplace communications should be about work; anything else is a misuse of company equipment and company time
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II. What are employees' privacy rights when it comes to electronic monitoring and surveillance in the workplace?
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the need to have separate documents, as outlines easily include other outlines just by adding to the tree.
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261:
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to present a hierarchical "Outline of
Knowledge" in a separate volume in the 15th edition of 1974. The
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114:
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includes a prefix at the beginning of each topic as a reference aid. The prefix is in the form of
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is an example of this. Knowledge includes outlines that summarize subjects (for example, see
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Outlines are used for composition, summarization, and as a development and storage medium.
119:
8:
1033:
A Playbook for
Research Methods: Integrating Conceptual Frameworks and Project Management
1028:
899:
795:
Division – How do I accomplish this? Each heading should be divided into 2 or more parts.
495:
1177:
905:(Seventh ed.). New York, NY: Modern Language Association of America. 2009. p.
505:
Preparation of an outline is an intermediate step in the process of writing a scholarly
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A. American employees have basically no legal protection from mean and snooping bosses.
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Logic requires that there be a II to complement a I, a B to complement an A, and so on.
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advised to stick to the standard outline unless there are compelling reasons not to."
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A. To prevent fraudulent activities, theft, and other workplace related violations.
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2. Employers have a right to prevent misuse by monitoring employee communications
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C. To prevent any legal liabilities due to harassing or offensive communications.
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183:, as currently practiced, is an invasion of employees' rights in the workplace.
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760:(6th ed.). New York: Modern Language Association of America. p. 53.
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is a helpful step in the process of organizing and writing a scholarly paper (
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B. Most managers believe that there is no right to privacy in the workplace.
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Outlines are also used to summarize talking points for a speech or lecture.
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Special types of outlines include reverse outlines and integrated outlines.
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There are two main styles of outline: sentence outlines and topic outlines.
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2. Employees may assert privacy protection for their own personal effects.
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I. The situation: Over 80% of today's companies monitor their employees.
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letters (in the alphabet of the language being used) for the next level,
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Ted
Goranson's About this Particular Outliner 'Outlining and Styles'
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1004:(15th ed.). Chicago, IL: U. of Chicago Press. 2003. pp.
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A Manual for
Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations
491:
286:
106:
A sample topic outline application: An outline of human knowledge
78:
A software program designed for processing outlines is called an
1140:
Mary Ellen Guffey, "Organizing and
Writing Business Messages",
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436:
742:(7th ed.). Chicago: U. of Chicago Press. pp. 63–64.
813:. Psychology Writing Center, U. of Washington. Archived from
629:. They are also used for goal and task management (including
135:
A feature included in many outlines is prefixing. Similar to
1067:
Guide to writing empirical papers, theses, and dissertations
446:
An integrated outline can be a helpful tool for people with
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1. There are no federal or State laws protecting employees.
34:
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Each heading and subheading must have at least two parts.
571:, can be used for planning, scheduling, and recording.
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B. To more efficiently monitor employee productivity.
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727:(16th ed.). Chicago: U. of Chicago Press. 2010.
45:. An outline is used to present the main points (in
995:
605:. When loaded into an outliner, an outline may be
589:(or "outline processor") is a specialized type of
562:
1051:: 2014 ASPA Student Summit". Presentation at the
1309:
609:to display as few or as many levels as desired.
480:Merriam-Webster's manual for writers and editors
16:List arranged to show hierarchical relationships
454:
373:2.1.2 International trade and corporate customs
718:
716:
1213:
776:"Four Main Components for Effective Outlines"
774:Tardiff, Elyssa; Brizee, Allen (2010-01-08).
988:
637:), and for writing books and movie scripts.
256:does not address outline formatting at all.
1142:Business Communication: Process and Product
997:"Lists and Outline Style (6.124–130)"
901:MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers
758:MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers
713:
640:The graphical counterpart to outliners are
394:describes a standard for decimal outlines.
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1206:
1053:American Society for Public Administration
892:
890:
567:Outlines, especially those used within an
397:
1118:Step by Step: Building a Research Paper.
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928:
926:
737:
723:"Lists and Outlines (6.121–126)".
415:a new improved version of the document.
296:Many oft-cited style guides besides the
887:
846:Los Angeles City College Library Online
755:
150:
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289:consequently use this outline format.
285:and other US law books, many American
259:A very different style recommended by
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418:
19:For the Knowledge outline lists, see
130:
85:
1155:, Incorporated: 1998), p. 103.
147:Bare outlines include no prefixes.
13:
681:(software used to create outlines)
405:
356:1.1 Brief history of Liz Claiborne
333:
14:
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1192:Jon Franklin, "Writing for Story"
1178:William E. Coles, Jr. "Outline",
1121:Stillwater OK: New Forums Press.
113:is the historical attempt of the
524:
142:
1297:Technology and applied sciences
1167:Britannica Student Encyclopedia
1147:"Numbers: Lists and Outlines",
1109:
1084:
1059:
1041:
1022:
961:
631:personal information management
563:Personal information management
466:
265:, based on the practice of the
41:relationships and is a type of
1172:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
1149:Manual for Writers and Editors
866:
848:. Jan 22, 2001. Archived from
834:
800:
780:Purdue OWL - Purdue University
767:
749:
731:
597:arranged text in an outline's
474:
460:
238:The scheme recommended by the
1:
1272:Natural and physical sciences
1134:
970:"APA Outline Format Examples"
536:from the 15th edition of the
574:
455:Hand-written vs computerized
7:
1292:Society and social sciences
1287:Religion and belief systems
1091:Franklin, Jonathan (1994).
647:
326:, are silent on the topic.
262:The Chicago Manual of Style
97:
10:
1351:
1183:(Accessed January 5, 2006)
1174:(Accessed January 5, 2006)
1115:Shields, Patricia M. 2004.
1049:Tools for Excellent Papers
1047:Shields, Patricia. 2014. "
578:
367:2.1 Operations management
18:
1235:
939:Purdue Online Writing Lab
842:"How to Write an Outline"
627:writing computer programs
620:Outliners may be used in
364:2.0 Career opportunities
359:1.2 Corporate environment
247:Purdue Online Writing Lab
1031:and Rangarjan, N. 2013.
897:"1.8.3: Final Outline".
808:"How to Make an Outline"
707:
1333:Trees (data structures)
1282:Philosophy and thinking
1002:Chicago Manual of Style
934:"Developing an Outline"
738:Turabian, K. L (2003).
725:Chicago Manual of Style
538:Encyclopedia Britannica
381:2.2 Product development
115:Encyclopædia Britannica
946:. 2011. Archived from
459:For a comparison, see
398:By specialized purpose
386:
298:APA Publication Manual
267:United States Congress
253:APA Publication Manual
228:
60:The Outline of History
1267:Mathematics and logic
607:collapsed or expanded
344:
174:
1318:Cinematic techniques
1252:Geography and places
1247:Culture and the arts
674:Outline of knowledge
550:Outline of knowledge
533:Outline of Knowledge
157:alphanumeric outline
151:Alphanumeric outline
120:Outline of Knowledge
31:hierarchical outline
1069:. CRC Press, 2002,
756:Gibaldi, J (2003).
496:creative nonfiction
181:internet monitoring
163:for the top level,
1262:History and events
1257:Health and fitness
1229:Knowledge outlines
1165:"Report writing",
1144:, p. 160–161.
654:Abstract (summary)
635:project management
425:integrated outline
419:Integrated outline
376:2.1.3 Distribution
324:Strunk & White
21:Knowledge:Outlines
1305:
1304:
1240:General reference
1180:World Book Online
1093:Writing for Story
1075:978-0-8247-0605-0
1065:G. David Garson,
1029:Shields, Patricia
944:Purdue University
916:978-1-60329-024-1
511:literature review
484:table of contents
429:literature review
353:1.0 Introduction
322:Style Guide, and
131:By prefixing used
123:was a project by
86:Types of outlines
37:arranged to show
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1079:Typical Outlines
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542:Outline of chess
461:§ Outliners
451:blocks of time.
347:Thesis statement
300:, including the
177:Thesis statement
29:, also called a
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340:decimal outline
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334:Decimal outline
169:Arabic numerals
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659:Concept map
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490:Writers of
475:Composition
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980:20 October
954:2011-10-20
856:2010-04-02
824:2010-04-02
790:2010-04-02
309:NYT Manual
244:, and the
165:upper-case
1328:Documents
1095:. Plume.
697:Topic Map
690:eSyllabus
664:Hierarchy
575:Outliners
463:, below.
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1056:example.
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648:See also
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507:research
433:research
392:ISO 2145
111:Propædia
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