Northumbria - Knowledge

1772:, believed to have been produced in Northumbria, includes depictions of Germanic legends and stories of the founding Roman and the Roman Church and is dated to the early eighth century. The Gosforth Cross, dated to the early tenth century, stands at 14 feet (4.4 m) and is richly decorated with carvings of mythical beasts, Norse gods, and Christian symbolism. Stone sculpture was not a practice of native Scandinavian culture, and the proliferation of stone monuments within the Danelaw shows the influence that the English had on Viking settlers. On one side of the Gosforth Cross is a depiction of the Crucifixion; whilst on the other are scenes from Ragnarok. The melding of these distinctive religious cultures can further be seen in the depiction of Mary Magdalene as a valkyrie, with a trailing dress and long pigtail. Although one can read the iconography as the triumph of Christianity over paganism, it is possible that in the process of gradual conversion the Vikings might have initially accepted the Christian god as an addition to the broad pantheon of pagan gods. The inclusion of pagan traditions in visual culture reflects the creation of a distinctive 1805: 94: 1604: 1958: 1760:. By the early 900s, however, Scandinavian-style names for both people and places became increasingly popular, as did Scandinavian ornamentation on works of art, featuring aspects of Norse mythology, and figures of animals and warriors. Nevertheless, sporadic references to "Danes" in charters, chronicles, and laws indicate that during the lifetime of the Kingdom of Northumbria, most inhabitants of northeast England did not consider themselves Danish, and were not perceived as such by other Anglo-Saxons. 1505: 856:, Guthred granted them this land in exchange for establishing him as king. The land extended from the Tees to the Tyne and anyone who fled there from either the north or the south would receive sanctuary for thirty-seven days, indicating that the Community of St. Cuthbert had some juridical autonomy. Based on their positioning and this right of sanctuary, this community probably acted as a buffer between the Norse in southern Northumbria and the Anglo-Saxons who continued to hold the north. 1463:. By the year 620, both sides were associating the other's Easter observance with the Pelagian Heresy. The King decided at Whitby that Roman practice would be adopted throughout Northumbria, thereby bringing Northumbria in line with Southern England and Western Europe. Members of the clergy who refused to conform, including the Celtic Bishop Colman of Lindisfarne, returned to Iona. The episcopal seat of Northumbria transferred from Lindisfarne to York, which later became an 1223:

assassination attempt early in his rule, but fell victim to another assassin at the age of nineteen. During his reign he was adopted by Wilfrid, a powerful bishop. Ecclesiastical influence in the royal court was not an unusual phenomenon in Northumbria, and usually was most visible during the rule of a young or inexperienced king. Similarly, ealdorman, or royal advisors, had periods of increased or decreased power in Northumbria, depending on who was ruling at the time.

1536: 6610: 6598: 1942:. This language had a strong influence on the dialect of Northumbria. These settlers gave the region many place-names from their language as well as contributing to the vocabulary, syntax, and grammar of Old English. Similarities in basic vocabulary between Old English and Old Norse may have led to the dropping of their different inflectional endings. The number of borrowed words is conservatively estimated to be around nine-hundred in 1785: 6346: 1215:, the last king of Northumbria in 954, there were forty-five kings, meaning that the average length of reign during the entire history of Northumbria is only six and a half years. Of the twenty-five kings before the Danish rule of Northumbria, only four died of natural causes. Of those that did not abdicate for a holy life, the rest were either deposed, exiled, or murdered. Kings during the Danish rule of Northumbria (see 1735: 6586: 755: 676:. Ida reigned for twelve years (beginning in 547) and was able to annex Bamburgh to Bernicia. In Nennius' genealogy of Deira, a king named Soemil was the first to separate Bernicia and Deira, which could mean that he wrested the kingdom of Deira from the native British. The date of this supposed separation is unknown. The first Deiran king to make an appearance in Bede's 1524: 2062:"At the present time, there are five languages in Britain, just as the divine law is written in five books, all devoted to seeking out and setting forth one and the same kind of wisdom, namely the knowledge of sublime truth and of true sublimity. These are the English, British, Irish, Pictish, as well as the Latin languages". 1067:, is seen by some historians as a return to the imperial ambitions of seventh-century Northumbria and his reign may represent a period of economic prosperity. He faced internal opposition from rival dynasties and at least two actual or potential rivals were killed during his reign. In 758 he abdicated in favour of his son 1796:

was likely the pre-eminent mode of farming. Like much of eastern England, Northumbria exported grain, silver, hides, and slaves. Imports from Frankia included oil, luxury goods, and clerical supplies in the 700s. Especially after 793, raids, gifts, and trade with Scandinavians resulted in substantial

1747:

From around 800, there had been waves of Danish raids on the coastlines of the British Isles. These raids terrorized the populace, but exposure to Danish society brought new opportunities for wealth and trade. In 865, instead of raiding, the Danes landed a large army in East Anglia, and had conquered

782:

in the late eighth and early ninth centuries. According to these chronicles, Viking raids began to affect Northumbria when a band attacked Lindisfarne in 793. After this initial catastrophic blow, Viking raids in Northumbria were either sporadic for much of the early ninth century or evidence of them

2048:

Although the Northumbrian king Eric was conflated with King Eric Bloodaxe of Norway in Icelandic sagas, Clare Downham and others have recently argued that the two were separate people. For a discussion of this shift in identification, see Downham, Clare 2004 "Eric Bloodaxe – Axed? The Mystery of the

1158:

In the early twentieth century, historians identified Eric of York with the Norwegian king Eric Bloodaxe, although more recent scholarship has challenged this association. He held two short terms as King of Northumbria, from 947 to 948 and 952 to 954. Historical documentation on his reign is scarce,

1487:

After 867, Northumbria came under control of the Scandinavian forces, and there was an influx of Scandinavian immigrants. Their religion was pagan and had a rich mythology. Within the Kingdom of York, once the raids and war were over, there is no evidence that the presence of Scandinavian settlers

1222:

Succession in Northumbria was hereditary, which left princes whose fathers died before they could come of age particularly susceptible to assassination and usurpation. A noteworthy example of this phenomenon is Osred, whose father Aldfrith died in 705, leaving the young boy to rule. He survived one

1361:

was founded by Aidan in 635, and based on the practices of the Columban monastery in Iona, Scotland. The location of the bishopric shifted to Lindisfarne, and it became the centre for religion in Northumbria. The bishopric would not leave Lindisfarne and shift back to its original location at York

795:

twice in less than one year. After the initial attack the Norse left to go north, leaving Kings Ælle and Osberht to recapture the city. The E recension of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle suggests that Northumbria was particularly vulnerable at this time because the Northumbrians were once again fighting

570:

later conquered, although there is very little information about the infrastructure and culture of the British kingdoms themselves. Much of the evidence for them comes from regional names that are British rather than Anglo-Saxon in origin. The names Deira and Bernicia are likely British in origin,

587:

at around the first century. In addition to signs of Roman occupation, the site contains evidence of timber buildings that pre-date Germanic settlement in the area that are probably signs of British settlement. Moreover, Brian Hope-Taylor has traced the origins of the name Yeavering, which looks

1595:

Insular art, rich in symbolism and meaning, is characterized by its concern for geometric design rather than naturalistic representation, love of flat areas of colour, and use of complicated interlace patterns. All of these elements appear in the Lindisfarne Gospels (early eighth century). The

1627:

in 793 marked the beginning of a century of Viking invasions that severely limited the production and survival of Anglo-Saxon material culture. It heralded the end of Northumbria's position as a centre of influence, although in the years immediately following visually rich works like the

1587:

The Irish monks brought with them an ancient Celtic decorative tradition of curvilinear forms of spirals, scrolls, and doubles curves. This style was integrated with the abstract ornamentation of the native pagan Anglo-Saxon metalwork tradition, characterized by its bright colouring and

1159:

but it seems Eric pushed out the joint English-Viking rulers of Northumbria in 947, who then regained the land in 948 or 949. Eric took back the throne in 952, only to be deposed again in 954. Eric was the last Viking king of Northumbria and his authority only extended to the southern

600:

were the predominant Germanic immigrants, who settled north of the Humber and gained political prominence during this period. While the British natives may have partially assimilated into the Northumbrian political structure, relatively contemporary textual sources such as Bede's

571:

for example, indicating that some British place names retained currency after the Anglo-Saxon migrations to Northumbria. There is also some archeological evidence to support British origins for the polities of Bernicia and Deira. In what would have been southern Bernicia, in the

1767:

within the Danelaw can be illustrated by an examination of stone sculpture. However, the tradition of mixing pagan and Christian motifs is not unique to the Danelaw, and examples of such synthesis can be seen in previous examples, such as the Franks Casket. The

701:

in order to claim both kingdoms, but Edwin returned in approximately 616 to conquer Northumbria with Rædwald's aid. Edwin, who ruled from approximately 616 to 633, was one of the last kings of the Deiran line to reign over all of Northumbria. Oswald's brother

1656:, completed in 731) has become both a template for later historians and a crucial historical account in its own right, and much of it focuses on Northumbria. He's also famous for his theological works, and verse and prose accounts of holy lives. After the 595:

Overall, English place-names dominate the Northumbrian landscape, suggesting the prevalence of an Anglo-Saxon elite culture by the time that Bede – Anglo-Saxon England's most prominent historian – was writing in the eighth century. According to Bede, the

1483:

survived, but monastic culture in Northumbria went into a period of decline in the early ninth century. Repeated Viking assaults on religious centres were one reason for the decrease in production of manuscripts and communal monastic culture.

1143:

and the Vikings. Æthelstan died in 939, which led to the Vikings' retaking of York. Æthelstan is widely considered one of the greatest Anglo-Saxon kings for his efforts to consolidate the English kingdom and the prosperity his reign brought.

1255:

After the English from Wessex absorbed the Danish-ruled territories south of the Tees, Scots invasions reduced the rump Northumbria to an earldom stretching from the Tyne to the Tweed. The surviving Earldom of Northumbria, alongside the

894:"King of the North Saxons" (r. 890–912) succeeded him for control of Bamburgh, but after Eadwulf's death rulership of this area switched over to earls who were possible kinsmen or direct descendants of the royal Northumbrian house. 1305:

in the early fifth century, Christianity did not disappear, but it existed alongside Celtic paganism, and possibly many other cults. Anglo-Saxons brought their own Germanic pagan beliefs and practices when they settled there. At

1488:

interrupted Christian practice. It appears that they gradually adopted Christianity and blended their Scandinavian culture with their new religion. This can be seen in carved stone monuments and ring-headed crosses, such as the

588:

deceptively English, back to the British gafr from Bede's mention of a township called Gefrin in the same area. Yeavering continued to be an important political centre after the Anglo-Saxons began settling in the north, as King

483:

in the north. Conflict in the first half of the seventh century ended with the murder of the last king of Deira in 651, and Northumbria was thereafter unified under Bernician kings. At its height, the kingdom extended from the

1044:, an attempt to reconcile religious differences between Roman and Celtic Christianity, in which he eventually backed Rome. Oswiu died from illness in 670 and divided Deira and Bernicia between two of his sons. His son 826:

In contrast, the Great Army was not as successful in conquering territory north of the River Tees. There were raids that extended into that area, but no sources mention lasting Norse occupation and there are very few

831:

place names to indicate significant Norse settlement in northern regions of Northumbria. The political landscape of the area north of the Tees during the Viking conquest of Northumbria consisted of the Community of

713:

While violent conflicts between Bernicia and Deira played a significant part in determining which line ultimately gained supremacy in Northumbria, marriage alliances also helped bind these two territories together.

1420:

founded a school and a minster but not a monastery. The School at York Minster is one of the oldest in England. By the late eighth century, the school had a noteworthy library, estimated at one hundred volumes.

1001:

in 634. Oswald then ruled Northumbria until his death in 642. A devout Christian, Oswald worked tirelessly to spread the faith in his traditionally pagan lands. It was during his reign that the monastery at

1234:

in 685, which halted their expansion north and established a border between the two kingdoms. Warfare during the Danish period was dominated by warfare between the Northumbrians and other English Kingdoms.

1447:

called the Synod of Whitby to determine whether to follow Roman or Irish customs. Since Northumbria was converted to Christianity by the Celtic clergy, the Celtic tradition for determining the date of

1097:

Halfdan Ragnarsson was a Viking leader of the Great Heathen Army which invaded England in 865. He allegedly wanted revenge against Northumbria for the death of his father, who was supposedly killed by

1816:(as opposed to bartering) regained popularity in the late 600s, Northumbrian coins featured kings' names, indicating royal control of currency. Royal currency was unique in Britain for a long time. 1139:, previously part of the Northumbrian Kingdom. His reign was quite prosperous and saw great strides in many fields such as law and economics, but was also characterized by frequent clashes with the 890:) the Norse had difficulty holding on to territory in northern Bernicia. Ricsige and his successor Ecgberht were able to maintain an English presence in Northumbria. After the reign of Ecgberht II, 1776:

culture. Consequently, this indicates that conversion not only required a change in belief, but also necessitated its assimilation, integration, and modification into existing cultural structures.

819:

colonisers in the 920s and was in constant conflict with the West-Saxon expansionists from the south, it survived until 954 when the last Scandinavian king Eric, who is usually identified as

619:

The Anglo-Saxon states of Bernicia and Deira were often in conflict before their eventual semi-permanent unification in 651. Political power in Deira was concentrated in the East Riding of

1756:

minority, while politically powerful, remained culturally distinct from the English populace. For example, only a few Scandinavian words, mostly military and technical, became part of

1193:. Eadred inherited the rule of Northumbria, but like Edmund lost it soon afterwards. When Eadred finally regained control in 954, he appointed Oswulf earl of the whole of Northumbria. 1906:. Analysis of written texts, brooches, runes and other available sources shows that Northumbrian vowel pronunciation differed from West Saxon. Although loans borrowed from the 1413:, continued to add to the library until by one estimate the library at Monkwearmouth–Jarrow had over two hundred volumes. One who benefited from this library was Bede. 6708: 975:

in 625. He converted to Christianity two years later after a period of heavy consideration and after consulting numerous advisors. Edwin fell in battle in 633 against

879:, Ecgberht I was a client-king for the Norse. The Northumbrians revolted against him in 872, deposing him in favour of Ricsige. Although the A and E recensions of the 335: 310: 296: 722:, although this marriage did little to prevent future squabbles between the brothers-in-law and their descendants. The second intermarriage was more successful, with 883:

report that Halfdan was able to take control of Deira and take a raiding party north of the River Tyne to impose his rule on Bernicia in 874, after Halfdan's death (

1330:

in 627. Shortly thereafter, many of his people followed his conversion to the new religion, only to return to paganism when Edwin was killed in 633. Paulinus was

6718: 738:, the beginning of the Northumbrian line. However, Oswiu had another relationship with an Irish woman named Fina which produced the problematic Aldfrith. In his 93: 1695:, which was his native language. By his verse the minds of many were often excited to despise the world, and to aspire to heaven." His sole surviving work is 3944: 4337:

Cuesta, Julia Fernández; Ledesma, Nieves RodrÍguez; Silva, Inmaculada Senra (2008). "Towards a History of Northern English: Early and Late Northumbrian".

3643: 706:

eventually succeeded him to the Northumbrian throne despite initial attempts on Deira's part to pull away again. The last independent king of Deira was

6629: 4801: 3951:. Early English Text Society. Original series,no. 95-96, 110–111. London: Published for the Early English Text Society by Oxford University Press. 1564:

The Christian culture of Northumbria, fuelled by influences from the continent and Ireland, promoted a broad range of literary and artistic works.

1409:

in 673 and 681. Biscop became the first abbot of the monastery, and travelled to Rome six times to buy books for the library. His successor, Abbot

796:

amongst themselves, deposing Osberht in favour of Ælle. In the second raid, the Vikings killed Kings Ælle and Osberht whilst recapturing the city.

267: 5898: 815:

whose boundaries were roughly the River Tees and the Humber, giving it approximately the same dimensions as Deira. Although this kingdom fell to

4029: 3695: 1840:, but the term is an antiquarian invention. Stycas remains in use throughout the kingdom until at least the 860s and possibly later. Larger 1792:

Northumbria's economy centred around agriculture, with livestock and land being popular units of value in local trade. By the mid 800s, the

1207:

Between the years of AD 737 and 806, Northumbria had ten kings, all of whom were murdered, deposed, or exiled or became monks. Between

1647: 603: 2020:

In addition to Bernicia and Deira, some other British place names are recorded for important Northumbrian locations. Northumbrian scholar

1788:

Silver sceatta of Aldfrith of Northumbria (686–705). OBVERSE: +AldFRIdUS, pellet-in-annulet; REVERSE: Lion with forked tail standing left.

1660:, the role of the European continent gained importance in Northumbrian culture. During the end of the eighth century, the scriptorium at 2397: 836:

and the remnants of the English Northumbrian elites. While the religious Community of St. Cuthbert "wandered" for a hundred years after

1105:

on the throne as a client-king, who ruled from 867 to 872. Halfdan was killed in Ireland in 877 whilst trying to regain control over

579:

Bell contains evidence that it was an important centre for first the British and later the Anglo-Saxons. The fort is originally pre-

6693: 6390: 651:. The name that these two states eventually united under, Northumbria, might have been coined by Bede and made popular through his 1615:

Usage of the Insular style was not limited to manuscript production and metalwork. It can be seen in and sculpture, such as the

1370:, a member of the order and a hermit, all became bishops and later Saints. Aidan assisted Heiu to found her double monastery at 3965: 3923: 3897: 4984:

Woodman, D. A. (March 2015). "Charters, Northumbria and the Unification of England in the Tenth and Eleventh Centuries".

2535:

reconsiders the Northumbrian Viking king known as Eric and his perhaps tenuous relationship to the Eric Bloodaxe of the sagas.

5066: 5045: 5014: 4974: 4951: 4911: 4863: 4841: 4820: 4785: 4764: 4734: 4680: 4636: 4617: 4596: 4575: 4545: 4479: 4457: 4398: 4177: 3907: 3671: 803:

re-established his control of southern England, the Norse invaders settled into what came to be known as the Danelaw in the

6728: 763: 1345:

of Northumbria in 635, and then worked to convert the people of Northumbria. King Oswald moved the bishopric from York to

758:

England in 878. The independent rump of the former Kingdom of Northumbria (yellow) was to the north of the Danelaw (pink).

6723: 6335: 5891: 5161: 160: 3868: 3933: 3857: 500:

on the north. Northumbria ceased to be an independent kingdom in the mid-tenth century when Deira was conquered by the

627:, the North York Moors, and the Vale of York. The political heartlands of Bernicia were the areas around Bamburgh and 5840: 5110:

Lowlands-L, An e-mail discussion list for those who share an interest in the languages & cultures of the Lowlands

5093: 4930: 4890: 4701: 4657: 4436: 4417: 4327: 4260: 4217: 4198: 4156: 4116: 4095: 4065: 4002: 3979: 1836:

the silver content of the coins declined until they were produced in copper alloy, these coins are commonly known as

567: 1687:(614–680). According to Bede, he "was wont to make religious verses, so that whatever was interpreted to him out of 6444: 6129: 4536:

Holdsworth, Philip (2014). "Northumbria". In Lapidge, Michael; Blair, John; Keynes, Simon; Scragg, Donald (eds.).

1072: 6590: 6418: 5907: 5305: 5285: 1362:

until 664. Throughout the eighth century, Lindisfarne was associated with important figures. Aidan, the founder,

1202: 903: 863:, Northumbrians maintained partial political control in Bamburgh. The rule of kings continued in that area with 697:, was the first ruler to unite the two polities under his rule. He exiled the Deiran Edwin to the court of King 6698: 6556: 6357: 5884: 3628: 1813: 1804: 1661: 4923:

The narrators of barbarian history (A.D. 550–800) : Jordanes, Gregory of Tours, Bede, and Paul the Deacon

1832:, more suitable to small, everyday transactions than larger gold Frankish or Roman coins. During the reign of 1596:

Insular style was eventually imported to the European continent, exercising great influence on the art of the

6551: 17: 6174: 1820:(685–705) minted Northumbria's earliest silver coins, likely in York. Later royal coinage bears the name of 959:, like Æthelfrith, was king of both Deira and Bernicia and ruled them from 616 to 633. Under his reign, the 1302: 841: 746:

Bede declares that Aldfrith, known as Fland among the Irish, was illegitimate and therefore unfit to rule.

39: 6164: 6139: 1080: 6703: 6688: 6678: 6515: 6449: 4472:

The Narrators of Barbarian History (A. D. 550–800): Jordanes, Gregory of Tours, Bede, and Paul the Deacon

2035:

both provide British place names for centres of power. Nennius, for example, refers to the royal city of

1559: 6144: 1930:

derive their names from Celtic tribal origins. In addition to the five languages present in Bede's day,

1603: 1135:

from 927 to 939. The shift in his title reflects that in 927, Æthelstan conquered the Viking Kingdom of

5315: 5310: 5300: 1963: 1014:

in 642 but his influence endured because, like Edwin, Oswald was venerated as a saint after his death.

872: 4310:

The Cathedral Church of York, Description of its Fabric and a Brief History of the Archi-Episcopal See

791:

and began a sustained campaign of conquest. The Great Army fought in Northumbria in 866–867, striking

6571: 6546: 6423: 6403: 6212: 5355: 5290: 1986: 1705: 1257: 1106: 1102: 891: 864: 525: 463: 6179: 5479: 5424: 698: 6713: 6408: 6398: 6365: 6287: 6232: 6094: 5439: 5295: 1887: 1857: 1402: 1128: 130: 4882: 4374:

Downham, Clare (2004). "Eric Bloodaxe – Axed? The Mystery of the Last Scandinavian King of York".

6683: 6328: 6242: 6159: 6149: 6119: 6114: 6089: 6084: 5154: 5009:. Studies in Early Medieval Coinage. Vol. 1. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press. pp. 23–30. 1996: 1821: 1817: 1577: 1056: 1045: 735: 5943: 4018:. Symeonis Monachi Opera Omnia. Vol. 2. Translated by Stevenson, J. London. pp. 1–283. 1644:(673–735) is the most famous author of the Anglo-Saxon Period, and a native of Northumbria. His 6217: 6184: 6104: 6099: 6067: 5953: 5272: 5187: 4711: 4090:. Austin: Published for the American-Scandinavian Foundation by the University of Texas Press. 1971: 1572:

The Irish monks who converted Northumbria to Christianity, and established monasteries such as

1314:, excavations have uncovered evidence of a pagan shrine, animal sacrifice, and ritual burials. 1231: 868: 778:(particularly the D and E recensions) provide some information on Northumbria's conflicts with 710:. He was murdered by Oswiu in 651, and Northumbria was thereafter united under Bernician rule. 520:

while the portion south of the Tweed was absorbed into the Kingdom of England as the county of

6189: 5489: 4565: 1098: 6169: 6154: 6134: 6124: 6031: 5978: 5845: 4962: 4559:. Department of the Environmental Archaeological Reports. London: Leicester University Press. 4106: 1976: 1833: 1342: 1068: 1033: 992: 775: 6046: 4941: 2405: 1219:) were often either kings of a larger North Sea or Danish empire, or were installed rulers. 6668: 6541: 6531: 6465: 6439: 6297: 6109: 6021: 5973: 5968: 5948: 4967:

A Biographical Dictionary of Dark Age Britain: England, Scotland, and Wales, C. 500–c. 1050

4081:. The Church Historians of England. Vol. 3. London: London] Seeleys. pp. 425–617. 3827: 1338: 1323: 1164: 956: 951: 727: 687: 589: 432: 424: 153: 63: 6011: 4320:

The Celtic and Roman Traditions : Conflict and Consensus in the Early Medieval Church

4230:

An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary: Based on the Manuscript Collections of the Late Joseph Bosworth

968: 8: 6475: 6237: 5429: 2001: 1919: 1871: 1764: 1691:, he soon after put the same into poetical expressions of much sweetness and humility in 1581: 1509: 1480: 1244: 1132: 1109:, a land he had ruled since 875. There were no further Viking kings in Northumbria until 998: 976: 770:

once again divided Northumbria. Although primarily recorded in the southern provinces of

517: 509: 188: 6277: 6267: 6056: 5114: 4076: 1696: 1337:

The lasting conversion of Northumbria took place under the guidance of the Irish cleric

1226:

Warfare in Northumbria before the Danish period largely consisted of rivalries with the

6614: 6561: 6321: 6292: 6257: 6252: 6222: 5933: 5772: 5576: 5459: 5454: 5212: 5147: 4795: 4506: 4362: 4295: 4287: 4055: 4041: 4023: 3689: 1991: 1899: 1773: 1464: 1331: 1298: 1092: 1064: 837: 828: 784: 664: 328: 1101:. While he himself only ruled Northumbria directly for about a year in 876, he placed 6597: 6536: 6510: 6505: 6282: 6200: 5958: 5860: 5241: 5089: 5062: 5041: 5010: 4993: 4970: 4947: 4926: 4907: 4886: 4859: 4837: 4816: 4781: 4760: 4730: 4697: 4676: 4653: 4632: 4613: 4592: 4571: 4541: 4517: 4510: 4475: 4453: 4432: 4413: 4394: 4366: 4354: 4323: 4299: 4256: 4213: 4194: 4173: 4152: 4112: 4091: 4061: 4037: 3998: 3975: 3971: 3929: 3903: 3853: 3677: 3667: 3306: 2404:. Fordham University: The Jesuit University of New York. Chapter XXIV. Archived from 1793: 1528: 1160: 1032:. Oswiu succeeded where Edwin and Oswald failed as, in 655, he slew Penda during the 845: 673: 648: 453: 119: 5119: 3956: 658:

Information on the early royal genealogies for Bernicia and Deira comes from Bede's

550:

kingdom of Northumbria was originally two kingdoms divided approximately around the

6673: 6602: 5938: 5392: 5277: 5192: 4878: 4498: 4346: 4279: 3990: 3952: 3919: 3889: 2667: 1943: 1911: 1907: 1879: 1722: 1676: 1668: 1417: 1377:

The Christianity culture of Northumbria was influenced by the continent as well as

1327: 1190: 876: 800: 449: 385: 6006: 5129: 4169:

The Cross Goes North: Processes of Conversion in Northern Europe, AD 300-1300

2973:

The First Battle for Scottish Independence: The Battle of Dunnichen, A.D. 685

811:, and the southern part of Northumbria. In Northumbria, the Norse established the 683: 6490: 6375: 6370: 6041: 5928: 5636: 5531: 5197: 5056: 5033: 4901: 4831: 4810: 4775: 4754: 4715: 4691: 4668: 4647: 4607: 4586: 4447: 4388: 4308: 4228: 4188: 4167: 4135: 3893: 3288: 1903: 1895: 1825: 1684: 1657: 1624: 1620: 1597: 1476: 1438: 1406: 1398: 1140: 1060: 1041: 1011: 997:

Oswald was a king of Bernicia, who regained the kingdom of Deira after defeating

980: 812: 707: 669: 505: 6313: 6272: 512:

maintained control of Bernicia for a period of time; however, the area north of

6380: 6026: 5850: 5822: 5536: 5086:

Gaelic Influence in the Northumbrian Kingdom: The Golden Age and the Viking Age

4851: 4727:

Celtic and Anglo-Saxon Painting: Book illumination in the British Isles 600–800

4627:

Lapidge, Michael; Blair, John; Keynes, Simon; Scragg, Donald (2 October 2013).

4489:

Hadley, Dawn (2002), "Viking and native: re–thinking identity in the Danelaw",

4467: 4013: 1883: 1711: 1616: 1547: 1504: 1492:. During the ninth and tenth centuries, there was an increase in the number of 1489: 1290: 1260:

between the Tyne and Tees, were then disputed between the emerging kingdoms of

1028:

Oswiu was the brother of Oswald and succeeded him after the latter's defeat in

935: 608: 597: 521: 497: 437: 356: 77: 32: 5711: 5591: 4350: 3949:

The Old English Version of Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People

3681: 1523: 848:

between the years 875–883 on land granted to them by the Viking King of York,

6662: 6644: 6631: 6566: 6480: 6302: 5865: 5671: 5661: 5641: 5631: 5444: 5402: 5217: 4358: 1769: 1531:

from the Durham Gospel Fragment, featuring non-zoomorphic interlace patterns.

1493: 1386: 1286: 1212: 1153: 1075:

seized the throne, which he occupied for seven years until he was deposed by

820: 816: 719: 632: 572: 563: 489: 6016: 5963: 5651: 4997: 4540:(2nd ed.). Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley Blackwell. pp. 340–341. 4502: 1230:

to the north. The Northumbrians were successful against the Picts until the

1167:, the Anglo-Saxon ruler of the northern Northumbrian territory of Bamburgh. 919: 914: 715: 694: 5170: 3661: 1934:

was added during the ninth century. This was due to the settlements of the

1845: 1716: 1680: 1608: 833: 804: 580: 547: 493: 5876: 5626: 1182: 1122: 232: 5621: 5611: 5434: 5407: 5350: 4856:

Selected Papers, volume 3, Late Antique, Early Catholic and Mediaeval Art

1891: 1867: 1757: 1753: 1692: 1664:

was producing manuscripts of his works for high demand on the Continent.

1629: 1573: 1470: 1452: 1426: 1358: 1346: 1269: 1003: 960: 808: 788: 628: 513: 468: 5566: 5139: 4149:

The King in the North : the life and times of Oswald of Northumbria

1535: 1036:, making him the first Northumbrian King also to control the kingdom of 467:

meaning "the people or province north of the Humber", as opposed to the

6247: 5797: 5782: 5745: 5728: 5681: 5676: 5581: 5551: 5521: 5484: 5469: 5387: 5365: 1981: 1589: 1496:, often including stone sculptures incorporating Scandinavian designs. 1451:

and Irish tonsure were supported by many, particularly by the Abbey of

1371: 1029: 1007: 860: 551: 5586: 5571: 5134: 4777:

Early Medieval Northumbria: Kingdoms and Communities, AD 450-1100

4429:

Northumbria's Golden Age : the Kingdom of Northumbria, Ad 547–735

4390:

Viking Kings of Britain and Ireland: The Dynasty of Ívarr to A.D. 1014

4291: 1935: 1763:

The synthesis of Anglo-Saxon and Scandinavian and Christian and Pagan

1479:

in 793 was the first of many raids on monasteries of Northumbria. The

731: 6470: 6349: 5812: 5807: 5792: 5757: 5701: 5686: 5666: 5646: 5596: 5561: 5546: 5541: 5449: 5360: 5262: 5173: 1931: 1915: 1875: 1798: 1410: 1397:

in 660. Wilfrid advocated acceptance of the authority of Rome at the

1307: 1250: 620: 576: 445: 142: 6262: 1672: 967:

in Northern Wales were incorporated into Northumbria. Edwin married

562:

to the south. It is possible that both regions originated as native

6051: 5916: 5817: 5802: 5787: 5762: 5706: 5691: 5616: 5516: 5511: 5464: 5375: 5370: 5327: 5267: 5229: 5135:

Visit Northumberland – The Official Visitor Site for Northumberland

4283: 2036: 1927: 1784: 1700: 1367: 1311: 1265: 1186: 927: 741: 644: 584: 555: 480: 366: 301: 4671:. In Catherine E. Karkov; Michael Ryan; Robert T. Farrell (eds.). 1425:

was a student and teacher at York before he left for the court of

875:

immediately following him. According to twelfth-century historian

6227: 5855: 5777: 5767: 5474: 5345: 5340: 5005:

Wood, Ian (2008). "Thrymas, Sceattas and the Cult of the Cross".

4051: 3914:(Parallel Latin text and English translation with English notes.) 2032: 1939: 1841: 1749: 1734: 1456: 1390: 1378: 1363: 1317: 1261: 1216: 1110: 1071:

and became a monk at York. Oswulf was murdered the next year and

964: 849: 779: 771: 767: 640: 501: 361: 170: 134: 5124: 55: 6413: 5696: 5656: 5606: 5499: 5494: 5419: 5397: 5246: 5207: 5202: 4239: 3869:"Excerpta ex Migne Patrologia Latina: Latinum - Latino - Latin" 3847: 1728: 1448: 1422: 1294: 1176: 1076: 1037: 931: 636: 485: 472: 245: 2971: 2398:"The Life and Miracles of St. Cuthbert, Bishop of Lindisfarne" 1848:, along with sword fittings and necklaces in gold and silver. 754: 6495: 6485: 6079: 6036: 5994: 5983: 5733: 5723: 5601: 5234: 5038:

The Making of English Law: King Alfred to the Twelfth Century

4815:. Cambridge, UK ; New York: Cambridge University Press. 4244:

The Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs, and Other Principal Saints

1923: 1837: 1829: 1688: 1460: 1455:. Roman Christianity was also represented in Northumbria, by 1444: 1394: 1322:

The first King of Northumbria to convert to Christianity was

1227: 1208: 1083:, son of Æthelwald, reigned for 10 interrupted years to 796. 1023: 939: 923: 922:

was the first Anglo-Saxon leader to hold the thrones of both

723: 703: 668:. According to Nennius, the Bernician royal line begins with 559: 476: 315: 263: 138: 5109: 4812:

Northumbria, 500-1100: Creation and Destruction of a Kingdom

4717:

The Northumbrian Golden Age: The Parameters of a Renaissance

1808:

Copper alloy styca of King Osberht (YORYM 2001 3265) obverse

397: 391: 5526: 4961:

Williams, Ann; Smyth, Alfred P.; Kirby, D. P. (1991).

2891: 2879: 2083: 2081: 2079: 2021: 1863: 1641: 1382: 1163:. In 954 he was murdered, allegedly with the connivance of 1136: 972: 934:. His rule was notable for his numerous victories over the 792: 624: 415: 412: 3629:"THE RIPON HOARD, 1695: CONTEMPORARY AND CURRENT INTEREST" 1938:

in the north and east of England, an area that became the

983:. He was venerated as a saint and martyr after his death. 475:. What was to become Northumbria started as two kingdoms, 4060:. Translated by Rowley, Richard. Cribyn: Llanerch Press. 2377: 1268:, with the Earldom being split roughly in half along the 400: 4626: 3663:

A riverine site near York : a possible Viking camp?

2822: 2076: 1238: 840:

attacked their original home of Lindisfarne in 875, The

4557:

Yeavering: An Anglo-British Centre of Early Northumbria

4538:

The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England

1576:, brought a style of artistic and literary production. 4669:"King Oswald's wooden Cross at Heavenfield in Context" 1922:, into Old English were few, some place-names such as 1471:

Impact of Scandinavian raiding, settlement and culture

686:, the father of the first Christian Northumbrian king 4756:

Book Illumination in the Middle Ages: An Introduction

4690:

Munch, Peter Andreas; Olsen, Magnus Bernhard (1926).

1844:

values can be seen in the silver ingots found in the

1546:, showing the lavishly decorated text that opens the 1147: 388: 98:

Northumbria at its greatest extent around 700 AD

1953: 614: 409: 406: 4925:. Notre Dame, Ind: University of Notre Dame Press. 4629:

Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England

4086:Sturluson, Snorri (1964). Hollander, Lee M. (ed.). 3988: 3967:

Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People

3925:

Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People

3899:

Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People

2451: 2449: 2447: 1116: 930:, and so he ruled over all the people north of the 749: 403: 394: 4960: 4336: 4210:The kingdom of Northumbria : AD 350–1100 3743: 1727:, is believed to have been either Northumbrian or 1389:in favour of Roman practices. When he returned to 1352: 1086: 766:of the ninth century and the establishment of the 541: 6709:States and territories disestablished in the 950s 6343: 4410:Britain after Rome: The Fall and Rise 400 to 1070 4036: 3461: 3122: 3120: 2367: 2365: 2363: 2134: 2132: 1667:Northumbria was also home to several Anglo-Saxon 6660: 4710: 3828:"Record ID: YORYM-CEE620 – Early Medieval hoard" 3264: 2444: 1742: 1170: 5058:Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England 4474:. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. 4272:Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 4057:Historia Brittonum (The History of the Britons) 1752:, including Northumbria, by 867. At first, the 1280: 607:depict relations between Northumbrians and the 113:Independent Anglian ruled territory (after 867) 6719:States and territories established in the 650s 4748:. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press. 3997:. Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England: Penguin. 3407: 3117: 2360: 2129: 1824:(738–758), as well as his brother, Archbishop 1318:Conversion of the Anglo-Saxons to Christianity 6329: 5892: 5155: 4943:The Kings & Queens of Anglo-Saxon England 4306: 2986: 2976:(MA thesis). East Tennessee State University. 1946:but rises to the thousands in some dialects. 4800:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4774:Petts, David, Dr.; Turner, Sam, Dr. (2011). 4743: 4088:Heimskringla; history of the kings of Norway 3342: 2666:, p. 249 For the epithet, see also the 2324: 1654:Ecclesiastical History of the English People 1553: 1211:, the first king of Northumbria in 651, and 660:Ecclesiastical History of the English People 653:Ecclesiastical History of the English People 604:Ecclesiastical History of the English People 536: 5906: 4773: 4693:Norse mythology: legends of gods and heroes 4554: 3443: 3383: 2933: 2909: 2186: 1645: 1374:. She too came to be venerated as a saint. 852:. According to the twelfth-century account 844:indicates that they settled temporarily at 677: 69: 6336: 6322: 5899: 5885: 5162: 5148: 4724: 4689: 4535: 4028:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3694:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2798: 2383: 2087: 1828:. These coins were primarily small silver 1301:as early as the fourth century. After the 1006:was created. Oswald fell in the Battle of 908: 867:acting as regent around 867 and the kings 516:was eventually absorbed into the medieval 5169: 4883:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199253937.001.0001 4270:Berg, Knut (1958). "The Gosforth Cross". 4085: 4074: 2849: 2810: 2468: 2466: 2464: 1401:. The two-halves of the double monastery 1040:. During his reign, he presided over the 244:• Last Viking king expelled by King 231:• Bernicia accepts the rule of King 4850: 4829: 4808: 4696:. The American-Scandinavian Foundation. 4673:The Insular Tradition: A Resource Manual 4426: 4226: 4187:Gradon, P. O. E., ed. (1958). 4078:The Historical Works of Simeon of Durham 3866: 3659: 3591: 3520: 3508: 3275: 3252: 3216: 3212: 3210: 3197: 3195: 3063: 3059: 3057: 3055: 2957: 2897: 2885: 2663: 2615: 2568: 2556: 2544: 2520: 2496: 2455: 2438: 2371: 2282: 2270: 2258: 2234: 2198: 2138: 2123: 2111: 1866:, there were five languages in Britain: 1803: 1783: 1738:Gosforth Cross, view from the north-west 1733: 1602: 1534: 1522: 1503: 1393:, he became abbot of a new monastery at 1051: 823:, was driven out and eventually killed. 783:was lost. However, in 865 the so-called 753: 5083: 5032: 4983: 4939: 4920: 4899: 4830:Richards, J. D. (1 January 1991). 4666: 4605: 4466: 4407: 4386: 4373: 4317: 4240:"St. Bega, or Bees, of Ireland, Virgin" 4104: 4050: 3666:. Gareth Williams. London. p. 79. 3596: 3449: 3401: 3389: 3372: 3366: 3354: 3348: 3228: 3186: 3174: 3162: 3126: 3099: 3087: 3034: 3022: 3010: 2998: 2969: 2921: 2873: 2861: 2833: 2831: 2786: 2639: 2580: 2532: 2508: 2484: 2472: 2426: 2318: 2306: 2162: 14: 6661: 5376:Bilmingas (part of south Lincolnshire) 4872: 4563: 4488: 4237: 4207: 4186: 4165: 4011: 3614: 3568: 3556: 3544: 3532: 3484: 3473: 3425: 3240: 3111: 2945: 2715: 2651: 2627: 2603: 2592: 2461: 2174: 1648:Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum 1416:In the early seventh century in York, 1381:. In particular, Wilfrid travelled to 986: 679:Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum 431: 6317: 5880: 5143: 5125:Northumbrian Small Pipes Encyclopedia 5054: 5023: 4877:. Oxford: Oxford Scholarship Online. 4809:Rollason, David (25 September 2003). 4752: 4645: 4584: 4449:AEthelstan: The First King of England 4250: 4146: 3845: 3803: 3791: 3779: 3767: 3755: 3731: 3626: 3580: 3437: 3330: 3207: 3192: 3150: 3052: 2763: 2751: 2679: 2330: 2294: 2031:) and Welsh ninth-century chronicler 1890:was one of four distinct dialects of 1239:Ealdormen and earldoms of Northumbria 1048:took over the throne upon his death. 1017: 945: 221:• Deira is conquered by Vikings 5004: 4940:Venning, Timothy (30 January 2014). 4606:Lapidge, Michael (26 January 2006). 4445: 4269: 4127: 4015:Historia Regum (Anglorum et Dacorum) 3963: 3942: 3917: 3887: 3849:Alcuin of York: His Life and Letters 3825: 3719: 3708: 3649:from the original on 9 October 2022. 3602: 3496: 3413: 3378: 3201: 3138: 3075: 3046: 2837: 2828: 2774: 2739: 2727: 2703: 2691: 2354: 2342: 2246: 2222: 2210: 2150: 2099: 1385:and abandoned the traditions of the 1181:King Eadred was the half-brother of 531: 6585: 3928:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1297:practised Christianity. York had a 1196: 693:A king of Bernicia, Ida's grandson 24: 5077: 4963:"Athelstan, king of Wessex 924-39" 4585:Kirby, D. P. (January 1991). 3964:Bede (1990). Latham, R. E. (ed.). 3867:Alcuinus, Flaccus Albinus (2006). 3818: 1432: 1148:Eric of York (r. 947–948, 952–954) 558:was to the north of the river and 25: 6740: 5841:Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain 5103: 5055:Yorke, Barbara (1 January 1990). 4900:Stenton, Frank M. (7 June 2001). 4875:The Wealth of Anglo-Saxon England 4313:. London: George Bell & Sons. 4255:(5 ed.). London: Routledge. 4253:A History of the English Language 3875:. Cooperatorum Veritatis Societas 2049:Last Scandinavian King of York", 1914:language of the Britons, and the 1683:) during the abbacy (657–680) of 1539:The Book of Kells, (folio 292r), 1519:, featuring zoomorphic knot-work. 615:Unification of Bernicia and Deira 592:had a royal palace at Yeavering. 433:[ˈnorˠðɑnˌhymbrɑˈriːt͡ʃe] 107:Unified Anglian kingdom (651–867) 6609: 6608: 6596: 6584: 6445:Topographical areas of Yorkshire 6344: 4427:Fairless, Peter J. (1994). 4322:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 3797: 3785: 3773: 3761: 3749: 3744:Cuesta, Ledesma & Silva 2008 3737: 3725: 3713: 3702: 3653: 3620: 3608: 3585: 3574: 3562: 3550: 3538: 3526: 3514: 3502: 3490: 3478: 3467: 3455: 3431: 3419: 3395: 3360: 3336: 3324: 2395: 2056: 1956: 1189:, all of whom were sons of King 1117:Æthelstan of Wessex (r. 927–939) 750:Northumbria and Norse settlement 444:) was an early medieval Anglian 384: 333: 308: 294: 92: 6694:History of the Scottish Borders 4946:. Amberley Publishing Limited. 4858:. London: Chatto & Windus. 4649:The Schools of Medieval England 4075:Stevenson, Joseph, ed. (1885). 3299: 3281: 3269: 3258: 3246: 3234: 3222: 3180: 3168: 3156: 3144: 3132: 3105: 3093: 3081: 3069: 3040: 3028: 3016: 3004: 2992: 2980: 2963: 2951: 2939: 2927: 2915: 2903: 2867: 2855: 2843: 2816: 2804: 2792: 2780: 2768: 2757: 2745: 2733: 2721: 2709: 2697: 2685: 2673: 2657: 2645: 2633: 2621: 2609: 2597: 2586: 2574: 2562: 2550: 2538: 2526: 2514: 2502: 2490: 2478: 2432: 2420: 2389: 2348: 2336: 2312: 2300: 2288: 2276: 2264: 2252: 2240: 2228: 2216: 2204: 2192: 2180: 2042: 1353:Monasteries and figures of note 1203:List of monarchs of Northumbria 1087:Halfdan Ragnarsson (r. 876–877) 904:List of monarchs of Northumbria 730:'s daughter and his own cousin 542:Possible Celtic British origins 5130:Northumbrian Traditional Music 4744:Owen-Crocker, Gale R. (1986). 4729:. New York: George Braziller. 4675:. SUNY Press. pp. 79–98. 4646:Leach, Arthur Francis (1915). 4567:The Art of Anglo-Saxon England 4522:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 4431:. York, England: W. Sessions. 4307:Clutton-Brock, Arthur (1899). 4140:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 4105:Swanton, Michael, ed. (1996). 4040:(1842). Coxe, Henricus (ed.). 3311:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 3293:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 2168: 2156: 2144: 2117: 2105: 2093: 2014: 1567: 27:Medieval kingdom of the Angles 13: 1: 5120:Northumbrian Language Society 4564:Karkov, Catherine E. (2011). 3993:; Farmer, David Hugh (1983). 2970:Parsons, Julie (4 May 2002). 2025: 1743:Scandinavians and the Danelaw 1635: 1540: 1513: 1405:were founded by the nobleman 1171:Eadred of Wessex (r. 946–954) 1073:Æthelwald Moll of Northumbria 884: 4746:Dress in Anglo-Saxon England 4446:Foot, Sarah (12 July 2011). 4012:Arnold, Thomas, ed. (1885). 3852:. William Sessions Limited. 3627:Pirie, E. J. E (1982). 2069: 2007: 1477:Viking attack on Lindisfarne 1281:Roman and post-Roman Britain 971:, a Christian Princess from 40:Northumbria (disambiguation) 7: 6729:Former monarchies of Europe 5088:. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell. 4555:Hope-Taylor, Brian (1983). 4208:Higham, N. J. (1993). 3922:; McClure; Collins (eds.). 3902:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 3832:Portable Antiquities Scheme 2402:Internet History Sourcebook 1949: 1851: 1632:were still being produced. 1275: 122:(867–927; 939–944; 947–954) 10: 6745: 6724:Former countries in Europe 6450:Cities, towns and villages 5803:Sumortūnsǣte and Glestinga 4833:Book of Viking Age England 4588:The Earliest English Kings 4393:. Dunedin Academic Press. 3894:Mynors, R. A. B. 3813: 3636:British Numismatic Journal 1964:Anglo-Saxon England portal 1855: 1779: 1625:Viking raid on Lindisfarne 1557: 1499: 1436: 1248: 1242: 1200: 1174: 1151: 1120: 1090: 1021: 990: 949: 912: 901: 458:The name derives from the 29: 6580: 6524: 6458: 6432: 6389: 6356: 6198: 6065: 5992: 5914: 5833: 5326: 5255: 5180: 5115:Lowlands-L in Nothumbrian 4725:Nordenfalk, Carl (1976). 4667:MacLean, Douglas (1997). 4631:. John Wiley & Sons. 4452:. Yale University Press. 4412:. London: Penguin Books. 4351:10.1080/00393270802493217 4318:Corning, Caitlin (2006). 4251:Baugh, Albert C. (2002). 4227:Bosworth, Joseph (1898). 4108:The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 3974:. London: Penguin Books. 3873:Documenta Catholica Omnia 3826:Ager, B. M. (2012). 3660:Williams, Gareth (2020). 1987:History of Northumberland 1797:economic ties across the 1748:a territory known as the 1706:The Fates of the Apostles 1554:Golden Age of Northumbria 1081:Æthelred I of Northumbria 740:Life and Miracles of St. 537:Communities and divisions 526:County Palatine of Durham 349: 273: 259: 255: 242: 229: 219: 209: 205: 197: 187: 179: 169: 149: 126: 103: 91: 86: 50: 6572:God's Own County/Country 6366:East Riding of Yorkshire 5024:Woolf, Rosemary (1955). 5007:Two Decades of Discovery 4921:Goffart, Walter (2005). 4720:. University Microfilms. 4212:. Dover, NH: A. Sutton. 4151:. London: Head of Zeus. 3957:2027/yale.39002053190329 1858:Northumbrian Old English 1611:, inlaid with gold foil. 1560:Northumbria's Golden Age 1129:King of the Anglo-Saxons 897: 131:Northumbrian Old English 31:Not to be confused with 6298:Ragnall II Guthfrithson 5908:Monarchs of Northumbria 5084:Edmonds, Fiona (2019). 4836:. B. T. Batsford. 4609:The Anglo-Saxon Library 4503:10.1111/1468-0254.00100 4468:Goffart, Walter A. 4408:Fleming, Robin (2010). 4387:Downham, Clare (2007). 4166:Carver, Martin (2005). 4046:. Sumptibus Societatis. 3846:Allot, Stephen (1974). 2934:Petts & Turner 2011 2910:Petts & Turner 2011 1997:Northumbrian smallpipes 1578:Eadfrith of Lindisfarne 1334:, but only for a year. 1057:Eadberht of Northumbria 1046:Aldfrith of Northumbria 909:Æthelfrith (r. 593–616) 842:History of St. Cuthbert 718:married Edwin's sister 462: 442:Regnum Northanhymbrorum 428: 71:Regnum Northanhymbrorum 56: 6547:On Ilkla Moor Baht 'at 6516:Dogger Bank earthquake 4873:Sawyer, Peter (2013). 4246:. Dublin: James Duffy. 4238:Butler, Alban (1866). 3462:Roger of Wendover 1842 3204:Book III chapter 25–26 2799:Munch & Olsen 1926 1972:English of Northumbria 1809: 1789: 1739: 1646: 1612: 1607:Sword pommel from the 1550: 1532: 1520: 1232:Battle of Dun Nechtain 776:Anglo-Saxon Chronicles 759: 699:Rædwald of East Anglia 678: 441: 145:(in Scandinavian York) 70: 52:Kingdom of Northumbria 6699:954 disestablishments 5846:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 5455:Nox-gaga and Oht-gaga 5040:. Oxford: Blackwell. 4518:"Hiberno-Saxon style" 4491:Early Medieval Europe 4339:Studia Neophilologica 3307:"Hiberno-Saxon style" 3265:Neuman de Vegvar 1990 3114:Volume IX 6 September 1977:Geordie dialect words 1807: 1787: 1737: 1703:, prolific author of 1606: 1584:in an Insular style. 1538: 1526: 1507: 1326:. He was baptized by 1052:Eadberht (r. 738–758) 1034:Battle of the Winwaed 993:Oswald of Northumbria 881:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 757: 583:, dating back to the 127:Common languages 6525:Culture and heritage 6440:Geology of Yorkshire 5490:Frithuwald's Sūþrīge 4969:. Psychology Press. 4753:Pächt, Otto (1986). 4376:Medieval Scandinavia 2053:, vol. 14, pp. 51–77 2051:Medieval Scandinavia 1662:Monkwearmouth–Jarrow 1592:interlace patterns. 1527:The colophon to the 1403:Monkwearmouth–Jarrow 1185:and full brother of 1131:from 924 to 927 and 977:Cadwallon of Gwynedd 952:Edwin of Northumbria 566:kingdoms, which the 504:and formed into the 496:on the south to the 157:(before 7th century) 38:For other uses, see 6641: / 6358:Ceremonial counties 6283:Olaf I Guthfrithson 4903:Anglo-Saxon England 4714:, Carol L. (1990). 4278:(21 (1/2)): 27–30. 4193:. London: Methuen. 4147:Adams, Max (2014). 2900:, pp. 266–267. 2888:, pp. 265–266. 2823:Lapidge et al. 2013 2547:, pp. 213, 244 2357:Book II, Chapter 12 2213:Book II, Chapter 14 2002:Northumbrian tartan 1582:Lindisfarne Gospels 1510:Lindisfarne Gospels 1481:Lindisfarne Gospels 1303:Romans left Britain 1245:Earl of Northumbria 1133:King of the English 1127:Æthelstan ruled as 1099:Ælla of Northumbria 987:Oswald (r. 634–642) 647:in the area around 518:Kingdom of Scotland 510:Earldom of Bamburgh 211:• Established 189:King of Northumbria 164:(after 7th century) 6704:653 establishments 6689:Regions of England 6679:North East England 6391:Historic divisions 6201:Viking Northumbria 5282:Lists of monarchs 5028:. London: Methuen. 4233:. Clarendon Press. 4043:Flores Historiarum 3487:, pp. 149–152 3464:, pp. 298–299 3452:, pp. 213–240 3392:, pp. 245–246 3255:, pp. 237–239 3141:, pp. viii–ix 3025:, pp. 132–133 2987:Clutton-Brock 1899 2801:, pp. 245–251 2571:, pp. 246–257 2499:, pp. 212–213 2345:Book II, Chapter 1 2249:Book I, Chapter 15 2153:Book IV Chapter 19 2102:Book I, chapter 34 1992:Northumbrian music 1920:Irish missionaries 1810: 1790: 1774:Anglo-Scandinavian 1740: 1679:of Streonæshalch ( 1623:. The devastating 1613: 1598:Carolingian empire 1551: 1533: 1521: 1113:took over in 883. 1093:Halfdan Ragnarsson 1065:Archbishop of York 1018:Oswiu (r. 642–670) 946:Edwin (r. 616–633) 838:Halfdan Ragnarsson 785:Great Heathen Army 760: 665:Historia Brittonum 329:Kingdom of England 6624: 6623: 6557:Flags and symbols 6511:Wars of the Roses 6311: 6310: 5874: 5873: 5861:Mercian Supremacy 5371:Spalda (Spalding) 5068:978-1-85264-027-9 5047:978-0-631-13496-1 5016:978-1-84383-371-0 4976:978-1-85264-047-7 4953:978-1-4456-2459-4 4913:978-0-19-280139-5 4865:978-0-7011-2514-1 4843:978-0-7134-6519-8 4822:978-0-521-81335-8 4787:978-2-503-52822-9 4766:978-0-19-921060-2 4759:. H. Miller Pub. 4736:978-0-8076-0825-8 4682:978-0-7914-3455-0 4638:978-1-118-31609-2 4619:978-0-19-153301-3 4598:978-0-04-445692-6 4577:978-1-84383-628-5 4570:. Boydell Press. 4547:978-0-470-65632-7 4481:978-0-691-05514-5 4459:978-0-300-12535-1 4400:978-1-903765-89-0 4179:978-1-84383-125-9 4172:. Boydell Press. 4136:"Anglo-Saxon art" 4128:Secondary sources 4038:Roger of Wendover 3991:Stephanus, Eddius 3972:Leo Sherley-Price 3920:Colgrave, Bertram 3909:978-0-19-822202-6 3890:Colgrave, Bertram 3673:978-0-86159-224-1 3416:Book 4 Chapter 24 3343:Owen-Crocker 1986 3289:"Anglo-Saxon art" 2694:Book I chapter 34 1794:Open field system 1529:Gospel of Matthew 1366:, a student, and 1357:The monastery at 1059:, the brother of 963:and the lands of 846:Chester-le-Street 623:, which included 575:, a hill fort at 568:Germanic settlers 532:Kingdom (651–954) 479:in the south and 429:Norþanhymbra rīċe 377: 376: 345: 344: 341: 340: 321: 320: 120:Viking-ruled York 57:Norþanhymbra rīċe 16:(Redirected from 6736: 6656: 6655: 6653: 6652: 6651: 6646: 6645:55.000°N 2.500°W 6642: 6639: 6638: 6637: 6634: 6612: 6611: 6600: 6588: 6587: 6348: 6347: 6338: 6331: 6324: 6315: 6314: 6206: 6073: 6000: 5922: 5901: 5894: 5887: 5878: 5877: 5278:Wiglaf of Mercia 5164: 5157: 5150: 5141: 5140: 5099: 5072: 5051: 5034:Wormald, Patrick 5029: 5020: 5001: 4986:Northern History 4980: 4957: 4936: 4917: 4896: 4869: 4847: 4826: 4805: 4799: 4791: 4770: 4749: 4740: 4721: 4712:Neuman de Vegvar 4707: 4686: 4663: 4642: 4623: 4602: 4581: 4560: 4551: 4532: 4530: 4528: 4513: 4485: 4463: 4442: 4423: 4404: 4383: 4370: 4333: 4314: 4303: 4266: 4247: 4234: 4223: 4204: 4190:Cynewulf's Elene 4183: 4162: 4143: 4122: 4111:. London: Dent. 4101: 4082: 4071: 4047: 4033: 4027: 4019: 4008: 3985: 3970:. Translated by 3960: 3939: 3913: 3884: 3882: 3880: 3863: 3842: 3840: 3838: 3807: 3801: 3795: 3789: 3783: 3777: 3771: 3765: 3759: 3758:, pp. 68–69 3753: 3747: 3741: 3735: 3729: 3723: 3717: 3711: 3706: 3700: 3699: 3693: 3685: 3657: 3651: 3650: 3648: 3633: 3624: 3618: 3612: 3606: 3600: 3594: 3589: 3583: 3578: 3572: 3571:, pp. 64–67 3566: 3560: 3554: 3548: 3542: 3536: 3530: 3524: 3518: 3512: 3506: 3500: 3499:, pp. 27–30 3494: 3488: 3482: 3476: 3471: 3465: 3459: 3453: 3447: 3441: 3435: 3429: 3423: 3417: 3411: 3405: 3399: 3393: 3387: 3381: 3376: 3370: 3364: 3358: 3352: 3346: 3340: 3334: 3333:, pp. 72–73 3328: 3322: 3321: 3319: 3317: 3303: 3297: 3296: 3285: 3279: 3273: 3267: 3262: 3256: 3250: 3244: 3238: 3232: 3226: 3220: 3214: 3205: 3199: 3190: 3184: 3178: 3172: 3166: 3160: 3154: 3148: 3142: 3136: 3130: 3124: 3115: 3109: 3103: 3097: 3091: 3085: 3079: 3073: 3067: 3061: 3050: 3044: 3038: 3032: 3026: 3020: 3014: 3013:, pp. 88–89 3008: 3002: 2996: 2990: 2984: 2978: 2977: 2967: 2961: 2960:, pp. 10–16 2955: 2949: 2948:, pp. 81–90 2943: 2937: 2931: 2925: 2919: 2913: 2912:, pp. 14–27 2907: 2901: 2895: 2889: 2883: 2877: 2876:MS D & E 954 2871: 2865: 2859: 2853: 2852:, pp. 42–43 2847: 2841: 2835: 2826: 2820: 2814: 2808: 2802: 2796: 2790: 2784: 2778: 2772: 2766: 2761: 2755: 2749: 2743: 2737: 2731: 2725: 2719: 2713: 2707: 2701: 2695: 2689: 2683: 2682:, pp. 60–61 2677: 2671: 2668:Annals of Ulster 2661: 2655: 2649: 2643: 2637: 2631: 2625: 2619: 2613: 2607: 2601: 2595: 2590: 2584: 2578: 2572: 2566: 2560: 2554: 2548: 2542: 2536: 2530: 2524: 2518: 2512: 2506: 2500: 2494: 2488: 2482: 2476: 2470: 2459: 2453: 2442: 2436: 2430: 2424: 2418: 2417: 2415: 2413: 2393: 2387: 2381: 2375: 2369: 2358: 2352: 2346: 2340: 2334: 2328: 2322: 2316: 2310: 2304: 2298: 2292: 2286: 2285:, pp. 48–52 2280: 2274: 2273:, pp. 45–48 2268: 2262: 2256: 2250: 2244: 2238: 2237:, pp. 57–64 2232: 2226: 2220: 2214: 2208: 2202: 2201:, pp. 83–84 2196: 2190: 2189:, pp. 15–16 2187:Hope-Taylor 1983 2184: 2178: 2172: 2166: 2160: 2154: 2148: 2142: 2136: 2127: 2121: 2115: 2109: 2103: 2097: 2091: 2085: 2063: 2060: 2054: 2046: 2040: 2030: 2027: 2018: 1966: 1961: 1960: 1959: 1944:standard English 1912:Common Brittonic 1908:Celtic Languages 1677:double monastery 1651: 1545: 1542: 1518: 1515: 1197:Politics and war 1191:Edward the Elder 889: 886: 877:Symeon of Durham 764:Viking invasions 681: 450:Northern England 435: 422: 421: 418: 417: 414: 411: 408: 405: 402: 399: 396: 393: 390: 337: 336: 325: 324: 312: 311: 298: 297: 291: 290: 275: 274: 165: 158: 96: 81: 73: 67: 59: 48: 47: 43: 36: 21: 6744: 6743: 6739: 6738: 6737: 6735: 6734: 6733: 6714:Former kingdoms 6659: 6658: 6649: 6647: 6643: 6640: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6628: 6627: 6625: 6620: 6576: 6520: 6454: 6428: 6385: 6376:South Yorkshire 6371:North Yorkshire 6352: 6345: 6342: 6312: 6307: 6204: 6203: 6194: 6071: 6070: 6061: 5998: 5997: 5988: 5920: 5919: 5910: 5905: 5875: 5870: 5829: 5322: 5251: 5176: 5168: 5106: 5096: 5080: 5078:Further reading 5075: 5069: 5048: 5017: 4977: 4954: 4933: 4914: 4893: 4866: 4852:Schapiro, Meyer 4844: 4823: 4793: 4792: 4788: 4767: 4737: 4704: 4683: 4660: 4639: 4620: 4599: 4591:. Unwin Hyman. 4578: 4548: 4526: 4524: 4516: 4482: 4460: 4439: 4420: 4401: 4330: 4263: 4220: 4201: 4180: 4159: 4134: 4130: 4125: 4119: 4098: 4068: 4021: 4020: 4005: 3995:The Age of Bede 3982: 3936: 3910: 3878: 3876: 3860: 3836: 3834: 3821: 3819:Primary sources 3816: 3811: 3810: 3802: 3798: 3790: 3786: 3778: 3774: 3766: 3762: 3754: 3750: 3742: 3738: 3730: 3726: 3718: 3714: 3707: 3703: 3687: 3686: 3674: 3658: 3654: 3646: 3631: 3625: 3621: 3613: 3609: 3601: 3597: 3590: 3586: 3579: 3575: 3567: 3563: 3555: 3551: 3543: 3539: 3531: 3527: 3519: 3515: 3507: 3503: 3495: 3491: 3483: 3479: 3472: 3468: 3460: 3456: 3448: 3444: 3436: 3432: 3428:, pp. 9–14 3424: 3420: 3412: 3408: 3400: 3396: 3388: 3384: 3377: 3373: 3365: 3361: 3353: 3349: 3341: 3337: 3329: 3325: 3315: 3313: 3305: 3304: 3300: 3287: 3286: 3282: 3274: 3270: 3263: 3259: 3251: 3247: 3239: 3235: 3227: 3223: 3215: 3208: 3200: 3193: 3185: 3181: 3173: 3169: 3161: 3157: 3149: 3145: 3137: 3133: 3125: 3118: 3110: 3106: 3098: 3094: 3086: 3082: 3074: 3070: 3062: 3053: 3045: 3041: 3033: 3029: 3021: 3017: 3009: 3005: 2997: 2993: 2985: 2981: 2968: 2964: 2956: 2952: 2944: 2940: 2932: 2928: 2920: 2916: 2908: 2904: 2896: 2892: 2884: 2880: 2872: 2868: 2860: 2856: 2848: 2844: 2836: 2829: 2821: 2817: 2809: 2805: 2797: 2793: 2785: 2781: 2773: 2769: 2762: 2758: 2754:, pp. 78–9 2750: 2746: 2738: 2734: 2726: 2722: 2714: 2710: 2702: 2698: 2690: 2686: 2678: 2674: 2662: 2658: 2650: 2646: 2638: 2634: 2626: 2622: 2614: 2610: 2602: 2598: 2591: 2587: 2579: 2575: 2567: 2563: 2555: 2551: 2543: 2539: 2531: 2527: 2519: 2515: 2507: 2503: 2495: 2491: 2483: 2479: 2471: 2462: 2454: 2445: 2437: 2433: 2425: 2421: 2411: 2409: 2408:on 25 June 2016 2394: 2390: 2384:Holdsworth 2014 2382: 2378: 2370: 2361: 2353: 2349: 2341: 2337: 2329: 2325: 2317: 2313: 2305: 2301: 2293: 2289: 2281: 2277: 2269: 2265: 2257: 2253: 2245: 2241: 2233: 2229: 2221: 2217: 2209: 2205: 2197: 2193: 2185: 2181: 2173: 2169: 2161: 2157: 2149: 2145: 2137: 2130: 2122: 2118: 2110: 2106: 2098: 2094: 2088:Holdsworth 2014 2086: 2077: 2072: 2067: 2066: 2061: 2057: 2047: 2043: 2028: 2019: 2015: 2010: 1962: 1957: 1955: 1952: 1862:In the time of 1860: 1854: 1826:Ecgbert of York 1782: 1745: 1669:Christian poets 1658:Synod of Whitby 1638: 1621:Bewcastle Cross 1570: 1562: 1556: 1543: 1516: 1502: 1494:parish churches 1473: 1441: 1439:Synod of Whitby 1435: 1433:Synod of Whitby 1407:Benedict Biscop 1399:Synod of Whitby 1355: 1341:. He converted 1320: 1283: 1278: 1253: 1247: 1241: 1205: 1199: 1179: 1173: 1161:kingdom of York 1156: 1150: 1125: 1119: 1107:Dyflin (Dublin) 1095: 1089: 1054: 1042:Synod of Whitby 1026: 1020: 1012:Penda of Mercia 995: 989: 981:Penda of Mercia 954: 948: 917: 911: 906: 900: 887: 813:Kingdom of York 752: 617: 544: 539: 534: 506:Kingdom of York 448:in what is now 387: 383: 373: 334: 309: 295: 248: 235: 222: 212: 163: 159: 156: 141: 137: 133: 118: 114: 112: 108: 99: 82: 75: 68: 61: 53: 44: 37: 30: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6742: 6732: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6684:Northumberland 6681: 6676: 6671: 6650:55.000; -2.500 6622: 6621: 6619: 6618: 6606: 6594: 6581: 6578: 6577: 6575: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6528: 6526: 6522: 6521: 6519: 6518: 6513: 6508: 6503: 6498: 6493: 6488: 6483: 6478: 6473: 6468: 6462: 6460: 6456: 6455: 6453: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6436: 6434: 6430: 6429: 6427: 6426: 6421: 6416: 6411: 6406: 6401: 6395: 6393: 6387: 6386: 6384: 6383: 6381:West Yorkshire 6378: 6373: 6368: 6362: 6360: 6354: 6353: 6341: 6340: 6333: 6326: 6318: 6309: 6308: 6306: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6293:Olaf II Cuaran 6290: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6273:Sitric I Caech 6270: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6209: 6207: 6196: 6195: 6193: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6130:Æthelwald Moll 6127: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6076: 6074: 6063: 6062: 6060: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6003: 6001: 5990: 5989: 5987: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5925: 5923: 5912: 5911: 5904: 5903: 5896: 5889: 5881: 5872: 5871: 5869: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5851:Burghal Hidage 5848: 5843: 5837: 5835: 5831: 5830: 5828: 5827: 5826: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5750: 5749: 5748: 5738: 5737: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5716: 5715: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5554: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5504: 5503: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5412: 5411: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5380: 5379: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5332: 5330: 5324: 5323: 5321: 5320: 5319: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5259: 5257: 5253: 5252: 5250: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5238: 5237: 5232: 5222: 5221: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5184: 5182: 5178: 5177: 5167: 5166: 5159: 5152: 5144: 5138: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5105: 5104:External links 5102: 5101: 5100: 5094: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5073: 5067: 5052: 5046: 5030: 5021: 5015: 5002: 4981: 4975: 4958: 4952: 4937: 4931: 4918: 4912: 4906:. OUP Oxford. 4897: 4891: 4870: 4864: 4848: 4842: 4827: 4821: 4806: 4786: 4771: 4765: 4750: 4741: 4735: 4722: 4708: 4702: 4687: 4681: 4664: 4658: 4643: 4637: 4624: 4618: 4612:. OUP Oxford. 4603: 4597: 4582: 4576: 4561: 4552: 4546: 4533: 4514: 4486: 4480: 4464: 4458: 4443: 4437: 4424: 4418: 4405: 4399: 4384: 4371: 4345:(2): 132–159. 4334: 4328: 4315: 4304: 4284:10.2307/750485 4267: 4261: 4248: 4235: 4224: 4218: 4205: 4199: 4184: 4178: 4163: 4157: 4144: 4131: 4129: 4126: 4124: 4123: 4117: 4102: 4096: 4083: 4072: 4066: 4048: 4034: 4009: 4003: 3986: 3980: 3961: 3945:Miller, Thomas 3940: 3935:978-0199537235 3934: 3915: 3908: 3885: 3864: 3859:978-0900657214 3858: 3843: 3822: 3820: 3817: 3815: 3812: 3809: 3808: 3796: 3784: 3772: 3760: 3748: 3746:, pp. 140 3736: 3724: 3722:, pp. 152 3712: 3701: 3672: 3652: 3619: 3607: 3595: 3584: 3573: 3561: 3549: 3547:, pp. 1–4 3537: 3525: 3523:, pp. 123 3513: 3511:, pp. 121 3501: 3489: 3477: 3466: 3454: 3442: 3440:, pp. 2–6 3430: 3418: 3406: 3394: 3382: 3371: 3359: 3347: 3335: 3323: 3298: 3280: 3278:, pp. 140 3268: 3257: 3245: 3233: 3221: 3219:, pp. 239 3206: 3191: 3179: 3167: 3155: 3143: 3131: 3116: 3104: 3092: 3080: 3068: 3051: 3039: 3027: 3015: 3003: 2991: 2979: 2962: 2950: 2938: 2926: 2914: 2902: 2890: 2878: 2866: 2854: 2850:Sturluson 1964 2842: 2827: 2815: 2811:Stevenson 1885 2803: 2791: 2779: 2767: 2756: 2744: 2732: 2720: 2708: 2696: 2684: 2672: 2656: 2644: 2632: 2620: 2608: 2596: 2585: 2573: 2561: 2549: 2537: 2525: 2513: 2501: 2489: 2477: 2460: 2443: 2431: 2419: 2388: 2386:, p. 340. 2376: 2359: 2347: 2335: 2323: 2311: 2299: 2287: 2275: 2263: 2251: 2239: 2227: 2215: 2203: 2191: 2179: 2167: 2155: 2143: 2128: 2116: 2104: 2092: 2090:, p. 341. 2074: 2073: 2071: 2068: 2065: 2064: 2055: 2041: 2039:as Din Guaire. 2012: 2011: 2009: 2006: 2005: 2004: 1999: 1994: 1989: 1984: 1979: 1974: 1968: 1967: 1951: 1948: 1910:, such as the 1853: 1850: 1781: 1778: 1744: 1741: 1640:The Venerable 1637: 1634: 1617:Ruthwell Cross 1569: 1566: 1558:Main article: 1555: 1552: 1548:Gospel of John 1508:Page from the 1501: 1498: 1490:Gosforth Cross 1472: 1469: 1437:Main article: 1434: 1431: 1354: 1351: 1332:Bishop of York 1319: 1316: 1282: 1279: 1277: 1274: 1243:Main article: 1240: 1237: 1201:Main article: 1198: 1195: 1175:Main article: 1172: 1169: 1152:Main article: 1149: 1146: 1121:Main article: 1118: 1115: 1091:Main article: 1088: 1085: 1053: 1050: 1022:Main article: 1019: 1016: 991:Main article: 988: 985: 979:and the pagan 950:Main article: 947: 944: 913:Main article: 910: 907: 902:Main article: 899: 896: 854:Historia Regum 751: 748: 643:, west of the 616: 613: 564:Celtic British 543: 540: 538: 535: 533: 530: 522:Northumberland 498:Firth of Forth 473:Humber Estuary 454:South Scotland 375: 374: 372: 371: 370: 369: 364: 357:United Kingdom 353: 351: 347: 346: 343: 342: 339: 338: 331: 322: 319: 318: 313: 305: 304: 299: 287: 286: 281: 271: 270: 261: 257: 256: 253: 252: 249: 243: 240: 239: 236: 230: 227: 226: 223: 220: 217: 216: 213: 210: 207: 206: 203: 202: 199: 195: 194: 191: 185: 184: 181: 177: 176: 173: 167: 166: 151: 147: 146: 128: 124: 123: 105: 101: 100: 97: 89: 88: 84: 83: 54: 51: 33:Northumberland 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6741: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6666: 6664: 6657: 6654: 6617: 6616: 6607: 6605: 6604: 6599: 6595: 6593: 6592: 6583: 6582: 6579: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6567:Yorkshire Day 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6529: 6527: 6523: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6463: 6461: 6457: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6437: 6435: 6431: 6425: 6424:High Sheriffs 6422: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6396: 6394: 6392: 6388: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6363: 6361: 6359: 6355: 6351: 6339: 6334: 6332: 6327: 6325: 6320: 6319: 6316: 6304: 6303:Eric Bloodaxe 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6210: 6208: 6205:867–954 6202: 6197: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6077: 6075: 6072:642–867 6069: 6064: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6004: 6002: 5999:560–679 5996: 5991: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5926: 5924: 5921:547–670 5918: 5913: 5909: 5902: 5897: 5895: 5890: 5888: 5883: 5882: 5879: 5867: 5866:Tribal Hidage 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5838: 5836: 5832: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5755: 5754: 5751: 5747: 5744: 5743: 5742: 5739: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5721: 5720: 5717: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5672:Southumbrians 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5632:Middle Angles 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5559: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5517:Andredes Leag 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5445:Middle Saxons 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5417: 5416: 5413: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5385: 5384: 5381: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5338: 5337: 5334: 5333: 5331: 5329: 5325: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5283: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5260: 5258: 5254: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5227: 5226: 5223: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5205: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5185: 5183: 5179: 5175: 5172: 5165: 5160: 5158: 5153: 5151: 5146: 5145: 5142: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5107: 5097: 5095:9781783273362 5091: 5087: 5082: 5081: 5070: 5064: 5060: 5059: 5053: 5049: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5027: 5022: 5018: 5012: 5008: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4982: 4978: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4959: 4955: 4949: 4945: 4944: 4938: 4934: 4932:9780268029678 4928: 4924: 4919: 4915: 4909: 4905: 4904: 4898: 4894: 4892:9780199253937 4888: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4871: 4867: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4839: 4835: 4834: 4828: 4824: 4818: 4814: 4813: 4807: 4803: 4797: 4789: 4783: 4779: 4778: 4772: 4768: 4762: 4758: 4757: 4751: 4747: 4742: 4738: 4732: 4728: 4723: 4719: 4718: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4703:9780404045388 4699: 4695: 4694: 4688: 4684: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4665: 4661: 4659:9780722229033 4655: 4652:. Macmillan. 4651: 4650: 4644: 4640: 4634: 4630: 4625: 4621: 4615: 4611: 4610: 4604: 4600: 4594: 4590: 4589: 4583: 4579: 4573: 4569: 4568: 4562: 4558: 4553: 4549: 4543: 4539: 4534: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4487: 4483: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4455: 4451: 4450: 4444: 4440: 4438:9781850721383 4434: 4430: 4425: 4421: 4419:9780140148237 4415: 4411: 4406: 4402: 4396: 4392: 4391: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4335: 4331: 4329:9781403972996 4325: 4321: 4316: 4312: 4311: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4268: 4264: 4262:9780415280990 4258: 4254: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4236: 4232: 4231: 4225: 4221: 4219:9780862997304 4215: 4211: 4206: 4202: 4200:9781800857230 4196: 4192: 4191: 4185: 4181: 4175: 4171: 4170: 4164: 4160: 4158:9781781854204 4154: 4150: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4132: 4120: 4118:9780460877374 4114: 4110: 4109: 4103: 4099: 4097:9780292732629 4093: 4089: 4084: 4080: 4079: 4073: 4069: 4067:9781861431394 4063: 4059: 4058: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4044: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4025: 4017: 4016: 4010: 4006: 4004:9780140444377 4000: 3996: 3992: 3987: 3983: 3981:9780140445657 3977: 3973: 3969: 3968: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3943:Bede (1898). 3941: 3937: 3931: 3927: 3926: 3921: 3918:Bede (2008). 3916: 3911: 3905: 3901: 3900: 3895: 3891: 3888:Bede (1969). 3886: 3874: 3870: 3865: 3861: 3855: 3851: 3850: 3844: 3833: 3829: 3824: 3823: 3806:, pp. 95 3805: 3800: 3794:, pp. 94 3793: 3788: 3782:, pp. 93 3781: 3776: 3770:, pp. 85 3769: 3764: 3757: 3752: 3745: 3740: 3734:, pp. 71 3733: 3728: 3721: 3716: 3710: 3705: 3697: 3691: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3669: 3665: 3664: 3656: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3630: 3623: 3616: 3611: 3604: 3599: 3593: 3592:Alcuinus 2006 3588: 3582: 3577: 3570: 3565: 3558: 3553: 3546: 3541: 3535:, pp. 36 3534: 3529: 3522: 3521:Richards 1991 3517: 3510: 3509:Richards 1991 3505: 3498: 3493: 3486: 3481: 3475: 3470: 3463: 3458: 3451: 3446: 3439: 3434: 3427: 3422: 3415: 3410: 3403: 3398: 3391: 3386: 3380: 3375: 3369:, p. 238 3368: 3363: 3356: 3351: 3344: 3339: 3332: 3327: 3312: 3308: 3302: 3294: 3290: 3284: 3277: 3276:Rollason 2003 3272: 3266: 3261: 3254: 3253:Rollason 2003 3249: 3243:, p. 178 3242: 3237: 3231:, p. 318 3230: 3225: 3218: 3217:Rollason 2003 3213: 3211: 3203: 3198: 3196: 3189:, p. 114 3188: 3183: 3176: 3171: 3164: 3159: 3153:, pp. 41 3152: 3147: 3140: 3135: 3128: 3123: 3121: 3113: 3108: 3102:, p. 171 3101: 3096: 3090:, p. 156 3089: 3084: 3077: 3072: 3066:, p. 207 3065: 3064:Rollason 2003 3060: 3058: 3056: 3048: 3043: 3037:, p. 102 3036: 3031: 3024: 3019: 3012: 3007: 3000: 2995: 2988: 2983: 2975: 2974: 2966: 2959: 2958:Fairless 1994 2954: 2947: 2942: 2935: 2930: 2924:, pp. 40 2923: 2918: 2911: 2906: 2899: 2898:Rollason 2003 2894: 2887: 2886:Rollason 2003 2882: 2875: 2870: 2863: 2858: 2851: 2846: 2839: 2834: 2832: 2825:, p. 526 2824: 2819: 2813:, p. 489 2812: 2807: 2800: 2795: 2789:, p. 132 2788: 2783: 2776: 2771: 2765: 2760: 2753: 2748: 2741: 2736: 2730:II.20, III.24 2729: 2724: 2718:, p. 124 2717: 2712: 2705: 2700: 2693: 2688: 2681: 2676: 2669: 2665: 2664:Rollason 2003 2660: 2654:, p. 181 2653: 2648: 2641: 2636: 2629: 2624: 2618:, p. 249 2617: 2616:Rollason 2003 2612: 2606:, p. 183 2605: 2600: 2594: 2589: 2583:, p. 319 2582: 2577: 2570: 2569:Rollason 2003 2565: 2559:, p. 244 2558: 2557:Rollason 2003 2553: 2546: 2545:Rollason 2003 2541: 2534: 2529: 2523:, p. 213 2522: 2521:Rollason 2003 2517: 2511:, p. 270 2510: 2505: 2498: 2497:Rollason 2003 2493: 2486: 2481: 2474: 2469: 2467: 2465: 2458:, p. 212 2457: 2456:Rollason 2003 2452: 2450: 2448: 2441:, p. 211 2440: 2439:Rollason 2003 2435: 2428: 2423: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2392: 2385: 2380: 2373: 2372:Rollason 2003 2368: 2366: 2364: 2356: 2351: 2344: 2339: 2332: 2327: 2320: 2315: 2308: 2303: 2296: 2291: 2284: 2283:Rollason 2003 2279: 2272: 2271:Rollason 2003 2267: 2261:, p. 100 2260: 2259:Rollason 2003 2255: 2248: 2243: 2236: 2235:Rollason 2003 2231: 2224: 2219: 2212: 2207: 2200: 2199:Rollason 2003 2195: 2188: 2183: 2176: 2171: 2164: 2159: 2152: 2147: 2140: 2139:Rollason 2003 2135: 2133: 2125: 2124:Rollason 2003 2120: 2114:, p. 725 2113: 2112:Bosworth 1898 2108: 2101: 2096: 2089: 2084: 2082: 2080: 2075: 2059: 2052: 2045: 2038: 2034: 2023: 2017: 2013: 2003: 2000: 1998: 1995: 1993: 1990: 1988: 1985: 1983: 1980: 1978: 1975: 1973: 1970: 1969: 1965: 1954: 1947: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1894:, along with 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1859: 1849: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1822:King Eadberht 1819: 1818:King Aldfrith 1815: 1806: 1802: 1800: 1795: 1786: 1777: 1775: 1771: 1770:Franks Casket 1766: 1765:visual motifs 1761: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1736: 1732: 1730: 1726: 1725: 1720: 1719: 1714: 1713: 1708: 1707: 1702: 1698: 1697:Cædmon's Hymn 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1675:lived at the 1674: 1670: 1665: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1650: 1649: 1643: 1633: 1631: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1610: 1605: 1601: 1599: 1593: 1591: 1585: 1583: 1580:produced the 1579: 1575: 1565: 1561: 1549: 1537: 1530: 1525: 1511: 1506: 1497: 1495: 1491: 1485: 1482: 1478: 1468: 1466: 1465:archbishopric 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1443:In 664, King 1440: 1430: 1428: 1424: 1419: 1414: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1387:Celtic church 1384: 1380: 1375: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1360: 1350: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1335: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1315: 1313: 1309: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1293:north of the 1292: 1288: 1273: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1252: 1246: 1236: 1233: 1229: 1224: 1220: 1218: 1214: 1213:Eric Bloodaxe 1210: 1204: 1194: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1178: 1168: 1166: 1162: 1155: 1154:Eric Bloodaxe 1145: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1124: 1114: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1094: 1084: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1049: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1025: 1015: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1000: 994: 984: 982: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 953: 943: 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 921: 916: 905: 895: 893: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 859:North of the 857: 855: 851: 847: 843: 839: 835: 830: 824: 822: 821:Eric Bloodaxe 818: 817:Hiberno-Norse 814: 810: 806: 802: 797: 794: 790: 786: 781: 777: 773: 769: 765: 756: 747: 745: 743: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 711: 709: 705: 700: 696: 691: 689: 685: 680: 675: 671: 667: 666: 662:and Nennius' 661: 656: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 633:Monkwearmouth 630: 626: 622: 612: 610: 606: 605: 599: 593: 591: 586: 582: 578: 574: 573:Cheviot Hills 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 529: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 499: 495: 491: 490:Peak District 487: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 465: 461: 456: 455: 451: 447: 443: 439: 434: 430: 426: 420: 381: 368: 365: 363: 360: 359: 358: 355: 354: 352: 350:Today part of 348: 332: 330: 327: 326: 323: 317: 314: 307: 306: 303: 300: 293: 292: 289: 288: 285: 282: 280: 277: 276: 272: 269: 265: 262: 258: 254: 250: 247: 241: 237: 234: 228: 224: 218: 214: 208: 204: 200: 196: 192: 190: 186: 182: 178: 174: 172: 168: 162: 155: 152: 148: 144: 140: 136: 132: 129: 125: 121: 117: 111: 106: 102: 95: 90: 85: 79: 72: 65: 58: 49: 46: 41: 34: 19: 18:Northumbrians 6626: 6613: 6601: 6589: 6500: 6404:North Riding 6278:Guthfrith II 5752: 5740: 5719:Northumbria: 5718: 5662:South Engele 5556: 5532:Ceasterware 5506: 5425:Godhelmingas 5414: 5382: 5336:East Anglia: 5335: 5224: 5218:Middel Seaxe 5085: 5057: 5037: 5025: 5006: 4989: 4985: 4966: 4942: 4922: 4902: 4874: 4855: 4832: 4811: 4776: 4755: 4745: 4726: 4716: 4692: 4672: 4648: 4628: 4608: 4587: 4566: 4556: 4537: 4525:. Retrieved 4521: 4497:(1): 45–70, 4494: 4490: 4471: 4448: 4428: 4409: 4389: 4379: 4375: 4342: 4338: 4319: 4309: 4275: 4271: 4252: 4243: 4229: 4209: 4189: 4168: 4148: 4139: 4107: 4087: 4077: 4056: 4042: 4014: 3994: 3966: 3948: 3924: 3898: 3877:. Retrieved 3872: 3848: 3835:. Retrieved 3831: 3799: 3787: 3775: 3763: 3751: 3739: 3727: 3715: 3704: 3662: 3655: 3639: 3635: 3622: 3617:, p. 34 3610: 3605:, p. 28 3598: 3587: 3576: 3564: 3559:, p. 33 3552: 3540: 3528: 3516: 3504: 3492: 3480: 3469: 3457: 3450:Fleming 2010 3445: 3433: 3421: 3409: 3404:, p. 44 3402:Lapidge 2006 3397: 3390:Goffart 1988 3385: 3374: 3367:Goffart 2005 3362: 3357:, p. 29 3355:Wormald 1999 3350: 3345:, p. 28 3338: 3326: 3314:. Retrieved 3310: 3301: 3292: 3283: 3271: 3260: 3248: 3236: 3229:Fleming 2010 3224: 3187:Corning 2006 3182: 3177:, p. 40 3175:Lapidge 2006 3170: 3165:, p. 41 3163:Lapidge 2006 3158: 3146: 3134: 3129:, p. 35 3127:Lapidge 2006 3107: 3100:Fleming 2010 3095: 3088:Fleming 2010 3083: 3071: 3049:, p. 96 3042: 3035:Fleming 2010 3030: 3023:Fleming 2010 3018: 3011:MacLean 1997 3006: 3001:, p. 65 2999:Corning 2006 2994: 2982: 2972: 2965: 2953: 2941: 2936:, p. 27 2929: 2922:Downham 2007 2917: 2905: 2893: 2881: 2874:Swanton 1996 2869: 2862:Swanton 1996 2857: 2845: 2840:, p. 40 2818: 2806: 2794: 2787:Venning 2014 2782: 2770: 2759: 2747: 2735: 2723: 2711: 2699: 2687: 2675: 2659: 2647: 2640:Swanton 1996 2635: 2623: 2611: 2599: 2588: 2581:Fleming 2010 2576: 2564: 2552: 2540: 2533:Downham 2004 2528: 2516: 2509:Fleming 2010 2504: 2492: 2485:Swanton 1996 2480: 2473:Swanton 1996 2434: 2427:Swanton 1996 2422: 2410:. Retrieved 2406:the original 2401: 2391: 2379: 2350: 2338: 2333:, p. 79 2326: 2319:Nennius 2005 2314: 2307:Nennius 2005 2302: 2297:, p. 74 2290: 2278: 2266: 2254: 2242: 2230: 2225:, p. 93 2218: 2206: 2194: 2182: 2177:, p. 81 2170: 2163:Nennius 2005 2158: 2146: 2141:, p. 81 2126:, p. 44 2119: 2107: 2095: 2058: 2050: 2044: 2016: 1888:Northumbrian 1861: 1846:Bedale Hoard 1811: 1791: 1762: 1754:Scandinavian 1746: 1723: 1717: 1710: 1704: 1681:Whitby Abbey 1666: 1653: 1639: 1614: 1609:Bedale Hoard 1594: 1586: 1571: 1563: 1486: 1474: 1442: 1415: 1376: 1356: 1336: 1321: 1284: 1254: 1225: 1221: 1206: 1180: 1157: 1126: 1096: 1055: 1027: 996: 955: 918: 880: 858: 853: 834:St. Cuthbert 829:Scandinavian 825: 798: 761: 739: 712: 692: 663: 659: 657: 652: 618: 611:as fraught. 602: 594: 545: 494:River Mersey 469:people south 464:Norþanhymbre 459: 457: 379: 378: 284:Succeeded by 283: 278: 175:Northumbrian 161:Christianity 115: 109: 45: 6669:Northumbria 6648: / 6591:WikiProject 6501:Northumbria 6409:West Riding 6399:East Riding 6228:Guthfrith I 6175:Æthelred II 6068:Northumbria 5712:Wreocensæte 5637:North Engle 5622:Lindisfaras 5592:Cilternsæte 5552:Modingahema 5306:Northumbria 5286:East Anglia 5225:Northumbria 5188:East Anglia 5171:Anglo-Saxon 3615:Sawyer 2013 3569:Sawyer 2013 3557:Sawyer 2013 3545:Sawyer 2013 3533:Carver 2005 3485:Karkov 2011 3474:Hadley 2002 3426:Gradon 1958 3241:Higham 1993 3112:Butler 1866 2989:, p. 6 2946:Higham 1993 2716:Higham 1993 2652:Higham 1993 2628:Arnold 1885 2604:Higham 1993 2593:Arnold 1885 2374:, p. 7 2309:para 57, 59 2175:Higham 1993 1892:Old English 1834:King Eanred 1758:Old English 1630:Easby Cross 1574:Lindisfarne 1568:Insular art 1459:, Abbot of 1453:Lindisfarne 1427:Charlemagne 1359:Lindisfarne 1347:Lindisfarne 1343:King Oswald 1289:rule, some 1270:River Tweed 1258:Haliwerfolk 1004:Lindisfarne 961:Isle of Man 873:Ecgberht II 809:East Anglia 799:After King 789:East Anglia 734:to produce 629:Lindisfarne 548:Anglo-Saxon 508:. The rump 460:Old English 425:Old English 380:Northumbria 279:Preceded by 64:Old English 6663:Categories 6562:White Rose 6476:Parisiorum 6419:Wapentakes 6258:Halfdan II 6248:Airdeconut 6165:Ælfwald II 6140:Æthelred I 6017:Æthelfrith 5964:Æthelfrith 5954:Frithuwald 5798:Sumorsaete 5783:Glastening 5768:Brycgstowl 5746:Haestingas 5729:Beodarsæte 5682:Stoppingas 5677:Spaldingas 5652:Pencersæte 5597:Duddensæte 5582:Beormingas 5577:Banesbyrig 5512:Andredsley 5485:Pæding-tun 5470:Waeclingas 5430:Haueringas 5403:Caningaege 5398:Daenningas 5388:Brahhingas 5361:Herstingas 5273:Frithuwald 3804:Baugh 2002 3792:Baugh 2002 3780:Baugh 2002 3768:Baugh 2002 3756:Baugh 2002 3732:Baugh 2002 3682:1047651834 3581:Allot 1974 3438:Woolf 1955 3331:Pächt 1986 3151:Leach 1915 2764:Yorke 1990 2752:Yorke 1990 2680:Kirby 1991 2331:Yorke 1990 2295:Yorke 1990 2029: 731 1982:Hen Ogledd 1900:West Saxon 1856:See also: 1636:Literature 1590:zoomorphic 1544: 800 1517: 700 1372:Hartlepool 1324:King Edwin 1249:See also: 1030:Maserfield 1008:Maserfield 920:Æthelfrith 915:Æthelfrith 888: 877 865:Ecgberht I 787:landed in 716:Æthelfrith 695:Æthelfrith 552:River Tees 180:Government 171:Demonym(s) 6481:Britannia 6471:Brigantia 6433:Geography 6350:Yorkshire 6288:Sitric II 6268:Ragnall I 6243:Æthelwold 6233:Siefredus 6223:Halfdan I 6199:Kings of 6145:Ælfwald I 6095:Eadwulf I 6090:Ealdfrith 6066:Kings of 6047:Œthelwald 5993:Kings of 5915:Kings of 5813:Wiltsaete 5808:Sunningas 5793:Rēadingas 5773:Dornsaete 5758:Eorlingas 5724:Elmetsæte 5702:Weorgoran 5687:Sweordora 5667:Snotingas 5657:Reagesate 5627:Magonsæte 5612:Glestinga 5547:Limenwara 5537:Eastorege 5480:Woccingas 5435:Hroðingas 5420:Gillingas 5263:Bretwalda 5174:heptarchy 5061:. Seaby. 4796:cite book 4511:154018306 4367:161587451 4359:0039-3274 4300:195032909 4024:cite book 3720:Bede 1990 3709:Ager 2012 3690:cite book 3603:Wood 2008 3497:Berg 1958 3414:Bede 1969 3379:Bede 1969 3202:Bede 2008 3139:Bede 2008 3076:Bede 2008 3047:Bede 2008 2838:Foot 2011 2775:Bede 2008 2740:Bede 2008 2728:Bede 2008 2704:Bede 2008 2692:Bede 2008 2355:Bede 2008 2343:Bede 2008 2247:Bede 2008 2223:Bede 2008 2211:Bede 2008 2151:Bede 1969 2100:Bede 1898 2070:Citations 2008:Footnotes 1932:Old Norse 1916:Old Irish 1799:North Sea 1724:Christ II 1689:scripture 1685:St. Hilda 1411:Ceolfrith 1308:Yeavering 1251:Ealdorman 1183:Æthelstan 1123:Æthelstan 1111:Guthfrith 999:Cadwallon 969:Æthelburh 726:marrying 672:, son of 639:, and in 621:Yorkshire 577:Yeavering 514:the Tweed 233:Æthelstan 150:Religion 143:Old Norse 6615:Category 6213:Ecgberht 6160:Eardwulf 6150:Osred II 6120:Eadberht 6115:Ceolwulf 6085:Ecgfrith 6057:Ælfwine 6052:Alhfrith 6012:Æthelric 5974:Eanfrith 5949:Theodric 5944:Æthelric 5917:Bernicia 5834:See also 5818:Wihtwara 5788:Meonwara 5763:Basingas 5707:Westerne 5617:Husmerae 5567:Æbbingas 5562:Ælfingas 5527:Cantware 5522:Boroware 5500:Deningei 5495:Dæningas 5465:Tewingas 5460:Tetingas 5408:Gegingas 5328:Regiones 5268:Iclingas 5256:Monarchs 5230:Bernicia 5181:Kingdoms 5036:(1999). 4998:60626360 4854:(1980). 4470:(1988). 4382:: 51–77. 4054:(2005). 3896:(eds.). 3644:Archived 3078:, III. 5 2864:MS D 940 2742:III.1–13 2630:867, 872 2412:23 March 2037:Bamburgh 1950:See also 1928:Bernicia 1852:Language 1830:sceattas 1701:Cynewulf 1467:in 735. 1429:in 782. 1418:Paulinus 1368:Cuthbert 1328:Paulinus 1312:Bernicia 1276:Religion 1266:Scotland 1103:Ecgberht 1010:against 938:and the 928:Bernicia 805:Midlands 742:Cuthbert 736:Ecgfrith 649:Carlisle 645:Pennines 585:Iron Age 556:Bernicia 492:and the 481:Bernicia 367:Scotland 302:Bernicia 260:Currency 183:Monarchy 154:Paganism 6674:Lothian 6633:55°00′N 6542:Tourism 6537:Dialect 6532:Culture 6466:History 6459:History 6218:Ricsige 6185:Osberht 6180:Redwulf 6135:Ealhred 6105:Coenred 6100:Osred I 5856:Danelaw 5778:Gewisse 5753:Wessex: 5741:Sussex: 5697:Undaium 5692:Tomsæte 5647:Pecsæte 5587:Bilsæte 5572:Arosæte 5557:Mercia: 5450:Haering 5366:Ikelgas 5346:Suffolk 5341:Norfolk 5213:Lindsey 5026:Juliana 4780:. Isd. 4142:. 2016. 4052:Nennius 3947:(ed.). 3879:3 April 3814:Sources 3295:. 2016. 2706:II.9–14 2487:866–867 2321:para 59 2165:para 62 2033:Nennius 1940:Danelaw 1918:of the 1904:Kentish 1896:Mercian 1880:Pictish 1872:British 1868:English 1842:bullion 1814:coinage 1780:Economy 1750:Danelaw 1729:Mercian 1712:Juliana 1693:English 1500:Culture 1457:Wilfrid 1391:England 1379:Ireland 1364:Wilfrid 1291:Britons 1262:England 1217:Danelaw 1061:Ecgbert 965:Gwynedd 936:Britons 892:Eadwulf 869:Ricsige 850:Guthred 780:Vikings 772:England 768:Danelaw 732:Eanflæd 641:Cumbria 609:British 471:of the 446:kingdom 362:England 198:History 135:Cumbric 87:651–954 6636:2°30′W 6603:Portal 6552:People 6506:Jórvík 6491:Ebrauc 6414:Ainsty 6263:Ingwær 6253:Eowils 6170:Eanred 6155:Osbald 6125:Oswulf 6042:Oswine 6032:Oswald 5979:Oswald 5934:Glappa 5823:Ytenes 5734:Loidis 5642:Pecset 5607:Gyrwas 5542:Lympne 5415:Surrey 5383:Essex: 5316:Wessex 5311:Sussex 5301:Mercia 5247:Wessex 5242:Sussex 5208:Hwicce 5203:Mercia 5092: 5065: 5044: 5013: 4996: 4973: 4950: 4929: 4910: 4889: 4862: 4840: 4819: 4784: 4763: 4733: 4700: 4679: 4656: 4635: 4616: 4595: 4574: 4544: 4527:13 May 4509: 4478: 4456: 4435: 4416: 4397: 4365: 4357: 4326: 4298: 4292:750485 4290: 4259: 4216: 4197: 4176: 4155: 4115: 4094: 4064: 4001: 3989:Bede; 3978: 3932: 3906: 3856: 3837:13 May 3680: 3670: 3316:13 May 2396:Bede. 1902:, and 1882:, and 1838:stycas 1721:, and 1673:Cædmon 1449:Easter 1423:Alcuin 1299:bishop 1295:Humber 1285:Under 1187:Edmund 1177:Eadred 1165:Oswulf 1077:Alhred 1069:Oswulf 1038:Mercia 932:Humber 801:Alfred 774:, the 708:Oswine 637:Jarrow 598:Angles 486:Humber 246:Eadred 201: 193: 116:South: 110:North: 104:Status 74: 60: 6496:Deira 6486:Elmet 6110:Osric 6080:Oswiu 6037:Oswiu 6027:Osric 6022:Edwin 5995:Deira 5984:Oswiu 5969:Edwin 5959:Hussa 5602:Gaini 5507:Kent: 5356:Gywre 5291:Essex 5235:Deira 5193:Essex 4992:(1). 4507:S2CID 4363:S2CID 4296:S2CID 4288:JSTOR 3647:(PDF) 3632:(PDF) 1936:Norse 1924:Deira 1884:Latin 1876:Irish 1812:When 1718:Elene 1461:Ripon 1445:Oswiu 1395:Ripon 1339:Aidan 1310:, in 1287:Roman 1228:Picts 1209:Oswiu 1141:Scots 1024:Oswiu 957:Edwin 940:Gaels 924:Deira 898:Kings 728:Edwin 724:Oswiu 704:Oswiu 688:Edwin 674:Eoppa 590:Edwin 581:Roman 560:Deira 502:Danes 477:Deira 438:Latin 316:Deira 268:penny 264:Sceat 139:Latin 78:Latin 6238:Cnut 6190:Ælla 6007:Ælla 5939:Adda 5475:Tota 5440:Haka 5393:Beda 5351:Elge 5296:Kent 5198:Kent 5090:ISBN 5063:ISBN 5042:ISBN 5011:ISBN 4994:OCLC 4971:ISBN 4948:ISBN 4927:ISBN 4908:ISBN 4887:ISBN 4860:ISBN 4838:ISBN 4817:ISBN 4802:link 4782:ISBN 4761:ISBN 4731:ISBN 4698:ISBN 4677:ISBN 4654:ISBN 4633:ISBN 4614:ISBN 4593:ISBN 4572:ISBN 4542:ISBN 4529:2016 4476:ISBN 4454:ISBN 4433:ISBN 4414:ISBN 4395:ISBN 4355:ISSN 4324:ISBN 4257:ISBN 4214:ISBN 4195:ISBN 4174:ISBN 4153:ISBN 4113:ISBN 4092:ISBN 4062:ISBN 4030:link 3999:ISBN 3976:ISBN 3930:ISBN 3904:ISBN 3881:2016 3854:ISBN 3839:2016 3696:link 3678:OCLC 3668:ISBN 3318:2016 2777:IV.5 2414:2023 2022:Bede 1926:and 1864:Bede 1642:Bede 1619:and 1475:The 1383:Rome 1264:and 1137:York 973:Kent 926:and 871:and 861:Tyne 793:York 762:The 720:Acha 684:Ælla 635:and 625:York 546:The 524:and 452:and 5929:Ida 4990:LII 4879:doi 4499:doi 4347:doi 4280:doi 3953:hdl 2642:874 2475:865 2429:793 682:is 670:Ida 392:ɔːr 251:954 238:927 225:867 215:651 6665:: 4988:. 4965:. 4885:. 4798:}} 4794:{{ 4520:. 4505:, 4495:11 4493:, 4380:14 4378:. 4361:. 4353:. 4343:80 4341:. 4294:. 4286:. 4276:21 4274:. 4242:. 4138:. 4026:}} 4022:{{ 3892:; 3871:. 3830:. 3692:}} 3688:{{ 3676:. 3642:. 3640:52 3638:. 3634:. 3309:. 3291:. 3209:^ 3194:^ 3119:^ 3054:^ 2830:^ 2463:^ 2446:^ 2400:. 2362:^ 2131:^ 2078:^ 2026:c. 1898:, 1886:. 1878:, 1874:, 1870:, 1801:. 1731:. 1715:, 1709:, 1699:. 1671:. 1600:. 1541:c. 1514:c. 1512:, 1349:. 1272:. 1079:. 1063:, 942:. 885:c. 807:, 690:. 655:. 631:, 554:: 528:. 488:, 440:: 436:; 427:: 423:; 266:, 6337:e 6330:t 6323:v 5900:e 5893:t 5886:v 5163:e 5156:t 5149:v 5098:. 5071:. 5050:. 5019:. 5000:. 4979:. 4956:. 4935:. 4916:. 4895:. 4881:: 4868:. 4846:. 4825:. 4804:) 4790:. 4769:. 4739:. 4706:. 4685:. 4662:. 4641:. 4622:. 4601:. 4580:. 4550:. 4531:. 4501:: 4484:. 4462:. 4441:. 4422:. 4403:. 4369:. 4349:: 4332:. 4302:. 4282:: 4265:. 4222:. 4203:. 4182:. 4161:. 4121:. 4100:. 4070:. 4032:) 4007:. 3984:. 3959:. 3955:: 3938:. 3912:. 3883:. 3862:. 3841:. 3698:) 3684:. 3320:. 2670:. 2416:. 2024:( 1652:( 744:, 419:/ 416:ə 413:i 410:r 407:b 404:m 401:ʌ 398:θ 395:ˈ 389:n 386:/ 382:( 80:) 76:( 66:) 62:( 42:. 35:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index