196:
42:
205:
the aid of the nobles. King
Osbryht and Alla, having united their forces and formed an army, came to the city of York; on their approach the multitude of the shipmen immediately took flight. The Christians, perceiving their flight and terror, found that they themselves were the stronger party. They fought upon each side with much ferocity, and both kings fell. The rest who escaped made peace with the Danes.
204:
In those days, the nation of the
Northumbrians had violently expelled from the kingdom the rightful king of their nation, Osbryht by name, and had placed at the head of the kingdom a certain tyrant, named Alla. When the pagans came upon the kingdom, the dissension was allayed by divine counsel and
209:
King
Osberht may have been buried in Thornhill, Yorkshire. A rare cluster of high status Anglian gravestones from that era, one bearing his name, were discovered in Victorian times in the graveyard of the ancient church of St Michael and All Angels, where they are on public display.
353:
Symeon of Durham, pp. 653 & 761. Kirby, pp. 196–197, notes the dating problems: if
Osberht reigned thirteen years, he was either deposed in around 862, or did not become king until c. 853. Kirby suggests that the discrepancies are due to confusion caused by the omission of
147:
writes that "Ethelred the son of Eanred reigned nine years. When he was slain
Osbryht held the kingdom for thirteen years" and states that 854 was "the fifth year of the rule of Osbert, the successor of Ethelred, who had been put to death".
309:
both associate an
Englishman named "Bern" or "Buern" with bringing the Danes to England, in Gaimar's case to Northumbria, in Geoffrey of Wells' mid-twelfth-century hagiography of
270:
stating that "both the kings were slain on the spot". The main figure in the revenge tales is Ivar, who is sometimes associated with the Viking leader Ímar, brother of
259:. According to the stories, Ragnar was killed by Ælla, and the army which seized York in 866 was led by Ragnar's sons who avenged his death by subjecting Ælla to the
151:
Little is known of
Osberht's reign. Symeon states that "Osbert had dared with sacrilegious hand to wrest from that church Wercewurde and Tillemuthe". The
278:. Dorothy Whitelock notes that "it is by no means certain that he should be identified with the son of Ragnar, for the name is not uncommon". The
706:
596:
159:. While Ælla is described in most sources as a tyrant, and not a rightful king, one source states that he was Osberht's brother.
1146:
631:
298:, Inguar, Hubba, Beicsecg, Guthrun, Oscytell, Amund, Sidroc and another duke of the same name, Osbern, Frana, and Harold."
699:
568:
554:
496:
937:
715:
660:
120:
108:
1141:
692:
195:
127:
history in this period are limited. Osberht's descent is not known and the dating of his reign is problematic.
1136:
233:
188:
gives this account of the battle on 21 March 867 where
Osberht and Ælla met their deaths at the hands of the
982:
647:
136:
74:
972:
947:
952:
476:
Symeon of Durham, p. 654. Whitelock, p. 227, discusses the leaders of the Great Army in various sources.
1020:
676:
627:
214:
155:
dates the seizure of these lands to the year before
Osberht's death. Osberht was replaced as king by
987:
653:
604:
181:
143:
was murdered. The date of Æthelred's death is not certain, but is generally placed in 848. However,
1095:
1040:
902:
1050:
967:
957:
927:
922:
897:
892:
355:
248:
17:
751:
1025:
912:
907:
875:
761:
313:, to East Anglia. Gaimar's account has "Buern" seeking revenge for Osberht's rape of his wife.
282:
does not name the leaders in
Northumbria, but it does state that "Hingwar and Hubba" slew King
225:
997:
670:
232:) adds a great deal of colour to accounts of the Viking conquest of York. This associates the
156:
84:
977:
962:
942:
932:
839:
786:
283:
172:
140:
854:
1105:
917:
829:
781:
776:
756:
41:
819:
286:(Saint Edmund) some years later. Hubba is named as a leader of the army in Northumbria by
8:
1131:
1045:
56:
1085:
1075:
864:
1100:
1065:
1060:
1030:
741:
163:
1090:
1008:
766:
564:
550:
310:
306:
252:
244:
746:
527:"The History of the English according to the translation of Master Geoffrey Gaimar"
144:
814:
271:
849:
736:
575:
526:
344:
However, D.P. Kirby suggests that it may have been as late as 853; Kirby, p. 196.
302:
184:
all recount substantially the same version of events in varying detail. Symeon's
1080:
834:
287:
236:
1125:
1110:
324:
relates that two Northumbrian princes, Osbrecht and Ella, took the castle at
824:
771:
325:
321:
275:
684:
266:
Earlier English sources record that Ælla and Osberht died in battle, the
260:
124:
1055:
1070:
859:
724:
295:
240:
1035:
189:
103:
887:
844:
802:
791:
177:
47:
294:. Symeon of Durham lists the leaders of the Viking army as "
256:
167:
166:
marched on Northumbria in the late summer of 866, seizing
601:
Proceedings of the Suffolk Institute of Archaeology 31
594:
580:Church Historians of England, volume III, part II
1123:
573:
531:Church Historians of England, volume II, part II
524:
597:"Fact and Fiction in the Legend of St. Edmund"
494:
700:
123:in the middle of the 9th century. Sources on
501:. Glasgow: Thomas D. Morison. pp. 63–64
485:Whitelock, pp. 228–230; Gaimar, pp. 760–763.
714:
707:
693:
576:"The Historical Works of Simeon of Durham"
495:Nimmo, William; Gillespie, Robert (1880).
170:on 21 November 866. Symeon of Durham, the
40:
194:
561:The Kingdom of Northumbria AD 350-1100.
14:
1124:
582:. Translated by Stevenson, J. Seeley's
533:. Translated by Stevenson, J. Seeley's
213:After this, the Vikings appointed one
688:
292:Historia Historia de Sancto Cuthberto
199:Copper alloy of styca of King Osberht
632:Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England
24:
407:Dated by Symeon of Durham, p. 654.
358:'s second reign from regnal lists.
25:
1158:
621:
488:
479:
470:
458:
449:
437:
428:
419:
410:
401:
388:
379:
370:
361:
347:
338:
13:
1:
517:
234:semi-legendary king of Sweden
130:
1147:9th-century English monarchs
498:The history of Stirlingshire
153:Historia de Sancto Cuthberto
7:
595:Whitelock, Dorothy (1969).
547:The Earliest English Kings.
10:
1163:
135:Osberht became king after
1006:
873:
800:
722:
667:
658:
644:
639:
574:Symeon of Durham (1855).
416:Symeon of Durham, p. 470.
367:Symeon of Durham, p. 654.
230:The Tale of Ragnar's sons
102:
94:
90:
80:
70:
62:
55:
39:
34:
525:Geoffrey Gaimar (1854).
331:
316:
220:
119:(died 21 March 867) was
1106:Ragnall II Guthfrithson
716:Monarchs of Northumbria
249:Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye
186:Historia Regum Anglorum
563:Stroud: Sutton, 1993.
207:
200:
1142:Northumbrian monarchs
549:London: Unwin, 1991.
394:Higham, pp. 178–179;
284:Edmund of East Anglia
280:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
268:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
217:to rule Northumbria.
202:
198:
173:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
1137:Anglo-Saxon warriors
434:Whitelock, p. 225ff.
1091:Olaf I Guthfrithson
661:King of Northumbria
607:on 4 September 2006
121:king of Northumbria
57:King of Northumbria
29:King of Northumbria
1009:Viking Northumbria
455:Whitelock, p. 227.
201:
164:Great Heathen Army
66:c. 849 – c. 862 AD
1119:
1118:
683:
682:
668:Succeeded by
307:Geoffrey of Wells
301:Norman historian
253:Ivar the Boneless
226:Ragnarssona þáttr
114:
113:
16:(Redirected from
1154:
1014:
881:
808:
730:
709:
702:
695:
686:
685:
645:Preceded by
637:
636:
616:
614:
612:
603:. Archived from
591:
589:
587:
542:
540:
538:
511:
510:
508:
506:
492:
486:
483:
477:
474:
468:
462:
456:
453:
447:
441:
435:
432:
426:
423:
417:
414:
408:
405:
399:
392:
386:
383:
377:
374:
368:
365:
359:
351:
345:
342:
145:Symeon of Durham
44:
32:
31:
21:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1156:
1155:
1153:
1152:
1151:
1122:
1121:
1120:
1115:
1012:
1011:
1002:
879:
878:
869:
806:
805:
796:
728:
727:
718:
713:
679:
675:
673:
665:before 853–866
664:
656:
652:
650:
624:
619:
610:
608:
585:
583:
536:
534:
520:
515:
514:
504:
502:
493:
489:
484:
480:
475:
471:
463:
459:
454:
450:
442:
438:
433:
429:
424:
420:
415:
411:
406:
402:
393:
389:
384:
380:
376:Kirby, p. 196.
375:
371:
366:
362:
352:
348:
343:
339:
334:
319:
303:Geoffrey Gaimar
274:, found in the
223:
133:
51:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1160:
1150:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1101:Olaf II Cuaran
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1081:Sitric I Caech
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1017:
1015:
1004:
1003:
1001:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
938:Æthelwald Moll
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
884:
882:
871:
870:
868:
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
811:
809:
798:
797:
795:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
733:
731:
720:
719:
712:
711:
704:
697:
689:
681:
680:
669:
666:
657:
646:
642:
641:
640:Regnal titles
635:
634:
623:
622:External links
620:
618:
617:
592:
571:
559:Higham, N.J.,
557:
543:
521:
519:
516:
513:
512:
487:
478:
469:
457:
448:
436:
427:
425:Higham, p.179.
418:
409:
400:
387:
385:Kirby, p. 197.
378:
369:
360:
346:
336:
335:
333:
330:
318:
315:
288:Abbo of Fleury
245:Björn Ironside
239:and his sons,
237:Ragnar Lodbrok
222:
219:
132:
129:
112:
111:
106:
100:
99:
96:
92:
91:
88:
87:
82:
78:
77:
72:
68:
67:
64:
60:
59:
53:
52:
45:
37:
36:
28:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1159:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1127:
1112:
1111:Eric Bloodaxe
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1016:
1013:867–954
1010:
1005:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
885:
883:
880:642–867
877:
872:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
812:
810:
807:560–679
804:
799:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
734:
732:
729:547–670
726:
721:
717:
710:
705:
703:
698:
696:
691:
690:
687:
678:
672:
663:
662:
655:
649:
643:
638:
633:
629:
626:
625:
606:
602:
598:
593:
581:
577:
572:
570:
569:0-86299-730-5
566:
562:
558:
556:
555:0-04-445692-1
552:
548:
545:Kirby, D.P.,
544:
532:
528:
523:
522:
500:
499:
491:
482:
473:
466:
461:
452:
445:
440:
431:
422:
413:
404:
397:
391:
382:
373:
364:
357:
350:
341:
337:
329:
327:
323:
314:
312:
308:
304:
299:
297:
293:
290:, and by the
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
272:Amlaíb Conung
269:
264:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
235:
231:
227:
218:
216:
211:
206:
197:
193:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
174:
169:
165:
160:
158:
154:
149:
146:
142:
138:
128:
126:
122:
118:
110:
107:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
86:
83:
79:
76:
73:
69:
65:
61:
58:
54:
49:
43:
38:
33:
27:
19:
1086:Guthfrith II
992:
659:
609:. Retrieved
605:the original
600:
584:. Retrieved
579:
560:
546:
535:. Retrieved
530:
503:. Retrieved
497:
490:
481:
472:
464:
460:
451:
443:
439:
430:
421:
412:
403:
395:
390:
381:
372:
363:
349:
340:
322:Hector Boece
320:
311:Saint Edmund
300:
291:
279:
276:Irish annals
267:
265:
229:
224:
212:
208:
203:
185:
171:
161:
152:
150:
134:
125:Northumbrian
116:
115:
98:21 March 867
26:
1036:Guthfrith I
983:Æthelred II
876:Northumbria
467:, s.a. 870.
446:, s.a. 867.
261:blood eagle
109:Northumbria
75:Æthelred II
71:Predecessor
1132:867 deaths
1126:Categories
1066:Halfdan II
1056:Airdeconut
973:Ælfwald II
948:Æthelred I
825:Æthelfrith
772:Æthelfrith
762:Frithuwald
611:27 January
586:27 January
537:27 January
518:References
182:Æthelweard
131:Chronicles
50:of Osberht
1096:Sitric II
1076:Ragnall I
1051:Æthelwold
1041:Siefredus
1031:Halfdan I
1007:Kings of
953:Ælfwald I
903:Eadwulf I
898:Ealdfrith
874:Kings of
855:Œthelwald
801:Kings of
723:Kings of
628:Osberht 6
398:s.a. 867.
81:Successor
1021:Ecgberht
968:Eardwulf
958:Osred II
928:Eadberht
923:Ceolwulf
893:Ecgfrith
865:Ælfwine
860:Alhfrith
820:Æthelric
782:Eanfrith
757:Theodric
752:Æthelric
725:Bernicia
677:Ecgberht
648:Æthelred
356:Eardwulf
326:Stirling
296:Halfdene
241:Hvitserk
215:Ecgberht
137:Æthelred
1026:Ricsige
993:Osberht
988:Redwulf
943:Ealhred
913:Coenred
908:Osred I
654:Rædwulf
505:7 April
190:Vikings
139:son of
117:Osberht
35:Osberht
18:Osberht
1071:Ingwær
1061:Eowils
978:Eanred
963:Osbald
933:Oswulf
850:Oswine
840:Oswald
787:Oswald
742:Glappa
567:
553:
255:, and
180:, and
141:Eanred
918:Osric
888:Oswiu
845:Oswiu
835:Osric
830:Edwin
803:Deira
792:Oswiu
777:Edwin
767:Hussa
332:Notes
317:Other
221:Sagas
178:Asser
104:House
63:Reign
48:styca
1046:Cnut
998:Ælla
815:Ælla
747:Adda
671:Ælla
613:2007
588:2007
565:ISBN
551:ISBN
539:2007
507:2017
305:and
257:Ubbe
168:York
162:The
157:Ælla
95:Died
85:Ælla
737:Ida
674:and
630:at
465:ASC
444:ASC
396:ASC
1128::
651:or
599:.
578:.
529:.
328:.
263:.
251:,
247:,
243:,
192::
176:,
46:A
708:e
701:t
694:v
615:.
590:.
541:.
509:.
228:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
_obverse.jpg)