1733:"From what Ennin tells us, it seems that commerce between East China, Korea and Japan was, for the most part, in the hands of men from Silla. Here in the relatively dangerous waters on the eastern fringes of the world, they performed the same functions as did the traders of the placid Mediterranean on the western fringes. This is a historical fact of considerable significance but one which has received virtually no attention in the standard historical compilations of that period or in the modern books based on these sources. . . . While there were limits to the influence of the Koreans along the eastern coast of China, there can be no doubt of their dominance over the waters off these shores. . . . The days of Korean maritime dominance in the Far East actually were numbered, but in Ennin's time the men of Silla were still the masters of the seas in their part of the world."
36:
1112:"bloodline and culture are an important component of the bloodlines and cultural traditions of the Korean race". Based on findings of joint Chinese-North Korean archaeological excavations in the 1960s, Chu Yŏnghŏn advocated for a Korean identity for Balhae in South Korea. These efforts led to the incorporation of Balhae into Korean history as part of the "Northern and Southern Dynasties" based on instances in which the Silla court referred to Balhae as the "northern court". According to this narrative,
1276:
135:
1006:
1124:
academia. According to Kim Eun Gug, the adoption of this position was necessary to counter
Chinese claims on Goguryeo and Balhae as part of Chinese history as well as to provide a model for North and South Korea's unification. Kim openly declared that "We have a national responsibility to develop a response to China’s
1123:
Acceptance of this new narrative was not immediate. In 1981 a South Korean scholar called the
Northern–Southern Dynasties an "interesting new interpretation", and as late as 1990 there was still no consensus. However, by now the Northern–Southern Dynasties paradigm is widely accepted in South Korean
1111:
argued that Balhae was "a part of Korean history", "a state founded by people of Koguryŏ", and that its territory was "composed of most of the former territory of Koguryŏ and an expansive, newly acquired portion". Pak made broader claims on the continuity of Balhae with modern Korea, contending that
1321:. At that time, Balhae was a culturally advanced country, so that even China referred to this kingdom as "a prosperous country of the East". However, Balhae was severely weakened by the 10th century, and the Khitan Liao dynasty conquered Balhae in 926.
1744:
1245:
Silla began to experience political troubles in the late 9th century. This severely weakened Silla and soon thereafter, descendants of the former Baekje established Later Baekje. In the north, rebels revived
Goguryeo, beginning the
1974:
1142:
After the unification wars, the Tang dynasty established territories in the former
Goguryeo, and began to administer and establish communities in Baekje. Silla attacked the Chinese in Baekje and northern Korea in 671.
1075:
The
Northern and Southern States period is a historical paradigm born out of advocacy for a Korean identity for Balhae and to incorporate it as an integral part of Korean history. The name of the period was coined by
1999:
1778:
1125:
2033:
1325:
absorbed some of Balhae's territory and received Balhae refugees, including the crown prince and the royal family, but compiled no known histories of Balhae.
1333:
Due to the lack of linguistic evidence, it is difficult to make a definitive conclusion for the linguistic relation between the Balhae and Silla languages.
1214:
Buddhism flourished during this time, and many Korean
Buddhists gained great fame among Chinese Buddhists and contributed to Chinese Buddhism, including:
1195:, and during the 8th and 9th centuries dominated the seas of East Asia and the trade between China, Korea and Japan, most notably during the time of
2405:孤雲集(Gounjib): ... 渤海之源流也句驪未滅之時本爲疣贅部落靺羯之屬寔繁有徒是名栗末小蕃甞逐句驪, 內徙其首領乞四羽及大祚榮等至武后臨朝之際自營州作孼而逃輒據荒丘始稱振國時有句驪遺燼勿吉雜流梟音則嘯聚白山鴟義則喧張黑姶與契丹濟惡旋於突厥通謀萬里耨苗累拒渡遼之轍十年食葚晚陳降漢之旗.
740:
1530:
1150:
then invaded Silla in 674 but Silla defeated the Tang army in the north. Silla drove the Tang forces out of the peninsula by 676 to achieve
980:
974:
1034:
962:
1313:
In a time of relative peace and stability in the region, Balhae flourished in culture, especially during the long reign of the third
1164:
are examples of advanced Korean architecture and
Buddhist influence. State-sponsored art and architecture from this period include
1290:, a Tungus Tribe speaking a language like Manchurian and Sibe. It was founded in the northern part of former lands of Goguryeo by
1632:
1952:
1564:
2488:
1160:
was a golden age of art and culture, and
Buddhism became a large part of Silla culture. Buddhist monasteries such as the
2348:
2315:
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2213:
2179:
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2009:
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1503:
946:
306:
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was the primary reason for Joseon's decline. This line of thinking was continued by I Jonghwi, who wrote the
841:
934:
872:
866:
1294:, a former Goguryeo general or chief of Sumo Mohe, after defeating the military of central government of
995:
939:
765:
1116:
was the first unification of Korea, since Balhae co-existed with
Unified Silla while occupying former
2523:
1350:
1239:
1020:
967:
953:
879:
861:
831:
730:
114:
2137:
Spreading Buddha's Word in East Asia: The
Formation and Transformation of the Chinese Buddhist Canon
396:
2374:
1336:
One terminology that people of Balhae used to describe "a king" is Gadokbu (transcribed as 可毒夫).
927:
921:
915:
851:
409:
903:
797:
786:
174:
2338:
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2135:
2067:
1942:
1846:
1812:
1674:
2101:
1908:
1598:
1299:
94:
2507:
Reconstructing Ancient Korean History: The Formation of Korean-ness in the Shadow of History
35:
2499:
Parhae in Historiography and Archaeology: International Debate and Prospects for Resolution
1886:
1247:
556:
363:
194:
8:
1177:
153:
2468:
1254:
1200:
846:
370:
279:
1845:
Chŏng, Yang-mo; Smith, Judith G.; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, N.Y.) (1998).
1495:
1207:. Unified Silla was a prosperous and wealthy country, and its metropolitan capital of
1088:(Treatise on Balhae) and proposed a new periodization for Korean history in which the
2484:
2344:
2311:
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2209:
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2005:
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1678:
1667:
1638:
1604:
1570:
1536:
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775:
356:
144:
20:
1780:
A Concise History of Korea: From the Neolithic Period Through the Nineteenth Century
134:
1345:
1303:
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was founded after Goguryeo had fallen. Its name was another transcribed version of
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388:
163:
123:
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896:
836:
610:
524:
1318:
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2103:
Ordinary Mind as the Way: The Hongzhou School and the Growth of Chan Buddhism
1314:
1204:
1093:
705:
330:
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period (668–935). The reason for this was that he believed that the loss of
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183:
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Ch'oe, Yŏng-ho (1980), "An Outline History of Korean Historiography",
1199:; in addition, Silla people made overseas communities in China on the
85:
1947:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1173:
1097:
2430:
1215:
1208:
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and its claims that Koguryŏ and Parhae belong to Chinese history."
1117:
684:
418:
378:
230:
2066:
Buswell, Robert E. Jr.; Lopez, Donald S. Jr. (24 November 2013).
1067:
coexisted in the south and north of the peninsula, respectively.
634:
575:
1634:
The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture
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48:
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536:
461:
438:
383:
345:
324:
64:
1005:
1714:. John Wiley & Sons Canada, Limited. pp. 276–283.
474:
1696:
Korea held a dominant position in the north-eastern seas.
1443:
99:
1419:
2436:
2270:
Leffman, David; Lewis, Simon; Atiyah, Jeremy (2003).
2032:
McIntire, Suzanne; Burns, William E. (25 June 2010).
1409:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1467:
1306:, much of Manchuria, and expanded into present-day
2269:
1666:
1487:
1455:
1400:
1183:Unified Silla carried on the maritime prowess of
2515:
1253:Unified Silla lasted for 267 years until, under
1431:
2483:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 64–65,
2171:The Zen Canon: Understanding the Classic Texts
1302:. Balhae controlled the northern areas of the
2134:Wu, Jiang; Chia, Lucille (15 December 2015).
2031:
1878:
1028:
2433:): ... 渤海夲栗末靺鞨至其酋祚榮立國自號震旦, 先天中 玄宗王子始去靺鞨號專稱渤海
2239:Asian Folk Religion and Cultural Interaction
2065:
1979:. Seoul International Pub. House. p. 53
70:
54:
2242:. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. p. 137.
2072:. Princeton University Press. p. 187.
1851:. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 230.
1092:('South–north states period') replaced the
2140:. Columbia University Press. p. 155.
1707:
1211:was the fourth largest city in the world.
1035:
1021:
34:
2458:
2001:Buddhist Exploration of Peace and Justice
1810:
1535:. Harvard University Press. p. 273.
1449:
1425:
1120:territory north of the Korean peninsula.
1997:
1783:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 65.
1630:
1529:Randel, Don Michael (28 November 2003).
1274:
16:Period in Korean history from 698 to 926
2303:
2235:
2106:. Oxford University Press. p. 24.
2099:
1879:International, Rotary (February 1996).
1563:Hopfner, Jonathan (10 September 2013).
1562:
1107:In the 1960s, the North Korean scholar
19:Not to be confused with the modern-day
2516:
2496:
2417:孤雲集(Gounjip): ... 其酋長大祚榮, 始受臣藩第五品大阿餐之秩
2167:
2133:
1998:Mun, Chanju; Green, Ronald S. (2006).
1953:Korean Culture and Information Service
1673:. Cambridge University Press. p.
1664:
1528:
1485:
1473:
1461:
1413:
1234:, a Silla prince whose influence made
2201:
1972:
1814:A History of the World in 100 Objects
1631:Kitagawa, Joseph (5 September 2013).
2478:
2442:
2343:. Penguin. 2016-06-21. p. 240.
2069:The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism
1906:
1776:
1708:Reischauer, Edwin Oldfather (1955).
235:
2038:. Infobase Publishing. p. 87.
1742:
1596:
1049:Northern and Southern States period
29:Northern and Southern States period
13:
2504:
1943:"Gyeongju, Korea's treasure house"
1811:MacGregor, Neil (6 October 2011).
1437:
14:
2535:
2340:DK Eyewitness Travel Guide: China
2236:Nikaido, Yoshihiro (2015-10-28).
2168:Wright, Dale S. (25 March 2004).
1940:
1746:The History of Korea, 2nd Edition
1669:A History of Chinese Civilization
1597:Kim, Djun Kil (30 January 2005).
1566:Moon Living Abroad in South Korea
1070:
2100:Poceski, Mario (13 April 2007).
2004:. Blue Pine Books. p. 147.
1885:. Rotary International. p.
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2387:Rhymed Chronicles of Sovereigns
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1532:The Harvard Dictionary of Music
1522:
1154:of most of the Three Kingdoms.
2479:Shin, Michael D., ed. (2014),
1907:Ross, Alan (17 January 2013).
1517:golden age of art and culture.
1494:. Marshall Cavendish. p.
1479:
1392:Korean Britannica Encyclopedia
1383:
1363:
71:
55:
1:
2304:Leffman, David (2014-06-02).
2276:. Rough Guides. p. 519.
1743:Kim, Djun Kil (30 May 2014).
1569:. Avalon Travel. p. 21.
1356:
1711:Ennins Travels in Tang China
494:Northern and Southern period
7:
2202:Su-il, Jeong (2016-07-18).
2174:. Oxford University Press.
1339:
1328:
1055:) is the period in ancient
557:Later Three Kingdoms period
307:Proto–Three Kingdoms period
100:
86:
10:
2540:
2427:Comprehensive Institutions
2205:The Silk Road Encyclopedia
1973:Adams, Edward Ben (1986).
1637:. Routledge. p. 348.
1268:
1135:
18:
2497:Sloane, Jesse D. (2014),
2035:Speeches in World History
1777:Seth, Michael J. (2006).
1351:Military history of Korea
1308:Russian Maritime Province
1264:
93:
79:
63:
47:
42:
33:
28:
2307:The Rough Guide to China
1976:Koreaʾs pottery heritage
1665:Gernet, Jacques (1996).
1603:. ABC-CLIO. p. 47.
397:Four Commanderies of Han
1749:. ABC-CLIO. p. 3.
1279:Balhae and Silla in 830
1187:, which acted like the
1080:(1749–1807) during the
2481:Korean History in Maps
1280:
972:World Heritage Sites (
963:Science and technology
741:Provisional Government
1913:. Faber & Faber.
1486:DuBois, Jill (2005).
1300:Battle of Tianmenling
1278:
1242:of Chinese Buddhism.
1203:and the mouth of the
464:(Tributary of Baekje)
410:Three Kingdoms period
2371:Old records of Silla
1600:The History of Korea
1257:, it was annexed by
1248:Later Three Kingdoms
776:North-South division
766:Military governments
539:(Tributary of Silla)
81:Revised Romanization
2505:Xu, Stella (2016),
2208:. Seoul Selection.
1178:World Heritage Site
1104:(Eastern History).
731:Japanese occupation
1281:
1201:Shandong Peninsula
1084:era. He wrote the
674:(Vassal of Goryeo)
284:4th–2nd century BC
158:700,000 BC-8000 BC
145:Prehistoric period
2509:, Lexington Books
2490:978-1-107-09846-6
2445:, pp. 64–65.
1452:, pp. 24–25.
1317:(r. 737–793) and
1126:Northeast Project
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2415:Solitary Cloud
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2403:Solitary Cloud
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2393:): ... 前麗舊將大祚榮
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1817:. Penguin UK.
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2453:Bibliography
2438:
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2410:
2402:
2398:
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2382:
2370:
2366:
2354:. Retrieved
2339:
2333:
2321:. Retrieved
2306:
2299:
2287:. Retrieved
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2219:. Retrieved
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2185:. Retrieved
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2151:. Retrieved
2136:
2129:
2117:. Retrieved
2102:
2095:
2083:. Retrieved
2068:
2061:
2049:. Retrieved
2034:
2027:
2015:. Retrieved
2000:
1993:
1983:30 September
1981:. Retrieved
1975:
1968:
1958:30 September
1956:. Retrieved
1946:
1936:
1926:30 September
1924:. Retrieved
1909:
1902:
1892:30 September
1890:. Retrieved
1882:The Rotarian
1881:
1874:
1864:30 September
1862:. Retrieved
1847:
1840:
1830:30 September
1828:. Retrieved
1813:
1806:
1794:. Retrieved
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1772:
1760:. Retrieved
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1725:. Retrieved
1710:
1703:
1695:
1688:. Retrieved
1668:
1660:
1648:. Retrieved
1633:
1626:
1616:30 September
1614:. Retrieved
1599:
1592:
1580:. Retrieved
1565:
1558:
1546:. Retrieved
1531:
1524:
1516:
1509:. Retrieved
1489:
1481:
1469:
1464:, p. 6.
1457:
1445:
1433:
1421:
1416:, p. 5.
1391:
1385:
1372:Encyclopedia
1371:
1365:
1335:
1332:
1312:
1296:Tang dynasty
1282:
1252:
1244:
1236:Mount Jiuhua
1213:
1191:of medieval
1182:
1172:Temple, and
1166:Hwangnyongsa
1156:
1148:Tang dynasty
1145:
1141:
1138:United Silla
1122:
1106:
1101:
1089:
1085:
1078:Yu Deuk-gong
1074:
1048:
1046:
994:
948:Christianity
822:Architecture
802:1948–present
791:1948–present
780:1945–present
683:
670:
633:
623:Later Balhae
621:
609:
599:Later Sabeol
597:
566:Later Baekje
535:
523:
503:United Silla
493:
473:
460:
448:
443:57 BC–935 AD
433:18 BC–660 AD
423:37 BC–668 AD
204:
154:Palaeolithic
2391:Jewang ungi
2310:. Penguin.
1910:After Pusan
1474:Sloane 2014
1462:Sloane 2014
1414:Sloane 2014
1292:Dae Joyeong
1232:Kim Gyo-gak
1152:unification
1109:Pak Se-yong
913:Politics (
885:Family tree
124:History of
43:Korean name
2375:Silla gogi
1450:Ch'oe 1980
1426:Ch'oe 1980
1357:References
1176:Grotto, a
1170:Bunhwangsa
909:Newspapers
184:Bronze Age
2443:Shin 2014
1948:Korea.net
1319:King Seon
1197:Jang Bogo
1193:East Asia
1189:Phoenicia
1174:Seokguram
1098:Manchuria
1051:(698–926
897:Era names
847:Geography
842:Education
770:1945–1948
745:1919–1948
735:1910–1945
710:1897–1910
700:1392–1897
690:1029–1030
164:Neolithic
2518:Category
2473:23717670
2467:: 1–27,
2431:Tongdian
1340:See also
1329:Language
1315:King Mun
1261:in 935.
1250:period.
1216:Woncheuk
1209:Gyeongju
1168:Temple,
1162:Bulguksa
1118:Goguryeo
1086:Balhaego
996:Timeline
941:Buddhism
935:Religion
880:Monarchs
873:Goguryeo
862:Military
857:Language
837:Currency
815:By topic
678:938–1105
665:918–1392
419:Goguryeo
379:Goguryeo
231:Gojoseon
115:a series
113:Part of
2356:29 July
2323:29 July
2289:29 July
2255:29 July
2221:29 July
2187:29 July
2153:29 July
2119:29 July
2085:29 July
2051:29 July
2017:29 July
1796:21 July
1762:21 July
1727:21 July
1690:21 July
1650:21 July
1582:29 July
1548:29 July
1511:29 July
1438:Xu 2016
1298:at the
832:Cuisine
685:Heungyo
640:938–986
635:Jeongan
628:927–935
616:926–936
604:919–927
592:892–935
581:901–918
576:Taebong
570:892–936
543:662–925
530:699–820
518:698–926
508:668–892
480:512–930
468:498–660
389:Nakrang
331:Eastern
238:–108 BC
236:2333 BC
175:Jeulmun
2487:
2471:
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2110:
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2008:
1917:
1855:
1821:
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1718:
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1641:
1607:
1573:
1539:
1502:
1395:, Daum
1323:Goryeo
1284:Balhae
1271:Balhae
1265:Balhae
1259:Goryeo
1230:, and
1228:Musang
1224:Uisang
1220:Wonhyo
1185:Baekje
1114:Goryeo
1102:Dongsa
1082:Joseon
1065:Balhae
916:Joseon
696:Joseon
661:Goryeo
514:Balhae
455:42–562
429:Baekje
351:Samhan
320:Dongye
290:Yemaek
246:Dangun
117:on the
49:Hangul
2469:JSTOR
2389:帝王韻紀(
2373:新羅古記(
2273:China
1490:Korea
1377:Naver
1059:when
981:South
975:North
968:Women
955:Islam
928:South
922:North
904:Naval
892:Names
798:South
787:North
672:Tamna
537:Tamna
462:Tamna
439:Silla
384:Tamna
364:Byeon
346:Okjeo
338:Galsa
325:Buyeo
315:Takri
270:Wiman
195:Mumun
126:Korea
72:南北國時代
65:Hanja
56:남북국시대
2485:ISBN
2358:2016
2345:ISBN
2325:2016
2312:ISBN
2291:2016
2278:ISBN
2257:2016
2244:ISBN
2223:2016
2210:ISBN
2189:2016
2176:ISBN
2155:2016
2142:ISBN
2121:2016
2108:ISBN
2087:2016
2074:ISBN
2053:2016
2040:ISBN
2019:2016
2006:ISBN
1985:2016
1960:2016
1928:2016
1915:ISBN
1894:2016
1866:2016
1853:ISBN
1832:2016
1819:ISBN
1798:2016
1785:ISBN
1764:2016
1751:ISBN
1729:2016
1716:ISBN
1692:2016
1679:ISBN
1652:2016
1639:ISBN
1618:2016
1605:ISBN
1584:2016
1571:ISBN
1550:2016
1537:ISBN
1513:2016
1500:ISBN
1288:Mohe
1146:The
1063:and
1047:The
867:List
475:Usan
258:Gija
2429:通典(
1675:291
827:Art
371:Jin
280:Jin
2520::
2463:,
1951:.
1945:.
1887:28
1694:.
1677:.
1515:.
1498:.
1496:22
1402:^
1375:,
1310:.
1226:,
1222:,
1218:,
1180:.
1053:CE
978:·
925:·
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870:·
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785:*
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2360:.
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2225:.
2191:.
2157:.
2123:.
2089:.
2055:.
2021:.
1987:.
1962:.
1930:.
1896:.
1868:.
1834:.
1800:.
1766:.
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