North Yemen civil war

3871:, 50 miles north of San'a, to achieve "the one thing which we all prize over anything else: peace for the nation." In order to convince al-Badr to come the conference, Noman announced that he personally would head the republican delegation at Khamir, and that Sallal would stay in San'a. Al-Badr and his ranking chiefs did not attend the conference, but a handful of pro-royalist sheiks were present. The conference named a committee of five tribal and four religious leaders who were charged with seeking out the "beguiled brothers", al-Badr and his friends. Noman's effort, including a private promise to reach a withdrawal of Egyptian troops, was backed by Nasser. Radio Cairo hailed the Khamir conference as the "dawn of a new era." Sallal called the talks "a complete success", while al-Badr stated that "It is essential that the conflict which has devastated our beloved country be brought to an end by peaceful negotiations between the Yemeni people themselves." However, by early June, when Noman said that Egypt's 50,000 troops would have to be replaced by a joint royalist-republican peace force, the Nasserites lost interest in the deal. After Noman flew to Cairo to protest directly to Nasser, Sallal threw seven civilian Cabinet ministers into jail. Noman resigned, saying "It is obvious that Sallal and his cronies are more interested in war than peace". Sallal soon named a new Cabinet to replace Noman's, with 13 military men and two civilians. 3323:, Ahmed Noman, and Mohamed Ali Uthman. The Prime Minister was Mohsin al-Aini. Noman, however, remained in Beirut. He was doubtful of his colleagues reluctance to negotiate with the Hamidaddin family, preferring to expel it instead. On November 23, he resigned, and his place was taken by Hassan Amri. Prince Mohamed bin Hussein told the country's chiefs "We have money, and you will have your share if you join us. If not, we will go on without you". The chiefs agreed to mobilize their tribes. 6,000 royalist regulars and 50,000 armed tribesmen known as "the Fighting Rifles" surrounded San'a, captured its main airport and severed the highway to the port of Hodeida, a main route for Russian supplies. In a battle twelve miles east of the capital, 3,200 soldiers of both sides were killed, and an entire republican regiment reportedly deserted to the royalists. Bin Hussein gave them an ultimatum: "Surrender the city or be annihilated". Iryani went to Cairo for what the Egyptian official press agency called "a medical checkup". Foreign Minister Hassan Makki also left Yemen, leaving the government in charge of Amri. Amri declared a 6 p.m. curfew and ordered civilians to form militia units "to defend the republic". In Liberation Square, six suspected royalist infiltrators were publicly executed by a firing squad, and their bodies were later strung up on poles. 3112:

Sallal's request, Nasser provided him with ammunition and troop reinforcements by transport plane from Cairo. By August, the royalists had seven "armies", each varying in strength between 3,000 and 10,000 men, with a total somewhere between 40,000 and 60,000. There were also five or six times as many armed royal tribesmen, and the regular force under Prince Mohamed. In early June they moved into Sirwah in eastern Yemen. On June 14 they entered Qaflan and on July 16 they occupied Marib. According to official Egyptian army figures, they had 15,194 killed. The war was costing Egypt $ 500,000 a day. The royalists had lost an estimated 40,000 dead. In late August, Nasser decided to get the Soviets more involved in the conflict. He convinced them to cancel a $ 500 million debt he had incurred and provide military aid to the republicans. In early May, Sallal fired his Premier, General Hassan Amri, and appointed Ahmed Noman in his place. Noman was considered a moderate who believed in compromise. He had resigned as president of the republican Consultative Council in December in protest against Sallal's "failure to fulfill the people's aspirations". Noman's first act was to name a new 15-man Cabinet, maintaining an even balance between Yemen's two main tribal groupings, the mountain

3062:, the royalists and republicans declared a ceasefire effective at 1:00 p.m. on Monday, November 8. Tribesmen of both sides celebrated the decision until that day, and for two days after it went into effect, they fraternized at several places. On November 2 and 3, nine royalists and nine republicans, with a Saudi and an Egyptian observer, worked out the terms. A conference of 168 tribal leaders was planned for November 23. For the royalists, the conference was to become an embryo national assembly that would name a provisional national executive of two royalists, two republicans and one neutral, to administer the country provisionally and to plan a plebiscite. Until that plebiscite, which would decide whether Yemen would be a monarchy or a republic, both Sallal and al-Badr were to step aside. At the end of the two days the Egyptians resumed their bombing of royalist positions. The conference planned for November 23 was postponed to the 30th, then indefinitely. The republicans blamed the royalists for not arriving, while the royalists blamed the Egyptian bombings. 3087:

of the Nahm tribe, who tricked the Egyptians into believing that they were their allies and would take care of the mountain pass known as Wadi Humaidat themselves. The royalist deal was that the Nahm would be entitled to loot the ambushed Egyptians. The Egyptians may have suspected something was up, as they sent a reconnaissance aircraft over the area a day before the attack. The royalists thus occupied two mountains known as Asfar and Ahmar and installed 75-mm guns and mortars overlooking the wadi. On April 15, the day after the last Egyptian convoy went through, the royalists launched a surprise attack. Both forces numbered at only a couple of thousands. The guns positioned on Asfar and Ahmar opened fire, and then the Nahm came out from behind the rocks. Finally, Prince Mohamed's troops followed. This time, the royalists' operation was fully coordinated by radio. Some of the Egyptians surrendered without resistance, others fled to Harah 800 yards to the north. Both sides brought reinforcements and the battle shifted between Harf and Hazm.

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Tribal Affairs, and Colonel Hadi Issa, former deputy chief of staff of the armed forces. Sallal accused Ruwainy and Issa of organizing a "subversive network seeking to plunge the country into terrorism and panic" and planning a campaign of assassination, financed by Saudi Arabia, Britain, Israel and the US. Ruwainy, Issa and five others were executed, while eight others received prison sentences ranging from five years to life. In February, 1967, Nasser vowed to "stay in Yemen 20 years if necessary", while Prince Hussein bin Ahmed said "We are prepared to fight for 50 years to keep Nasser out, just as we did the Ottoman Turks." Tunisia broke diplomatic relations with the republic, saying that the Sallal government no longer has power to govern the country. Sallal's chargé d'affaires in Czechoslovakia flew to Beirut and announced that he was on his way to offer his services to the royalists. Nasser said that "As the situation now stands, Arab summits are finished forever."

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armored car to Sallal's house and invited him to the headquarters, where he asked him to join the revolution. Sallal agreed on condition that he would be President. Moghny agreed. The coup d'état was carried out with 13 tanks from the Badr Brigade, six armored cars, two mobile artillery cannons, and two anti-air guns. Command and control of the forces loyal to the coup would take place at the Military Academy. A unit of revolutionary officers accompanied by tanks headed towards Al-Bashaer Palace. By microphone, they voiced an appeal to the imamate Guard for tribal solidarity and to surrender Muhammad al-Badr, who would be sent peacefully into exile. The imamate Guard refused to surrender and opened fire, prompting the revolutionary leaders to respond with tank and artillery shells. The rebels planned to deploy tanks and artillery in the coup.

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and had refused to recognize the committee of Arab leaders appointed at Khartoum to arrange peace terms. He also fired his entire Cabinet and formed a new one, installing three army men in key ministries, and took over the army ministry and the foreign ministry for himself. Meanwhile, Nasser announced the release of three republican leaders who had been held prisoner in Egypt for more than a year, and who were in favor of peace with the royalists. The three were Qadi Abdul Rahman Iryani, Ahmed Noman and General Amri. When Sallal met with Nasser in Cairo in early November, Nasser advised him to resign and go into exile. Sallal refused and went to Baghdad, hoping to get support from other Arab Socialists. As soon as he left Cairo, Nasser sent a cable to San'a, instructing his troops there not to block an attempt at a coup.

3274:, Nasser recalled 15,000 of his troops from Yemen. Egypt imposed higher taxes on its middle and upper classes, raised workers' compulsory monthly savings by 50%, reduced overtime pay, cut the sugar ration by a third, and curtailed practically all major industrial programs. Only military expenditures were increased, by $ 140 million to an estimated $ 1 billion. Nasser also increased the price of beer, cigarettes, long-distance bus and railroad fares and admission to movies. Egypt was losing $ 5,000,000 a week in revenues from the closing of the Suez Canal, on the other side of which, the Israelis were sitting on the Sinai wells that had produced half of Egypt's oil supply. Egypt's hard-currency debt was now approaching $ 1.5 billion and its foreign-exchange reserves were down to $ 100 million. 3289:, proposed that Egypt and Saudi Arabia revive their Jeddah Agreement of 1965. Faisal expressed satisfaction with Nasser's offer, and al-Badr promised to send his troops to fight with Egypt against Israel, should Nasser live up to the Jeddah agreement Nasser and Faisal signed a treaty under which Nasser would pull out his 20,000 troops from Yemen, Faisal would stop sending arms to al-Badr, and three neutral Arab states would send in observers. Sallal accused Nasser of betrayal. Nasser unfroze more than $ 100 million worth of Saudi assets in Egypt, and Faisal denationalized two Egyptian-owned banks that he had taken over earlier that year. Saudi Arabia, Libya, and Kuwait agreed to provide Egypt with an annual subsidy of $ 266 million, out of which $ 154 million was to be paid by Saudi Arabia. 2375:, succeed him. Thalaya refused, preferring the king's half brother, the Emir Saif el Islam Abdullah, the 48-year-old Foreign Minister. While Abdullah began forming a new government, Ahmad opened the treasury coffers and secretly began buying off the besieging soldiers. After five days, the number of besiegers was reduced from 600 to 40. Ahmad then came out of the palace, wearing a devil's mask and wielding a long scimitar, terrifying the besiegers. He slashed two sentries dead before exchanging the sword for a sub-machine gun and leading his 150 guards onto the roof of the palace to begin a direct attack on the rebels. After 28 hours, 23 rebels and one palace guard were dead and Thalaya gave up. Abdullah was later reported executed, and Thalaya was publicly decapitated. 3031:

the parachutists made their way back to Sadah, suffering losses from snipers on the way. Al-Badr had sent radio messages and summonses by runner in all directions calling for reinforcement. He asked reserve forces training in the Jawf to arrive in trucks mounting 55- and 57-millimeter cannon and 81 millimeter mortars and heavy machine guns. They arrived within forty-eight hours, in time to face the attackers. They outflanked the Egyptian columns, still stuck in mud in the ravines. They later announced they had knocked out ten of the Egyptian tanks and about half of their armored cars, and claimed to have shot down an Ilyushin bomber. The royalists also carried out two supporting movements. One was a raid on

3055:. By that time Egypt had 40,000 troops in Yemen and had suffered an estimated 10,000 casualties. In their official communiqué the two leaders promised to 1) cooperate fully to solve the existing differences between the various factions in Yemen, 2) work together in preventing armed clashes in Yemen, and 3) reach a solution by peaceful agreement. The communiqué was widely hailed in the Arab world, and Washington called it a "statesmanlike action" and a "major step toward eventual peaceful settlement of the long civil war." Nasser and Faisal warmly embraced at Alexandria's airport and called each other "brother". Faisal said he was leaving Egypt "with my heart brimming with love for President Nasser." 2683:, Hussein and Sallal. His plan was that Nasser's troops should withdraw from Yemen while Saudi Arabia and Jordan halted their aid to the Imam. Nasser agreed to pull out his forces only after Jordan and Saudi Arabia "stop all aggressive operations on the frontiers". Faisal and Hussein rejected Kennedy's plan, since it would involve US recognition of the "rebels". They insisted that the US should withhold recognition of Sallal's Presidency since the Imam might still regain control of Yemen, and that Nasser had no intention of pulling out. The Saudis argued that Nasser wanted their oil fields and was hoping to use Yemen as a springboard for revolt in the rest of the Arabian peninsula. King 3643:'s parliamentary question on 14 May 1964, having according to Hart-Davis "to skate across thin ice" by saying "Our policy towards the Yemen is one of non-intervention in the affairs of that country. It is not therefore our policy to supply arms to the Royalists in the Yemen, and the Yemen Government have not requested these or other forms of aid." To a further question (by George Wigg), Douglas-Home said that "at no time in the last eighteen months have British arms been supplied to the Imam's Government". Hart-Davis notes that this "may have been strictly true; but ... a great many weapons of non-British provenance had been spirited into the Yemen through Jim Johnson's machinations." 509: 460: 392: 226: 3163:, 1966, Nasser said the war was entering a new phase. He launched what he called a "long-breath strategy." The plan was to pare the army from 70,000 men to 40,000, withdraw from exposed positions in eastern and northern Yemen, and tighten the hold on particular parts of Yemen: the Red Sea coastline; a northern boundary that takes in the well-fortified town of Hajja and Sanaa; and the border with the South Arabian Federation, which was to become independent in 1968. Nasser insisted that attacks on Najran, Qizan and other "bases of aggression" would continue, arguing that "these were originally Yemeni towns, which the Saudis usurped in 1930". 3678:

monarchists was quickly countered by the Egyptian aid to the Republicans, rapidly spiraling the country into a full-scale war, as the Republicans called for general mobilization and the Egyptians dispatched their troops. On November 4, with the war expanding across North Yemen, the Mecca Radio reported of Egyptian air force attacks on Saudi villages. The same day, a military alliance of Saudi Arabia and Jordan became widely known. Following the Egyptian raids on Saudi Arabia and the official Joint Defense Pact formed between Egypt and the Republicans, the Saudis decided to launch attacks on the Republicans in North Yemen.

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to open the storage facility, beat the royalists, and secure rifles, artillery and ammunition for the revolutionaries. The telephone exchange likewise fell without any resistance. At the Al-Wusul Palace, revolutionary units remained secure under the guise of granting and protecting diplomats and dignitaries staying there to greet the new Imam of Yemen. By late morning on September 26, all areas of San'a were secure and the radio broadcast that Muhammad al-Badr had been overthrown by the new revolutionary government in power. Revolutionary cells in the cities of Taiz, Al-Hujja and the port city of

3551: 2996:. In two days, the attackers advanced about 12 miles (19 km), before being repelled by a counter-attack. The royalists admitted about 250 casualties. Next, the Egyptians attacked Sudah, about 100 miles (160 km) north-west of San'a. They used the unpopularity of the local royalist commander to bribe several local sheiks and occupied the town unopposed. After a month, the sheiks sent delegations to al-Badr soliciting pardons and asking for guns and money with which to fight the Egyptians. Al-Badr sent new forces and managed to regain the surroundings of Sudah, though not the town itself. 477: 424: 415: 310: 299: 287: 275: 263: 119: 2612:

Sallal had to defeat a fellow revolutionary, Al-Baidani, an intellectual holding a doctorate degree, who did not share Nasser's vision. On September 28, there were radio broadcasts announcing al-Badr's death. Sallal gathered tribesmen in San'a and proclaimed: "The corrupt monarchy which ruled for a thousand years was a disgrace to the Arab nation and to all humanity. Anyone who tries to restore it is an enemy of God and man!" By then, he had learned that al-Badr was still alive and had made his way to Saudi Arabia.

186: 2570:, Abdul Wahad, and al-Badr himself. The day after Ahmad's death, al-Badr's minister in London, Ahmad al Shami, sent him a telegram urging him not to go to San'a to attend his father's funeral because several Egyptian officers, as well as some of his own, were plotting against him. Al-Badr's private secretary did not pass this message to him, pretending he did not understand the code. Al-Badr may have been saved by the gathering of thousands of men at the funeral. Al-Badr learned of the telegram only later. 2847:, that the Saudis would not accept any attempt by Egypt to leave security forces after their withdrawal. Saudi Arabia had already been cutting back on its support to the royalists, in part because Egypt's projected plan for unity with Syria and Iraq made Nasser seem too dangerous. By that time, the war cost Egypt $ 1,000,000 a day and nearly 5,000 casualties. Although promising to remove her troops, Egypt had the privilege of leaving an unspecified number for the "training" of Yemen's republican army. 433: 3906: 3382: 242: 3262: 3308: 3132: 2694:, reported that the republican regime was in full control of the country, except in some border areas. However, the British government was insisting on the strength of the Imam's tribal support. A letter written by President Kennedy to Faisal dated October 25, which was kept confidential until January 1963, said: "You may be assured of full US support for the maintenance of Saudi Arabian integrity". American jet aircraft twice staged shows of force in Saudi Arabia. The first involved six 162: 7874: 3691: 3486:

Shia, like the Imam, while the Yemenis of the coast and the south were Sunni, as were most Egyptians. President Sallal was himself a mountain Shia fighting with lowland Sunnis. Al-Badr himself was convinced that he was Nasser's biggest target, saying "Now I'm getting my reward for befriending Nasser. We were brothers, but when I refused to become his stooge, he used Sallal against me. I will never stop fighting. I will never go into exile. Win or lose, my grave will be here".

3000: 3039:, to bombard San'a from a nearby mountain peak. Other diversionary operations included raids on Egyptian aircraft and tanks at the south airport of San'a and a mortar at the Egyptian and republican residence in a suburb of Taiz. Although the Egyptians managed to drive al-Badr out of his headquarters to a cave on Jabal Shedah, they could not close the Saudi border. They declared victory on the radio and on the press, but were obliged to agree to a ceasefire on the upcoming 3473: 2428: 3331:

a score or more fighter aircraft piloted by Russians or Yemenis who passed a crash course in the Soviet Union. The city could still feed itself from the immediately surrounding countryside. Between 4,000 and 5,000 royalists suffered from republican air power, but had the advantage of high ground. However, they did not have enough ammunition, as the Saudis had halted arms deliveries after the Khartoum agreement and stopped financing the royalists after December.

2119: 498: 447: 381: 370: 359: 347: 334: 212: 3880: 2910: 9738: 3209:, suggested in an interview that Nasser would not hesitate to use gas against Israel as well. There were no reports of gas during 1964, and only a few were reported in 1965. The reports grew more frequent in late 1966. On December 11, 1966, fifteen gas bombs killed two people and injured thirty-five. On January 5, 1967, the biggest gas attack came against the village of Kitaf, causing 270 casualties, including 140 fatalities. The target may have been Prince 3751: 7436: 198: 3563:, which complicated British relations with many global and regional players, as well as with the rulers of South Arabia themselves. The British involvement was executed mainly via the British Mercenary Organization (BMO), which was capable to stage its own covert operations, independent of London and away from the view of their sponsor Saudi Arabia. The BMO was specifically formed to train and support the royalists on the course of the war. 3340: 3104: 174: 148: 3930: 3185: 2578:

in the military protests of 1955. Each officer and cell would be given orders and would commence as soon as the shelling of al-Badr's palace began. Key areas that would be secured included Al-Bashaer palace (al-Badr's palace), Al-Wusul palace (Reception area for dignitaries), the radio station, the telephone exchange, Qasr al-Silaah (The Main Armory), and the central security headquarters (Intelligence and Internal Security).

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immediate action, and drive Sallal and Moghny into a single conspiracy. Sallal got imamic permission to bring in the armed forces. Then, Wahad went to Moghny, and told him that al-Badr had somehow discovered the plot, and that he must act immediately before the other officers would be arrested. He told him that if he could hold San'a, the radio and the airport for three days, the whole of Europe would recognize him.

2336: 2860: 3071: 2379: 2344: 3355:. The royalists remained active until 1970. Talks between the two sides commenced while the fighting went on. The Foreign Minister, Hassan Makki, said "Better years of talk than a day of fighting". In 1970, Saudi Arabia recognized the Republic, and a ceasefire was effected. The Saudis gave the republic a grant of $ 20 million, which was later repeated intermittently, and Yemeni sheikhs received Saudi stipends. 3095:

airfield west of Sadah. Fifty Egyptians surrendered at Mutanah, near Humaidat. They were eventually allowed to evacuate to San'a with their arms. Mohamed's policy was to keep officers as prisoners for exchange, and to allow soldiers to go in return for their arms. Three to five thousand Egyptian troops in garrisons on the eastern slopes of the mountains and in the desert now had to be supplied entirely by air.

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flags normally put up to celebrate a visiting dignitary were omitted, the sidewalks were cleared of people, and the car was a special bulletproof model. On the evening of his arrival, Nasser was welcomed at a banquet and reception for 700 guests. In less than 48 hours they reached full agreement. Once the agreement was signed, Faisal embraced Nasser and kissed him on both cheeks. The agreement provided for:

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1962. Two months later, Egypt had 15,000 regular troops deployed. By late 1963, the number was increased to 36,000; and in late 1964, the number rose to 50,000 Egyptian troops in Yemen. In late 1965, the Egyptian troop commitment in Yemen was at 55,000 troops, which were broken into 13 infantry regiments of one artillery division, one tank division and several Special Forces as well as paratroop regiments.

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the end of the war there was a breach between the older and more liberal politicians and republican sheiks, and certain army sheiks and activists from South Yemen. In the summer of 1972, a border war broke and ended with a declaration from both North Yemen and South Yemen that they would reunite, but they did not. There were complaints in North Yemen about foreign influence by Saudi Arabia.

2839:. His disengagement agreement called for (1) Establishment of a demilitarized zone extending twenty kilometers on either side of a demarcated Saudi Arabian Yemen border, from which all military equipment was to be excluded; (2) Stationing of UN observers within this zone on both sides of the border to observe, report and prevent any continued attempt by the Saudis to supply royalist forces. 2473:, that he had engaged Nasser on the subject of supporting the coup in Yemen. Heikal argued that Sallal's revolution could not absorb the massive number of Egyptian personnel who would arrive in Yemen to prop up his regime, and that it would be wise to consider sending Arab nationalist volunteers from throughout the Middle East to fight alongside the republican Yemeni forces, suggesting the 3083:, then Khairath, where it branched off north-eastwards to Harf. From Harf it turned due south to Farah, and then South-eastwards to Humaidat, Mutamah and Hazm. From Hazm it led south-eastwards to Marib and Harib. A military convoy went over this route twice a month. Since the royalists had closed the direct route across the mountains from San'a to Marib, the Egyptians had no other way. 2888:. It was designed to attack royalist ground formations and substitute the lack of Egyptian formations on the ground with high-tech air power. In combination with Egyptian air strikes, a second operational phase involved securing major routes leading to San'a, and from there secure key towns and hamlets. The largest offensive based on this operational tactic was the March 1963 " 3918:

republicans insisted on having the word "republic" or "republican" in the title. It was agreed to suspend the conference until after the month-long fast of Ramadan, which was about to begin the following week. The conference reached a deadlock when the Egyptians, possibly due to a tactical decision made by Amer, encouraged the republicans to take a headstrong stand.

3669:, in which he "decreed that the United Kingdom should 'make life intolerable' for Nasser, 'with money and arms', and that this 'should be deniable if possible'." The result was that a secret Joint Action Committee was created to handle British policy on Yemen. The British support continued until 1965, when the Kingdom decided to abandon its Aden Colony. 2566:. Another one was conceived by Sallal. His plot merged into a third conspiracy prodded by the Hashid tribal confederation in revenge for Ahmad's execution of their paramount sheik and his son. A fourth plot was shaped by several young princes who sought to get rid of al-Badr but not the imamate. The only men who knew about those plots were the Egyptian 4137: 2851:

U Thant, who announced that the mission would continue, due to "oral assurances" by Egypt and Saudi Arabia to continue financing it. The number of Egyptian troops increased, and in the end of January, the "Hard-surface" squadron was withdrawn after a wrangle with Faisal. On September 4, 1964, the UN admitted failure and withdrew its mission.

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caravans from Beihan would swing into the Rub al-Khali and enter Yemen north of Marib. It was also decided that the royalists must now strengthen their operations west of the mountains with three "armies". By the end of April, they began to recover and contended to have regained some of the positions the Egyptians had taken in the

2403:". He ordered the decapitation of one of his subjects and the amputation of the left hand and right foot of 15 others, in punishment for the murder of a high official the previous June. Al-Badr was only rebuked for his leniency, but the Yemeni radio stopped broadcasting army officers' speeches, and talks of reforms were silenced. 3213:, who had installed his headquarters nearby. The Egyptian government denied using poison gas, claiming that Britain and the US were using the reports as psychological warfare against Egypt. On February 12, 1967, it said it would welcome a UN investigation. On March 1, U Thant said he was "powerless" to deal with the matter. 3559:

United Kingdom, linked to the realization of oil assets in the Middle East. The means to secure this presence however involved a bitter argument within the British government, with no coherency in decision making on the Yemen issue. The objective of the British was mainly keeping the Aden base via cooperating with the

2415:. Al-Badr was not popular with the Ulema due to his association with Nasser, and the Ulema had refused Ahmad's request to ratify Badr's title. Imam Ahmad died on September 18, 1962, and was succeeded by his son, Muhammad al-Badr. One of al-Badr's first acts was to appoint Colonel Abdullah Sallal, a known socialist and 4061:. Vol. 1 (2002): p. 977. "Egypt immediately began sending military supplies and troops to assist the Republicans... On the royalist side Jordan and Saudi Arabia were furnishing military aid, and Britain lent diplomatic support. In addition to Egyptian aid, the Soviet Union supplied 24 Mig-19s to the republicans." 4129: 2812:. The idea behind what became known as "Operation Hard-surface" was to trade American protection (or the appearance of it) for a Saudi commitment to halt aid to the royalists, on the basis of which the Americans would get Nasser to withdraw his troops. The operation would consist of "eight little planes." 3917:

On November 23, the two sides met in Haradh. The first issue was the name of the transition state that was supposed to exist until a plebiscite could be held the following year. The royalists wanted the name "Kingdom of Yemen" but were willing to settle for a neutral title like "State of Yemen". The

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causing a real problem in the first months of the war. Commanders had difficulty planning military operations effectively or sending back routine and casualty reports without accurate coordinates. Field units were given maps that were only of use for aerial navigation. Chief of Egyptian Intelligence,

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By 1971, both Egypt and Saudi Arabia had disengaged from Yemen. South Yemen formed a connection with the Soviet Union. In September 1971, Amri resigned after murdering a photographer in San'a, and more power was given to Iryani, the effective President. By then, the royalists were integrated into the

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In October, Sallal's palace in Sanaa was attacked with a bazooka, and insurgents began targeting an Egyptian army camp outside the city and setting fire to Egyptian installations, killing a reported 70 Egyptian troops. Sallal arrested about 140 suspects, including Mohamed Ruwainy, the ex-Minister for

3094:

began to raid Egyptian positions north-east of San'a at Urush, Prince Mohamed bin Mohsin was attacking the Egyptians with 500 men west of Humaidat, Prince Hassan struck out from near Sadah and Prince Hassan bin Hussein moved from Jumaat, west of Sadah, to within mortar-firing distance of the Egyptian

2815:

Bunker arrived in Riyadh on March 6. Faisal refused Bunker's offer, which was also hitched to pledges of reform. The original instructions for Operation Hard-surface were that American planes would "attack and destroy" any intruders over Saudi air space, but were later changed to read that the Saudis

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Egyptian General Ali Abdul Hameed was dispatched by plane, and arrived on September 29 to assess the situation and needs of the Yemeni Revolutionary Command Council. Egypt sent a battalion of Special Forces (Saaqah) on a mission to act as personal guards for Sallal. They arrived at Hodeida on October

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The battle at the palace continued until guards surrendered to the revolutionaries the following morning. The radio station was first to fall, secured after a loyalist officer was killed and resistance collapsed. The armory was perhaps the easiest target, as a written order from Sallal was sufficient

2573:

A day before the coup Wahad, who claimed to have information from the Egyptian intelligence service, warned al-Badr that Sallal and fifteen other officers, including Moghny, were planning a revolution. Wahad's purpose was to cover himself and Egypt in case the coup failed, to prompt the plotters into

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In June 1961, Ahmad was still recovering from an assassination attempt four months earlier, and moved out of the capital, Taiz, into the pleasure palace of Sala. Already Defense and Foreign Minister, Badr became acting Prime Minister and Interior Minister as well. Despite being Crown Prince, al-Badr

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Saudis and Jordanians provided an active support to the royalists through the first years of war. The September 1962 coup d'état in Yemen was perceived a threat to the monarchies in both Saudi Arabia and Jordan, prompting shipments of weapons to the royalists, beginning October 1. The support to the

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According to Hart-Davis, the Israelis had systematically concealed the source of the weapons delivered by the mercenaries, brazing out all the serial numbers, using Italian parachutes, and even ensuring that the packaging consisted of wood-shavings from Cyprus. The contracted aircraft flew along the

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After the war, the tribes were better represented in the republican government. In 1969, sheikhs were brought into the National Assembly and in 1971 into the Consultative Council. Under Iryani, the sheikhs, particularly the ones who fought for the republicans, were close to the mediation attempt. By

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said that this claim, as well as reports of twenty-four MiGs and forty Soviet technicians and pilots who had arrived in Yemen, were correct. In January, the republicans were defending San'a with about 2,000 regulars and tribesmen, plus armed townsmen and about ten tanks. They also had the backing of

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Sallal's popularity among his troops declined, and after two bazooka attacks on his home by disaffected soldiers, he took Egyptian guards. He ordered the execution of his security chief, Colonel Abdel Kader Khatari, after Khatari's police fired into a mob attacking an Egyptian command post in San'a,

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counseled Nasser not to risk a stoppage of the U.S. Food for Peace program because Russia could not afford to pay the bill. The Soviets were also willing to aid Nasser with arms and equipment in Yemen, but feared that a widening of the conflict to Saudi Arabia would lead to a "hot war" confrontation

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Meanwhile, the Egyptians had planned a coordinated drive from Sadah to the southwest, below the Razih mountains, hoping to link up with the force coming from Haradh. They were counting on a local sheik, whose forces were to supposed to join 250 Egyptian parachutists. The sheik failed to deliver, and

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In June, von Horn went to San'a, unsuccessfully trying to achieve the objective of 1) ending Saudi aid to the royalists, 2) creating a 25-mile demilitarized strip along the Saudi border, and 3) supervising the phased withdrawal of the Egyptian troops. In September, von Horn cabled his resignation to

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Sallal ordered that the military academy in San'a go on full alert opening all armories and issuing weapons to all junior officers and troops. On the evening of September 25, Sallal gathered known leaders of the Yemeni nationalist movement and other officers who had sympathized or participated

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for treatment of his arthritis, rheumatism, heart trouble and, reportedly, drug addiction. Fights between tribal chieftains erupted, and al-Badr unsuccessfully tried to buy off the dissidents by promising "reforms", including the appointment of a representative council, more army pay and promotions.

3086:

The royalists under the command of Prince Mohamed's objective was to cut the Egyptians' line and force them to withdraw. They intended to take over the garrisons along this line and establish positions from which they could interdict the Egyptian movement. They had prepared the attack with the help

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Between December 1964 and February 1965 the royalists discerned four Egyptian attempts to drive directly into the Razih mountains. The intensity of these thrusts gradually diminished, and it was estimated that the Egyptians lost 1,000 men killed, wounded and taken prisoner. Meanwhile, the royalists

2900:

to the East. The success of the Egyptian forces meant that royalist resistance could take refuge in hills and mountains to regroup and carry out hit-and-run offensives against republican and Egyptian units controlling towns and roads. The third strategic offensive was the pacification of tribes and

2611:

Al-Badr and his personal servants managed to escape through a door in the garden wall in the back of the palace. Because of the curfew, they had to avoid the main streets. They decided to escape individually and meet in the village of Gabi al Kaflir, where they were reunited after a 45-minute walk.

2292:

against Israel of June 1967. After that Nasser found it increasingly difficult to maintain his army's involvement and began to pull his forces out of Yemen. The surprising removal of Sallal on November 5 by Yemeni dissidents, supported by republican tribesmen, resulted in an internal shift of power

3718:

was convinced that a regiment reinforced with aircraft could firmly secure Al-Sallal and his free officer movement, but within three months of sending troops to Yemen, Nasser realized that this would require a larger commitment than anticipated. A little less than 5,000 troops were sent in October

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However, the British Government was able to continue denying any knowledge of mercenary activity. On 21 July 1964, Douglas-Home replied to a parliamentary question by saying "Both the present High Commissioner and his predecessor have assured us that they were not aware that the person in question

2947:

In the beginning of April the royalists held a conference with Faisal in Riyadh. They decided to adopt new tactics, including attempts to get supplies around the positions now held by the Egyptians by using camels instead of trucks to cross the mountains to reach the positions east of San'a. Camel

2922:

desert, perhaps well into Saudi territory, and there they were built up by an airlift. Then they headed westwards. On February 25 they occupied Marib and on March 7 they took Harib. A royalist force of 1,500 men ordered down from Najran failed to stop them on their way out from Sadah. The royalist

2917:

The Ramadan offensive began in February 1963 when Amer and Sadat arrived in San'a. Amer asked Cairo to double the 20,000 men in Yemen, and in early February the first 5,000 of the reinforcement arrived. On February 18 a task force of fifteen tanks, twenty armored cars, eighteen trucks and numerous

3485:

Yemenis to undermine Sallal's regime. The royalists fought for the Imam despite his father's unpopularity. One sheik said "The Imams have ruled us for a thousand years. Some were good and some bad. We killed the bad ones sooner or later, and we prospered under the good ones". The hill tribes were

3315:

On 5 November, Yemeni dissidents, supported by republican tribesmen called down to San'a, moved four tanks into the city's dusty squares, took over the Presidential Palace and announced over the government radio station that Sallal had been removed "from all positions of authority". The coup went

3887:

By August, the war was costing Nasser $ 1,000,000 a day, when he arrived in Jedda harbor aboard his presidential yacht Hurriah (Freedom) to negotiate with Faisal. It was Nasser's first visit to Saudi Arabia since 1956. At the request of the Egyptians, due to assassination rumors, the banners and

3558:

Between 1962 and 1965 Britain engaged in covert operations in support of Royalist forces fighting the Egyptian backed Republican regime that had seized power in the Yemeni capital Sana'a in September 1962. Until the end of 1965, the British presence in Aden was considered of high interest to the

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raised Egypt's income tax, added a "defense tax" on all sales, and boosted tariffs on nonessential imports. He also hiked the cost of luxury goods by 25% and set low price ceilings on most foodstuffs. He sent 400 plainclothesmen to Cairo's to arrest 150 shopkeepers for price violations. In March

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mountains. The Egyptians began their move on Saturday morning, moving along the Haradh and Tashar ravines. On Saturday and Sunday afternoons they were caught in heavy rain and their vehicles, including twenty tanks and about forty armored cars sank axle deep into the mud. The defenders left them

2586:

At 10:30 p.m., al-Badr heard tanks moving through the nearby streets and reckoned that they were the ones Sallal had asked to move. At 11.45 p.m. the army began shelling the palace. Al-Badr seized a machine gun and began firing at the tanks, although they were out of range. Moghny sent an

3166:

The Assistant Secretary of State for the Near East and South Asia, flew in for talks with both Faisal and Nasser. In Alexandria, Nasser refused to pull out his troops, despite the risk of losing part or all of a new $ 150 million US food-distribution program, and another $ 100 million worth of

3111:

The royalist radio tried to widen the split in republican ranks by promising amnesty to all non-royalists once the Egyptians were withdrawn. Al-Badr also promised a new form of government: "a constitutionally democratic system" ruled by a "national assembly elected by the people of Yemen". At

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took place on June 8, 1963 against Kawma, a village of about 100 inhabitants in northern Yemen, killing about seven people and damaging the eyes and lungs of twenty-five others. This incident is considered to have been experimental, and the bombs were described as "home-made, amateurish and

3681:

The Jordanians withdrew from the war in 1963, by recognizing the Republicans, but the Saudi support continued. At some point Saudi border towns and airfields were attacked by Egyptian forces in order to "prevent Saudi supplies and ammunition from reaching Royalist-held areas in the Yemen".

3594:

and his officers. It was decided that the airdrops would be made. Haaretz suggested the crew of the airdrops were British; while according to Hart-Davis the crew were Israeli (including the pilot named Arieh Oz), with Tony Boyle on board as an observer. Three decades after the war, former

2842:

On April 30, von Horn was sent to discover what kind of force was required. A few days later, he met with Amer in Cairo and found out that Egypt had no intention of drawing all its troops from Yemen. After a few more days, he was told by the Saudi deputy Minister for Foreign Affairs,

2816:

could defend themselves if attacked. Bunker evidently stuck to the original formula and stressed that if only Faisal would halt his aid to the royalists, the US would be able pressure Nasser to withdraw. Faisal eventually accepted the offer, and Bunker went on to meet with Nasser in

3269:

By 1967, Egyptian forces relied exclusively on defending a triangle linking Hodeida, Taiz and San'a, while striking southern Saudi Arabia and North Yemen with air sorties. In August, 1967, in order to make up for the 15,000 Egyptian killed, captured or missing, as a result of the

2725:. Nasser promised to "start gradual withdrawal" of its 18,000-man force, "provided Saudi and Jordanian forces also retire from border regions", but would leave his technicians and advisers behind. On December 19, the US became the 34th nation to recognize the Yemen Arab Republic. 2604: 3607:

both said Israel had been clandestinely involved in Yemen, though both remained vague concerning the nature and scale of the involvement. The airlifts were originally codenamed Operation Gravy, but were later renamed Operation Porcupine. The IAF's largest transport plane, a

2879:

divided the Yemen War into three operational objectives. The first was the air phase, it began with jet trainers modified to strafe and carry bombs and ended with three wings of fighter-bombers, stationed near the Saudi-Yemeni border. Egyptian sorties went along the

3464:

to supervise the construction of military facilities and in 1966 it sponsored a $ 100 million program which provided the Saudi forces with combat vehicles, mostly trucks. Faisal also initiated an Islamic alignment called the Islamic Conference, to counter Nasser's

2943:

with four rounds. The battle lasted a week and cost the Egyptians three tanks, seven armored cars and 160 dead. The Egyptians were now in positions from which they could hope to interdict the royalist movement of supplies in the mountains north and east of San'a'.

7826: 2918:

jeeps took off from San'a' moving northwards, heading for Sadah. More garrison troops followed. A few days later another task force, spearheaded by 350 men in tanks and armored cars, struck out from Sadah southeastwards toward Marib. The maneuvered into the

2769:, a Saudi Arabian city near the Yemenite border. The US responded with another aerial demonstration over Jeddah and a destroyer joined on January 15. The US reportedly agreed to send antiaircraft batteries and radar-control equipment to Najran. In addition, 2632:

dispatched his Army chief of staff for discussions with al-Badr's uncle, Prince Hassan. Between October 2–8 four Saudi cargo planes left Saudi Arabia loaded with arms and military material for Yemeni royalist tribesmen; however, the pilots defected to

3798:. All the air crew were Egyptian, except for the Tupolev bombers which were thought to have mixed Egyptian and Russian personnel. The Ilyushin transports flying between Egypt and Hodeida had Russian crews. Throughout the war, the Egyptians relied on 3612:, was recruited for the British operation. According to Jones, what is clear however is that some of the mercenary air drops to the royalists (code-named "Mango") were organized by the British using an aircraft, which were contracted privately from 3480:

The tribes of Southern Saudi Arabia and Northern Yemen were closely linked, and the Saudis enticed thousands of Yemeni workers in Saudi Arabia to assist the royalist cause. In addition to the Saudis and British, the Iraqis also sent plane loads of

3252:

of June, but resumed on July, against all parts of royalist Yemen. Casualty estimates vary, and an assumption, considered conservative, is that the mustard and phosgene-filled aerial bombs caused approximately 1,500 fatalities and 1,500 injuries.

3652:

and then broadcast by Cairo radio on 1 May 1964. Al-Ahram quoted an estimate for British, French and other foreigners of "over 300 officers", "directed from Britain and most probably under the command of British Intelligence". On 5 July 1964 the

2732:

Britain, with its commitment to South Arabia and its base in Aden, considered the Egyptian intervention a real threat. Recognition of the republic posed a problem to several treaties Britain had signed with the sheiks and sultans of the

7856: 4350:"Since 1965, the Libyan-backed Front for the Liberation of Occupied South Yemen and the National Liberation Front had unleashed brutal violence on British forces in the south. In the end, the conflict claimed some 200,000 lives." 2322:(former Israeli Ambassador to the U.S.) later wrote that Egypt's military adventure in Yemen was so disastrous that the United States' actions in the continuing Vietnam War could easily have been dubbed "America's Yemen". 2939:, a dozen armored cars and entrenched machine guns. The royalists advanced in a thin skirmish line and were plastered by artillery, mortars and strafing planes. They replied with rifles, one mortar with 20 rounds, and a 3014:. They had 1,000 troops and about 2,000 republicans. The plan, as interpreted by British intelligence, seemed to have been to cut the 30 miles (48 km) track southward through the mountains from the Saudi border at 3489:

Al-Badr had formed two royalist armies – one under his uncle Prince Hassan in the east and one under his own control in the west. Both armies controlled most of the north and east of Yemen, including the towns of

3156:

1966, the Egyptian forces, now numbering almost 60,000, launched their biggest offensive. The royalists counterattacked but the stalemate resumed. Egyptian-supported groups executed sabotage bombings in Saudi Arabia.

2371:, a fortified stronghold where the Imam lived with his harem, the royal treasure, an arsenal of modern weapons, and a 150 strong palace-guard, and demanded Ahmad's abdication. Ahmad agreed, but demanded that his son, 3316:

unopposed. In Baghdad, Sallal asked for political asylum, saying "every revolutionary must anticipate obstacles and difficult situations". The Iraqi government offered him a home and a monthly grant of 500 dinars.

3806:

heavy-lift cargo planes airlifted tons of food and kerosene into the region. The Egyptians estimate that hundreds of millions of dollars were spent to equip Egyptian and republican Yemeni forces, and in addition,

3895:

The formation of a Yemen Congress of fifty, representing all factions, which would be charged with forming a transitional regime and establishing procedures for a national plebiscite to determine Yemen's future

2764:

A week after the American recognition, Sallal boasted at a military parade the republic had rockets that could strike "the palaces of Saudi Arabia", and in early January the Egyptians again bombed and strafed

3816: 3743:, admitted that information on Yemen was nonexistent. Egypt had not had an embassy in Yemen since 1961; therefore when Cairo requested information from the US ambassador to Yemen, all he provided was an 3538:, such as the 106mm gun and in mining techniques. The numbers of mercenaries are estimated in the hundreds, although Egyptian sources at the time reported 15,000. Royalist tactics were confined to 3027:

alone until Monday at dawn. Al-Badr left his headquarters at three that morning with 1,000 men to direct a counterattack in the Tashar ravine, while Abdullah Hussein attacked in the Haradh ravine.

3091: 2932: 314: 303: 6420: 3723:, who served as Egypt's ambassador to royalist Yemen from 1957 to 1961, sent numerous reports on Yemen that did not reach Ministry of Defense officials. He warned Egyptian officials in 3534:, were sent to assist the Imam in planning, training and giving the irregular forces the ability to communicate with one another and the Saudis. They trained tribesmen in the use of 2285:

supported the republicans with as many as 70,000 Egyptian troops and weapons. Despite several military actions and peace conferences, the war sank into a stalemate by the mid-1960s.

3590:. According to "Haaretz" newspaper, Tony Boyle contacted David Karon, the head of the Middle East department in the Tevel (Cosmos) section of the Mossad, and met with IAF commander 3574:

749. He then flew to Teheran to try to persuade the Iranians to do an air drop. Hart-Davis further claims that success was finally achieved by an adviser to the mercenaries, the MP

2500:

from 1954–62; (2) Syria breaking up from Nasser's UAR in 1961; (3) taking advantage of a breach in British and French relations, which had been strained by Nasser's support for the

3731:. He opposed sending Egyptian combat forces and, arguing that only money and equipment be sent to the Yemeni Free Officers, and warned that the Saudis would finance the royalists. 3151:, Nasser conceded that "We are facing difficulties. We must all work harder and make sacrifices. I have no magic button that I can push to produce the things you want". Premier 3022:

near Washa, and then to split into two task forces, one moving east through Washa to the headquarters and the other north-eastwards along the track to the Saudi border below the

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became the turning point of the war. The remaining republican Prime Minister succeeded in keeping control of Sana'a and by February 1968, the royalists lifted the siege.

2443:'s biography of Nasser identifies several factors that led the Egyptian President to send expeditionary forces to Yemen. These included the unraveling of the union with 650: 545: 3364:

new republic, except for al-Badr's family, and a consultative Council was established. Clashes along the border between the states rose, and in 1972 a small war broke.

3620:

Saudi coastline. The Saudis did not have radar systems, and would later state they were not aware of the airlifts. The planes would make the drops and then refuel in

3456:(SAS), who recruited dozens of former SAS men as advisors to the royalists. Britain participated in a $ 400 million British air defense program for Saudi Arabia. The 3397:, Mohamed bin Hussein, Mohamed bin Ismail, Ibrahim al Kipsy, and Abdul Rahman bin Yahya. At fifty-six, Hassan bin Yahya was the oldest and most distinguished. Prince 2777:. On March 6 Bunche was in Cairo, where Nasser reportedly assured him that he would withdraw his troops from Yemen if the Saudis would stop supporting the royalists. 2616:

5. Fifteen days after he had left San'a, al-Badr sent a man ahead to Saudi Arabia to announce that he was alive. He then went there himself, crossing the border near

6362:

Tony Boyle had been a pilot in the Royal Air Force, then Aide-de-Camp to the Governor of Aden. He had never been in the SAS, pace Haaretz. (Hart-Davis, 2012. p. xvi)

3216:

On May 10, the twin villages of Gahar and Gadafa in Wadi Hirran, where Prince Mohamed bin Mohsin was in command, were gas bombed, killing at least seventy-five. The

2901:

their enticement to the republican government, meaning the expenditures of massive amounts of funds for humanitarian needs and outright bribery of tribal leaders.

3147:

Egypt had run up a foreign debt of nearly $ 3 billion, and the gap between exports and imports had widened to a record $ 500 million for 1965. On Victory Day in

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recognition followed that of the US by a day. The UN continued to consider the republic the only authority in the land and completely ignored the royalists.

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operation went on over a period of slightly more than two years, during which the Stratofreighter carried out 14 nighttime sorties from Tel Nof to Yemen.

3460:

administration was more willing than Kennedy's to support long-range plans in support of the Saudi army. In 1965, the US authorized an agreement with the

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saw a chance to gain a toehold on the Arabian Peninsula and accepted hundreds of Egyptian officers to be trained as pilots for service in the Yemen War.

3812: 2984:

On June 12, Egyptian infantry numbering at about 4,000, reinforced by the republican army and mercenaries from the Aden protectorate invaded the town of

4256:"B&J": Jacob Bercovitch and Richard Jackson, International Conflict: A Chronological Encyclopedia of Conflicts and Their Management 1945–1995 (1997) 4035:: pp. 324–325. University of Michigan Press. 1997. "The four actors in the first phase of the long Yemen War were Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Egypt and Yemen" 2300:, Ahmed Noman and Mohamed Ali Uthman, all of whom shortly either resigned or fled the country. The capital was left under the control of Prime Minister 9497: 4314: 4359:

Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Storbritannien: AltaMira Press. p. 352

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in 1961, which dissolved his UAR in all but name, damaging his prestige. A quick decisive victory in Yemen could help him recover leadership of the

8854: 7841: 3720: 3019: 2691: 2394:(UAR). However, Ahmad was to keep his throne and his absolute power, and the arrangement constituted only a close alliance. In 1959, Ahmad went to 8578: 7962: 2690:

Sallal declared "I warn America that if it does not recognize the Yemen Arab Republic, I shall not recognize it!". US Chargé d'Affaires in Taiz,

2147: 643: 538: 8881:

Prolonged conflicts are listed in the decade when initiated; ongoing conflicts are marked italic, and conflicts with +100,000 killed with bold.

8080: 6404: 5889: 3408:

In 1963, the Saudis spent $ 15 million to equip royalist tribes, hire hundreds of European mercenaries, and establish their own radio station.

2957: 2953: 2844: 5691: 9527: 8974: 8118: 6719: 6681: 6640: 6602: 6564: 6142: 6083: 6024: 5974: 5927: 5851: 5813: 5775: 5632: 5594: 5556: 5518: 5468: 5418: 5357: 5253: 4606: 4568: 3035:, in which several staff officers were killed. The second was an attempt, involving British advisors and French and Belgian mercenaries from 2985: 8497: 3412:, which saw a chance to make money in the conflict, extended rifles to the royalists. Remnants of the Imam's Army also had elements of the 3867:

Noman spoke over Radio San'a, offering reconciliation and inviting "all tribes of all persuasions" to meet with him the following week at

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Sallal proclaimed Yemen's "firm policy to honor its international obligations", including a 1934 treaty pledging respect for Britain's

2311:

Clashes continued in parallel with peace talks until 1970, when Saudi Arabia recognized the Republic, and a ceasefire came into effect.

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Britain and the Yemen Civil War, 1962–1965: Ministers, Mercenaries and Mandarins : Foreign Policy and the Limits of Covert Action

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By February 1968, the siege was lifted and the republicans had essentially won the war. Meanwhile, the British had withdrawn from the

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to the British mercenary operation and were either using Israeli air bases or Israeli transport planes themselves making the drops.

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who believed Britain could buy security for Aden by recognizing the republic. However, Britain eventually decided not to recognize.

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Muhammad al-Badr led his campaign with the princes of the house of Hamidaddin. Those included Hassan bin Yahya, who had come from

3326:

The republicans boasted a new air force, while the royalists claimed to have shot down a MiG-17 fighter with a Russian pilot. The

9797: 9467: 8527: 3665:(Tony Boyle) was involved in any way". The following day (22 July 1964), Douglas-Home sent a memorandum to the Foreign Secretary 3023: 2965: 2801: 2786: 2435:

Nasser had looked to a regime change in Yemen since 1957 and finally put his desires into practice in January 1962 by giving the

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Britain and the Yemen Civil War, 1962–1965: Ministers, Mercenaries and Mandarins: Foreign Policy and the Limits of Covert Action

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The gradual withdrawal of the Egyptian force within a ten-month period and the cessation of all Saudi help to the royalists; and

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British mercenaries in the mountains of North Yemen helping Royalist rebels set up a heavy machine gun above a hideout cave

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as a template from which to conduct events in Yemen. Nasser refused Heikal's ideas, insisting on the need to protect the

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Prince Mohamed bin Hussein, deputy to Muhammad al-Badr, in command of the royalist forces besieging San'a, December 1967

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cabled Sallal: "Any act of aggression against Yemen will be considered an act of aggression against the Soviet Union."

2015: 1825: 1285: 96:

A republican government formed in North Yemen, incorporating members from the royalist faction but not the royal family

2737:. Saudi Arabia urged the British to identify themselves with the royalists. On the other hand, there were some in the 2496:

Nasser's considerations for sending troops to Yemen may have included the following: (1) impact of his support to the

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Airbase, demonstrating to Nasser the seriousness of American commitment to defending U.S. interests in Saudi Arabia.

3510:, where the royalists controlled the mountains while the Egyptians and republicans controlled the town and fortress. 3476:

Prince Abdullah Hussein (below, center) with his men soon after the Egyptian air attack in Wadi Hirran, December 1962

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in the Middle East. Nasser was warned that "the Soviet Union would be displeased to see an attack on Saudi Arabia."

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The Bunche and Bunker mission gave birth to the idea of an observer mission to Yemen, which eventually became the

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declared support for the republican revolution. The USSR was the first nation to recognize the new republic, and

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relatively ineffective". The Egyptian authorities suggested that the reported incidents were probably caused by

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was also convinced that Nasser's target was Saudi Arabia's oil, and that if the Saudis went, he would be next.

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was responsible for contacting the royalists, and used the services of a private company belonging to Colonel

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made a statement, based on a Red Cross report, that the gas was likely to have been halogenous derivatives –

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An Egyptian instructor at the San'a military academy showing a Yemeni how to use a bayonet affixed to a

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was made Prime Minister and Commander-in-Chief. The Imam was joined by his childhood pen pal, American

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In 1963 and 1964, the Egyptians had five squadrons of aircraft in Yemen at airfields near San'a and

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Elbaz, Yogev. "Beyond the Periphery – Israel's Intervention in the Yemen Civil War in the 1960s",

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and most of western Europe also withheld recognition. The republic did receive the recognition of

2672:

The United States was concerned that the conflict might spread to other parts of the Middle East.

1215: 9703: 9622: 9407: 8649: 8644: 8222: 8092: 7569: 7564: 7461: 7245: 7197: 6972:. Studies in war, society, and the military. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. p. 698. 3822:

Egyptian air and naval forces began bombing and shelling raids in the Saudi southwestern city of

3727:, including Defense Minister Amer, that the tribes were difficult and had no sense of loyalty or 3542:, isolating conventional Egyptian and republican forces, and conducting attacks on supply lines. 3405:, who set up the post office and would later rise to the rank of general in the Royalist forces. 1993: 1983: 1948: 1664: 1310: 901: 813: 722: 667: 19:

This article is about the North Yemen civil war in 1962–1970. For other civil wars in Yemen, see

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Offensive" that lasted until February 1964, focused on opening and securing roads from San'a to

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Saudi Arabia, fearing Nasserist encroachment, moved troops along its border with Yemen, as King

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Egypt's commitment to the war is considered to have been detrimental to its performance in the

2174: 2003: 1988: 1520: 1455: 1004: 994: 931: 737: 351: 325: 7940: 7361: 6915: 6908: 4413: 1117: 9688: 9422: 9417: 9294: 9274: 9055: 8586: 8138: 8002: 7687: 7537: 7522: 7471: 7406: 7386: 7371: 7235: 7110: 4171: 3910: 3830:, which were staging points for royalist forces. In response, the Saudis purchased a British 3421: 3302: 2513: 2469:, a chronicler of Egyptian national policy decision making and confidant of Nasser, wrote in 2305: 2048: 1684: 1565: 1177: 1157: 1067: 911: 793: 717: 599: 579: 374: 3432:

allowed convoys of arms to flow through one of its allies in Northern Yemen, the Sheriff of

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A Soviet-manufactured armored car, captured by royalist guerrillas from the Egyptians near

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On August 15, the Egyptians launched an offensive from their major north-western base in

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were building up an offensive. The Egyptian line of communications went from San'a to

2968:

desert. In the Jawf they claimed to have cleaned up all Egyptian strong-points except

2236:

tribes to retake power, and the conflict escalated rapidly to a full-scale civil war.

2209:

carried out in 1962 by revolutionary republicans led by the army under the command of

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country) felt compelled to provide al-Badr (a Zaidi Shia leader) with financing. The

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forces from South Yemen, including Britain's presence in the strategic port city of

2205: 1370: 828: 628: 9612: 9319: 9284: 9254: 9249: 9224: 9033: 8919: 8774: 8757: 8718: 8393: 8328: 8323: 8295: 8194: 8154: 7859: 7799: 7727: 7651: 7616: 7597: 7517: 7376: 7177: 7145: 7000: 6943:

Beyond the Arab Cold War: The International History of the Yemen Civil War, 1962–68

3755: 3695: 3539: 3398: 3386: 3265:

Situation in North Yemen 1967 between Republicans (black) and Zaidi Royalists (red)

3245: 3210: 3193: 3143:, April 1964. In front of Nasser and giving a salute is Yemeni President al-Sallal. 3036: 2797: 2774: 2754: 2563: 2478: 2452: 2372: 2225: 2217: 2083: 2043: 1760: 1594: 1500: 1400: 1385: 1295: 1225: 1132: 1127: 1102: 1009: 989: 974: 833: 279: 267: 2363:

against him. A group of soldiers under his command surrounded the royal palace of

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A republican helicopter, captured early in the war by the royalists outside Marib

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British support to the royalists remained covert throughout. The Prime Minister

3502:, which would have given the Imam a key strategic road towards the main capital 1220: 1047: 9668: 9507: 9402: 9397: 9364: 9354: 9344: 9314: 9239: 9229: 9110: 9038: 8933: 8861: 8442: 8425: 8420: 8290: 7815: 7780: 7770: 7750: 7182: 4266: 3943: 3913:, youngest brother of the Imam Ahmad, with a veteran of the imamic army, at Uqd 3835: 3783: 3779: 3600: 3491: 3466: 3457: 3449: 3429: 3168: 3011: 3004: 2969: 2868: 2805: 2758: 2726: 2486: 2456: 2301: 2256: 2214: 2053: 1780: 1746: 1545: 1535: 1490: 1450: 1445: 1390: 1380: 1375: 1360: 1290: 1275: 1260: 1250: 1162: 1062: 1052: 1042: 697: 682: 432: 363: 167: 6406:

Understanding the Volatile and Dangerous Middle East: A Comprehensive Analysis

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At least four plots were going on in San'a. One was headed by Lieutenant

2520:, which Nasser saw as Egypt's destiny; (5) guaranteeing dominance of the 2517: 2315: 2289: 2038: 1575: 1515: 1465: 1410: 1205: 1137: 863: 858: 90:

Saudi support to Muhammad al-Badr and the royalist faction ceased in 1965

3879: 2909: 2118: 523: 45: 9259: 9176: 9171: 9100: 3750: 3740: 3728: 3666: 3425: 3206: 3117: 3052: 2773:

was sent to Yemen, where he met with Sallal and Egyptian Field Marshal

2525: 2448: 2400: 2078: 2068: 1530: 1495: 1420: 1405: 1340: 1265: 1210: 1112: 1057: 936: 921: 3281:

of August, Egypt announced that it was ready to end the war in Yemen.

8943: 3583: 3527: 3511: 3217: 3148: 3113: 3015: 2936: 2416: 2192: 1550: 1230: 926: 818: 6227: 4130:"The Egyptian–Yemen War: Egyptian Perspectives on Guerrilla Warfare" 3444:

planes conducted night operations to resupply al-Badr's forces. The

3389:, talking to tribesmen outside his cave in Wadi Amlah, December 1962 3343:

President Gamal Abdel Nasser and King Faisal in Cairo, December 1969

3339: 3103: 9683: 9392: 8888: 8688: 8628: 7167: 6910:

Six Days of War: June 1967 and the Making of the Modern Middle East

3787: 3744: 3648: 3625: 3519: 3503: 3482: 3409: 3241: 3237: 3229: 3184: 2715: 2662: 2607:

Abdullah Sallal (center) and the heads of the coup in October, 1962

2412: 2387: 2293:

in the capital, while the royalists approached it from the north.

2278:

Both foreign irregular and conventional forces were also involved.

2221: 1395: 1152: 916: 853: 203: 3074:

The camp used by royalist forces at Hanjar, in north-eastern Yemen

2554: 594: 50:

Royalist Yemeni forces attempt to repel an Egyptian armored attack

7102: 3851: 3803: 3799: 3791: 3763: 3531: 3515: 3160: 3139:(standing to the left) welcomed by Yemeni crowds on his visit to 3080: 2940: 2889: 2864: 2827:. The U.N. observer team, which would be set up by the former UN 2789: 2711: 2592: 2521: 2505: 2335: 2314:

Egyptian military historians refer to the war in Yemen as their "

2195:

fought in North Yemen from 1962 to 1970 between partisans of the

8878:

and later conflicts (after 1914) of at least 100 fatalities each

7078: 7039: 3070: 3051:

In September, 1964, Nasser and Faisal met in the Arab summit in

2931:, 25 miles (40 km) southeast of San'a, 500 royalists under 2927:, on the British-protected side of the border. In the battle of 2859: 2378: 2343: 7970: 3839: 3823: 3808: 3775: 3771: 3596: 3587: 3507: 3221: 3198: 2993: 2924: 2881: 2832: 2817: 2766: 2746: 2703: 2699: 2642: 2617: 2252: 2244: 1072: 179: 153: 3224:

expressing concern. The Institute of Forensic Medicine at the

2603: 9487: 8019: 7435: 7133: 3827: 3795: 3724: 3707: 3499: 3495: 3140: 3059: 2897: 2893: 2885: 2707: 2654: 2650: 2634: 2444: 2408: 2264: 2233: 670: 6228:"Our man in Sanaa: A Yemen president was once trainee rabbi" 3126: 2595:

then began securing arsenals, airports and port facilities.

7661: 3437: 2658: 2638: 2558:

Author Dana Adams Schmidt with President Sallal, March 1967

2460: 2395: 2368: 2356: 3790:

transport helicopters. They were also flying four-engined

2964:

and the Jawf, and were able to move freely in the eastern

2347:

Yemeni tribesman being held as a hostage by al-Badr forces

3046: 2399:

Upon his return, Ahmad swore to crush the "agents of the

4267:"Mid-Range Wars and Atrocities of the Twentieth Century" 3734:

Egyptian field commanders complained of a total lack of

2536:, whom Nasser felt had undermined his union with Syria. 2451:. Nasser was also keen to maintain his reputation as an 7322: 7057:

Resort to Arms: International and Civil Wars, 1816–1980

6883:. Brighton ; Portland Or.: Sussex Academic Press. 4304:

Singer, Joel David, The Wages of War. 1816–1965 (1972)

3858:

Peace attempts: Khamir, Jeddah, and Haradh conferences

3685: 2884:

Coast of Yemen and into the Saudi towns of Najran and

1752: 3436:, who was protected by the British administration in 2439:

office space, financial support, and radio airtime.

658: 6196: 3925: 3698:, Egyptian chief of operations, at his desk in Sanaa 3661:

freebooters" (Cooper and his team) with Tony Boyle.

3248:. The gas attacks stopped for three weeks after the 3220:

was alerted and on June 2, it issued a statement in

2179: 9773:

Civil wars involving the states and peoples of Asia

6842:— (paperback edition), London: Arrow Books, 2012. 6791:. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. 2481:movement. Nasser was convinced that a regiment of 9498:General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries 7027: 6907: 6764:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 480. 4480: 4170:(1st ed.). New York: Pantheon Books. p. 4163: 2800:. His mission was based on a decision made by the 99:Egypt and Saudi Arabia's old relations break apart 8656:Islamic insurgency in Saudi Arabia (2000–present) 7342:2008 attack on the United States embassy in Yemen 6457:"How Israel Intervened in the Civil War in Yemen" 5144: 5142: 4995: 4993: 3319:The new republican government was headed by Qadi 3058:On November 2, at a secret conference in Erkwit, 9754: 6365: 3850:sent only a wing of jet fighters and bombers to 3545: 2952:, particularly the small but strategic towns of 8809:Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present) 6970:Arabs at War: Military Effectiveness, 1948–1991 6548: 6484: 6482: 4815: 4813: 4811: 4809: 4807: 4166:The Israeli connection: who Israel arms and why 2508:and primarily for his efforts to undermine the 2232:where he rallied popular support from northern 2224:under his presidency. His government abolished 6997:Saudi Arabia: The Ceaseless Quest for Security 6557: 6435: 6343: 6330: 6317: 6114: 6019: 6017: 5341: 5320: 5293: 5228: 5210: 5201: 5192: 5139: 5130: 4990: 4969: 4919: 4851: 4730: 4728: 4726: 4678: 4676: 4059:Ground Warfare: The International Encyclopedia 3672: 3420:subsidized royalist forces on and off, as the 3167:industrial-development aid. Later that month, 2698:jets staging stunt-flying demonstrations over 2489:would be able to secure the Yemeni republican 2355:inherited the Yemeni throne in 1948. In 1955, 9528:Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine 8975:Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine 8904: 8119:Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine 7956: 7842: 7118: 6508: 6205: 5967: 5513: 5511: 5334: 5332: 5246: 5019: 5017: 5007: 5005: 4983: 4981: 4903: 4901: 4444: 4442: 4440: 4161: 2141: 644: 539: 64:(8 years, 2 months and 5 days) 6914:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 6595: 6495: 6479: 6383: 6381: 6180: 6178: 6176: 6128: 6126: 5625: 5454: 5452: 4804: 4664: 4053: 4051: 4049: 4047: 4045: 4043: 4041: 3498:. The provincial capital of Northern Yemen, 3107:Egyptian bomb damage in a village near Marib 2620:, at the north-eastern edge of the kingdom. 7972:List of modern conflicts in the Middle East 7054: 6712: 6265: 6078: 6076: 6014: 5882: 5461: 5156: 5154: 4723: 4673: 4518: 4200: 4198: 4127: 3959:List of modern conflicts in the Middle East 3188:The International Red Cross hospital at Uqd 2390:to tell Nasser of Yemen's adherence to the 8911: 8897: 7963: 7949: 7849: 7835: 7125: 7111: 6813: 6676: 6674: 6633: 6531:Britain and the Yemen Civil War, 1962–1965 6389:Britain and the Yemen Civil War, 1962–1965 6310:Britain and the Yemen Civil War, 1962–1965 6304: 6302: 6300: 6259: 6250: 6221: 6219: 6217: 6064: 6055: 6005: 5759: 5750: 5741: 5732: 5723: 5714: 5672: 5663: 5508: 5397: 5388: 5329: 5311: 5302: 5284: 5237: 5219: 5054: 5014: 5002: 4978: 4910: 4898: 4860: 4563: 4561: 4559: 4437: 2653:supported the Imam while ambassadors from 2512:(CENTO), which caused the downfall of the 2296:The new republic government was headed by 2148: 2134: 651: 637: 546: 532: 44: 7055:Small, Melvin; Singer, J. David (1982) . 7034:. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston. 6378: 6187: 6173: 6123: 5958: 5499: 5449: 4714: 4655: 4646: 4637: 4289: 4157: 4155: 4038: 4027: 4025: 4023: 4021: 4019: 4017: 4015: 4013: 3657:published the letters, connecting "these 3116:Shias, who were mostly royalist, and the 2780: 2191:'26 September Revolution') was a 553: 9608:Coat of arms of the United Arab Republic 9538:Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation 9503:Independence Party (Mandatory Palestine) 8855:Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present) 6762:Tribes, Government, and History in Yemen 6391:. Sussex Academic Press (2004). p.. 136 6073: 5920: 5844: 5151: 4933: 4931: 4766: 4259: 4241: 4232: 4195: 4123: 4121: 4119: 4117: 4115: 4113: 4111: 4109: 4107: 4105: 4103: 4101: 4099: 4097: 4095: 4093: 4091: 4089: 4087: 4031:Michael Brecher and Jonathan Wilkenfel. 3904: 3878: 3749: 3689: 3549: 3471: 3380: 3338: 3306: 3260: 3183: 3130: 3102: 3069: 2998: 2908: 2858: 2825:United Nations Yemen Observation Mission 2602: 2553: 2426: 2382:Muhammad al-Badr praying with his guards 2377: 2342: 2334: 617: 612: 9483:Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction) 9468:Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order 8528:Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution 7025: 6967: 6671: 6312:. Sussex Academic Press (2004). p. 5-5 6297: 6214: 5768: 5413: 5411: 5409: 5092: 4599: 4556: 4085: 4083: 4081: 4079: 4077: 4075: 4073: 4071: 4069: 4067: 3974:Saudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemen 2271:) and were supplied warplanes from the 1705:Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch 589: 9755: 9478:Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction) 6994: 6940: 6786: 6759: 6448: 6225: 5686: 5684: 5549: 5350: 4400: 4398: 4367: 4365: 4344:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 4152: 4010: 3628:) and return to bases in Israel. The 3256: 3047:Alexandria summit and Erkwit ceasefire 2854: 2718:, put on a demonstration over Riyadh. 2623: 2339:Yemeni tribesmen who supported al-Badr 574: 8892: 7944: 7830: 7106: 6878: 6534:. Sussex Academic Press. p. 65. 6527: 6454: 6423:from the original on 14 February 2023 6402: 5806: 5587: 4928: 4428: 3794:bombers from bases in Egypt, such as 3710:and were supplied warplanes from the 3065: 2359:-trained Colonel Ahmad Thalaya led a 1856:1946 Italian institutional referendum 1796:Spanish American wars of independence 632: 584: 527: 93:Withdrawal of Egyptian forces in 1967 8918: 6905: 6135: 5406: 4064: 2904: 2532:strait; (6) retribution against the 2419:, as commander of the palace guard. 569: 9518:National Liberation Front (Algeria) 7422:Attacks tied to Al-Qaeda insurgency 6945:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 5681: 4939:"The U.S. Intervenes On Both Sides" 4395: 4362: 4277:from the original on August 9, 2013 4128:Aboul-Enein, Youssef (2004-01-01). 3964:List of wars involving Saudi Arabia 3686:Republicans and Egyptian deployment 3179: 2979: 2169: 1625:The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates 62:26 September 1962 – 1 December 1970 13: 9458:Arab Socialist Union Party (Syria) 8980:1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine 8765:Insurgency in Egypt (2013–present) 8190:1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine 7132: 6867:, 27:1 (Spring 2022), pp. 84–107. 5692:"Egypt Profile: Chemical Overview" 3371: 2455:, setting his sights on expelling 2386:In March 1958, al-Badr arrived in 16:1962–1970 civil war in North Yemen 14: 9829: 9523:Palestine Liberation Organization 8602:1987 Sharjawi coup d'état attempt 3296: 3018:to al-Badr's headquarters in the 2794:United States Department of State 2598: 2407:still needed to be picked by the 2213:. He dethroned the newly crowned 9737: 9736: 9463:Arabian Peninsula People's Union 9146:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict 8640:Terror campaign in Egypt (1990s) 7872: 7858: 7434: 7367:2013 Iranian diplomat kidnapping 7347:2008 attack on tourists in Yemen 7337:2007 attack on tourists in Yemen 7298:2016–2022 Yemen cholera outbreak 6521: 6396: 6356: 5814:"Cruel & Difficult Struggle" 4162:Beit-Hallahmi, Benjamin (1987). 3928: 3834:and developed their airfield in 3334: 2960:, both in the mountains between 2117: 1645:Discourses Concerning Government 507: 496: 486: 475: 458: 445: 431: 422: 413: 390: 379: 368: 357: 345: 332: 319: 308: 297: 285: 273: 261: 240: 224: 210: 196: 184: 172: 160: 146: 129: 117: 9106:November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état 8822:Yemeni civil war (2014–present) 8791:Syrian War spillover in Lebanon 8545:1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq 6995:Safran, Nadav (February 1988). 6753: 6286:from the original on 2023-02-14 6238:from the original on 2021-10-09 5180:from the original on 2021-06-26 5118:from the original on 2021-06-07 5080:from the original on 2021-06-07 5042:from the original on 2021-06-06 4957:from the original on 2021-05-10 4886:from the original on 2021-04-10 4839:from the original on 2021-04-10 4792:from the original on 2021-10-09 4754:from the original on 2021-10-09 4702:from the original on 2021-10-09 4544:from the original on 2021-10-09 4506:from the original on 2021-10-09 4468:from the original on 2022-04-01 4353: 4307: 4298: 4250: 4221:from the original on 2016-05-29 4140:from the original on 2016-09-21 3646:Their content was published by 3518:and England, who had fought in 3127:Nasser's "long-breath" strategy 1911:Barbadian Republic Proclamation 755:Yemeni civil war (2014–present) 9798:Civil wars of the 20th century 9548:Union of Arab Republics (1972) 9310:Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz 7352:2008 Bin Salman mosque bombing 7293:Famine in Yemen (2016–present) 4868:"Trouble for the Sons of Saud" 4215:"Protected Blog › Log in" 4207: 3991: 3969:Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen 3832:Thunderbird air defense system 3385:Yemeni Prime Minister, Prince 3123:, who were mostly republican. 2972:, and in the west the town of 2796:sought the help of ambassador 2785:While Bunche was reporting to 2544: 1846:1935 Greek coup d'état attempt 1826:German Revolution of 1918–1919 518:100,000–200,000 killed overall 1: 8592:1986 Egyptian conscripts riot 8233:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 6501:Hart-Davis, 2012. Chapter 8: 6488:Hart-Davis, 2012. Chapter 7: 6441:Hart-Davis, 2012. Chapter 6: 6371:Hart-Davis, 2012. Chapter 6: 6349:Hart-Davis, 2012. Chapter 6: 6336:Hart-Davis, 2012. Chapter 6: 6323:Hart-Davis, 2012. Chapter 6: 5698:. August 2008. Archived from 5062:"Harried Are the Peacemakers" 4004: 3546:British involvement 1962–1965 2325: 618:1966 bombings in Saudi Arabia 9493:Federation of Arab Republics 9453:Arab Socialist Union (Libya) 9443:Arab Socialist Union (Egypt) 9044:Israeli–Palestinian conflict 8992:Arab separatism in Khuzestan 8796:Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013) 8783:Turkish involvement in Syria 8667:al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen 8498:Political violence in Turkey 8432:Israeli–Palestinian conflict 8339:Yemeni–Adenese clan violence 8218:Italian bombing of Palestine 8180:1935–1936 Iraqi Shia revolts 8129:Arab separatism in Khuzestan 7887:Saudi–Yemeni border skirmish 7026:Schmidt, Dana Adams (1968). 7003:: Cornell University Press. 6968:Pollack, Kenneth M. (2002). 6514:Hart-Davis 2012. Chapter 8: 6226:Melman, Yossi (2008-10-17). 5975:"Desperation of a Strongman" 3786:twin-engined transports and 3424:(a ruler of a predominantly 3376: 3358: 3098: 2679:rushed off notes to Nasser, 2581: 2498:Algerian War of Independence 2267:(then formally known as the 2096:Republic without republicans 1841:11 September 1922 Revolution 1836:Mongolian Revolution of 1921 728:Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen 688:Yemeni–Adenese clan violence 7: 9788:Wars involving Saudi Arabia 9618:Flag of the Arab Federation 9448:Arab Socialist Union (Iraq) 9438:Arab Socialist Action Party 8048:Turkish War of Independence 8032:Unification of Saudi Arabia 7718:Water supply and sanitation 7391:2015 Sanaa mosque bombings 7357:2009 Yemeni tourist attacks 7097:The wages of war, 1816–1965 6554:Schmidt (1968), pp. 168–169 6463:(in Hebrew). Archived from 6120:Schmidt (1968), pp. 296–297 5347:Schmidt (1968), pp. 222–223 5326:Schmidt (1968), pp. 221–222 5299:Schmidt (1968), pp. 208–209 5234:Schmidt (1968), pp. 180–182 5216:Schmidt (1968), pp. 179–180 5207:Schmidt (1968), pp. 178–179 5198:Schmidt (1968), pp. 169–170 5148:Schmidt (1968), pp. 164–165 5136:Schmidt (1968), pp. 199–200 4999:Schmidt (1968), pp. 193–194 4975:Schmidt (1968), pp. 192–193 4925:Schmidt (1968), pp. 190–191 4857:Schmidt (1968), pp. 185–186 3921: 3842:also attempted to convince 3673:Saudi and Jordanian support 3416:fight alongside its ranks. 2923:commander at Harib fled to 2896:to the North, and San'a to 2510:Central Treaty Organization 2255:supplied military aid, and 2180: 1831:Turkish War of Independence 1753: 10: 9834: 9589:On the Way of Resurrection 9582:The Battle for One Destiny 9513:Lebanese National Movement 8954:Third International Theory 8713:Iran–Israel proxy conflict 8707:Houthi insurgency in Yemen 8696:Balochi insurgency in Iran 8672:1999 Shia uprising in Iraq 8508:1977 Shia uprising in Iraq 8503:Islamist uprising in Syria 8481:Turkish invasion of Cyprus 8370:Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964 8256:Kurdish separatism in Iran 8175:Goharshad Mosque rebellion 7412:23 May 2016 Yemen bombings 7303:COVID-19 pandemic in Yemen 7095:— Originally published as 6455:Stern, Yoav (2004-07-26). 6202:Dresch (1994), pp. 261–262 5890:"Beginning to Face Defeat" 5469:"Fewer Curses, More Sense" 5162:"For Allah & the Imam" 5025:"Another Job for the U.N." 4136:. No. Jan–Feb, 2004. 3979:Houthi insurgency in Yemen 3846:to respond on its behalf. 3561:Federation of South Arabia 3349:Federation of South Arabia 3300: 3092:Prince Abdullah bin Hassan 3043:conference on November 2. 2539: 2228:. The Imam escaped to the 1886:1970 Cambodian coup d'état 1635:The Commonwealth of Oceana 18: 9732: 9641: 9598: 9566: 9543:Unified Political Command 9433:Arab Nationalist Movement 9378: 9330:Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi 9190: 9159: 9126:1969 Sudanese coup d'état 8997:1979 Khuzestan insurgency 8962: 8926: 8871: 8834: 8739: 8680: 8620: 8553: 8471:Black September in Jordan 8463: 8362: 8306: 8203: 8147: 8101: 7978: 7882: 7793: 7726: 7683: 7674: 7624: 7615: 7578: 7508: 7499: 7452: 7443: 7432: 7332:1992 Yemen hotel bombings 7261:Aftermath of the takeover 7196: 7153: 7144: 7061:Beverly Hills, California 6906:Oren, Michael B. (2002). 6814:Hart-Davis, Duff (2011). 6789:A History of Modern Yemen 6272:. Sussex Academic Press. 6211:Schmidt (1968), pp. 62–63 4736:"Diplomacy in the Desert" 4670:Schmidt (1968), pp. 30–31 3900: 3874: 3862: 3770:piston-engined fighters, 3283:Egyptian Foreign Minister 2804:, which was conceived by 2802:National Security Council 2516:in 1958; (4) confronting 2259:gave covert support. The 2059:The Emperor's New Clothes 1811:5 October 1910 revolution 1806:French Revolution of 1848 829:Liberty as non-domination 678: 565: 517: 468: 402: 253: 109: 54: 43: 35: 30: 9051:1952 Egyptian revolution 8573:Kurdish–Turkish conflict 8568:1980 Turkish coup d'état 8387:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War 8319:1953 Iranian coup d'état 8314:1952 Egyptian revolution 8042:1919 Egyptian revolution 8025:Mount Lebanon starvation 7513:House of Representatives 7324:Conflict related attacks 7278:Civil war (2014–present) 3984: 3954:Houthi takeover in Yemen 3826:and the coastal town of 3582:, defense minister, and 3203:Israeli Foreign Minister 2735:South Arabian Federation 2471:For Egypt Not For Nasser 2422: 2330: 1901:1987 Fijian coups d'état 1861:1952 Egyptian revolution 839:Political representation 9704:Palestinian nationalism 9623:Flag of the Arab Revolt 9116:1966 Syrian coup d'état 9096:1963 Syrian coup d'état 9076:1961 Syrian coup d'état 8802:War in Iraq (2013–2017) 8650:Iraqi Kurdish Civil War 8645:Yemeni Civil War (1994) 8455:1966 Syrian coup d'état 8382:First Iraqi–Kurdish War 8223:Allied invasion of Iraq 8170:Saudi–Yemeni War (1934) 8093:Mahmud Barzanji revolts 7206:Saudi–Yemeni War (1934) 6565:"Appointment in Khamir" 6025:"When Friends Fall Out" 4774:"Fugitive from Bullets" 4450:"After Ahmad the Devil" 3747:report on the country. 3351:, which had now become 2549: 2483:Egyptian Special Forces 2203:. The war began with a 1881:1969 Libyan coup d'état 1665:Discourse on Inequality 814:Consent of the governed 723:Yemeni civil war (1994) 606:International incidents 9131:1969 Libyan revolution 9009:1941 Iraqi coup d'état 8747:2011 Bahraini uprising 8731:South Yemen insurgency 8612:Abu Nidal's executions 8597:1986 Damascus bombings 8376:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 8228:Syria–Lebanon campaign 7998:Middle Eastern theatre 7905:First Arab–Israeli War 7283:Saudi–led intervention 7030:Yemen: The Unknown War 6941:Orkaby, Asher (2017). 6816:The War That Never Was 6720:"Dialogue of the Deaf" 6603:"A Preference for War" 6403:Carol, Steven (2019). 6143:"Yoke of Independence" 6070:Schmidt (1968), p. 294 6061:Schmidt (1968), p. 293 6011:Schmidt (1968), p. 291 5765:Schmidt (1968), p. 268 5756:Schmidt (1968), p. 267 5747:Schmidt (1968), p. 265 5738:Schmidt (1968), p. 264 5729:Schmidt (1968), p. 263 5720:Schmidt (1968), p. 260 5678:Schmidt (1968), p. 259 5669:Schmidt (1968), p. 257 5519:"Long Breath in Yemen" 5419:"A Man to End the War" 5403:Schmidt (1968), p. 234 5394:Schmidt (1968), p. 233 5338:Schmidt (1968), p. 222 5317:Schmidt (1968), p. 214 5308:Schmidt (1968), p. 209 5290:Schmidt (1968), p. 207 5243:Schmidt (1968), p. 182 5225:Schmidt (1968), p. 180 5011:Schmidt (1968), p. 195 4987:Schmidt (1968), p. 193 4916:Schmidt (1968), p. 190 4907:Schmidt (1968), p. 186 4488:"Revolt & Revenge" 4204:Pollack (2002), p. 54. 3914: 3884: 3782:twin-engined bombers, 3759: 3699: 3572:Lockheed Constellation 3555: 3477: 3390: 3344: 3312: 3266: 3189: 3144: 3108: 3075: 3007: 2914: 2872: 2781:Operation Hard-surface 2739:British Foreign Office 2681:Faisal of Saudi Arabia 2608: 2559: 2432: 2383: 2348: 2340: 2199:and supporters of the 738:South Yemen insurgency 352:Abdul Rahman al-Eryani 254:Commanders and leaders 9808:Egypt–Yemen relations 9783:Wars involving Jordan 9763:North Yemen Civil War 9689:Jordanian nationalism 9423:Arab Islamic Republic 9418:Arab Higher Committee 9295:Rashid Ali al-Gaylani 9275:Salah al-Din al-Bitar 9086:North Yemen civil war 9019:Arab–Israeli conflict 8587:South Yemen civil war 8486:Shatt al-Arab clashes 8411:Mar. 1963 Syrian coup 8400:North Yemen civil war 8349:1958 Iraqi revolution 8276:1948 Arab–Israeli War 8270:Arab–Israeli conflict 8139:Sheikh Said rebellion 8003:Battle of Robat Karim 7911:North Yemen civil war 7417:Other various attacks 7407:2016 Aden car bombing 7387:2015 Aden car bombing 7268:Crisis (2011–present) 7236:South Yemen civil war 7216:North Yemen civil war 7063:: Sage Publications. 6879:Jones, Clive (2004). 6787:Dresch, Paul (2000). 6760:Dresch, Paul (1994). 6682:"No Time for Fanfare" 6528:Jones, Clive (2010). 6256:Safran (1988), p. 119 6193:Dresch (2000), p. 120 6184:Dresch (2000), p. 124 6132:Dresch (2000), p. 115 5964:Safran (1988), p. 122 5633:"Revolt Within a War" 5505:Safran (1988), p. 121 5458:Safran (1988), p. 120 5254:"The Alexandria Duet" 4720:Schmidt (1968), p. 34 4661:Schmidt (1968), p. 29 4652:Schmidt (1968), p. 23 4643:Schmidt (1968), p. 22 4295:Pollack (2002), p. 56 4247:Pollack (2002), p. 55 4238:Pollack (2002), p. 53 3911:Abdurrahman Bin Yahya 3908: 3883:King Faisal at Jeddah 3882: 3753: 3693: 3553: 3475: 3384: 3342: 3310: 3303:Siege of Sanaa (1967) 3264: 3187: 3134: 3106: 3073: 3002: 2912: 2862: 2606: 2557: 2430: 2381: 2346: 2338: 2220:and declared Yemen a 2197:Mutawakkilite Kingdom 2162:North Yemen civil war 2049:Criticism of monarchy 1871:North Yemen civil war 1685:The Federalist Papers 980:Federal parliamentary 718:South Yemen civil war 693:North Yemen civil war 557:North Yemen civil war 469:Casualties and losses 375:Abdul Latif Dayfallah 292:Abdurrahman bin Yahya 31:North Yemen civil war 9803:1960s in North Yemen 9793:Wars involving Yemen 9778:Wars involving Egypt 9724:Tunisian nationalism 9694:Lebanese nationalism 9654:Egyptian nationalism 9649:Algerian nationalism 9553:United Arab Republic 9428:Arab Liberation Army 9408:Arab Ba'ath Movement 9265:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr 8726:Fatah–Hamas conflict 8662:Operation Desert Fox 8635:1991 Iraqi uprisings 8629:Gulf War (1990–1991) 8540:Grand Mosque seizure 8518:Yemenite War of 1979 8476:Yemenite War of 1972 8416:Nov. 1963 Iraqi coup 8406:Feb. 1963 Iraqi coup 8160:Ahmed Barzani revolt 8071:Turkish–Armenian War 7929:Yemenite War of 1979 7917:Yemenite War of 1972 6266:Clive Jones (2004). 6102:on December 15, 2008 6084:"The Siege of San'a" 5993:on December 15, 2008 5870:on December 15, 2008 5852:"Coping in Khartoum" 5832:on December 15, 2008 5794:on December 15, 2008 5651:on February 20, 2008 5613:on February 20, 2008 5437:on February 20, 2008 5272:on December 13, 2011 4526:"Visitor from Cairo" 4383:on September 6, 2008 3414:Saudi National Guard 2787:UN Secretary-General 2392:United Arab Republic 2306:1967 siege of Sana'a 2269:United Arab Republic 2230:Saudi Arabian border 2034:Classical radicalism 1776:Republic of Florence 1715:Democracy in America 874:Separation of powers 849:Public participation 419:20,000 semi-regulars 326:Faisal bin Abdulaziz 9813:1970 in North Yemen 9714:Sahrawi nationalism 9071:1959 Mosul uprising 9004:Great Syrian Revolt 8874:This list includes 8842:2021 Beirut clashes 8702:2004 Qamishli riots 8579:Turkey–PKK conflict 8535:1979 Qatif Uprising 8354:1959 Mosul uprising 8344:1958 Lebanon crisis 8291:1973 Yom Kippur War 8262:Iran crisis of 1946 8250:Al-Wathbah uprising 8240:1943 Barzani revolt 8134:Great Syrian Revolt 8114:Iraqi Revolt (1920) 8037:Simko Shikak revolt 7382:2014 Rada' bombings 7362:2012 Sanaʽa bombing 6161:on January 27, 2008 6043:on January 27, 2008 5908:on November 5, 2012 5776:"Divided in Defeat" 5702:on October 27, 2011 5575:on October 28, 2010 5537:on October 28, 2010 5358:"Back to Bloodshed" 5100:"The Mess in Yemen" 4587:on February 1, 2011 3815:outside San'a. The 3576:Neil "Billy" McLean 3454:Special Air Service 3328:US State Department 3321:Abdul Rahman Iryani 3279:Khartoum Resolution 3257:Egyptian withdrawal 3226:University of Berne 3135:Egyptian President 2871:(dotted) offensives 2855:Egyptian offensives 2637:. Ambassadors from 2624:Diplomatic attempts 2564:Ali Abdul al Moghny 2437:Free Yemen Movement 2298:Abdul Rahman Iryani 2201:Yemen Arab Republic 2181:Thawra 26 Sabtambar 2124:Politics portal 1929:Antigua and Barbuda 1876:Zanzibar Revolution 1786:American Revolution 1675:The Social Contract 844:Popular sovereignty 713:Second Yemenite War 315:Abdullah bin Hassan 304:Mohamed bin Hussein 218:Yemen Arab Republic 9719:Syrian nationalism 9699:Libyan nationalism 9659:Greater Mauritania 9575:The Arab Awakening 9558:United Arab States 9533:Rejectionist Front 9340:Gamal Abdel Nasser 9151:Yemeni unification 9141:Lebanese Civil War 9121:17 July Revolution 9091:Ramadan Revolution 9066:14 July Revolution 8523:Iranian Revolution 8492:Lebanese Civil War 8438:1948 Palestine war 8185:1935 Yazidi revolt 8076:Franco-Turkish War 7647:Telecommunications 7372:2013 Sana'a attack 7288:Saudi–led blockade 6738:on January 5, 2012 6641:"Journey to Jedda" 6621:on January 5, 2012 6583:on January 5, 2012 6516:Breach of Security 6503:Breach of Security 5595:"In the Old Style" 4569:"The Imam's Peace" 4057:Sandler, Stanley. 3915: 3885: 3766:. They were using 3760: 3736:topographical maps 3706:were supported by 3700: 3556: 3478: 3462:Corps of Engineers 3391: 3345: 3313: 3267: 3190: 3145: 3137:Gamal Abdel Nasser 3109: 3076: 3066:Royalist offensive 3008: 2990:Kawakaban Province 2915: 2873: 2609: 2560: 2534:Saudi royal family 2433: 2431:Map of North Yemen 2384: 2349: 2341: 2283:Gamal Abdel Nasser 2280:Egyptian President 2263:were supported by 2211:Abdullah as-Sallal 2090:Primus inter pares 1906:Nepalese Civil War 1896:Iranian Revolution 1866:14 July Revolution 1821:Russian Revolution 1816:Chinese Revolution 1766:Republic of Venice 1615:Discourses on Livy 703:First Yemenite War 662:Internal conflicts 397:Gamal Abdel Nasser 339:Abdullah as-Sallal 9750: 9749: 9679:Iraqi nationalism 9370:Constantin Zureiq 9220:Abdul Rahman Arif 9200:Butrus al-Bustani 8886: 8885: 8109:Franco-Syrian War 8066:Greco-Turkish War 8054:Anglo-Turkish War 8020:Assyrian genocide 8015:Armenian genocide 7986:Italo-Turkish War 7938: 7937: 7824: 7823: 7789: 7788: 7670: 7669: 7611: 7610: 7555:Political parties 7533:Foreign relations 7495: 7494: 7430: 7429: 7318: 7317: 7251:Houthi insurgency 7070:978-0-8039-1776-7 7010:978-0-8014-9484-0 6979:978-0-8032-3733-9 6925:978-0-19-515174-9 6890:978-1-903900-23-9 6856:978-0-099-55329-8 6825:978-1-84605-825-7 6798:978-0-521-79092-5 6771:978-0-19-827790-3 6700:on April 23, 2008 6443:Manna from Heaven 6373:Manna from Heaven 6351:Manna from Heaven 6338:Manna from Heaven 6325:Manna from Heaven 6279:978-1-903900-23-9 5946:on April 23, 2008 5928:"A Distant Peace" 5557:"The New Caution" 4434:Oren (2002), p. 7 4134:Infantry Magazine 4033:A Study of Crisis 3848:President Kennedy 3813:Al-Rawda Airfield 3637:Alec Douglas-Home 3622:French Somaliland 3452:, founder of the 3192:The first use of 3153:Zakaria Mohieddin 2905:Ramadan offensive 2723:Aden Protectorate 2710:after a visit to 2685:Hussein of Jordan 2667:Nikita Khrushchev 2630:Hussein of Jordan 2568:chargé d'affaires 2475:Spanish Civil War 2190: 2178: 2158: 2157: 2101:Republican empire 2074:List of republics 1923:National variants 1851:Spanish Civil War 1791:French Revolution 1771:Republic of Genoa 1655:The Spirit of Law 1588:Theoretical works 932:Neo-republicanism 765: 764: 750:Yemeni revolution 733:Houthi insurgency 626: 625: 522: 521: 428:200,000 tribesmen 105: 104: 9825: 9740: 9739: 9613:Eagle of Saladin 9320:Amin al-Husseini 9285:Faisal I of Iraq 9255:Sultan al-Atrash 9250:Mansur al-Atrash 9225:Abdul Salam Arif 9034:War of Attrition 8920:Arab nationalism 8913: 8906: 8899: 8890: 8889: 8848:Israel–Hamas war 8775:Syrian civil war 8758:Sinai insurgency 8719:2006 Lebanon War 8394:Dhofar Rebellion 8329:Cyprus Emergency 8324:Jebel Akhdar War 8296:1982 Lebanon War 8286:1967 Six-Day War 8195:Dersim rebellion 8155:Ararat rebellion 8059:Al-Jazeera Front 7965: 7958: 7951: 7942: 7941: 7899:Saudi–Yemeni war 7877: 7876: 7863: 7862: 7851: 7844: 7837: 7828: 7827: 7809: 7802: 7681: 7680: 7637: 7622: 7621: 7588:Republican Guard 7506: 7505: 7450: 7449: 7438: 7377:2014 Ibb bombing 7320: 7319: 7178:Kingdom of Aksum 7151: 7150: 7127: 7120: 7113: 7104: 7103: 7090: 7059:(2nd ed.). 7051: 7033: 7022: 7001:Ithaca, New York 6991: 6964: 6952:978-019-061844-5 6937: 6913: 6902: 6837: 6818:. Random House. 6810: 6783: 6748: 6747: 6745: 6743: 6734:. Archived from 6716: 6710: 6709: 6707: 6705: 6696:. Archived from 6678: 6669: 6668: 6666: 6664: 6659:on June 22, 2008 6655:. Archived from 6637: 6631: 6630: 6628: 6626: 6617:. Archived from 6599: 6593: 6592: 6590: 6588: 6579:. Archived from 6561: 6555: 6552: 6546: 6545: 6525: 6519: 6512: 6506: 6499: 6493: 6490:Shortage of Gold 6486: 6477: 6476: 6474: 6472: 6452: 6446: 6439: 6433: 6432: 6430: 6428: 6400: 6394: 6385: 6376: 6369: 6363: 6360: 6354: 6347: 6341: 6334: 6328: 6321: 6315: 6306: 6295: 6294: 6292: 6291: 6263: 6257: 6254: 6248: 6247: 6245: 6243: 6223: 6212: 6209: 6203: 6200: 6194: 6191: 6185: 6182: 6171: 6170: 6168: 6166: 6157:. Archived from 6139: 6133: 6130: 6121: 6118: 6112: 6111: 6109: 6107: 6098:. Archived from 6080: 6071: 6068: 6062: 6059: 6053: 6052: 6050: 6048: 6039:. Archived from 6021: 6012: 6009: 6003: 6002: 6000: 5998: 5989:. Archived from 5971: 5965: 5962: 5956: 5955: 5953: 5951: 5942:. Archived from 5924: 5918: 5917: 5915: 5913: 5904:. Archived from 5886: 5880: 5879: 5877: 5875: 5866:. Archived from 5848: 5842: 5841: 5839: 5837: 5828:. Archived from 5810: 5804: 5803: 5801: 5799: 5790:. Archived from 5772: 5766: 5763: 5757: 5754: 5748: 5745: 5739: 5736: 5730: 5727: 5721: 5718: 5712: 5711: 5709: 5707: 5688: 5679: 5676: 5670: 5667: 5661: 5660: 5658: 5656: 5647:. Archived from 5629: 5623: 5622: 5620: 5618: 5609:. Archived from 5591: 5585: 5584: 5582: 5580: 5571:. Archived from 5553: 5547: 5546: 5544: 5542: 5533:. Archived from 5515: 5506: 5503: 5497: 5496: 5494: 5492: 5487:on July 13, 2007 5483:. Archived from 5465: 5459: 5456: 5447: 5446: 5444: 5442: 5433:. Archived from 5415: 5404: 5401: 5395: 5392: 5386: 5385: 5383: 5381: 5376:on July 16, 2010 5372:. Archived from 5354: 5348: 5345: 5339: 5336: 5327: 5324: 5318: 5315: 5309: 5306: 5300: 5297: 5291: 5288: 5282: 5281: 5279: 5277: 5268:. Archived from 5250: 5244: 5241: 5235: 5232: 5226: 5223: 5217: 5214: 5208: 5205: 5199: 5196: 5190: 5189: 5187: 5185: 5158: 5149: 5146: 5137: 5134: 5128: 5127: 5125: 5123: 5096: 5090: 5089: 5087: 5085: 5058: 5052: 5051: 5049: 5047: 5021: 5012: 5009: 5000: 4997: 4988: 4985: 4976: 4973: 4967: 4966: 4964: 4962: 4935: 4926: 4923: 4917: 4914: 4908: 4905: 4896: 4895: 4893: 4891: 4864: 4858: 4855: 4849: 4848: 4846: 4844: 4821:"Pax Americana?" 4817: 4802: 4801: 4799: 4797: 4770: 4764: 4763: 4761: 4759: 4732: 4721: 4718: 4712: 4711: 4709: 4707: 4680: 4671: 4668: 4662: 4659: 4653: 4650: 4644: 4641: 4635: 4634: 4632: 4630: 4625:on July 15, 2010 4621:. Archived from 4603: 4597: 4596: 4594: 4592: 4583:. Archived from 4565: 4554: 4553: 4551: 4549: 4522: 4516: 4515: 4513: 4511: 4484: 4478: 4477: 4475: 4473: 4446: 4435: 4432: 4426: 4425: 4423: 4421: 4412:. Archived from 4402: 4393: 4392: 4390: 4388: 4379:. Archived from 4373:"Yemen: History" 4369: 4360: 4357: 4351: 4349: 4343: 4335: 4333: 4332: 4326: 4320:. Archived from 4319: 4311: 4305: 4302: 4296: 4293: 4287: 4286: 4284: 4282: 4263: 4257: 4254: 4248: 4245: 4239: 4236: 4230: 4229: 4227: 4226: 4211: 4205: 4202: 4193: 4192: 4190: 4188: 4169: 4159: 4150: 4149: 4147: 4145: 4125: 4062: 4055: 4036: 4029: 3998: 3997:material support 3995: 3938: 3933: 3932: 3931: 3811:refurbished the 3696:Kamal Hassan Ali 3540:guerilla warfare 3536:antitank weapons 3399:Hassan ibn Yahya 3387:Hassan ibn Yahya 3246:cyanogen bromide 3211:Hassan bin Yahya 3180:Chemical warfare 2980:Haradh offensive 2798:Ellsworth Bunker 2775:Abdel Hakim Amer 2479:Arab nationalist 2453:Arab nationalist 2373:Muhammad al-Badr 2226:slavery in Yemen 2218:Muhammad al-Badr 2185: 2183: 2173: 2171: 2150: 2143: 2136: 2122: 2121: 2106:Republican Party 2084:Peasant republic 2044:Communitarianism 1761:Classical Athens 1756: 1730: 1720: 1710: 1700: 1690: 1680: 1670: 1660: 1650: 1640: 1630: 1620: 1610: 1600: 834:Mixed government 768: 767: 673: 663: 653: 646: 639: 630: 629: 560: 558: 548: 541: 534: 525: 524: 512: 511: 510: 501: 500: 499: 491: 490: 489: 480: 479: 478: 464:130,000 soldiers 463: 462: 461: 450: 449: 448: 437:100+ mercenaries 436: 435: 427: 426: 425: 418: 417: 416: 395: 394: 393: 384: 383: 382: 373: 372: 371: 362: 361: 360: 354: 350: 349: 348: 337: 336: 335: 324: 323: 322: 313: 312: 311: 302: 301: 300: 294: 290: 289: 288: 280:Hassan ibn Yahya 278: 277: 276: 268:Muhammad al-Badr 266: 265: 264: 246: 244: 243: 233: 229: 228: 227: 216: 214: 213: 202: 200: 199: 190: 188: 187: 178: 176: 175: 166: 164: 163: 157: 152: 150: 149: 135: 133: 132: 124:Kingdom of Yemen 122: 121: 120: 56: 55: 48: 28: 27: 21:Yemeni civil war 9833: 9832: 9828: 9827: 9826: 9824: 9823: 9822: 9768:1960s conflicts 9753: 9752: 9751: 9746: 9728: 9664:Greater Morocco 9637: 9633:Pan-Arab colors 9628:Hawk of Quraish 9594: 9562: 9413:Arab Federation 9374: 9360:Abdullah Rimawi 9335:Mostéfa Merarda 9290:Muammar Gaddafi 9270:Ahmed Ben Bella 9245:Jamal al-Atassi 9235:Bashar al-Assad 9186: 9155: 9136:Black September 9014:Anglo-Iraqi War 8958: 8922: 8917: 8887: 8882: 8880: 8867: 8830: 8752:Egyptian Crisis 8735: 8676: 8616: 8549: 8459: 8448:Second Intifada 8358: 8302: 8199: 8165:Simele massacre 8143: 8124:Adwan Rebellion 8097: 7974: 7969: 7939: 7934: 7893:Najran conflict 7878: 7871: 7857: 7855: 7825: 7820: 7812: 7805: 7798: 7785: 7776:Public holidays 7722: 7666: 7635: 7607: 7574: 7550:Law enforcement 7491: 7439: 7426: 7314: 7192: 7188:Islamic history 7163:Ancient history 7140: 7131: 7071: 7011: 6980: 6953: 6926: 6891: 6826: 6799: 6772: 6756: 6751: 6741: 6739: 6718: 6717: 6713: 6703: 6701: 6680: 6679: 6672: 6662: 6660: 6639: 6638: 6634: 6624: 6622: 6601: 6600: 6596: 6586: 6584: 6563: 6562: 6558: 6553: 6549: 6542: 6526: 6522: 6518:. pp. 181, 184. 6513: 6509: 6500: 6496: 6487: 6480: 6470: 6468: 6453: 6449: 6440: 6436: 6426: 6424: 6417: 6401: 6397: 6386: 6379: 6370: 6366: 6361: 6357: 6348: 6344: 6335: 6331: 6322: 6318: 6307: 6298: 6289: 6287: 6280: 6264: 6260: 6255: 6251: 6241: 6239: 6224: 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5147: 5140: 5135: 5131: 5121: 5119: 5098: 5097: 5093: 5083: 5081: 5060: 5059: 5055: 5045: 5043: 5023: 5022: 5015: 5010: 5003: 4998: 4991: 4986: 4979: 4974: 4970: 4960: 4958: 4937: 4936: 4929: 4924: 4920: 4915: 4911: 4906: 4899: 4889: 4887: 4866: 4865: 4861: 4856: 4852: 4842: 4840: 4819: 4818: 4805: 4795: 4793: 4772: 4771: 4767: 4757: 4755: 4734: 4733: 4724: 4719: 4715: 4705: 4703: 4682: 4681: 4674: 4669: 4665: 4660: 4656: 4651: 4647: 4642: 4638: 4628: 4626: 4605: 4604: 4600: 4590: 4588: 4567: 4566: 4557: 4547: 4545: 4524: 4523: 4519: 4509: 4507: 4486: 4485: 4481: 4471: 4469: 4448: 4447: 4438: 4433: 4429: 4419: 4417: 4404: 4403: 4396: 4386: 4384: 4371: 4370: 4363: 4358: 4354: 4337: 4336: 4330: 4328: 4324: 4317: 4315:"Archived copy" 4313: 4312: 4308: 4303: 4299: 4294: 4290: 4280: 4278: 4265: 4264: 4260: 4255: 4251: 4246: 4242: 4237: 4233: 4224: 4222: 4213: 4212: 4208: 4203: 4196: 4186: 4184: 4182: 4160: 4153: 4143: 4141: 4126: 4065: 4056: 4039: 4030: 4011: 4007: 4002: 4001: 3996: 3992: 3987: 3934: 3929: 3927: 3924: 3903: 3877: 3865: 3860: 3688: 3675: 3610:Stratofreighter 3568:Duff Hart-Davis 3548: 3379: 3374: 3372:Opposing forces 3361: 3337: 3305: 3299: 3277:As part of the 3259: 3201:, not gas. The 3182: 3159:In a speech on 3129: 3101: 3068: 3049: 2982: 2933:Prince Abdullah 2907: 2867:(straight) and 2857: 2783: 2757:and the entire 2677:John F. Kennedy 2647:Washington D.C. 2626: 2601: 2584: 2552: 2547: 2542: 2487:fighter-bombers 2441:Anthony Nutting 2425: 2353:Ahmad bin Yahya 2333: 2328: 2154: 2116: 2111: 2110: 2029: 2021: 2020: 1924: 1916: 1915: 1801:Trienio Liberal 1742: 1734: 1733: 1728: 1718: 1708: 1698: 1688: 1678: 1668: 1658: 1648: 1638: 1628: 1618: 1608: 1598: 1589: 1581: 1580: 1316:Flynn (Stephen) 1201: 1193: 1192: 1033: 1025: 1024: 950: 942: 941: 897: 889: 888: 884:Social equality 879:Social contract 869:Self-governance 824:Democratization 799:Anti-corruption 794:Anti-monarchism 789: 773:Politics series 766: 761: 674: 665: 661: 659: 657: 627: 622: 608: 561: 556: 554: 552: 508: 506: 505: 497: 495: 487: 485: 484: 476: 474: 459: 457: 456: 452: 446: 444: 443: 430: 429: 423: 421: 420: 414: 412: 411: 391: 389: 388: 386:Hamoud Al-Jaifi 380: 378: 377: 369: 367: 366: 358: 356: 355: 346: 344: 343: 342: 333: 331: 320: 318: 317: 309: 307: 306: 298: 296: 295: 286: 284: 283: 282: 274: 272: 271: 262: 260: 241: 239: 238: 234: 225: 223: 222: 221: 211: 209: 197: 195: 194: 185: 183: 182: 173: 171: 170: 161: 159: 158: 147: 145: 144: 143: 139: 130: 128: 127: 118: 116: 74: 63: 49: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9831: 9821: 9820: 9815: 9810: 9805: 9800: 9795: 9790: 9785: 9780: 9775: 9770: 9765: 9748: 9747: 9745: 9744: 9733: 9730: 9729: 9727: 9726: 9721: 9716: 9711: 9706: 9701: 9696: 9691: 9686: 9681: 9676: 9671: 9666: 9661: 9656: 9651: 9645: 9643: 9642:Related topics 9639: 9638: 9636: 9635: 9630: 9625: 9620: 9615: 9610: 9604: 9602: 9596: 9595: 9593: 9592: 9585: 9578: 9570: 9568: 9564: 9563: 9561: 9560: 9555: 9550: 9545: 9540: 9535: 9530: 9525: 9520: 9515: 9510: 9508:Islamic Legion 9505: 9500: 9495: 9490: 9485: 9480: 9475: 9470: 9465: 9460: 9455: 9450: 9445: 9440: 9435: 9430: 9425: 9420: 9415: 9410: 9405: 9400: 9398:Al-Mourabitoun 9395: 9390: 9384: 9382: 9376: 9375: 9373: 9372: 9367: 9365:Hamdeen Sabahi 9362: 9357: 9355:Fuad al-Rikabi 9352: 9347: 9345:Adnan Pachachi 9342: 9337: 9332: 9327: 9322: 9317: 9315:Saddam Hussein 9312: 9307: 9305:Sati' al-Husri 9302: 9297: 9292: 9287: 9282: 9277: 9272: 9267: 9262: 9257: 9252: 9247: 9242: 9240:Hafez al-Assad 9237: 9232: 9230:Zaki al-Arsuzi 9227: 9222: 9217: 9212: 9207: 9202: 9196: 9194: 9188: 9187: 9185: 9184: 9179: 9174: 9169: 9163: 9161: 9157: 9156: 9154: 9153: 9148: 9143: 9138: 9133: 9128: 9123: 9118: 9113: 9111:Aden Emergency 9108: 9103: 9098: 9093: 9088: 9083: 9078: 9073: 9068: 9063: 9058: 9056:Iraqi Intifada 9053: 9048: 9047: 9046: 9041: 9039:Yom Kippur War 9036: 9031: 9026: 9016: 9011: 9006: 9001: 9000: 8999: 8989: 8984: 8983: 8982: 8972: 8966: 8964: 8960: 8959: 8957: 8956: 8951: 8946: 8941: 8936: 8934:Arab socialism 8930: 8928: 8924: 8923: 8916: 8915: 8908: 8901: 8893: 8884: 8883: 8872: 8869: 8868: 8866: 8865: 8862:Red Sea crisis 8858: 8851: 8844: 8838: 8836: 8832: 8831: 8829: 8828: 8827: 8826: 8812: 8805: 8798: 8793: 8788: 8787: 8786: 8770: 8769: 8768: 8761: 8749: 8743: 8741: 8737: 8736: 8734: 8733: 8728: 8723: 8722: 8721: 8709: 8704: 8699: 8692: 8684: 8682: 8678: 8677: 8675: 8674: 8669: 8664: 8659: 8652: 8647: 8642: 8637: 8632: 8624: 8622: 8618: 8617: 8615: 8614: 8609: 8607:Mecca massacre 8604: 8599: 8594: 8589: 8584: 8583: 8582: 8570: 8565: 8557: 8555: 8551: 8550: 8548: 8547: 8542: 8537: 8532: 8531: 8530: 8520: 8515: 8510: 8505: 8500: 8495: 8488: 8483: 8478: 8473: 8467: 8465: 8461: 8460: 8458: 8457: 8452: 8451: 8450: 8445: 8443:First Intifada 8440: 8428: 8426:1964 Hama riot 8423: 8421:Aden Emergency 8418: 8413: 8408: 8403: 8396: 8391: 8390: 8389: 8384: 8372: 8366: 8364: 8360: 8359: 8357: 8356: 8351: 8346: 8341: 8336: 8331: 8326: 8321: 8316: 8310: 8308: 8304: 8303: 8301: 8300: 8299: 8298: 8293: 8288: 8283: 8278: 8266: 8265: 8264: 8252: 8247: 8242: 8237: 8236: 8235: 8230: 8225: 8220: 8207: 8205: 8201: 8200: 8198: 8197: 8192: 8187: 8182: 8177: 8172: 8167: 8162: 8157: 8151: 8149: 8145: 8144: 8142: 8141: 8136: 8131: 8126: 8121: 8116: 8111: 8105: 8103: 8099: 8098: 8096: 8095: 8090: 8089: 8088: 8083: 8078: 8073: 8068: 8063: 8062: 8061: 8044: 8039: 8034: 8029: 8028: 8027: 8022: 8017: 8012: 8007: 8006: 8005: 7988: 7982: 7980: 7976: 7975: 7968: 7967: 7960: 7953: 7945: 7936: 7935: 7933: 7932: 7926: 7920: 7914: 7908: 7902: 7896: 7895:(1931/32–1932) 7890: 7883: 7880: 7879: 7854: 7853: 7846: 7839: 7831: 7822: 7821: 7819: 7818: 7811: 7810: 7803: 7795: 7794: 7791: 7790: 7787: 7786: 7784: 7783: 7778: 7773: 7768: 7763: 7758: 7753: 7748: 7743: 7738: 7732: 7730: 7724: 7723: 7721: 7720: 7715: 7710: 7705: 7700: 7695: 7690: 7684: 7678: 7672: 7671: 7668: 7667: 7665: 7664: 7659: 7654: 7649: 7644: 7639: 7631: 7625: 7619: 7613: 7612: 7609: 7608: 7606: 7605: 7600: 7595: 7590: 7584: 7582: 7576: 7575: 7573: 7572: 7570:Prime Minister 7567: 7565:Vice President 7562: 7557: 7552: 7547: 7546: 7545: 7535: 7530: 7525: 7520: 7515: 7509: 7503: 7497: 7496: 7493: 7492: 7490: 7489: 7484: 7482:National parks 7479: 7474: 7469: 7464: 7459: 7453: 7447: 7441: 7440: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7427: 7425: 7424: 7419: 7414: 7409: 7404: 7403: 7402: 7397: 7389: 7384: 7379: 7374: 7369: 7364: 7359: 7354: 7349: 7344: 7339: 7334: 7328: 7326: 7316: 7315: 7313: 7312: 7311: 7310: 7305: 7300: 7295: 7290: 7285: 7275: 7270: 7265: 7264: 7263: 7258: 7248: 7246:1994 Civil War 7243: 7238: 7233: 7232: 7231: 7226: 7220:Yemenite Wars 7218: 7213: 7208: 7202: 7200: 7194: 7193: 7191: 7190: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7154: 7148: 7142: 7141: 7130: 7129: 7122: 7115: 7107: 7101: 7100: 7092: 7091: 7069: 7052: 7023: 7009: 6992: 6978: 6965: 6951: 6938: 6924: 6903: 6889: 6876: 6865:Israel Studies 6860: 6859: 6839: 6838: 6824: 6811: 6797: 6784: 6770: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6749: 6726:. 1965-12-17. 6711: 6688:. 1965-09-03. 6670: 6647:. 1965-08-27. 6632: 6609:. 1965-07-16. 6594: 6571:. 1965-05-14. 6556: 6547: 6541:978-1845191986 6540: 6520: 6507: 6505:. pp. 175–177. 6494: 6478: 6447: 6434: 6416:978-1532084119 6415: 6395: 6377: 6364: 6355: 6342: 6329: 6316: 6296: 6278: 6258: 6249: 6213: 6204: 6195: 6186: 6172: 6149:. 1967-11-24. 6134: 6122: 6113: 6090:. 1967-12-15. 6072: 6063: 6054: 6031:. 1967-11-17. 6013: 6004: 5981:. 1967-10-20. 5966: 5957: 5934:. 1967-09-15. 5919: 5896:. 1967-09-08. 5881: 5858:. 1967-08-11. 5843: 5820:. 1967-08-04. 5805: 5782:. 1967-06-30. 5767: 5758: 5749: 5740: 5731: 5722: 5713: 5680: 5671: 5662: 5639:. 1967-02-17. 5624: 5601:. 1966-11-04. 5586: 5563:. 1966-05-27. 5548: 5525:. 1966-05-13. 5507: 5498: 5475:. 1965-12-31. 5460: 5448: 5425:. 1965-05-07. 5405: 5396: 5387: 5364:. 1965-01-29. 5349: 5340: 5328: 5319: 5310: 5301: 5292: 5283: 5260:. 1964-09-25. 5245: 5236: 5227: 5218: 5209: 5200: 5191: 5168:. 1963-03-08. 5150: 5138: 5129: 5106:. 1963-09-13. 5091: 5068:. 1963-06-21. 5053: 5030:. 1963-05-10. 5013: 5001: 4989: 4977: 4968: 4945:. 1963-01-18. 4927: 4918: 4909: 4897: 4874:. 1962-11-23. 4859: 4850: 4827:. 1962-12-28. 4803: 4780:. 1962-12-21. 4765: 4742:. 1962-12-07. 4722: 4713: 4690:. 1962-10-26. 4684:"Arabia Felix" 4672: 4663: 4654: 4645: 4636: 4613:. 1961-07-07. 4598: 4575:. 1959-09-14. 4555: 4532:. 1958-03-10. 4517: 4494:. 1955-04-25. 4479: 4456:. 1962-10-05. 4436: 4427: 4394: 4361: 4352: 4306: 4297: 4288: 4258: 4249: 4240: 4231: 4206: 4194: 4181:978-0394559223 4180: 4151: 4063: 4037: 4008: 4006: 4003: 4000: 3999: 3989: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3982: 3981: 3976: 3971: 3966: 3961: 3956: 3951: 3946: 3944:Aden Emergency 3940: 3939: 3923: 3920: 3902: 3899: 3898: 3897: 3893: 3876: 3873: 3864: 3861: 3859: 3856: 3836:Khamis Mushayt 3784:Ilyushin Il-14 3780:Ilyushin Il-28 3778:jet fighters, 3721:Ahmed Abu-Zeid 3687: 3684: 3674: 3671: 3601:Shabtai Shavit 3547: 3544: 3467:Arab socialism 3458:Lyndon Johnson 3450:David Stirling 3378: 3375: 3373: 3370: 3360: 3357: 3336: 3333: 3301:Main article: 3298: 3297:Siege of Sanaa 3295: 3258: 3255: 3181: 3178: 3169:Alexei Kosygin 3128: 3125: 3100: 3097: 3067: 3064: 3048: 3045: 3020:Qara mountains 2992:, to southern 2981: 2978: 2906: 2903: 2856: 2853: 2835:Major General 2806:McGeorge Bundy 2782: 2779: 2759:communist bloc 2727:United Nations 2692:Robert Stookey 2625: 2622: 2600: 2599:Coup aftermath 2597: 2583: 2580: 2551: 2548: 2546: 2543: 2541: 2538: 2514:Iraqi monarchy 2485:and a wing of 2467:Mohamed Heikal 2424: 2421: 2332: 2329: 2327: 2324: 2302:Hassan al-Amri 2170:ثورة 26 سبتمبر 2156: 2155: 2153: 2152: 2145: 2138: 2130: 2127: 2126: 2113: 2112: 2109: 2108: 2103: 2098: 2093: 2086: 2081: 2076: 2071: 2066: 2061: 2056: 2054:Egalitarianism 2051: 2046: 2041: 2036: 2030: 2028:Related topics 2027: 2026: 2023: 2022: 2019: 2018: 2013: 2012: 2011: 2006: 1999:United Kingdom 1996: 1991: 1986: 1981: 1976: 1971: 1966: 1961: 1956: 1951: 1946: 1941: 1936: 1931: 1925: 1922: 1921: 1918: 1917: 1914: 1913: 1908: 1903: 1898: 1893: 1888: 1883: 1878: 1873: 1868: 1863: 1858: 1853: 1848: 1843: 1838: 1833: 1828: 1823: 1818: 1813: 1808: 1803: 1798: 1793: 1788: 1783: 1781:Dutch Republic 1778: 1773: 1768: 1763: 1758: 1749: 1747:Roman Republic 1743: 1740: 1739: 1736: 1735: 1732: 1731: 1721: 1711: 1701: 1691: 1681: 1671: 1661: 1651: 1641: 1631: 1621: 1611: 1601: 1590: 1587: 1586: 1583: 1582: 1579: 1578: 1573: 1568: 1563: 1558: 1553: 1548: 1543: 1538: 1533: 1528: 1523: 1518: 1513: 1508: 1503: 1498: 1493: 1488: 1483: 1478: 1473: 1468: 1463: 1458: 1453: 1448: 1443: 1438: 1433: 1428: 1423: 1418: 1413: 1408: 1403: 1398: 1393: 1388: 1383: 1378: 1373: 1368: 1363: 1358: 1353: 1348: 1343: 1338: 1333: 1328: 1323: 1318: 1313: 1308: 1303: 1298: 1293: 1288: 1283: 1278: 1273: 1268: 1263: 1258: 1253: 1248: 1243: 1238: 1233: 1228: 1223: 1218: 1213: 1208: 1202: 1199: 1198: 1195: 1194: 1191: 1190: 1188:Wollstonecraft 1185: 1180: 1175: 1170: 1165: 1160: 1155: 1150: 1145: 1140: 1135: 1130: 1125: 1120: 1115: 1110: 1105: 1100: 1095: 1090: 1085: 1080: 1075: 1070: 1065: 1060: 1055: 1050: 1045: 1040: 1034: 1031: 1030: 1027: 1026: 1023: 1022: 1017: 1012: 1007: 1002: 997: 992: 987: 982: 977: 972: 967: 962: 957: 951: 948: 947: 944: 943: 940: 939: 934: 929: 924: 919: 914: 909: 904: 898: 895: 894: 891: 890: 887: 886: 881: 876: 871: 866: 861: 856: 851: 846: 841: 836: 831: 826: 821: 816: 811: 806: 801: 796: 790: 787: 786: 783: 782: 776: 775: 763: 762: 760: 759: 758: 757: 752: 740: 735: 730: 725: 720: 715: 710: 705: 700: 698:Aden Emergency 695: 690: 685: 683:Al-Waziri coup 679: 676: 675: 656: 655: 648: 641: 633: 624: 623: 621: 620: 615: 603: 602: 597: 595:1966 offensive 592: 587: 582: 577: 572: 566: 563: 562: 551: 550: 543: 536: 528: 520: 519: 515: 514: 493: 471: 470: 466: 465: 451:3,000 soldiers 438: 405: 404: 400: 399: 364:Hassan al-Amri 328: 256: 255: 251: 250: 206: 168:United Kingdom 112: 111: 107: 106: 103: 102: 101: 100: 97: 94: 91: 80: 76: 75: 72: 70: 66: 65: 60: 52: 51: 41: 40: 33: 32: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9830: 9819: 9816: 9814: 9811: 9809: 9806: 9804: 9801: 9799: 9796: 9794: 9791: 9789: 9786: 9784: 9781: 9779: 9776: 9774: 9771: 9769: 9766: 9764: 9761: 9760: 9758: 9743: 9735: 9734: 9731: 9725: 9722: 9720: 9717: 9715: 9712: 9710: 9707: 9705: 9702: 9700: 9697: 9695: 9692: 9690: 9687: 9685: 9682: 9680: 9677: 9675: 9674:Greater Yemen 9672: 9670: 9669:Greater Syria 9667: 9665: 9662: 9660: 9657: 9655: 9652: 9650: 9647: 9646: 9644: 9640: 9634: 9631: 9629: 9626: 9624: 9621: 9619: 9616: 9614: 9611: 9609: 9606: 9605: 9603: 9601: 9597: 9591: 9590: 9586: 9584: 9583: 9579: 9577: 9576: 9572: 9571: 9569: 9565: 9559: 9556: 9554: 9551: 9549: 9546: 9544: 9541: 9539: 9536: 9534: 9531: 9529: 9526: 9524: 9521: 9519: 9516: 9514: 9511: 9509: 9506: 9504: 9501: 9499: 9496: 9494: 9491: 9489: 9486: 9484: 9481: 9479: 9476: 9474: 9471: 9469: 9466: 9464: 9461: 9459: 9456: 9454: 9451: 9449: 9446: 9444: 9441: 9439: 9436: 9434: 9431: 9429: 9426: 9424: 9421: 9419: 9416: 9414: 9411: 9409: 9406: 9404: 9401: 9399: 9396: 9394: 9391: 9389: 9386: 9385: 9383: 9381: 9380:Organizations 9377: 9371: 9368: 9366: 9363: 9361: 9358: 9356: 9353: 9351: 9348: 9346: 9343: 9341: 9338: 9336: 9333: 9331: 9328: 9326: 9323: 9321: 9318: 9316: 9313: 9311: 9308: 9306: 9303: 9301: 9300:George Habash 9298: 9296: 9293: 9291: 9288: 9286: 9283: 9281: 9280:Izzat Darwaza 9278: 9276: 9273: 9271: 9268: 9266: 9263: 9261: 9258: 9256: 9253: 9251: 9248: 9246: 9243: 9241: 9238: 9236: 9233: 9231: 9228: 9226: 9223: 9221: 9218: 9216: 9215:Yasser Arafat 9213: 9211: 9208: 9206: 9203: 9201: 9198: 9197: 9195: 9193: 9192:Personalities 9189: 9183: 9180: 9178: 9175: 9173: 9170: 9168: 9167:Arab identity 9165: 9164: 9162: 9158: 9152: 9149: 9147: 9144: 9142: 9139: 9137: 9134: 9132: 9129: 9127: 9124: 9122: 9119: 9117: 9114: 9112: 9109: 9107: 9104: 9102: 9099: 9097: 9094: 9092: 9089: 9087: 9084: 9082: 9081:Arab Cold War 9079: 9077: 9074: 9072: 9069: 9067: 9064: 9062: 9059: 9057: 9054: 9052: 9049: 9045: 9042: 9040: 9037: 9035: 9032: 9030: 9027: 9025: 9022: 9021: 9020: 9017: 9015: 9012: 9010: 9007: 9005: 9002: 8998: 8995: 8994: 8993: 8990: 8988: 8985: 8981: 8978: 8977: 8976: 8973: 8971: 8968: 8967: 8965: 8961: 8955: 8952: 8950: 8947: 8945: 8942: 8940: 8937: 8935: 8932: 8931: 8929: 8925: 8921: 8914: 8909: 8907: 8902: 8900: 8895: 8894: 8891: 8879: 8877: 8870: 8864: 8863: 8859: 8857: 8856: 8852: 8850: 8849: 8845: 8843: 8840: 8839: 8837: 8833: 8825: 8824: 8823: 8818: 8817: 8816: 8815:Yemeni crisis 8813: 8811: 8810: 8806: 8804: 8803: 8799: 8797: 8794: 8792: 8789: 8785: 8784: 8780: 8779: 8778: 8777: 8776: 8771: 8767: 8766: 8762: 8760: 8759: 8755: 8754: 8753: 8750: 8748: 8745: 8744: 8742: 8738: 8732: 8729: 8727: 8724: 8720: 8717: 8716: 8715: 8714: 8710: 8708: 8705: 8703: 8700: 8698: 8697: 8693: 8691: 8690: 8686: 8685: 8683: 8679: 8673: 8670: 8668: 8665: 8663: 8660: 8658: 8657: 8653: 8651: 8648: 8646: 8643: 8641: 8638: 8636: 8633: 8631: 8630: 8626: 8625: 8623: 8619: 8613: 8610: 8608: 8605: 8603: 8600: 8598: 8595: 8593: 8590: 8588: 8585: 8581: 8580: 8576: 8575: 8574: 8571: 8569: 8566: 8564: 8563: 8562:Iran–Iraq War 8559: 8558: 8556: 8552: 8546: 8543: 8541: 8538: 8536: 8533: 8529: 8526: 8525: 8524: 8521: 8519: 8516: 8514: 8513:NDF Rebellion 8511: 8509: 8506: 8504: 8501: 8499: 8496: 8494: 8493: 8489: 8487: 8484: 8482: 8479: 8477: 8474: 8472: 8469: 8468: 8466: 8462: 8456: 8453: 8449: 8446: 8444: 8441: 8439: 8436: 8435: 8434: 8433: 8429: 8427: 8424: 8422: 8419: 8417: 8414: 8412: 8409: 8407: 8404: 8402: 8401: 8397: 8395: 8392: 8388: 8385: 8383: 8380: 8379: 8378: 8377: 8373: 8371: 8368: 8367: 8365: 8361: 8355: 8352: 8350: 8347: 8345: 8342: 8340: 8337: 8335: 8332: 8330: 8327: 8325: 8322: 8320: 8317: 8315: 8312: 8311: 8309: 8305: 8297: 8294: 8292: 8289: 8287: 8284: 8282: 8279: 8277: 8274: 8273: 8272: 8271: 8267: 8263: 8260: 8259: 8258: 8257: 8253: 8251: 8248: 8246: 8245:Alwaziri coup 8243: 8241: 8238: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8226: 8224: 8221: 8219: 8216: 8215: 8214: 8213: 8209: 8208: 8206: 8202: 8196: 8193: 8191: 8188: 8186: 8183: 8181: 8178: 8176: 8173: 8171: 8168: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8153: 8152: 8150: 8146: 8140: 8137: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8127: 8125: 8122: 8120: 8117: 8115: 8112: 8110: 8107: 8106: 8104: 8100: 8094: 8091: 8087: 8086:United States 8084: 8082: 8079: 8077: 8074: 8072: 8069: 8067: 8064: 8060: 8057: 8056: 8055: 8052: 8051: 8050: 8049: 8045: 8043: 8040: 8038: 8035: 8033: 8030: 8026: 8023: 8021: 8018: 8016: 8013: 8011: 8008: 8004: 8001: 8000: 7999: 7996: 7995: 7994: 7993: 7989: 7987: 7984: 7983: 7981: 7977: 7973: 7966: 7961: 7959: 7954: 7952: 7947: 7946: 7943: 7930: 7927: 7924: 7923:NDF Rebellion 7921: 7918: 7915: 7912: 7909: 7906: 7903: 7900: 7897: 7894: 7891: 7888: 7885: 7884: 7881: 7875: 7870: 7866: 7861: 7852: 7847: 7845: 7840: 7838: 7833: 7832: 7829: 7817: 7814: 7813: 7808: 7804: 7801: 7797: 7796: 7792: 7782: 7779: 7777: 7774: 7772: 7769: 7767: 7764: 7762: 7759: 7757: 7754: 7752: 7749: 7747: 7744: 7742: 7739: 7737: 7734: 7733: 7731: 7729: 7725: 7719: 7716: 7714: 7711: 7709: 7706: 7704: 7701: 7699: 7696: 7694: 7691: 7689: 7686: 7685: 7682: 7679: 7677: 7673: 7663: 7660: 7658: 7655: 7653: 7650: 7648: 7645: 7643: 7640: 7638: 7632: 7630: 7627: 7626: 7623: 7620: 7618: 7614: 7604: 7601: 7599: 7596: 7594: 7591: 7589: 7586: 7585: 7583: 7581: 7577: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7544: 7541: 7540: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7531: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7511: 7510: 7507: 7504: 7502: 7498: 7488: 7485: 7483: 7480: 7478: 7475: 7473: 7470: 7468: 7465: 7463: 7460: 7458: 7455: 7454: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7442: 7437: 7423: 7420: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7408: 7405: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7392: 7390: 7388: 7385: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7329: 7327: 7325: 7321: 7309: 7308:Taiz campaign 7306: 7304: 7301: 7299: 7296: 7294: 7291: 7289: 7286: 7284: 7281: 7280: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7266: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7253: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7234: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7221: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7211:Alwaziri coup 7209: 7207: 7204: 7203: 7201: 7199: 7195: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7155: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7143: 7139: 7135: 7128: 7123: 7121: 7116: 7114: 7109: 7108: 7105: 7098: 7094: 7093: 7088: 7084: 7080: 7076: 7072: 7066: 7062: 7058: 7053: 7049: 7045: 7041: 7037: 7032: 7031: 7024: 7020: 7016: 7012: 7006: 7002: 6998: 6993: 6989: 6985: 6981: 6975: 6971: 6966: 6962: 6958: 6954: 6948: 6944: 6939: 6935: 6931: 6927: 6921: 6917: 6912: 6911: 6904: 6900: 6896: 6892: 6886: 6882: 6877: 6874: 6870: 6866: 6862: 6861: 6857: 6853: 6849: 6845: 6841: 6840: 6835: 6831: 6827: 6821: 6817: 6812: 6808: 6804: 6800: 6794: 6790: 6785: 6781: 6777: 6773: 6767: 6763: 6758: 6757: 6737: 6733: 6729: 6725: 6721: 6715: 6699: 6695: 6691: 6687: 6683: 6677: 6675: 6658: 6654: 6650: 6646: 6642: 6636: 6620: 6616: 6612: 6608: 6604: 6598: 6582: 6578: 6574: 6570: 6566: 6560: 6551: 6543: 6537: 6533: 6532: 6524: 6517: 6511: 6504: 6498: 6491: 6485: 6483: 6467:on 2012-05-27 6466: 6462: 6458: 6451: 6444: 6438: 6422: 6418: 6412: 6409:. iUniverse. 6408: 6407: 6399: 6393: 6390: 6384: 6382: 6374: 6368: 6359: 6352: 6346: 6339: 6333: 6326: 6320: 6314: 6311: 6305: 6303: 6301: 6285: 6281: 6275: 6271: 6270: 6262: 6253: 6237: 6233: 6229: 6222: 6220: 6218: 6208: 6199: 6190: 6181: 6179: 6177: 6160: 6156: 6152: 6148: 6144: 6138: 6129: 6127: 6117: 6101: 6097: 6093: 6089: 6085: 6079: 6077: 6067: 6058: 6042: 6038: 6034: 6030: 6026: 6020: 6018: 6008: 5992: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5976: 5970: 5961: 5945: 5941: 5937: 5933: 5929: 5923: 5907: 5903: 5899: 5895: 5891: 5885: 5869: 5865: 5861: 5857: 5853: 5847: 5831: 5827: 5823: 5819: 5815: 5809: 5793: 5789: 5785: 5781: 5777: 5771: 5762: 5753: 5744: 5735: 5726: 5717: 5701: 5697: 5693: 5687: 5685: 5675: 5666: 5650: 5646: 5642: 5638: 5634: 5628: 5612: 5608: 5604: 5600: 5596: 5590: 5574: 5570: 5566: 5562: 5558: 5552: 5536: 5532: 5528: 5524: 5520: 5514: 5512: 5502: 5486: 5482: 5478: 5474: 5470: 5464: 5455: 5453: 5436: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5414: 5412: 5410: 5400: 5391: 5375: 5371: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5353: 5344: 5335: 5333: 5323: 5314: 5305: 5296: 5287: 5271: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5249: 5240: 5231: 5222: 5213: 5204: 5195: 5179: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5163: 5157: 5155: 5145: 5143: 5133: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5101: 5095: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5063: 5057: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5026: 5020: 5018: 5008: 5006: 4996: 4994: 4984: 4982: 4972: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4934: 4932: 4922: 4913: 4904: 4902: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4863: 4854: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4816: 4814: 4812: 4810: 4808: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4769: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4731: 4729: 4727: 4717: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4679: 4677: 4667: 4658: 4649: 4640: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4602: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4564: 4562: 4560: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4521: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4483: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4445: 4443: 4441: 4431: 4416:on 2009-10-28 4415: 4411: 4407: 4401: 4399: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4368: 4366: 4356: 4347: 4341: 4327:on 2012-03-20 4323: 4316: 4310: 4301: 4292: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4262: 4253: 4244: 4235: 4220: 4216: 4210: 4201: 4199: 4183: 4177: 4173: 4168: 4167: 4158: 4156: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4124: 4122: 4120: 4118: 4116: 4114: 4112: 4110: 4108: 4106: 4104: 4102: 4100: 4098: 4096: 4094: 4092: 4090: 4088: 4086: 4084: 4082: 4080: 4078: 4076: 4074: 4072: 4070: 4068: 4060: 4054: 4052: 4050: 4048: 4046: 4044: 4042: 4034: 4028: 4026: 4024: 4022: 4020: 4018: 4016: 4014: 4009: 3994: 3990: 3980: 3977: 3975: 3972: 3970: 3967: 3965: 3962: 3960: 3957: 3955: 3952: 3950: 3947: 3945: 3942: 3941: 3937: 3926: 3919: 3912: 3907: 3894: 3891: 3890: 3889: 3881: 3872: 3870: 3855: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3820: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3757: 3752: 3748: 3746: 3742: 3737: 3732: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3697: 3692: 3683: 3679: 3670: 3668: 3662: 3660: 3656: 3651: 3650: 3644: 3642: 3638: 3633: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3617: 3615: 3611: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3566:According to 3564: 3562: 3552: 3543: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3514:from France, 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3487: 3484: 3474: 3470: 3468: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3406: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3388: 3383: 3369: 3365: 3356: 3354: 3350: 3341: 3335:Final accords 3332: 3329: 3324: 3322: 3317: 3309: 3304: 3294: 3290: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3275: 3273: 3263: 3254: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3214: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3195: 3186: 3177: 3173: 3170: 3164: 3162: 3157: 3154: 3150: 3142: 3138: 3133: 3124: 3122: 3119: 3115: 3105: 3096: 3093: 3088: 3084: 3082: 3072: 3063: 3061: 3056: 3054: 3044: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3028: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3006: 3001: 2997: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2977: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2945: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2921: 2911: 2902: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2878: 2877:General Staff 2875:The Egyptian 2870: 2866: 2861: 2852: 2848: 2846: 2840: 2838: 2837:Carl von Horn 2834: 2830: 2826: 2821: 2819: 2813: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2788: 2778: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2762: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2730: 2728: 2724: 2719: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2688: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2675: 2670: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2631: 2621: 2619: 2613: 2605: 2596: 2594: 2588: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2569: 2565: 2556: 2537: 2535: 2531: 2530:Bab-el-Mandeb 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2494: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2429: 2420: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2404: 2402: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2380: 2376: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2345: 2337: 2323: 2321: 2318:". Historian 2317: 2312: 2309: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2294: 2291: 2286: 2284: 2281: 2276: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2237: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2216: 2215:King and Imam 2212: 2208: 2207: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2188: 2182: 2176: 2167: 2163: 2151: 2146: 2144: 2139: 2137: 2132: 2131: 2129: 2128: 2125: 2120: 2115: 2114: 2107: 2104: 2102: 2099: 2097: 2094: 2092: 2091: 2087: 2085: 2082: 2080: 2077: 2075: 2072: 2070: 2067: 2065: 2062: 2060: 2057: 2055: 2052: 2050: 2047: 2045: 2042: 2040: 2037: 2035: 2032: 2031: 2025: 2024: 2017: 2016:United States 2014: 2010: 2007: 2005: 2002: 2001: 2000: 1997: 1995: 1992: 1990: 1987: 1985: 1982: 1980: 1977: 1975: 1972: 1970: 1967: 1965: 1962: 1960: 1957: 1955: 1952: 1950: 1947: 1945: 1942: 1940: 1937: 1935: 1932: 1930: 1927: 1926: 1920: 1919: 1912: 1909: 1907: 1904: 1902: 1899: 1897: 1894: 1892: 1891:Metapolitefsi 1889: 1887: 1884: 1882: 1879: 1877: 1874: 1872: 1869: 1867: 1864: 1862: 1859: 1857: 1854: 1852: 1849: 1847: 1844: 1842: 1839: 1837: 1834: 1832: 1829: 1827: 1824: 1822: 1819: 1817: 1814: 1812: 1809: 1807: 1804: 1802: 1799: 1797: 1794: 1792: 1789: 1787: 1784: 1782: 1779: 1777: 1774: 1772: 1769: 1767: 1764: 1762: 1759: 1757: 1755: 1750: 1748: 1745: 1744: 1738: 1737: 1727: 1726: 1725:On Revolution 1722: 1717: 1716: 1712: 1707: 1706: 1702: 1697: 1696: 1695:Rights of Man 1692: 1687: 1686: 1682: 1677: 1676: 1672: 1667: 1666: 1662: 1657: 1656: 1652: 1647: 1646: 1642: 1637: 1636: 1632: 1627: 1626: 1622: 1617: 1616: 1612: 1607: 1606: 1605:De re publica 1602: 1597: 1596: 1592: 1591: 1585: 1584: 1577: 1574: 1572: 1569: 1567: 1564: 1562: 1559: 1557: 1554: 1552: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1542: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1487: 1484: 1482: 1479: 1477: 1474: 1472: 1469: 1467: 1464: 1462: 1459: 1457: 1454: 1452: 1449: 1447: 1444: 1442: 1439: 1437: 1434: 1432: 1429: 1427: 1424: 1422: 1419: 1417: 1414: 1412: 1411:Jones (Lynne) 1409: 1407: 1404: 1402: 1399: 1397: 1394: 1392: 1389: 1387: 1384: 1382: 1379: 1377: 1374: 1372: 1369: 1367: 1364: 1362: 1359: 1357: 1354: 1352: 1349: 1347: 1344: 1342: 1339: 1337: 1334: 1332: 1329: 1327: 1324: 1322: 1319: 1317: 1314: 1312: 1309: 1307: 1304: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1294: 1292: 1289: 1287: 1284: 1282: 1279: 1277: 1274: 1272: 1269: 1267: 1264: 1262: 1259: 1257: 1254: 1252: 1249: 1247: 1244: 1242: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1219: 1217: 1214: 1212: 1209: 1207: 1206:Adams (Gerry) 1204: 1203: 1197: 1196: 1189: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1179: 1176: 1174: 1171: 1169: 1166: 1164: 1161: 1159: 1156: 1154: 1151: 1149: 1146: 1144: 1141: 1139: 1136: 1134: 1131: 1129: 1126: 1124: 1121: 1119: 1116: 1114: 1111: 1109: 1106: 1104: 1101: 1099: 1096: 1094: 1091: 1089: 1086: 1084: 1081: 1079: 1076: 1074: 1071: 1069: 1066: 1064: 1061: 1059: 1056: 1054: 1051: 1049: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1039: 1036: 1035: 1029: 1028: 1021: 1018: 1016: 1013: 1011: 1008: 1006: 1005:Revolutionary 1003: 1001: 998: 996: 995:Parliamentary 993: 991: 988: 986: 983: 981: 978: 976: 973: 971: 968: 966: 963: 961: 958: 956: 953: 952: 946: 945: 938: 935: 933: 930: 928: 925: 923: 920: 918: 915: 913: 910: 908: 905: 903: 900: 899: 893: 892: 885: 882: 880: 877: 875: 872: 870: 867: 865: 862: 860: 857: 855: 852: 850: 847: 845: 842: 840: 837: 835: 832: 830: 827: 825: 822: 820: 817: 815: 812: 810: 807: 805: 804:Civil society 802: 800: 797: 795: 792: 791: 785: 784: 781: 780:Republicanism 778: 777: 774: 770: 769: 756: 753: 751: 748: 747: 746: 745: 744:Yemeni crisis 741: 739: 736: 734: 731: 729: 726: 724: 721: 719: 716: 714: 711: 709: 708:NDF Rebellion 706: 704: 701: 699: 696: 694: 691: 689: 686: 684: 681: 680: 677: 672: 669: 664: 654: 649: 647: 642: 640: 635: 634: 631: 619: 616: 614: 611: 610: 609: 607: 601: 598: 596: 593: 591: 588: 586: 583: 581: 578: 576: 573: 571: 568: 567: 564: 559: 549: 544: 542: 537: 535: 530: 529: 526: 516: 504: 494: 483: 473: 472: 467: 455: 442: 439: 434: 410: 407: 406: 401: 398: 387: 376: 365: 353: 341: 340: 329: 327: 316: 305: 293: 281: 270: 269: 258: 257: 252: 249: 237: 236:Supported by: 232: 220: 219: 207: 205: 193: 181: 169: 155: 142: 141:Supported by: 138: 126: 125: 114: 113: 108: 98: 95: 92: 89: 88: 87: 85: 81: 78: 77: 71: 68: 67: 61: 58: 57: 53: 47: 42: 39: 38:Arab Cold War 34: 29: 26: 22: 9709:Pan-Islamism 9587: 9580: 9573: 9473:Ba'ath Party 9350:Ameen Rihani 9210:Jassem Alwan 9205:Michel Aflaq 9085: 9061:Algerian War 8987:Iraqi Revolt 8873: 8860: 8853: 8846: 8820: 8819: 8807: 8800: 8781: 8773: 8772: 8763: 8756: 8711: 8694: 8687: 8655: 8627: 8577: 8560: 8490: 8430: 8399: 8398: 8374: 8268: 8254: 8212:World War II 8210: 8046: 7990: 7910: 7865:List of wars 7746:Coat of arms 7688:Demographics 7538:Human rights 7523:Constitution 7472:Governorates 7215: 7096: 7056: 7029: 6996: 6969: 6942: 6916:7–13, 39, 40 6909: 6880: 6864: 6815: 6788: 6761: 6754:Bibliography 6740:. 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1032:Philosophers 809:Civic virtue 771:Part of the 742: 692: 605: 604: 555: 502: 481: 453: 440: 408: 330: 259: 248:Soviet Union 235: 208: 140: 137:Saudi Arabia 115: 110:Belligerents 82: 36:Part of the 25: 9403:Arab Ba'ath 9325:Salah Jadid 9182:Arabization 9029:Six-Day War 9024:Suez Crisis 8970:Arab Revolt 8949:Pan-Arabism 8876:World War I 8334:Suez Crisis 8281:Suez Crisis 8010:Arab Revolt 7992:World War I 7925:(1978–1982) 7913:(1962–1970) 7907:(1948–1949) 7869:North Yemen 7603:Coast Guard 7543:LGBT rights 7241:Unification 4410:MSN Encarta 3949:Bruce Conde 3896:government. 3716:Anwar Sadat 3704:republicans 3659:Buchanesque 3639:replied to 3580:Moshe Dayan 3512:Mercenaries 3403:Bruce Conde 3353:South Yemen 3272:Six-Day War 3250:Six-Day War 3234:mustard gas 3090:Meanwhile, 2986:Beit Adaqah 2831:commander, 2545:Coup d'état 2518:imperialism 2491:coup d'état 2290:Six-Day War 2261:republicans 2206:coup d'état 2039:Common good 1979:New Zealand 1974:Netherlands 1719:(1835–1840) 1689:(1787–1788) 1599:(c. 375 BC) 1521:Robespierre 1296:Etherington 1231:Benn (Tony) 1200:Politicians 1178:Tocqueville 1138:Montesquieu 1118:Machiavelli 864:Rule of law 859:Res publica 570:Coup d'état 513:26,000 dead 156:(1962–1963) 73:North Yemen 9818:Proxy wars 9757:Categories 9567:Literature 9260:Tariq Aziz 9177:Arab world 9172:Arab Union 9101:Dhofar War 7867:involving 7636:(currency) 7273:Revolution 6742:August 26, 6704:August 26, 6663:August 26, 6625:August 26, 6587:August 26, 6471:October 2, 6387:Jones, C. 6308:Jones, C. 6290:2016-11-11 6165:August 26, 6106:August 26, 6047:August 26, 5997:August 26, 5950:August 26, 5912:August 26, 5874:August 26, 5836:August 26, 5798:August 26, 5706:August 28, 5655:August 26, 5617:August 26, 5579:August 26, 5541:August 26, 5491:August 26, 5441:August 26, 5380:August 26, 5276:August 26, 5184:August 26, 5122:August 26, 5084:August 26, 5046:August 26, 4961:August 26, 4890:August 26, 4843:August 26, 4796:August 26, 4758:August 26, 4706:August 26, 4629:August 26, 4607:"Worn Out" 4591:August 26, 4548:August 26, 4510:August 26, 4472:August 26, 4420:August 29, 4387:August 29, 4331:2012-10-15 4281:August 29, 4225:2016-08-07 4005:References 3844:Washington 3741:Salah Nasr 3729:nationhood 3694:Brigadier 3667:Rab Butler 3599:director, 3586:, head of 3207:Golda Meir 3053:Alexandria 2937:T-54 tanks 2526:Suez Canal 2449:Arab world 2401:Christians 2326:Background 2079:Monarchism 2069:Liberalism 2064:Jacobinism 1754:Gaṇasaṅgha 1609:(54–51 BC) 1093:Harrington 970:Democratic 960:Capitalist 955:Autonomous 937:Venizelism 922:Khomeinism 492:1,000 dead 84:Republican 9600:Symbolism 8944:Nasserism 8939:Ba'athism 7708:Languages 7698:Education 7657:Transport 7598:Air Force 7560:President 7528:Elections 7467:Districts 7445:Geography 7400:September 6961:972901480 6934:155856672 6873:1084-9513 6848:772967969 6834:760081166 6732:0040-781X 6694:0040-781X 6653:0040-781X 6615:0040-781X 6577:0040-781X 6492:. p. 174. 6445:. p. 148. 6375:. p. 147. 6353:. p. 138. 6340:. p. 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965:Christian 927:Nasserism 902:Classical 819:Democracy 9742:Category 9684:Islamism 9393:Al-Fatat 9160:Concepts 8927:Ideology 8689:Iraq War 7816:Category 7713:Religion 7580:Military 7501:Politics 7256:Takeover 7183:Sasanian 7158:Timeline 7138:articles 7079:81018518 7040:68024747 7019:16833520 6988:49225708 6899:54066312 6807:43657092 6780:19623719 6427:6 August 6421:Archived 6284:Archived 6236:Archived 5178:Archived 5116:Archived 5078:Archived 5040:Archived 4955:Archived 4884:Archived 4837:Archived 4790:Archived 4752:Archived 4700:Archived 4542:Archived 4504:Archived 4466:Archived 4340:cite web 4275:Archived 4219:Archived 4144:5 August 4138:Archived 3922:See also 3788:Mil Mi-4 3745:economic 3649:Al-Ahram 3626:Djibouti 3520:Rhodesia 3483:Baathist 3410:Pakistan 3395:New York 3242:chlorine 3238:lewisite 3230:phosgene 2755:Ethiopia 2716:Pakistan 2663:Belgrade 2388:Damascus 2365:Al Urdhi 2241:royalist 2222:republic 2004:Scotland 1944:Barbados 1595:Republic 1511:Prescott 1481:Naysmith 1471:McKechin 1431:La Malfa 1426:Khomeini 1386:Iorwerth 1351:Griffith 1326:Gambetta 1321:Galloway 1306:Ferguson 1286:Davidson 1281:Cromwell 1276:Connolly 1256:Campbell 1173:Sunstein 1158:Rousseau 1153:Polybius 1088:Franklin 1068:Chappell 1063:Cattaneo 1000:People's 985:Imperial 917:Kemalism 854:Republic 788:Concepts 403:Strength 204:Pakistan 86:victory 69:Location 9388:Al-Awda 8963:History 8081:Revolts 7800:Outline 7766:Museums 7751:Cuisine 7728:Culture 7676:Society 7652:Tourism 7617:Economy 7518:Cabinet 7477:Islands 7457:Borders 7168:Minaean 7146:History 7099:, 1972. 7087:7976067 6461:Haaretz 6232:Haaretz 4406:"Yemen" 3909:Prince 3852:Dhahran 3804:Antonov 3800:airlift 3792:Tupolev 3764:Hodeida 3532:Algeria 3516:Belgium 3430:British 3161:May Day 3118:Shafi'i 3037:Katanga 2974:Batanah 2941:bazooka 2890:Ramadan 2865:Ramadan 2833:Swedish 2790:U Thant 2712:Karachi 2593:Hodeida 2540:History 2528:to the 2522:Red Sea 2506:Algeria 2457:British 2316:Vietnam 2257:Britain 2239:On the 2189: 2177:: 1969:Morocco 1959:Jamaica 1954:Ireland 1939:Bahamas 1741:History 1561:Taverne 1536:Skinner 1516:Ritchie 1461:Madison 1441:Lincoln 1391:Jackson 1381:Huppert 1376:Hopkins 1301:Fabiani 1261:Chapman 1246:Bolívar 1236:Bennett 1226:Bartley 1216:Atatürk 1128:Mazzini 1123:Madison 1053:Bentham 1043:Baggini 1010:Secular 990:Islamic 975:Federal 912:Federal 896:Schools 575:Ramadan 503:Unknown 482:Unknown 7931:(1979) 7919:(1972) 7901:(1934) 7889:(1931) 7741:Cinema 7736:Anthem 7703:Health 7693:Tribes 7642:Mining 7629:Energy 7487:Rivers 7462:Cities 7198:Modern 7173:Himyar 7136: 7085: 7077: 7067: 7048:443591 7046: 7038: 7017: 7007: 6986: 6976: 6959: 6949: 6932: 6922: 6897: 6887: 6871: 6854: 6846: 6832: 6822: 6805: 6795: 6778: 6768: 6730: 6692: 6651: 6613: 6575: 6538: 6413: 6276: 6153: 6094: 6035: 5985: 5938: 5900: 5862: 5824: 5786: 5643: 5605: 5567: 5529: 5479: 5429: 5368: 5264: 5172: 5110: 5072: 5034: 4949: 4878: 4831: 4784: 4746: 4694: 4617: 4579: 4536: 4498: 4460: 4178: 3901:Haradh 3875:Jeddah 3869:Khamir 3863:Khamir 3840:Riyadh 3824:Najran 3809:Moscow 3776:MiG-17 3772:MiG-15 3768:Yak-11 3603:, and 3597:Mossad 3588:Mossad 3524:Malaya 3508:Hajjah 3434:Beijan 3222:Geneva 3199:napalm 3121:Sunnis 3041:Erkwit 3033:Jihana 3012:Haradh 3005:Haradh 2994:Hajjah 2925:Beihan 2882:Tihama 2869:Haradh 2818:Beirut 2792:, the 2767:Najran 2747:Turkey 2704:Jeddah 2700:Riyadh 2643:London 2618:Khobar 2361:revolt 2304:. The 2253:Israel 2251:, and 2245:Jordan 2243:side, 2166:Arabic 1994:Sweden 1984:Norway 1949:Canada 1729:(1963) 1709:(1794) 1699:(1791) 1679:(1762) 1669:(1755) 1659:(1748) 1649:(1698) 1639:(1656) 1629:(1649) 1619:(1531) 1571:Wilson 1541:Slater 1531:Skates 1486:Mannin 1476:Mullin 1451:Mackay 1416:Juárez 1371:Hébert 1366:Hatton 1361:Harvie 1251:Burgon 1168:Sidney 1163:Sandel 1148:Pettit 1073:Cicero 1038:Arendt 1020:Soviet 1015:Sister 907:Modern 668:modern 613:Najran 585:Haradh 245: 215: 201: 189: 180:Israel 177: 165: 154:Jordan 151: 134: 79:Result 9488:Fatah 8835:2020s 8740:2010s 8681:2000s 8621:1990s 8554:1980s 8464:1970s 8363:1960s 8307:1950s 8204:1940s 8148:1930s 8102:1920s 7979:1910s 7807:Index 7781:Sport 7771:Music 7761:Media 7634:Rial 7395:March 7134:Yemen 4325:(PDF) 4318:(PDF) 4271:Erols 3985:Notes 3828:Jizan 3796:Aswan 3758:rifle 3725:Cairo 3708:Egypt 3624:(now 3504:San'a 3500:Sadah 3496:Marib 3492:Harib 3141:Sanaa 3114:Zaidi 3081:Amran 3060:Sudan 3024:Razih 2966:Khabt 2962:Sadah 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