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In the post-Soviet era, Russian exploration of the Arctic by drifting ice stations was suspended for twelve years. The year 2003 was notable for Russia's return into the Arctic. As of 2006, three NP stations had carried out scientific measurements and research since then: "NP-32" through "NP-34". The
387:
Since 1954 Soviet NP stations worked continuously, with one to three such stations operating simultaneously each year. The total distance drifted between 1937 and 1973 was over 80,000 kilometres. North Pole-22 is particularly notable for its record drift, lasting nine years. On 28 June 1972 the ice
533:
and continuing to drift with the surrounding ice. The barge, intended to function autonomously for 2–3 years, but equipped to be supplied by air or passing icebreakers, and equipped with the required research equipment, is expected to be commissioned in 2020.
273:
The modern NP drifting ice station resembles a small settlement with housing for polar explorers and special buildings for the scientific equipment. Usually an NP station begins operations in April and continues for two or three years until the
172:, the latter of which were often little more than quickly constructed shacks. Extracting personnel from these stations proved difficult and in the case of the United States, employed early versions of the
254:. On average, an NP station is the host for 600 to 650 ocean depth measurements, 3500 to 3900 complex meteorology measurements, 1200 to 1300 temperature measurements and sea water probes for
501:, for a week, until an ice floe with an area of 16 square kilometres was found. The ice has since shrunk significantly, however, and the station is now being abandoned ahead of schedule.
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415:, which crosses the Arctic Ocean, other large features of the ocean bottom's relief, the discovery of two systems of the drift (circular and "wash-out"), and the fact of
8657:
5089:
513:, and several stations had to be evacuated prematurely because of unexpectedly fast thawing of the ice, so in 2008 an idea to replace the ice camps with a drifting
270:, ice and other observations are also carried out there. Regular measurements of the ice floe coordinates provide the data on the direction and speed of its drift.
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were raised there. 22 scientists, led by A.A.Visnevsky are working on the ice floe. Establishment of the station was the third stage of the
17:
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as a station core was proposed. After almost a decade of deliberation, a contract of building the station vessel was awarded to
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between 1893 and 1896. The first stations to use drift ice as means of scientific exploration of the Arctic originated in the
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were made such as valuable conclusions on regularities and the connection between processes in the polar region of the
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took off four polar explorers from the station, who immediately became famous in the USSR and were awarded titles
345:. "NP-1" operated for 9 months, during which the ice floe travelled 2,850 kilometres. On 19 February 1938, Soviet
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of ~10000 tons displacement, getting to the initial point of the mission by itself or with a help of an
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46:
282:. Polar explorers are replaced yearly. Since 1937 some 800 people were drifting at NP stations.
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Since the mid-2000s it became difficult to find a suitable ice floe to station camp on, due to
293:(i.e. relatively thin and short-lived ice): NP-1 through NP-5, NP-7 through NP-17, NP-20, NP-21
230:, etc. NP drift stations carry out the program of complex year-round research in the fields of
188:
built on the ice of the high latitudes of the Arctic Ocean. They are important contributors to
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8:
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in 1937, when the first such station in the world, North Pole-1, started operations.
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395:
During such long-term observations by NP stations numerous important discoveries in
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5079:
5078:[History of "North Pole" stations] (in Russian). gazeta.ru. Archived from
320:
for the exploration of nature in the high latitudes of the Arctic Ocean came from
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412:
321:
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5113:
Daily Arctic Ocean
Rawinsonde Data from Soviet Drifting Ice Stations (1954-1990)
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8477:
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7261:
7240:
7108:
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6240:
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3906:
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3708:
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3339:
3312:
3298:
3254:
3240:
3213:
3199:
3155:
3141:
3114:
3100:
3056:
3042:
3015:
3001:
2957:
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2858:
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2759:
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2718:
2704:
2660:
2646:
2619:
2605:
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2520:
2506:
2486:
2458:
2444:
2417:
2403:
2359:
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2318:
2304:
2260:
2246:
2219:
2205:
2161:
2147:
2120:
2106:
2062:
2048:
2021:
2007:
1963:
1949:
1922:
1908:
1864:
1850:
1823:
1809:
1765:
1751:
1724:
1710:
1666:
1652:
1625:
1611:
1565:
1551:
1524:
1510:
1466:
1452:
1425:
1411:
1365:
1351:
1324:
1310:
1266:
1252:
1225:
1211:
1167:
1153:
1126:
1112:
1060:
1046:
1019:
1005:
961:
947:
920:
906:
860:
846:
819:
805:
759:
745:
718:
704:
689:
656:
642:
615:
601:
452:
438:
389:
377:
279:
157:
27:
Research stations built on the ice of the high latitudes of the Arctic Ocean
8581:
8575:
8187:
8151:
8017:
7844:
7794:
7733:
7587:
7275:
7226:
7076:
6898:
6861:
6841:
6782:
6316:
6304:
6247:
6175:
6076:
5973:
5967:
5864:
5852:
5725:
5703:
5627:
5580:
5480:
5224:
5207:
5203:
5195:
5139:
684:
586:
581:
478:
381:
363:
342:
331:
227:
161:
153:
5064:
4973:
8618:
8518:
8466:
8284:
8071:
7859:
7234:
7166:
6928:
6787:
6750:
6650:
6642:
6450:
5786:
5485:
404:
346:
326:
235:
5112:
8417:
8320:
8304:
8146:
8079:
7980:
7389:
7338:
7298:
6620:
6346:
6274:
6216:
5609:
5577:
4992:
530:
525:
in 2017. This will take a form of a large self-propelled ice resistant
338:
267:
243:
231:
5128:
300:
fragments, that were split from the shore): NP-6, NP-18, NP-19, NP-22.
7939:
6776:
6328:
6111:
337:
North Pole-1 was established on 21 May 1937 some 20 km from the
317:
275:
263:
169:
145:
132:
5521:
426:
The last Soviet NP station, North Pole-31, was closed in July 1991.
35:
7871:
5030:"A dangerous drift; Polarnik evacuated on the ship "Mikhail Somov""
498:
290:
239:
149:
8498:
7878:
6143:
6119:
6107:
5100:
Condensed
English version edited by V.F. Radionov and F. Fetterer
4974:
Admiralty
Shipyard begun building a "North Pole" drifting station
416:
297:
6665:
5146:, presenting trajectories of the drift of "NP-2" through "NP-34"
4957:
6744:
6069:
5510:
5399:
5065:"North Pole" scientific research stations drift characteristics
4811:
193:
5007:"Опасный дрейф; Полярников эвакуируют на судне "Михаил Сомов""
542:
6130:
5123:
526:
433:"NP-35" started operations on 21 September 2007 at the point
400:
374:
304:
All NP stations are organized by the
Russian (former Soviet)
5088:
Romanov, I.P.; Konstantinov, Yu. B.; Kornilov, N.A. (1997),
5087:
4918:
341:
by the expedition into the high latitudes. Sever-1, led by
481:
expedition. An appropriate ice floe was searched for from
7335:
144:
is a temporary or semi-permanent facility built on an
4880:. Annapolis, Maryland: Bluejacket Books. p. 86.
215:
184:
Soviet and
Russian-staffed drifting ice stations are
136:
Soviet drifting ice station depicted on a 1955 stamp.
5185:
4778:
392:
passed over the North Pole for the first time ever.
5094:, Saint Petersburg: Gidrometeoizdat, archived from
5058:- for some information in the text and in the table
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
8658:Polar exploration by Russia and the Soviet Union
8644:
5150:Arctic Drifting Ice Stations Reports (1950-1958)
4876:Calvert, James, Vice Admiral USN Ret. (1996) .
4814:, one-month tourist ice camp annual since 2002
5537:
5171:
221:
4900:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4855:"North Pole drifting stations (1930s-1980s)"
5477:Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route
5544:
5530:
5178:
5164:
5091:"North Pole" Drifting Stations (1937–1991)
4969:
4967:
4965:
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
8602:Pole of Inaccessibility research station
5084:- for some milestones in the exploration
131:
8177:Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition
5144:Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute
5069:Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute
5027:
5004:
4962:
4875:
4797:List of research stations in the Arctic
306:Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute
160:maintained a number of stations in the
14:
8645:
4998:
4953:
4951:
4857:. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
7321:
5563:
5551:
5525:
5159:
285:There are two groups of NP stations:
174:Fulton surface-to-air recovery system
5129:"NP-2" to "NP-34" drift trajectories
4928:
4926:
196:. The stations are named "North Pole
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
7963:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition
6160:Norse colonization of North America
5071:- for some information in the table
4948:
296:stations, drifting on ice islands (
24:
7492:United States Exploring Expedition
5076:"История станций "Северный полюс""
430:latter was closed on 25 May 2006.
226:), followed by an ordinal number:
25:
8699:
8566:Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station
7934:Australasian Antarctic Expedition
5106:
4923:
8460:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
7853:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
5028:Skalina, Irina (July 10, 2008).
4915:September 21, 2007 Press-Release
4781:
537:
34:
8668:Research stations in the Arctic
5005:Скалина, Ирина (10 July 2008).
45:needs additional citations for
4989:Admiralty Shipyard goes adrift
4982:
4979:, 20 Decemped 2018, in Russian
4958:TASS, Artics Today, in Russian
4908:
4869:
4847:
504:
419:' active penetration into the
13:
1:
7839:Japanese Antarctic Expedition
7774:Scottish Antarctic Expedition
7322:
4840:
8196:Soviet Antarctic Expeditions
8012:Shackleton–Rowett Expedition
7818:French Antarctic Expeditions
7748:Swedish Antarctic Expedition
7634:Belgian Antarctic Expedition
5752:Lady Franklin Bay Expedition
5152:at Dartmouth College Library
4995:, 9 October 2017, in Russian
18:North Pole drift ice station
7:
7281:Nuclear-powered icebreakers
6960:Austro-Hungarian Expedition
5825:Andrée's balloon expedition
4807:Soviet Antarctic Expedition
4774:
473:, when flags of Russia and
216:
179:
10:
8704:
6482:Franklin's lost expedition
6182:Christian IV's expeditions
5564:
311:
289:stations, drifting on the
8653:Exploration of the Arctic
8299:
8030:
7617:
7357:
7334:
7330:
7317:
6836:Great Northern Expedition
6730:
6512:Rae–Richardson expedition
6261:
6106:
5712:British Arctic Expedition
5604:
5576:
5572:
5559:
5461:
5398:
5194:
5056:Great Soviet Encyclopedia
4802:List of Russian explorers
561:
558:
555:
552:
549:
222:
205:
8120:British Antarctic Survey
8114:Captain Arturo Prat Base
7359:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
4757:North Pole-2015 (finish)
553:Head of the first shift
360:Hero of the Soviet Union
8596:Pole of inaccessibility
8259:Antarctic Treaty System
6600:2nd Grinnell expedition
4933:14 July 2008 news story
4715:North Pole-2015 (start)
4656:North Pole-40 (finish)
4557:North Pole-39 (finish)
4458:North Pole-38 (finish)
4359:North Pole-37 (finish)
4258:North Pole-36 (finish)
4157:North Pole-35 (finish)
4058:North Pole-34 (finish)
3959:North Pole-33 (finish)
3860:North Pole-32 (finish)
3761:North Pole-31 (finish)
3720:North Pole-31 (finish)
3662:North Pole-30 (finish)
3563:North Pole-29 (finish)
3464:North Pole-28 (finish)
3266:North Pole-26 (finish)
3167:North Pole-25 (finish)
3068:North Pole-24 (finish)
2969:North Pole-23 (finish)
2870:North Pole-22 (finish)
2771:North Pole-21 (finish)
2672:North Pole-20 (finish)
2573:North Pole19- (finish)
2470:North Pole-18 (finish)
2371:North Pole-17 (finish)
2272:North Pole-16 (finish)
2173:North Pole-15 (finish)
2074:North Pole-14 (finish)
1975:North Pole-13 (finish)
1876:North Pole-12 (finish)
1777:North Pole-11 (finish)
1678:North Pole-10 (finish)
324:, who fulfilled it on
137:
69:"Drifting ice station"
8266:Transglobe Expedition
8165:Operation Deep Freeze
7574:Challenger expedition
6440:Coppermine expedition
5961:Drifting ice stations
5188:drifting ice stations
4615:North Pole-40 (start)
4516:North Pole-39 (start)
4417:North Pole-38 (start)
4318:North Pole-37 (start)
4217:North Pole-36 (start)
4116:North Pole-35 (start)
4017:North Pole-34 (start)
3918:North Pole-33 (start)
3819:North Pole-32 (start)
3621:North Pole-30 (start)
3522:North Pole-29 (start)
3423:North Pole-28 (start)
3365:North Pole-27(finish)
3324:North Pole-27 (start)
3225:North Pole-26 (start)
3126:North Pole-25 (start)
3027:North Pole-24 (start)
2928:North Pole-23 (start)
2829:North Pole-22 (start)
2730:North Pole-21 (start)
2631:North Pole-20 (start)
2532:North Pole-19 (start)
2429:North Pole-18 (start)
2330:North Pole-17 (start)
2231:North Pole-16 (start)
2132:North Pole-15 (start)
2033:North Pole-14 (start)
1934:North Pole-13 (start)
1835:North Pole-12 (start)
1736:North Pole-11 (start)
1637:North Pole-10 (start)
1577:North Pole-9 (finish)
1478:North Pole-8 (finish)
1377:North Pole-7 (finish)
1278:North Pole-6 (finish)
1072:North Pole-5 (finish)
973:North Pole-4 (finish)
872:North Pole-3 (finish)
771:North Pole-2 (finish)
668:North Pole-1 (finish)
464:North Pole-35 (start)
166:Fletcher's Ice Island
135:
5039:. Rossiyskaya Gazeta
4938:18 July 2008 at the
1536:North Pole-9 (start)
1437:North Pole-8 (start)
1336:North Pole-7 (start)
1237:North Pole-6 (start)
1031:North Pole-5 (start)
932:North Pole-4 (start)
831:North Pole-3 (start)
730:North Pole-2 (start)
627:North Pole-1 (start)
316:The idea to use the
250:, hydrophysics, and
142:drifting ice station
54:improve this article
8436:South magnetic pole
7102:Brusilov expedition
6211:Danish colonization
5649:North magnetic pole
4878:Surface at the Pole
4741: /
4699: /
4640: /
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3902: /
3844: /
3808:87.8750°N 148.050°E
3803: /
3745: /
3704: /
3646: /
3605: /
3552:84.7133°N 56.5717°W
3547: /
3511:80.3800°N 112.983°E
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2256: /
2215: /
2192:Yu. B. Konstantinov
2157: /
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2058: /
2017: /
1959: /
1918: /
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957: /
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815: /
755: /
714: /
652: /
611: /
448: /
411:and the deep water
8678:Arctic expeditions
8673:Russian inventions
8127:Operation Windmill
8108:Operation Highjump
7083:Rusanov expedition
6988:A. E. Nordenskiöld
6732:North East Passage
6536:McClure expedition
5502:Konstantin Badygin
5238:Alexey Tryoshnikov
5134:2006-12-09 at the
5118:2014-01-19 at the
5037:Google Translation
4823:Konstantin Badygin
4675:Dmitrij Mamadaliev
4645:82.417°N 130.417°W
4604:85.350°N 142.883°W
4505:84.167°N 148.817°W
4483:September 15, 2012
4447:83.883°N 154.300°W
4406:76.117°N 176.533°W
4384:September 20, 2011
4348:80.067°N 140.667°W
4307:81.467°N 164.583°W
4206:82.533°N 144.933°E
4105:81.500°N 103.900°E
4080:September 21, 2007
4006:85.650°N 115.317°E
3981:September 19, 2005
3907:85.083°N 156.517°E
3750:73.550°N 161.067°W
3709:76.583°N 153.167°W
3651:82.517°N 126.433°W
3610:74.300°N 171.400°W
3412:80.667°N 168.483°E
3313:78.517°N 160.500°E
3255:82.767°N 170.517°W
3214:78.500°N 174.767°E
3156:85.833°N 122.250°W
3115:75.017°N 168.583°E
3016:76.750°N 163.000°E
2917:73.850°N 178.417°W
2818:76.267°N 168.517°W
2793:September 13, 1973
2760:86.267°N 143.583°E
2719:74.100°N 178.250°E
2661:81.733°N 166.783°W
2620:75.933°N 175.367°E
2521:74.900°N 160.217°E
2459:86.100°N 153.850°E
2418:75.167°N 165.033°W
2319:80.500°N 165.433°E
2220:75.517°N 172.000°W
2121:78.817°N 168.133°E
2063:76.983°N 154.817°E
2022:72.700°N 175.417°W
1994:Yu.B. Konstantinov
1923:73.917°N 161.317°W
1865:81.100°N 145.783°W
1824:76.833°N 165.567°W
1766:81.167°N 139.567°W
1725:77.167°N 165.967°W
1626:75.450°N 177.167°E
1525:77.383°N 163.000°E
1467:83.250°N 132.500°W
1426:76.183°N 164.400°W
1325:82.100°N 164.183°W
1226:74.400°N 177.067°W
1204:September 14, 1959
1020:82.167°N 156.850°E
921:75.800°N 178.417°W
820:85.967°N 175.000°W
760:81.733°N 163.800°W
719:76.050°N 166.600°W
559:Drift coordinates
519:Admiralty Shipyard
492:nuclear icebreaker
453:81.433°N 103.500°E
397:physical geography
138:
8640:
8639:
8636:
8635:
8632:
8631:
8094:Operation Tabarin
7956:Far Eastern Party
7802:Nimrod Expedition
7313:
7312:
7309:
7308:
6872:M. Pronchishcheva
6794:Siberian Cossacks
6263:Northwest Passage
5596:Research stations
5553:Polar exploration
5519:
5518:
5330:Artur Chilingarov
5251:Aleksandr Dralkin
5247:Yevgeny Tolstikov
5025:(Russian/English)
5014:Российская газета
4834:Ice Station Zebra
4772:
4771:
4704:89.567°N 17.133°W
4546:83.950°N 96.733°W
4378:Tomash Petrovskiy
4282:September 7, 2009
4247:85.883°N 26.683°W
4181:September 7, 2008
4146:81.000°N 31.300°E
3948:86.233°N 95.900°E
3882:September 9, 2004
3557:84.7133; -56.5717
3057:86.050°N 29.667°E
2994:November 19, 1980
2958:87.667°N 22.517°W
2859:86.167°N -0.000°E
2562:83.133°N 16.283°E
2360:86.800°N 25.333°E
2261:86.000°N 85.450°W
2162:85.750°N 10.500°W
2000:February 12, 1966
1667:88.533°N 90.500°E
1566:86.600°N 76.000°W
1366:85.233°N 33.050°W
1168:65.633°S 52.417°W
1138:Weddell 1 (start)
1127:71.600°S 49.750°W
1061:84.300°N 63.333°E
962:85.867°N -0.000°E
861:86.000°N 24.000°W
657:70.667°N 19.267°W
616:89.417°N 78.667°W
594:February 19, 1938
490:, accompanied by
380:and their leader
258:, and 600 to 650
256:chemical analysis
214:
186:research stations
168:for research and
164:on floes such as
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
8695:
8141:Ronne Expedition
7626:
7620:
7484:Dumont d'Urville
7332:
7331:
7319:
7318:
6867:V. Pronchishchev
5574:
5573:
5561:
5560:
5546:
5539:
5532:
5523:
5522:
5216:Yevgeny Fyodorov
5180:
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4944:Associated Press
4930:
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4828:Project Coldfeet
4818:Icebreaker Sedov
4791:
4789:Geography portal
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4746:86.250°N 7.867°W
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4650:82.417; -130.417
4646:
4641:
4638:
4637:
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4633:
4623:
4622:
4620:
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4618:
4616:
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4609:85.350; -142.883
4605:
4600:
4597:
4596:
4595:
4592:
4576:Nikolai Fomichev
4565:
4564:
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4517:
4512:
4511:
4510:84.167; -148.817
4506:
4501:
4498:
4497:
4496:
4493:
4477:Alexander Ipatov
4466:
4465:
4463:
4462:
4461:
4459:
4454:
4453:
4452:83.883; -154.300
4448:
4443:
4440:
4439:
4438:
4435:
4425:
4424:
4422:
4421:
4420:
4418:
4413:
4412:
4411:76.117; -176.533
4407:
4402:
4399:
4398:
4397:
4394:
4381:October 14, 2010
4367:
4366:
4364:
4363:
4362:
4360:
4355:
4354:
4353:80.067; -140.667
4349:
4344:
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4340:
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4336:
4326:
4325:
4323:
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4312:81.467; -164.583
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4077:Vladimir Chupun
4066:
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4047:87.433°N 7.650°E
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3849:84.683°N 3.550°W
3845:
3842:
3841:
3840:
3837:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3815:
3814:
3813:87.8750; 148.050
3809:
3804:
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3800:
3799:
3796:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3757:
3756:
3755:73.550; -161.067
3751:
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3742:
3741:
3738:
3728:
3727:
3725:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3716:
3715:
3714:76.583; -153.167
3710:
3705:
3702:
3701:
3700:
3697:
3684:October 22, 1988
3670:
3669:
3667:
3666:
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3656:82.517; -126.433
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3516:80.3800; 112.983
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3453:79.667°N 3.150°E
3449:
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3390:January 23, 1989
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3354:86.467°N 9.033°W
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3260:82.767; -170.517
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2924:
2923:
2922:73.850; -178.417
2918:
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2895:November 1, 1978
2892:December 5, 1975
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2823:76.267; -168.517
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2496:November 7, 1969
2492:A.N. Chilingarov
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2424:
2423:75.167; -165.033
2419:
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2396:October 24, 1971
2390:N.N. Ovchinnikov
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2027:72.700; -175.417
2023:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2013:
2010:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1979:
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1971:
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1965:
1964:87.917°N 3.533°E
1960:
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1928:73.917; -161.317
1924:
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1915:
1914:
1911:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1880:
1879:
1877:
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1870:81.100; -145.783
1866:
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1857:
1856:
1853:
1843:
1842:
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1838:
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1829:76.833; -165.567
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1812:
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1784:
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1584:
1582:
1581:
1580:
1578:
1573:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1557:
1554:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1532:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1516:
1513:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1474:
1473:
1472:83.250; -132.500
1468:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1458:
1455:
1445:
1444:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1433:
1432:
1431:76.183; -164.400
1427:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1417:
1414:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1373:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1332:
1331:
1330:82.100; -164.183
1326:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1316:
1313:
1286:
1285:
1283:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1274:
1273:
1268:
1267:82.100°N 3.933°E
1263:
1260:
1259:
1258:
1255:
1245:
1244:
1242:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1233:
1232:
1231:74.400; -177.067
1227:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1217:
1214:
1187:
1186:
1184:
1183:
1182:
1180:
1175:
1174:
1173:-65.633; -52.417
1169:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1159:
1156:
1146:
1145:
1143:
1142:
1141:
1139:
1134:
1133:
1132:-71.600; -49.750
1128:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1115:
1105:December 1, 1957
1097:
1080:
1079:
1077:
1076:
1075:
1073:
1068:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1039:
1038:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1027:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1011:
1008:
981:
980:
978:
977:
976:
974:
969:
968:
963:
958:
955:
954:
953:
950:
940:
939:
937:
936:
935:
933:
928:
927:
926:75.800; -178.417
922:
917:
914:
913:
912:
909:
880:
879:
877:
876:
875:
873:
868:
867:
862:
857:
854:
853:
852:
849:
839:
838:
836:
835:
834:
832:
827:
826:
825:85.967; -175.000
821:
816:
813:
812:
811:
808:
791:A.F. Trioshnikov
779:
778:
776:
775:
774:
772:
767:
766:
765:81.733; -163.800
761:
756:
753:
752:
751:
748:
738:
737:
735:
734:
733:
731:
726:
725:
724:76.050; -166.600
720:
715:
712:
711:
710:
707:
676:
675:
673:
672:
671:
669:
664:
663:
658:
653:
650:
649:
648:
645:
635:
634:
632:
631:
630:
628:
623:
622:
617:
612:
609:
608:
607:
604:
547:
546:
523:Saint Petersburg
499:MI-8 helicopters
484:Akademik Fedorov
475:Saint Petersburg
472:
471:
469:
468:
467:
465:
460:
459:
454:
449:
446:
445:
444:
441:
371:Yevgeny Fyodorov
260:research balloon
225:
224:
219:
209:
207:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
8703:
8702:
8698:
8697:
8696:
8694:
8693:
8692:
8663:Arctic research
8643:
8642:
8641:
8628:
8303:
8295:
8171:McMurdo Station
8040:Modern research
8038:
8026:
7761:O. Nordenskjöld
7624:
7618:
7613:
7529:Ross expedition
7353:
7326:
7305:
6734:
6726:
6267:Northern Canada
6265:
6257:
6110:
6102:
5608:
5600:
5568:
5555:
5550:
5520:
5515:
5457:
5394:
5190:
5184:
5136:Wayback Machine
5120:Wayback Machine
5109:
5098:on 2007-09-30,
5074:
5061:
5052:
5051:
5042:
5040:
5032:
5018:
5016:
5009:
5003:
4999:
4987:
4983:
4972:
4963:
4956:
4949:
4940:Wayback Machine
4931:
4924:
4913:
4909:
4893:
4892:
4888:
4874:
4870:
4860:
4858:
4853:
4852:
4848:
4843:
4787:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4756:
4754:
4750:
4748:
4744:
4743:
4740:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4728:
4727:
4714:
4712:
4709:89.567; -17.133
4708:
4706:
4702:
4701:
4698:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4686:
4685:
4672:North Pole-2015
4655:
4653:
4649:
4647:
4643:
4642:
4639:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4627:
4626:
4614:
4612:
4608:
4606:
4602:
4601:
4598:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4586:
4585:
4579:October 1, 2012
4556:
4554:
4551:83.950; -96.733
4550:
4548:
4544:
4543:
4540:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4528:
4527:
4515:
4513:
4509:
4507:
4503:
4502:
4499:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4487:
4486:
4480:October 2, 2011
4457:
4455:
4451:
4449:
4445:
4444:
4441:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4429:
4428:
4416:
4414:
4410:
4408:
4404:
4403:
4400:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4388:
4387:
4358:
4356:
4352:
4350:
4346:
4345:
4342:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4330:
4329:
4317:
4315:
4311:
4309:
4305:
4304:
4301:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4289:
4288:
4279:Sergey Lesenkov
4257:
4255:
4252:85.883; -26.683
4251:
4249:
4245:
4244:
4241:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4229:
4228:
4216:
4214:
4211:82.533; 144.933
4210:
4208:
4204:
4203:
4200:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4188:
4187:
4184:August 24, 2009
4156:
4154:
4150:
4148:
4144:
4143:
4140:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4128:
4127:
4115:
4113:
4110:81.500; 103.900
4109:
4107:
4103:
4102:
4099:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4087:
4086:
4057:
4055:
4051:
4049:
4045:
4044:
4041:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4029:
4028:
4016:
4014:
4011:85.650; 115.317
4010:
4008:
4004:
4003:
4000:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3988:
3987:
3958:
3956:
3952:
3950:
3946:
3945:
3942:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3930:
3929:
3917:
3915:
3912:85.083; 156.517
3911:
3909:
3905:
3904:
3901:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3889:
3888:
3885:October 5, 2005
3859:
3857:
3853:
3851:
3847:
3846:
3843:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3831:
3830:
3818:
3816:
3812:
3810:
3806:
3805:
3802:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3790:
3789:
3760:
3758:
3754:
3752:
3748:
3747:
3744:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3732:
3731:
3719:
3717:
3713:
3711:
3707:
3706:
3703:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3691:
3690:
3661:
3659:
3655:
3653:
3649:
3648:
3645:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3633:
3632:
3620:
3618:
3614:
3612:
3608:
3607:
3604:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3592:
3591:
3585:October 9, 1987
3562:
3560:
3556:
3554:
3550:
3549:
3546:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3534:
3533:
3521:
3519:
3515:
3513:
3509:
3508:
3505:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3493:
3492:
3489:August 19, 1988
3463:
3461:
3457:
3455:
3451:
3450:
3447:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3434:
3422:
3420:
3417:80.667; 168.483
3416:
3414:
3410:
3409:
3406:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3394:
3393:
3384:A.F. Chernyshov
3364:
3362:
3358:
3356:
3352:
3351:
3348:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3335:
3323:
3321:
3318:78.517; 160.500
3317:
3315:
3311:
3310:
3307:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3295:
3294:
3285:Yu. P. Tikhonov
3265:
3263:
3259:
3257:
3253:
3252:
3249:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3237:
3236:
3224:
3222:
3219:78.500; 174.767
3218:
3216:
3212:
3211:
3208:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3196:
3195:
3166:
3164:
3160:
3158:
3154:
3153:
3150:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3137:
3125:
3123:
3120:75.017; 168.583
3119:
3117:
3113:
3112:
3109:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3096:
3067:
3065:
3061:
3059:
3055:
3054:
3051:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3038:
3026:
3024:
3021:76.750; 163.000
3020:
3018:
3014:
3013:
3010:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2968:
2966:
2963:87.667; -22.517
2962:
2960:
2956:
2955:
2952:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2940:
2939:
2927:
2925:
2921:
2919:
2915:
2914:
2911:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2898:
2869:
2867:
2863:
2861:
2857:
2856:
2853:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2840:
2828:
2826:
2822:
2820:
2816:
2815:
2812:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2799:
2770:
2768:
2765:86.267; 143.583
2764:
2762:
2758:
2757:
2754:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2741:
2729:
2727:
2724:74.100; 178.250
2723:
2721:
2717:
2716:
2713:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2671:
2669:
2665:
2663:
2659:
2658:
2655:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2642:
2630:
2628:
2625:75.933; 175.367
2624:
2622:
2618:
2617:
2614:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2592:Yu. P. Tikhonov
2572:
2570:
2566:
2564:
2560:
2559:
2556:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2543:
2531:
2529:
2526:74.900; 160.217
2525:
2523:
2519:
2518:
2515:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2502:
2469:
2467:
2464:86.100; 153.850
2463:
2461:
2457:
2456:
2453:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2440:
2428:
2426:
2422:
2420:
2416:
2415:
2412:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2399:
2393:October 9, 1969
2370:
2368:
2364:
2362:
2358:
2357:
2354:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2341:
2329:
2327:
2324:80.500; 165.433
2323:
2321:
2317:
2316:
2313:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2300:
2271:
2269:
2266:86.000; -85.450
2265:
2263:
2259:
2258:
2255:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2242:
2230:
2228:
2224:
2222:
2218:
2217:
2214:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2201:
2172:
2170:
2167:85.750; -10.500
2166:
2164:
2160:
2159:
2156:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2143:
2131:
2129:
2126:78.817; 168.133
2125:
2123:
2119:
2118:
2115:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2102:
2073:
2071:
2068:76.983; 154.817
2067:
2065:
2061:
2060:
2057:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2044:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2019:
2016:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2003:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1961:
1958:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1945:
1933:
1931:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1920:
1917:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1904:
1875:
1873:
1869:
1867:
1863:
1862:
1859:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1846:
1834:
1832:
1828:
1826:
1822:
1821:
1818:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1805:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1768:
1764:
1763:
1760:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1747:
1735:
1733:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1722:
1719:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1706:
1677:
1675:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1664:
1661:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1648:
1636:
1634:
1631:75.450; 177.167
1630:
1628:
1624:
1623:
1620:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1607:
1593:
1576:
1574:
1571:86.600; -76.000
1570:
1568:
1564:
1563:
1560:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1547:
1535:
1533:
1530:77.383; 163.000
1529:
1527:
1523:
1522:
1519:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1506:
1497:V.A. Shamontyev
1477:
1475:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1464:
1461:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1448:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1423:
1420:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1407:
1376:
1374:
1371:85.233; -33.050
1370:
1368:
1364:
1363:
1360:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1347:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1322:
1319:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1306:
1297:V.A. Vedernikov
1277:
1275:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1248:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1223:
1220:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1207:
1179:Weddell 1 (end)
1178:
1176:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1165:
1162:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1149:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1124:
1121:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1108:
1091:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1058:
1055:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1042:
1030:
1028:
1025:82.167; 156.850
1024:
1022:
1018:
1017:
1014:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1001:
998:October 8, 1956
972:
970:
966:
964:
960:
959:
956:
951:
948:
946:
944:
943:
931:
929:
925:
923:
919:
918:
915:
910:
907:
905:
903:
902:
871:
869:
866:86.000; -24.000
865:
863:
859:
858:
855:
850:
847:
845:
843:
842:
830:
828:
824:
822:
818:
817:
814:
809:
806:
804:
802:
801:
770:
768:
764:
762:
758:
757:
754:
749:
746:
744:
742:
741:
729:
727:
723:
721:
717:
716:
713:
708:
705:
703:
701:
700:
667:
665:
662:70.667; -19.267
661:
659:
655:
654:
651:
646:
643:
641:
639:
638:
626:
624:
621:89.417; -78.667
620:
618:
614:
613:
610:
605:
602:
600:
598:
597:
545:
543:
540:
515:research vessel
507:
488:research vessel
463:
461:
458:81.433; 103.500
457:
455:
451:
450:
447:
442:
439:
437:
435:
434:
413:Lomonosov Ridge
369:, geophysicist
322:Fridtjof Nansen
314:
234:, ice studies,
182:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8701:
8691:
8690:
8685:
8680:
8675:
8670:
8665:
8660:
8655:
8638:
8637:
8634:
8633:
8630:
8629:
8627:
8626:
8621:
8616:
8611:
8610:
8609:
8604:
8592:
8591:
8590:
8588:Vostok Station
8578:
8573:
8568:
8563:
8558:
8553:
8548:
8543:
8542:
8541:
8539:Cherry-Garrard
8536:
8531:
8526:
8521:
8516:
8504:
8503:
8502:
8495:
8490:
8485:
8480:
8475:
8470:
8456:
8455:
8454:
8449:
8444:
8432:
8431:
8430:
8425:
8420:
8415:
8403:
8402:
8401:
8389:
8388:
8387:
8379:Southern Cross
8375:
8374:
8373:
8360:
8359:
8358:
8345:
8340:
8339:
8338:
8325:
8324:
8323:
8309:
8307:
8301:Farthest South
8297:
8296:
8294:
8293:
8288:
8281:
8280:
8279:
8274:
8262:
8255:
8254:
8253:
8252:
8251:
8239:
8238:
8237:
8225:
8224:
8223:
8216:
8211:
8192:
8191:
8190:
8185:
8173:
8168:
8161:
8160:
8159:
8154:
8149:
8137:
8136:
8135:
8123:
8116:
8111:
8104:
8103:
8102:
8090:
8089:
8088:
8076:
8075:
8074:
8062:
8055:
8050:
8044:
8042:
8028:
8027:
8025:
8024:
8023:
8022:
8008:
8007:
8006:
7998:Ross Sea party
7994:
7985:
7984:
7983:
7978:
7973:
7959:
7952:
7951:
7950:
7945:
7930:
7925:
7924:
7923:
7918:
7913:
7908:
7903:
7898:
7884:
7883:
7882:
7875:
7868:
7863:
7849:
7848:
7847:
7835:
7834:
7833:
7828:
7814:
7813:
7812:
7798:
7791:
7790:
7789:
7782:
7770:
7769:
7768:
7763:
7758:
7744:
7743:
7742:
7737:
7723:
7722:
7721:
7716:
7702:
7701:
7700:
7695:
7692:Southern Cross
7685:Southern Cross
7681:
7680:
7679:
7674:
7669:
7664:
7659:
7654:
7649:
7644:
7629:
7627:
7615:
7614:
7612:
7611:
7610:
7609:
7597:
7596:
7595:
7590:
7585:
7570:
7565:
7564:
7563:
7550:
7544:
7525:
7524:
7523:
7510:
7509:
7508:
7503:
7488:
7487:
7486:
7474:
7469:
7464:
7459:
7454:
7449:
7448:
7447:
7435:
7434:
7433:
7431:Bellingshausen
7421:
7414:
7409:
7408:
7407:
7394:
7393:
7392:
7379:
7374:
7369:
7363:
7361:
7355:
7354:
7352:
7351:
7346:
7341:
7328:
7327:
7315:
7314:
7311:
7310:
7307:
7306:
7304:
7303:
7302:
7301:
7290:
7278:
7273:
7266:
7259:
7258:
7257:
7245:
7244:
7243:
7231:
7230:
7229:
7217:
7216:
7215:
7203:
7198:
7193:
7192:
7191:
7179:
7178:
7177:
7163:
7162:
7161:
7139:
7134:
7129:
7128:
7127:
7122:
7117:
7112:
7098:
7097:
7096:
7091:
7079:
7074:
7073:
7072:
7067:
7062:
7057:
7043:
7042:
7041:
7027:
7026:
7025:
7020:
7015:
6997:
6996:
6995:
6990:
6975:
6974:
6973:
6968:
6956:
6951:
6946:
6941:
6936:
6931:
6926:
6921:
6916:
6911:
6906:
6901:
6896:
6891:
6890:
6889:
6884:
6879:
6874:
6869:
6864:
6859:
6854:
6849:
6844:
6832:
6827:
6822:
6817:
6812:
6807:
6802:
6797:
6790:
6785:
6780:
6773:
6768:
6763:
6758:
6753:
6748:
6740:
6738:
6736:Russian Arctic
6728:
6727:
6725:
6724:
6719:
6718:
6717:
6703:
6702:
6701:
6696:
6682:
6677:
6676:
6675:
6661:
6660:
6659:
6647:
6646:
6645:
6632:
6631:
6630:
6618:
6617:
6616:
6611:
6596:
6595:
6594:
6582:
6577:
6572:
6567:
6566:
6565:
6560:
6552:
6547:
6532:
6527:
6526:
6525:
6520:
6508:
6503:
6502:
6501:
6493:
6478:
6477:
6476:
6463:
6458:
6453:
6448:
6443:
6436:
6431:
6426:
6425:
6424:
6411:
6410:
6409:
6396:
6395:
6394:
6381:
6376:
6371:
6366:
6365:
6364:
6351:
6350:
6349:
6336:
6331:
6326:
6325:
6324:
6319:
6307:
6302:
6297:
6292:
6287:
6282:
6277:
6271:
6269:
6259:
6258:
6256:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6244:
6243:
6238:
6226:
6221:
6220:
6219:
6207:
6206:
6205:
6200:
6195:
6190:
6178:
6173:
6171:Snæbjörn galti
6168:
6163:
6156:
6151:
6146:
6141:
6134:
6127:
6122:
6116:
6114:
6104:
6103:
6101:
6100:
6099:
6098:
6093:
6088:
6073:
6066:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6038:
6028:
6027:
6026:
6021:
6007:
6000:
5993:
5992:
5991:
5986:
5981:
5976:
5964:
5957:
5956:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5933:
5932:
5931:
5917:
5908:
5907:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5886:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5861:
5860:
5855:
5840:
5835:
5834:
5833:
5821:
5820:
5819:
5807:
5806:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5772:
5771:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5748:
5747:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5728:
5723:
5708:
5707:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5679:
5678:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5614:
5612:
5606:Farthest North
5602:
5601:
5599:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5570:
5569:
5557:
5556:
5549:
5548:
5541:
5534:
5526:
5517:
5516:
5514:
5513:
5508:
5506:Vladimir Wiese
5492:
5483:
5474:
5465:
5463:
5459:
5458:
5456:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5404:
5402:
5396:
5395:
5393:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5240:
5231:
5222:
5212:Pyotr Shirshov
5200:
5198:
5192:
5191:
5183:
5182:
5175:
5168:
5160:
5154:
5153:
5147:
5142:file from the
5126:
5108:
5107:External links
5105:
5104:
5103:
5085:
5082:on 2008-10-04.
5072:
5059:
5050:
5049:
4997:
4981:
4961:
4947:
4922:
4907:
4886:
4868:
4845:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4838:
4837:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4793:
4792:
4776:
4773:
4770:
4769:
4766:
4751:86.250; -7.867
4725:
4682:
4681:August 9, 2015
4679:
4678:April 11, 2015
4676:
4673:
4669:
4668:
4665:
4624:
4583:
4580:
4577:
4574:
4570:
4569:
4566:
4525:
4484:
4481:
4478:
4475:
4471:
4470:
4467:
4426:
4385:
4382:
4379:
4376:
4372:
4371:
4368:
4327:
4286:
4283:
4280:
4277:
4271:
4270:
4267:
4226:
4185:
4182:
4179:
4176:
4170:
4169:
4166:
4151:81.000; 31.300
4125:
4084:
4081:
4078:
4075:
4071:
4070:
4067:
4026:
3985:
3982:
3979:
3978:T.V. Petrovsky
3976:
3972:
3971:
3968:
3953:86.233; 95.900
3927:
3886:
3883:
3880:
3879:A.A. Visnevsky
3877:
3873:
3872:
3869:
3854:84.683; -3.550
3828:
3787:
3784:
3783:April 25, 2003
3781:
3778:
3774:
3773:
3770:
3729:
3688:
3685:
3682:
3679:
3675:
3674:
3671:
3630:
3589:
3586:
3583:
3580:
3576:
3575:
3572:
3531:
3490:
3487:
3484:
3481:
3477:
3476:
3473:
3432:
3391:
3388:
3385:
3382:
3378:
3377:
3374:
3359:86.467; -9.033
3333:
3292:
3289:
3286:
3283:
3279:
3278:
3275:
3234:
3193:
3190:
3187:
3184:
3180:
3179:
3176:
3135:
3094:
3093:April 20, 1984
3091:
3088:
3085:
3081:
3080:
3077:
3062:86.050; 29.667
3036:
2995:
2992:
2989:
2986:
2982:
2981:
2978:
2937:
2896:
2893:
2890:
2887:
2883:
2882:
2879:
2864:86.167; -0.000
2838:
2797:
2794:
2791:
2788:
2784:
2783:
2780:
2739:
2698:
2695:
2694:April 30, 1972
2692:
2689:
2685:
2684:
2681:
2640:
2599:
2596:
2595:April 22, 1970
2593:
2590:
2586:
2585:
2582:
2567:83.133; 16.283
2541:
2500:
2499:April 16, 1973
2497:
2494:
2489:
2483:
2482:
2479:
2438:
2397:
2394:
2391:
2388:
2384:
2383:
2380:
2365:86.800; 25.333
2339:
2298:
2295:
2294:April 18, 1968
2292:
2289:
2285:
2284:
2281:
2240:
2199:
2198:March 22, 1972
2196:
2195:April 10, 1968
2193:
2190:
2186:
2185:
2182:
2141:
2100:
2099:March 25, 1968
2097:
2096:April 15, 1966
2094:
2091:
2087:
2086:
2083:
2042:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1988:
1987:
1984:
1943:
1902:
1901:April 20, 1967
1899:
1898:April 22, 1964
1896:
1893:
1889:
1888:
1885:
1844:
1803:
1802:April 25, 1965
1800:
1799:April 30, 1963
1797:
1794:
1790:
1789:
1786:
1745:
1704:
1703:April 20, 1963
1701:
1700:April 16, 1962
1698:
1695:
1691:
1690:
1687:
1672:88.533; 90.500
1646:
1605:
1604:April 29, 1964
1602:
1599:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1545:
1504:
1503:March 28, 1961
1501:
1500:April 26, 1960
1498:
1495:
1491:
1490:
1487:
1446:
1405:
1404:March 19, 1962
1402:
1401:April 27, 1959
1399:
1398:V.M. Rogachyov
1396:
1390:
1389:
1386:
1345:
1304:
1303:April 11, 1959
1301:
1300:April 23, 1957
1298:
1295:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1246:
1205:
1202:
1201:April 19, 1956
1199:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1147:
1106:
1103:
1102:April 12, 1957
1100:
1098:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1066:84.300; 63.333
1040:
999:
996:
995:April 21, 1955
993:
990:
986:
985:
982:
967:85.867; -0.000
941:
900:
899:April 19, 1957
897:
894:
892:E.I. Tolstikov
889:
885:
884:
881:
840:
799:
798:April 20, 1955
796:
793:
788:
784:
783:
780:
739:
698:
697:April 11, 1951
695:
692:
687:
681:
680:
677:
636:
595:
592:
589:
584:
578:
577:
574:
571:
568:
564:
563:
562:Distance (km)
560:
557:
554:
551:
541:
539:
536:
511:global warming
506:
503:
421:Central Arctic
367:Pyotr Shirshov
364:hydrobiologist
313:
310:
302:
301:
294:
252:marine biology
248:hydrochemistry
217:Severny polyus
206:Северный полюс
181:
178:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8700:
8689:
8686:
8684:
8681:
8679:
8676:
8674:
8671:
8669:
8666:
8664:
8661:
8659:
8656:
8654:
8651:
8650:
8648:
8625:
8622:
8620:
8617:
8615:
8612:
8608:
8605:
8603:
8600:
8599:
8598:
8597:
8593:
8589:
8586:
8585:
8584:
8583:
8579:
8577:
8574:
8572:
8569:
8567:
8564:
8562:
8559:
8557:
8554:
8552:
8549:
8547:
8544:
8540:
8537:
8535:
8532:
8530:
8527:
8525:
8522:
8520:
8517:
8515:
8512:
8511:
8510:
8509:
8505:
8501:
8500:
8496:
8494:
8491:
8489:
8486:
8484:
8481:
8479:
8476:
8474:
8471:
8469:
8468:
8464:
8463:
8462:
8461:
8457:
8453:
8450:
8448:
8445:
8443:
8440:
8439:
8438:
8437:
8433:
8429:
8426:
8424:
8421:
8419:
8416:
8414:
8411:
8410:
8409:
8408:
8404:
8400:
8397:
8396:
8395:
8394:
8390:
8386:
8383:
8382:
8381:
8380:
8376:
8372:
8369:
8368:
8367:
8366:
8361:
8357:
8354:
8353:
8352:
8351:
8346:
8344:
8341:
8337:
8334:
8333:
8332:
8331:
8326:
8322:
8319:
8318:
8317:
8316:
8311:
8310:
8308:
8306:
8302:
8298:
8292:
8289:
8287:
8286:
8282:
8278:
8275:
8273:
8270:
8269:
8268:
8267:
8263:
8261:
8260:
8256:
8250:
8247:
8246:
8245:
8244:
8240:
8236:
8233:
8232:
8231:
8230:
8226:
8222:
8221:
8217:
8215:
8212:
8210:
8207:
8206:
8205:
8204:
8200:
8199:
8198:
8197:
8193:
8189:
8186:
8184:
8181:
8180:
8179:
8178:
8174:
8172:
8169:
8167:
8166:
8162:
8158:
8155:
8153:
8150:
8148:
8145:
8144:
8143:
8142:
8138:
8134:
8131:
8130:
8129:
8128:
8124:
8122:
8121:
8117:
8115:
8112:
8110:
8109:
8105:
8101:
8098:
8097:
8096:
8095:
8091:
8087:
8084:
8083:
8082:
8081:
8077:
8073:
8070:
8069:
8068:
8067:
8063:
8061:
8060:
8056:
8054:
8051:
8049:
8046:
8045:
8043:
8041:
8037:
8033:
8029:
8021:
8020:
8016:
8015:
8014:
8013:
8009:
8005:
8002:
8001:
8000:
7999:
7995:
7993:
7992:
7991:
7986:
7982:
7979:
7977:
7974:
7972:
7971:
7967:
7966:
7965:
7964:
7960:
7958:
7957:
7953:
7949:
7946:
7944:
7943:
7938:
7937:
7936:
7935:
7931:
7929:
7926:
7922:
7919:
7917:
7914:
7912:
7909:
7907:
7904:
7902:
7899:
7897:
7896:
7892:
7891:
7890:
7889:
7885:
7881:
7880:
7876:
7874:
7873:
7869:
7867:
7864:
7862:
7861:
7857:
7856:
7855:
7854:
7850:
7846:
7843:
7842:
7841:
7840:
7836:
7832:
7829:
7827:
7826:
7822:
7821:
7820:
7819:
7815:
7811:
7810:
7806:
7805:
7804:
7803:
7799:
7797:
7796:
7792:
7788:
7787:
7783:
7781:
7778:
7777:
7776:
7775:
7771:
7767:
7764:
7762:
7759:
7757:
7756:
7752:
7751:
7750:
7749:
7745:
7741:
7738:
7736:
7735:
7731:
7730:
7729:
7728:
7724:
7720:
7719:Discovery Hut
7717:
7715:
7714:
7710:
7709:
7708:
7707:
7703:
7699:
7696:
7694:
7693:
7689:
7688:
7687:
7686:
7682:
7678:
7675:
7673:
7670:
7668:
7665:
7663:
7660:
7658:
7655:
7653:
7650:
7648:
7645:
7643:
7642:
7638:
7637:
7636:
7635:
7631:
7630:
7628:
7623:
7616:
7608:
7605:
7604:
7603:
7602:
7598:
7594:
7591:
7589:
7586:
7584:
7583:
7578:
7577:
7576:
7575:
7571:
7569:
7566:
7561:
7557:
7556:
7551:
7548:
7545:
7543:
7539:
7538:
7533:
7532:
7531:
7530:
7526:
7522:
7519:
7518:
7517:
7516:
7511:
7507:
7504:
7502:
7501:
7496:
7495:
7494:
7493:
7489:
7485:
7482:
7481:
7480:
7479:
7475:
7473:
7470:
7468:
7465:
7463:
7460:
7458:
7455:
7453:
7450:
7446:
7443:
7442:
7441:
7440:
7436:
7432:
7429:
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7422:
7420:
7419:
7415:
7413:
7410:
7406:
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7401:
7400:
7395:
7391:
7388:
7387:
7386:
7385:
7380:
7378:
7375:
7373:
7370:
7368:
7365:
7364:
7362:
7360:
7356:
7350:
7347:
7345:
7342:
7340:
7337:
7336:
7333:
7329:
7325:
7320:
7316:
7300:
7297:
7295:
7291:
7289:
7288:
7284:
7283:
7282:
7279:
7277:
7274:
7272:
7271:
7267:
7265:
7264:
7260:
7256:
7253:
7252:
7251:
7250:
7249:A. Sibiryakov
7246:
7242:
7239:
7238:
7237:
7236:
7232:
7228:
7225:
7224:
7223:
7222:
7221:Glavsevmorput
7218:
7214:
7211:
7210:
7209:
7208:
7204:
7202:
7199:
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7194:
7190:
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7180:
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7140:
7138:
7135:
7133:
7130:
7126:
7123:
7121:
7118:
7116:
7113:
7111:
7110:
7106:
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7099:
7095:
7092:
7090:
7087:
7086:
7085:
7084:
7080:
7078:
7075:
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7068:
7066:
7063:
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7058:
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7051:
7050:
7049:
7044:
7040:
7037:
7036:
7035:
7034:
7033:
7028:
7024:
7021:
7019:
7016:
7014:
7013:
7008:
7007:
7006:
7005:
7003:
6998:
6994:
6991:
6989:
6986:
6985:
6984:
6983:
6981:
6976:
6972:
6969:
6967:
6964:
6963:
6962:
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6957:
6955:
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6932:
6930:
6927:
6925:
6922:
6920:
6917:
6915:
6912:
6910:
6907:
6905:
6902:
6900:
6897:
6895:
6892:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6880:
6878:
6875:
6873:
6870:
6868:
6865:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6855:
6853:
6850:
6848:
6845:
6843:
6840:
6839:
6838:
6837:
6833:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6818:
6816:
6813:
6811:
6808:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6795:
6791:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6778:
6774:
6772:
6769:
6767:
6764:
6762:
6759:
6757:
6754:
6752:
6749:
6747:
6746:
6742:
6741:
6739:
6737:
6733:
6729:
6723:
6720:
6716:
6713:
6712:
6711:
6710:
6709:
6704:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
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6689:
6688:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6674:
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6669:
6668:
6667:
6662:
6658:
6655:
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6633:
6629:
6626:
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6615:
6612:
6610:
6609:
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6601:
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6551:
6548:
6546:
6545:
6540:
6539:
6538:
6537:
6533:
6531:
6528:
6524:
6523:J. Richardson
6521:
6519:
6516:
6515:
6514:
6513:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6500:
6499:
6494:
6492:
6491:
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6479:
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6427:
6423:
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6417:
6412:
6408:
6405:
6404:
6403:
6402:
6397:
6393:
6390:
6389:
6388:
6387:
6382:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6363:
6360:
6359:
6358:
6357:
6352:
6348:
6345:
6344:
6343:
6342:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6327:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6314:
6313:
6312:
6308:
6306:
6303:
6301:
6298:
6296:
6293:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6285:M. Corte-Real
6283:
6281:
6280:G. Corte-Real
6278:
6276:
6273:
6272:
6270:
6268:
6264:
6260:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6233:
6232:
6231:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6218:
6215:
6214:
6213:
6212:
6208:
6204:
6203:C. Richardson
6201:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6185:
6184:
6183:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6161:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6145:
6142:
6140:
6139:
6135:
6133:
6132:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6117:
6115:
6113:
6109:
6105:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6085:
6081:
6080:
6079:
6078:
6074:
6072:
6071:
6067:
6065:
6064:
6063:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6044:
6039:
6037:
6036:
6035:
6029:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6016:
6015:
6014:
6013:
6012:Georgiy Sedov
6008:
6006:
6005:
6001:
5999:
5998:
5994:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5971:
5970:
5969:
5965:
5963:
5962:
5958:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5940:
5939:
5938:
5934:
5930:
5927:
5926:
5925:
5924:
5923:
5918:
5916:
5915:
5914:
5909:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5899:Riiser-Larsen
5897:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5881:
5880:
5879:
5878:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5850:
5849:
5848:
5847:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5832:
5829:
5828:
5827:
5826:
5822:
5818:
5815:
5814:
5813:
5812:
5808:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5788:
5784:
5783:
5782:
5781:
5779:
5773:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5755:
5754:
5753:
5749:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5734:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5721:
5716:
5715:
5714:
5713:
5709:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5694:
5690:
5689:
5688:
5687:
5685:
5680:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5652:
5651:
5650:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5615:
5613:
5611:
5607:
5603:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5578:
5575:
5571:
5567:
5562:
5558:
5554:
5547:
5542:
5540:
5535:
5533:
5528:
5527:
5524:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5503:
5499:
5498:
5493:
5491:
5490:Mark Shevelev
5487:
5484:
5482:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5472:
5467:
5466:
5464:
5460:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5405:
5403:
5401:
5397:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5248:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5229:Mikhail Somov
5226:
5223:
5221:
5220:Ernst Krenkel
5217:
5213:
5209:
5205:
5202:
5201:
5199:
5197:
5193:
5189:
5181:
5176:
5174:
5169:
5167:
5162:
5161:
5158:
5151:
5148:
5145:
5141:
5137:
5133:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5121:
5117:
5114:
5111:
5110:
5101:
5097:
5093:
5092:
5086:
5081:
5077:
5073:
5070:
5066:
5060:
5057:
5054:
5053:
5038:
5031:
5026:
5015:
5008:
5001:
4994:
4990:
4985:
4978:
4975:
4970:
4968:
4966:
4959:
4954:
4952:
4945:
4941:
4937:
4934:
4929:
4927:
4920:
4916:
4911:
4903:
4897:
4889:
4887:1-55750-119-X
4883:
4879:
4872:
4856:
4850:
4846:
4836:
4835:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4794:
4790:
4779:
4767:
4763:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4683:
4680:
4677:
4674:
4671:
4670:
4666:
4662:
4625:
4621:
4584:
4581:
4578:
4575:
4573:North Pole-40
4572:
4571:
4567:
4563:
4526:
4522:
4485:
4482:
4479:
4476:
4474:North Pole-39
4473:
4472:
4468:
4464:
4427:
4423:
4386:
4383:
4380:
4377:
4375:North Pole-38
4374:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4328:
4324:
4287:
4284:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4275:North Pole-37
4273:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4227:
4223:
4186:
4183:
4180:
4178:Yuri Katrayev
4177:
4175:
4174:North Pole-36
4172:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4126:
4122:
4085:
4083:July 22, 2008
4082:
4079:
4076:
4074:North Pole-35
4073:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4052:87.433; 7.650
4027:
4023:
3986:
3983:
3980:
3977:
3975:North Pole-34
3974:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3928:
3924:
3887:
3884:
3881:
3878:
3876:North Pole-33
3875:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3829:
3825:
3788:
3786:March 6, 2004
3785:
3782:
3780:V.S. Koshelev
3779:
3777:North Pole-32
3776:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3730:
3726:
3689:
3687:July 25, 1991
3686:
3683:
3680:
3678:North Pole-31
3677:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3631:
3627:
3590:
3588:April 4, 1991
3587:
3584:
3581:
3579:North Pole-30
3578:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3532:
3528:
3491:
3488:
3486:June 10, 1987
3485:
3482:
3480:North Pole-29
3479:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3458:79.667; 3.150
3433:
3429:
3392:
3389:
3386:
3383:
3381:North Pole-28
3380:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3334:
3330:
3293:
3290:
3287:
3284:
3282:North Pole-27
3281:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3235:
3231:
3194:
3192:April 9, 1986
3191:
3188:
3185:
3183:North Pole-26
3182:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3136:
3132:
3095:
3092:
3089:
3086:
3084:North Pole-25
3083:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3037:
3033:
2996:
2993:
2991:June 23, 1978
2990:
2987:
2985:North Pole-24
2984:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2938:
2934:
2897:
2894:
2891:
2888:
2886:North Pole-23
2885:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2839:
2835:
2798:
2796:April 8, 1982
2795:
2792:
2789:
2787:North Pole-22
2786:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2740:
2736:
2699:
2696:
2693:
2690:
2688:North Pole-21
2687:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2641:
2637:
2600:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2589:North Pole-20
2588:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2542:
2538:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2487:North Pole-19
2485:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2439:
2435:
2398:
2395:
2392:
2389:
2387:North Pole-18
2386:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2340:
2336:
2299:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2288:North Pole-17
2287:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2241:
2237:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2189:North Pole-16
2188:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2142:
2138:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2090:North Pole-15
2089:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2043:
2039:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1991:North Pole-14
1990:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1969:87.917; 3.533
1944:
1940:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1895:A.Ya. Buzuyev
1894:
1892:North Pole-13
1891:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1845:
1841:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1796:L.N. Belyakov
1795:
1793:North Pole-12
1792:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1746:
1742:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1697:N.N. Bryazgin
1696:
1694:North Pole-11
1693:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1647:
1643:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1598:N.A. Kornilov
1597:
1594:North Pole-10
1592:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1546:
1542:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1447:
1443:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1346:
1342:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1272:82.100; 3.933
1247:
1243:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1148:
1144:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1041:
1037:
1000:
997:
994:
991:
988:
987:
983:
979:
942:
938:
901:
898:
896:April 8, 1954
895:
893:
890:
887:
886:
882:
878:
841:
837:
800:
797:
795:April 4, 1954
794:
792:
789:
786:
785:
781:
777:
740:
736:
699:
696:
694:April 2, 1950
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
682:
678:
674:
637:
633:
596:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
579:
575:
572:
569:
566:
565:
550:Station name
548:
538:Past stations
535:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
502:
500:
496:
493:
489:
486:
485:
480:
476:
470:
431:
427:
424:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
393:
391:
390:North Pole-19
385:
383:
379:
378:Ernst Krenkel
376:
372:
368:
365:
361:
357:
353:
352:
348:
344:
340:
335:
333:
329:
328:
323:
319:
309:
307:
299:
295:
292:
288:
287:
286:
283:
281:
280:Greenland Sea
277:
271:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
218:
212:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
177:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
158:United States
155:
151:
148:. During the
147:
143:
134:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
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71: –
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65:Find sources:
59:
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43:This article
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8594:
8582:Pole of Cold
8580:
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7825:Pourquoi-Pas
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7795:Orcadas Base
7793:
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7766:C. A. Larsen
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7698:Borchgrevink
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7607:C. A. Larsen
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6544:Investigator
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6340:
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6176:Erik the Red
6158:
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6086:submersibles
6083:
6077:Arktika 2007
6075:
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5831:S. A. Andrée
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5719:
5710:
5692:
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5681:
5647:
5496:
5481:Otto Schmidt
5470:
5208:Ivan Papanin
5196:Soviet Union
5140:Google Earth
5099:
5096:the original
5090:
5080:the original
5062:(in Russian)
5041:. Retrieved
5036:
5024:
5017:. Retrieved
5013:
5000:
4984:
4910:
4877:
4871:
4859:. Retrieved
4849:
4832:
4684:
4582:June 7, 2013
4285:May 31, 2010
3984:May 25, 2006
3681:V.S. Sidorov
3582:V.M. Piguzov
3387:May 21, 1986
3291:May 20, 1987
3288:June 2, 1984
3189:May 21, 1983
3186:V.S. Sidorov
3090:May 16, 1981
3087:V.S. Sidorov
2889:V.M. Piguzov
2697:May 17, 1974
2598:May 17, 1972
1494:North Pole-9
1394:North Pole-8
1294:North Pole-7
1195:North Pole-6
989:North Pole-5
888:North Pole-4
787:North Pole-3
685:North Pole-2
591:May 21, 1937
587:I.D. Papanin
582:North Pole-1
556:Drift dates
508:
494:
482:
479:Arktika 2007
432:
428:
425:
394:
386:
382:Ivan Papanin
355:
349:
347:ice breakers
343:Otto Schmidt
336:
332:Soviet Union
325:
315:
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284:
278:reaches the
272:
228:North Pole-1
197:
183:
162:Arctic Ocean
154:Soviet Union
141:
139:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
8285:Lake Vostok
8235:Tryoshnikov
8157:Schlossbach
8048:Christensen
7990:James Caird
7911:E. R. Evans
7677:Dobrowolski
7647:de Gerlache
7349:Expeditions
7235:Aviaarktika
7189:Samoylovich
7060:Kolomeitsev
6954:Middendorff
6914:Gedenshtrom
6334:I. Fyodorov
6096:Chilingarov
5984:E. Fyodorov
5591:Expeditions
5495:Icebreaker
5486:Aviaarktika
5469:Icebreaker
5186:North Pole
4977:Fontanka.ru
4749: /
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992:N.A. Volkov
965: /
924: /
864: /
823: /
763: /
722: /
660: /
619: /
505:Replacement
456: /
405:hydrosphere
262:launches.
236:meteorology
190:exploration
8688:North Pole
8647:Categories
8508:Terra Nova
8413:Shackleton
8356:J. C. Ross
8315:Resolution
8305:South Pole
8080:New Swabia
8004:Mackintosh
7976:Shackleton
7895:Terra Nova
7888:Terra Nova
7622:Heroic Age
7582:Challenger
7542:J. C. Ross
7452:Bransfield
7384:Resolution
7299:icebreaker
7263:Chelyuskin
7004:expedition
6982:Expedition
6924:Matyushkin
6882:Kh. Laptev
6877:Chelyuskin
6771:Heemskerck
6761:Chancellor
6756:Willoughby
6751:Koch boats
6694:Stefansson
6628:McClintock
6592:Inglefield
6434:J. C. Ross
6341:Resolution
6193:Cunningham
6091:Sagalevich
5780:expedition
5739:Stephenson
5699:C. F. Hall
5686:expedition
5660:J. C. Ross
5623:Heemskerck
5610:North Pole
5043:2008-07-12
5019:2008-07-12
4993:Kommersant
4841:References
4755: (
4713: (
4654: (
4613: (
4555: (
4514: (
4456: (
4415: (
4357: (
4316: (
4256: (
4215: (
4155: (
4114: (
4056: (
4015: (
3957: (
3916: (
3858: (
3817: (
3759: (
3718: (
3660: (
3619: (
3561: (
3520: (
3483:V.V. Lukin
3462: (
3421: (
3363: (
3322: (
3264: (
3223: (
3165: (
3124: (
3066: (
3025: (
2988:I.K. Popov
2967: (
2926: (
2868: (
2827: (
2790:V.G. Moroz
2769: (
2728: (
2670: (
2629: (
2571: (
2530: (
2468: (
2427: (
2369: (
2328: (
2270: (
2229: (
2171: (
2130: (
2093:V.V. Panov
2072: (
2031: (
1973: (
1932: (
1874: (
1833: (
1775: (
1734: (
1676: (
1635: (
1575: (
1534: (
1476: (
1435: (
1375: (
1334: (
1276: (
1235: (
1177: (
1136: (
1070: (
1029: (
971: (
930: (
870: (
829: (
769: (
728: (
690:M.M. Somov
666: (
625: (
531:icebreaker
462: (
409:atmosphere
388:floe with
339:North Pole
268:ionosphere
244:geophysics
232:oceanology
80:newspapers
8607:Tolstikov
8393:Discovery
8363:HMS
8348:HMS
8330:Adventure
8328:HMS
8313:HMS
8249:Tolstikov
7970:Endurance
7755:Antarctic
7740:Drygalski
7713:Discovery
7706:Discovery
7667:Arctowski
7580:HMS
7553:HMS
7547:Abernethy
7535:HMS
7513:USS
7500:Vincennes
7498:USS
7478:Astrolabe
7418:San Telmo
7399:Adventure
7397:HMS
7382:HMS
7377:Kerguelen
7339:Continent
7324:Antarctic
7201:Urvantsev
7159:Vilkitsky
7012:Jeannette
7010:USS
7002:Jeannette
6966:Weyprecht
6944:Pakhtusov
6894:Chichagov
6887:D. Laptev
6830:Permyakov
6805:Stadukhin
6800:Perfilyev
6777:Mangazeya
6715:H. Larsen
6680:Rasmussen
6635:HMS
6606:USS
6555:HMS
6542:HMS
6506:Collinson
6496:HMS
6488:HMS
6466:HMS
6414:HMS
6399:HMS
6384:HMS
6369:Mackenzie
6356:Discovery
6354:HMS
6339:HMS
6311:Discovery
6290:Frobisher
6253:Rasmussen
6166:Gunnbjörn
6112:Greenland
6041:USS
6032:USS
5904:Ellsworth
5846:Roosevelt
5776:Nansen's
5733:Discovery
5731:HMS
5718:HMS
5665:Abernethy
5633:Marmaduke
4896:cite book
4861:April 30,
3795:87°52.5′N
3542:56°34.3′W
3539:84°42.8′N
3498:80°22.8′N
1089:Weddell 1
318:drift ice
211:romanized
170:espionage
110:July 2008
8619:A. Fuchs
8576:V. Fuchs
8556:McKinley
8519:E. Evans
8478:Bjaaland
8473:Amundsen
8423:Marshall
8336:Furneaux
8188:V. Fuchs
8152:E. Ronne
8147:F. Ronne
8086:Ritscher
7940:SY
7928:Filchner
7872:Framheim
7866:Amundsen
7672:Racoviță
7657:Amundsen
7652:Lecointe
7521:Ringgold
7515:Porpoise
7405:Furneaux
7241:Shevelev
7196:Begichev
7175:Amundsen
7137:Nagórski
7115:Brusilov
7109:Sv. Anna
7023:Melville
6993:Palander
6949:Tsivolko
6909:Sannikov
6904:Billings
6847:Chirikov
6766:Barentsz
6708:St. Roch
6699:Bartlett
6673:Amundsen
6657:Sverdrup
6557:Resolute
6446:Franklin
6374:Kotzebue
6241:Sverdrup
6224:Scoresby
6198:Lindenov
6049:Plaisted
6034:Nautilus
5979:Shirshov
5953:Belyakov
5948:Baydukov
5922:Nautilus
5884:Amundsen
5844:SS
5803:Sverdrup
5798:Johansen
5768:Brainard
5763:Lockwood
5618:Barentsz
5462:See also
5132:Archived
5116:Archived
4936:Archived
4775:See also
4635:130°25′W
4594:142°53′W
4495:148°49′W
4437:154°18′W
4396:176°32′W
4338:140°40′W
4297:164°35′W
4196:144°56′E
4095:103°54′E
3996:115°19′E
3897:156°31′E
3798:148°03′E
3740:161°04′W
3699:153°10′W
3641:126°26′W
3600:171°24′W
3501:112°59′E
3402:168°29′E
3303:160°30′E
3245:170°31′W
3204:174°46′E
3146:122°15′W
3105:168°35′E
3006:163°00′E
2907:178°25′W
2808:168°31′W
2750:143°35′E
2709:178°15′E
2651:166°47′W
2610:175°22′E
2511:160°13′E
2449:153°51′E
2408:165°02′W
2309:165°26′E
2210:172°00′W
2111:168°08′E
2053:154°49′E
2012:175°25′W
1913:161°19′W
1855:145°47′W
1814:165°34′W
1756:139°34′W
1715:165°58′W
1616:177°10′E
1515:163°00′E
1457:132°30′W
1416:164°24′W
1315:164°11′W
1216:177°04′W
1010:156°51′E
911:178°25′W
810:175°00′W
750:163°48′W
709:166°36′W
497:, using
443:103°30′E
417:cyclones
375:radioman
308:(AARI).
291:pack ice
276:ice floe
264:Magnetic
240:aerology
180:Overview
156:and the
150:Cold War
146:ice floe
8683:Sea ice
8624:Messner
8571:Hillary
8551:Balchen
8499:Polheim
8493:Wisting
8371:Crozier
8343:Weddell
8321:J. Cook
8291:Kapitsa
8272:Fiennes
8214:Klenova
8183:Hillary
8133:Ketchum
8059:BANZARE
8034:·
7879:Polheim
7845:Shirase
7831:Charcot
7641:Belgica
7560:Crozier
7472:Morrell
7467:Weddell
7445:Lazarev
7390:J. Cook
7344:History
7294:Arktika
7270:Krassin
7255:Voronin
7227:Schmidt
7213:Ushakov
7152:Vaygach
7120:Albanov
7089:Rusanov
7070:Kolchak
7065:Matisen
7039:Makarov
7018:De Long
6919:Wrangel
6899:Lyakhov
6852:Malygin
6810:Dezhnev
6637:Pandora
6608:Advance
6575:Kennedy
6570:Belcher
6563:Kellett
6550:McClure
6474:Beechey
6468:Blossom
6461:Simpson
6429:Crozier
6422:Hoppner
6379:J. Ross
6347:J. Cook
6295:Gilbert
6188:J. Hall
6154:Ingólfr
6144:Naddodd
6138:Vikings
6125:Brendan
6120:Pytheas
6108:Iceland
6062:Arktika
6054:Herbert
6019:Badygin
5989:Krenkel
5974:Papanin
5943:Chkalov
5929:Wilkins
5894:Wisting
5838:F. Cook
5744:Markham
5704:Bessels
5693:Polaris
5684:Polaris
5655:J. Ross
5638:Carolus
5586:History
5453:NP-2015
5067:at the
4942:by the
4736:07°52′W
4733:86°15′N
4694:17°08′W
4691:89°34′N
4632:82°25′N
4591:85°21′N
4536:96°44′W
4533:83°57′N
4492:84°10′N
4434:83°53′N
4393:76°07′N
4335:80°04′N
4294:81°28′N
4237:26°41′W
4234:85°53′N
4193:82°32′N
4136:31°18′E
4133:81°00′N
4092:81°30′N
4037:07°39′E
4034:87°26′N
3993:85°39′N
3938:95°54′E
3935:86°14′N
3894:85°05′N
3839:03°33′W
3836:84°41′N
3737:73°33′N
3696:76°35′N
3638:82°31′N
3597:74°18′N
3443:03°09′E
3440:79°40′N
3399:80°40′N
3344:09°02′W
3341:86°28′N
3300:78°31′N
3242:82°46′N
3201:78°30′N
3143:85°50′N
3102:75°01′N
3047:29°40′E
3044:86°03′N
3003:76°45′N
2948:22°31′W
2945:87°40′N
2904:73°51′N
2881:17,069
2849:00°00′W
2846:86°10′N
2805:76°16′N
2747:86°16′N
2706:74°06′N
2648:81°44′N
2607:75°56′N
2552:16°17′E
2549:83°08′N
2508:74°54′N
2446:86°06′N
2405:75°10′N
2350:25°20′E
2347:86°48′N
2306:80°30′N
2251:85°27′W
2248:86°00′N
2207:75°31′N
2152:10°30′W
2149:85°45′N
2108:78°49′N
2050:76°59′N
2009:72°42′N
1954:03°32′E
1951:87°55′N
1910:73°55′N
1852:81°06′N
1811:76°50′N
1753:81°10′N
1712:77°10′N
1657:90°30′E
1654:88°32′N
1613:75°27′N
1556:76°00′W
1553:86°36′N
1512:77°23′N
1454:83°15′N
1413:76°11′N
1356:33°03′W
1353:85°14′N
1312:82°06′N
1257:03°56′E
1254:82°06′N
1213:74°24′N
1158:52°25′W
1155:65°38′S
1117:49°45′W
1114:71°36′S
1051:63°20′E
1048:84°18′N
1007:82°10′N
952:00°00′W
949:85°52′N
908:75°48′N
851:24°00′W
848:86°00′N
807:85°58′N
747:81°44′N
706:76°03′N
647:19°16′W
644:70°40′N
606:78°40′W
603:89°25′N
576:Finish
495:Rossiya
440:81°26′N
312:History
298:glacier
213::
202:Russian
192:of the
94:scholar
8534:Bowers
8529:Wilson
8488:Hassel
8483:Helmer
8452:Mackay
8442:Mawson
8407:Nimrod
8365:Terror
8350:Erebus
8277:Burton
8072:Rymill
7948:Mawson
7942:Aurora
7921:Lashly
7906:Wilson
7809:Nimrod
7786:Scotia
7593:Murray
7568:Cooper
7555:Terror
7537:Erebus
7506:Wilkes
7457:Palmer
7425:Vostok
7372:Bouvet
7296:-class
7276:Gakkel
7144:Taymyr
7125:Konrad
7094:Kuchin
7032:Yermak
6939:Lavrov
6857:Ovtsyn
6842:Bering
6820:Ivanov
6783:Hudson
6745:Pomors
6722:Cowper
6687:Karluk
6586:Isabel
6580:Bellot
6530:Austin
6498:Terror
6490:Erebus
6386:Griper
6362:Clerke
6322:Baffin
6305:Hudson
6236:Nansen
6149:Garðar
6070:Barneo
5937:ANT-25
5913:Italia
5889:Nobile
5858:Henson
5817:Amedeo
5793:Nansen
5758:Greely
5628:Hudson
5566:Arctic
5511:Barneo
5471:Yermak
5400:Russia
4884:
4812:Barneo
4667:1,736
4568:1,885
4469:3,024
4370:2,076
4269:2,905
4168:3,614
4069:2,032
3970:3,156
3871:2,418
3772:5,475
3673:7,675
3574:2,686
3475:7,634
3376:5,655
3277:5,380
3178:5,754
3079:5,652
2980:5,786
2782:3,605
2683:3,780
2584:6,705
2481:5,240
2382:1,750
2283:5,850
2184:2,330
2085:1,040
1986:3,545
1887:1,595
1788:2,400
1689:3,960
1588:2,660
1489:6,090
1388:3,520
1289:8,650
1083:3,630
984:6,970
883:1,865
782:2,600
679:2,850
573:Start
570:Ended
567:Began
356:Murman
351:Taimyr
194:Arctic
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
8614:Crary
8561:Dufek
8524:Oates
8514:Scott
8447:David
8428:Adams
8399:Barne
8220:Mirny
8209:Somov
8019:Quest
7916:Crean
7901:Scott
7780:Bruce
7734:Gauss
7727:Gauss
7601:Jason
7588:Nares
7462:Davis
7439:Mirny
7412:Smith
7367:Roché
7287:Lenin
7207:Sadko
7132:Wiese
7077:Sedov
7048:Zarya
6971:Payer
6934:Litke
6929:Anjou
6862:Minin
6825:Vagin
6815:Popov
6788:Poole
6643:Young
6456:Dease
6401:Hecla
6392:Parry
6317:Bylot
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