146:
31:
162:
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collect weather data in remote and inhospitable locations. By 1940, the NBS radiosonde system included a pressure drive, which measured temperature and humidity as functions of pressure. It also gathered data on cloud thickness and light intensity in the atmosphere. Due to this and other improvements in cost (about $ 25), weight (> 1 kilogram), and accuracy, hundreds of thousands of NBS-style radiosondes were produced nationwide for research purposes, and the apparatus was officially adopted by the U.S. Weather Bureau.
1265:
364:. The maximum altitude to which the balloon ascends is determined by the diameter and thickness of the balloon. Balloon sizes can range from 100 to 3,000 g (3.5 to 105.8 oz). As the balloon ascends through the atmosphere, the pressure decreases, causing the balloon to expand. Eventually, the balloon will expand to the extent that its skin will break, terminating the ascent. An 800 g (28 oz) balloon will burst at about 21 km (13 mi). After bursting, a small
170:
154:
1653:
1910:
1920:
538:
Africa have experienced severe (57%) and moderate (25%) radiosonde data gap. This dire situation has prompted call for urgent need to fill the data gap in Africa and globally. The vast data gap in such a large part the global landmass, home to some of the most vulnerable societies, the aforementioned call has galvanised a global effort to “plug the data gap” in the decade ahead and halt a further deterioration in the observation networks.
39:
274:. In 1937, Diamond, along with his associates Francis Dunmore and Wilbur Hinmann, Jr., created a radiosonde that employed audio-frequency subcarrier modulation with the help of a resistance-capacity relaxation oscillator. In addition, this NBS radiosonde was capable of measuring temperature and humidity at higher altitudes than conventional radiosondes at the time due to the use of electric sensors.
181:, a recording device measuring pressure and temperature that would be recovered after the experiment. This proved difficult because the kites were linked to the ground and were very difficult to manoeuvre in gusty conditions. Furthermore, the sounding was limited to low altitudes because of the link to the ground.
407:
Radiosondes weather balloons have conventionally been used as means of measuring atmospheric profiles of humidity, temperature, pressure, wind speed and direction. High-quality, spatially and temporally “continuous” data from upper-air monitoring along with surface observations are critical bases for
323:
by satellites, aircraft and ground sensors is an increasing source of atmospheric data, none of these systems can match the vertical resolution (30 m (98 ft) or less) and altitude coverage (30 km (19 mi)) of radiosonde observations, so they remain essential to modern meteorology.
537:
which stated that "the situation in Africa shows a dramatic decrease of almost 50% from 2015 to 2020 in the number of radiosonde flights, the most important type of surface-based observations. Reporting now has poorer geographical coverage". Over the last two decades, some 82% of the countries in
622:
In order to improve harmonisation in spectrum utilisation, the majority of service-allocations stipulated in this document were incorporated in national Tables of
Frequency Allocations and Utilisations which is with-in the responsibility of the appropriate national administration. The allocation
520:
Radiosonde data is a crucially important component of numerical weather prediction. Because a sonde may drift several hundred kilometers during the 90- to 120-minute flight, there may be concern that this could introduce problems into the model initialization. However, this appears not to be so
327:
Although hundreds of radiosondes are launched worldwide each day year-round, fatalities attributed to radiosondes are rare. The first known example was the electrocution of a lineman in the United States who was attempting to free a radiosonde from high-tension power lines in 1943. In 1970, an
277:
In 1938, Diamond developed the first ground receiver for the radiosonde, which prompted the first service use of the NBS radiosondes in the Navy. Then in 1939, Diamond and his colleagues developed a ground-based radiosonde called the “remote weather station,” which allowed them to automatically
532:
Lamentably, in less developed parts of the globe such as Africa, which has high vulnerability to impacts of extreme weather events and climate change, there is paucity of surface- and upper-air observations. The alarming state of the issue was highlighted in 2020 by the
368:
on the radiosonde's support line may slow its descent to Earth, while some rely on the aerodynamic drag of the shredded remains of the balloon, and the very light weight of the package itself. A typical radiosonde flight lasts 60 to 90 minutes. One radiosonde from
408:
understanding weather conditions and climate trends and providing weather and climate information for the welfare of societies. Reliable and timely information underpin society’s preparedness to extreme weather conditions and to changing climate patterns.
254:
in an anti-coincidence circuit to avoid counting secondary ray showers. This became an important technique in the field, and Vernov flew his radiosondes on land and sea over the next few years, measuring the radiation's latitude dependence caused by the
411:
Worldwide, there are about 1,300 radiosonde launch sites. Most countries share data with the rest of the world through international agreements. Nearly all routine radiosonde launches occur one hour before the official observation times of 0000
226:
did the first primitive experiments with weather measurements from balloon, making use of the temperature dependence of radio circuits. The first true radiosonde that sent precise encoded telemetry from weather sensors was invented in France by
202:
the first regular daily use of these balloons. Data from these launches showed that the temperature lowered with height up to a certain altitude, which varied with the season, and then stabilized above this altitude. De Bort's discovery of the
249:
Working with a modified
Molchanov sonde, Sergey Vernov was the first to use radiosondes to perform cosmic ray readings at high altitude. On April 1, 1935, he took measurements up to 13.6 km (8.5 mi) using a pair of
442:. A list of U.S. operated land based launch sites can be found in Appendix C, U.S. Land-based Rawinsonde Stations of the Federal Meteorological Handbook #3, titled Rawinsonde and Pibal Observations, dated May 1997.
281:
Diamond was given the
Washington Academy of Sciences Engineering Award in 1940 and the IRE Fellow Award (which was later renamed the Harry Diamond Memorial Award) in 1943 for his contributions to radio-meteorology.
437:
launches radiosondes twice daily from 92 stations, 69 in the conterminous United States, 13 in Alaska, nine in the
Pacific, and one in Puerto Rico. It also supports the operation of 10 radiosonde sites in the
1620:
1129:
129:("radar wind -sonde"). Most radiosondes have radar reflectors and are technically rawinsondes. A radiosonde that is dropped from an airplane and falls, rather than being carried by a balloon is called a
1650:
986:"The Invention and Development of the Radiosonde, with a Catalog of Upper-Atmospheric Telemetering Probes in the National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution"
270:, who had previously worked on radio navigation and invented a blind landing system for airplanes. The organization led by Diamond eventually (in 1992) became a part of the
1809:
380:, and gave only a wind estimation by the position. With the advent of radar by the Signal Corps it was possible to track a radar target carried by the balloons with the
46:
sonde, approx 220 Ă— 80 Ă—75 mm (8.7 Ă— 3.1 Ă— 3 in) (with grounding station in the background, used to perform a 'ground check' and also recondition the humidity sensor)
1137:
376:
The modern radiosonde communicates via radio with a computer that stores all the variables in real time. The first radiosondes were observed from the ground with a
395:
Sometimes radiosondes are deployed by being dropped from an aircraft instead of being carried aloft by a balloon. Radiosondes deployed in this way are called
2238:
242:
flew a radiosonde on
January 30, 1930. Molchanov's design became a popular standard because of its simplicity and because it converted sensor readings to
2248:
1508:
1167:
493:
Raw upper air data is routinely processed by supercomputers running numerical models. Forecasters often view the data in a graphical format, plotted on
1956:
1367:
1805:
1010:
Gillmor, Stewart (December 26, 1989). "Seventy Years of Radio
Science, Technology, Standards, and Measurement at the National Bureau of Standards".
835:
228:
1652:
1214:
Ding, Tong; Awange, Joseph L.; Scherllin-Pirscher, Barbara; Kuhn, Michael; Anyah, Richard; Zerihun, Ayalsew; Bui, Luyen K. (16 September 2022).
882:
2263:
915:
660:
1642:
985:
1813:
1188:
424:
1105:
289:
services during the 1930s and their increasing need for data motivated many nations to begin regular radiosonde observation programs
2258:
125:
or 1680 MHz. A radiosonde whose position is tracked as it ascends to give wind speed and direction information is called a
1949:
1391:
271:
238:. Bureau coined the name "radiosonde" and flew the first instrument on January 7, 1929. Developed independently a year later,
2218:
1605:
1550:
ITU Radio
Regulations, CHAPTER II – Frequencies, ARTICLE 5 Frequency allocations, Section IV – Table of Frequency Allocations
1089:
547:
1595:
1857:
743:
416:
and 1200 UTC to center the observation times during the roughly two-hour ascent. Radiosonde observations are important for
2223:
1853:
1216:"GNSS Radio Occultation Infilling of the African Radiosonde Data Gaps Reveals Drivers of Tropopause Climate Variability"
1343:
1327:
1615:
1610:
1590:
1942:
534:
223:
1447:"Confronting the boundary layer data gap: evaluating new and existing methodologies of probing the lower atmosphere"
637:
However, military usage, in bands where there is civil usage, will be in accordance with the ITU Radio
Regulations.
1171:
336:
suffered a loss of control after striking a radiosonde in flight resulting in the death of all 45 people on board.
66:
and transmits them by radio to a ground receiver. Modern radiosondes measure or calculate the following variables:
1829:
1797:
1635:
453:
RS41 radiosondes four times daily (an hour before 00, 06, 12, and 18 UTC) from 6 launch sites (south to north):
823:
2233:
1966:
1781:
1749:
1697:
1379:
2268:
177:
The first flights of aerological instruments were done in the second half of the 19th century with kites and
145:
1934:
1841:
1789:
1785:
99:
2243:
1913:
587:
470:
384:. Modern radiosondes can use a variety of mechanisms for determining wind speed and direction, such as a
1215:
30:
2253:
2228:
1825:
1793:
1777:
1761:
1689:
1628:
733:
569:
413:
17:
1445:
Bell, Tyler M.; Greene, Brian R.; Klein, Petra M.; Carney, Matthew; Chilson, Phillip B. (2020-07-16).
192:
1849:
1729:
894:
389:
256:
43:
1923:
1897:
831:
723:
434:
267:
263:
1282:
2107:
2047:
1821:
769:
927:
2087:
1877:
1769:
1569:
853:
494:
385:
1817:
1661:
1574:
1079:
563:
1185:
764:
2012:
1889:
1801:
1773:
1757:
1705:
1701:
1537:
ITU Radio
Regulations, Section IV. Radio Stations and Systems – Article 1.109, definition:
1458:
1417:
1227:
1019:
642:
498:
333:
63:
1525:
ITU Radio
Regulations, Section IV. Radio Stations and Systems – Article 1.50, definition:
1269:
1264:
8:
2057:
1737:
1733:
1725:
1685:
1297:
417:
361:
313:
286:
216:
161:
1462:
1421:
1268: This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the
1231:
1023:
188:
1873:
1745:
1721:
1713:
1494:
1253:
795:
191:, from France, were the first in 1892 to use a balloon to fly the meteograph. In 1898,
1061:
465:, (53.005, -1.25), central England; Castor Bay, (54.50, -6.34), near the SE corner of
2147:
2137:
2002:
1919:
1881:
1476:
1257:
1085:
923:
890:
728:
583:
178:
79:
1446:
212:
2187:
2132:
2037:
1765:
1466:
1425:
1243:
1235:
1057:
1027:
738:
627:
primary allocation: is indicated by writing in capital letters (see example below)
266:
to develop an official radiosonde for the Navy to use. The NBS gave the project to
233:
1600:
506:
2167:
2162:
2127:
2072:
1997:
1865:
1564:
1331:
1192:
950:
DuBois, Multhauf and Ziegler, "The Invention and Development of the Radiosonde",
595:
239:
211:
was announced in 1902 at the French Academy of Sciences. Other researchers, like
184:
118:
59:
1585:
1312:
633:
exclusive or shared utilization: is within the responsibility of administrations
165:
U.S. Bureau of Standards personnel launch radiosonde near Washington, DC in 1936
1885:
1681:
1677:
1157:"Linemen Cautioned About Disengaging Radiosonde," Electrical World, 15 May 1943
529:, which have precise control over their location and can compensate for drift.
510:
421:
370:
320:
251:
134:
91:
1368:
Did You Know? We’re testing new weather balloons: from Cornwall to Antarctica!
1248:
1048:
Clarke, E.T. (September 1941). "The radiosonde: The stratosphere laboratory".
572:
used for meteorological, including hydrological, observations and exploration.
2212:
2192:
2177:
2082:
1861:
1837:
1693:
1657:
1480:
1471:
526:
431:
381:
1964:
1527:
meteorological aids service / meteorological aids radiocommunication service
1347:
1324:
169:
153:
2182:
2172:
2062:
1845:
1753:
1741:
1717:
1709:
963:
Vernoff, S. "Radio-Transmission of Cosmic Ray Data from the Stratosphere",
774:
458:
297:
293:
208:
2152:
2142:
2122:
2112:
2077:
2022:
1893:
1406:"Impact of Balloon Drift Errors in Radiosonde Data on Climate Statistics"
1239:
748:
466:
75:
1404:
McGrath, Ray; Semmler, Tido; Sweeney, Conor; Wang, Shiyu (15 Jul 2006).
2157:
2102:
2097:
2067:
2042:
2032:
2007:
1977:
1430:
1405:
522:
514:
377:
373:, Philippines, reached an altitude of 155,092 ft (47,272 m).
329:
243:
204:
95:
87:
1509:"How plugging data gaps will transform our response to climate change"
1186:
Radiosonde Observations and Their Use in SPARC-Related Investigations.
1031:
2027:
1992:
1987:
1982:
839:
502:
439:
396:
365:
130:
107:
55:
392:. The weight of a radiosonde is typically 250 g (8.8 oz).
2197:
598:, kite or parachute, and which transmits meteorological data. Each
591:
525:
regions in the stratosphere. This issue may in future be solved by
482:
478:
454:
357:
103:
71:
67:
1081:
A Century of Excellence in Measurements, Standards, and Technology
38:
2017:
1106:"NBS radio meteorographs :: Historic Photographs Collection"
759:
509:, all useful for the interpretation of the atmosphere's vertical
474:
462:
450:
198:
1213:
1580:
353:
345:
309:
305:
246:, making it easy to use without special equipment or training.
2117:
2052:
1833:
753:
615:
The allocation of radio frequencies is provided according to
349:
301:
122:
111:
1810:
Satellite emergency position-indicating radiobeacon station
1130:"Harry Diamond Memorial Award - Past Recipients - IEEE-USA"
718:
219:, were working at the same times with similar instruments.
83:
1570:
WMO spreadsheet of all Upper Air stations around the world
824:"Frequently asked questions about NWS observation program"
137:
data, and hundreds are launched all over the world daily.
1403:
984:
DuBois, John; Multhauf, Robert; Ziegler, Charles (2002).
1495:"The gaps in the Global Basic Observing Network (GBON)"
446:
34:
Modern radiosondes showing progress of miniaturisation
1444:
983:
756:- a Japanese manufacturer of meteorological balloons
623:
might be primary, secondary, exclusive, and shared.
173:
US sailors launching a radiosonde during World War 2
58:
instrument carried into the atmosphere usually by a
630:
secondary allocation: is indicated by small letters
285:The expansion of economically important government
1591:NOAA National Weather Service Radiosonde Factsheet
1806:Emergency position-indicating radiobeacon station
802:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
488:
457:, (lat,lon)=(50.218, -5.327), SW tip of England;
2210:
1168:"1943-radiosonde-fatality.JPG (758x1280 pixels)"
793:
606:in which it operates permanently or temporarily.
157:Meteograph used by the US Weather Bureau in 1898
1565:Upper air data for the world - past and present
836:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
513:profile of temperature and moisture as well as
651:
556:meteorological aids radiocommunication service
402:
1950:
1636:
952:Smithsonian Studies in History and Technology
690:EARTH EXPLORATION-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space)
619:of the ITU Radio Regulations (edition 2012).
2239:Meteorological instrumentation and equipment
1967:meteorological equipment and instrumentation
1220:Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres
1209:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1012:Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union
541:
2249:Science and technology in the Soviet Union
1957:
1943:
1814:Standard frequency and time signal station
1643:
1629:
197:Observatoire de Météorologie Dynamique de
133:. Radiosondes are an essential source of
1470:
1429:
1247:
1198:
846:
692:METEOROLOGICAL-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space)
1586:Radiosonde Sounding System at webmet.com
652:
316:. The sondes were tracked for two days.
168:
160:
152:
144:
114:concentration are known as ozonesondes.
37:
29:
1308:
1306:
1009:
610:
222:In 1924, Colonel William Blaire in the
14:
2211:
1110:nistdigitalarchives.contentdm.oclc.org
1047:
946:
944:
818:
816:
673:401-402 MHz
2264:International Telecommunication Union
1938:
1624:
1577:Tephigrams and Skew-T log P diagrams.
1073:
1071:
1043:
1041:
887:Découvrir : Mesurer l’atmosphère
877:
875:
548:International Telecommunication Union
312:, each dropped a radiosonde into the
1344:"Federal Meteorological Handbook #3"
1303:
1077:
979:
977:
975:
973:
744:Global horizontal sounding technique
262:In 1936, the U.S. Navy assigned the
1656:
1616:Photo - Radiosonde, Transistor Type
1380:Protecting our observing capability
941:
860:. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. 2014
813:
794:Karin L. Gleason (March 20, 2008).
24:
1581:Radiosonde Museum of North America
1451:Atmospheric Measurement Techniques
1325:U.S. Land-based Rawinsode Stations
1068:
1038:
908:
872:
473:, (55.02, -1.88), NE England; and
25:
2280:
1558:
1050:Journal of the Franklin Institute
970:
920:La météo de A à Z > Définition
696:Mobile except aeronautical mobile
688:SPACE OPERATION (space-to-Earth)
535:World Meteorological Organisation
1918:
1909:
1908:
1651:
1263:
360:lifts the device up through the
1850:Instrument landing system (ILS)
1798:Radio direction-finding station
1660:and systems in accordance with
1543:
1531:
1519:
1501:
1487:
1438:
1397:
1385:
1373:
1361:
1336:
1318:
1291:
1276:
1178:
1160:
1151:
1122:
1098:
991:. Smithsonian Institution Press
461:(50.89, 0.318), near SE coast;
2259:Radio stations and systems ITU
1782:Radionavigation mobile station
1750:On-board communication station
1698:High altitude platform station
1288:. Retrieved February 19, 2017.
1003:
957:
858:Encyclopædia Britannica online
787:
489:Uses of upper air observations
264:U.S. Bureau of Standards (NBS)
149:Kites used to fly a meteograph
98:readings at high altitude and
27:Meteorological instrumentation
13:
1:
1611:Photo - Early Type Radiosonde
1392:Synoptic and climate stations
1062:10.1016/S0016-0032(41)90950-X
828:Upper-air observation program
780:
582:A radiosonde is an automatic
427:, and atmospheric research.
272:U.S. Army Research Laboratory
117:Radiosondes may operate at a
2219:Telecommunications equipment
1830:Ship's emergency transmitter
1790:Radiolocation mobile station
1786:Radionavigation land station
1575:Interpreting radiosonde data
658:
339:
7:
1283:WMO Global Observing System
832:US National Weather Service
712:
604:radiocommunication service
602:shall be classified by the
588:meteorological aids service
552:meteorological aids service
403:Routine radiosonde launches
352:balloon filled with either
10:
2285:
2224:Atmospheric thermodynamics
1826:Experimental radio station
1794:Radiolocation land station
1778:Radiodetermination station
1762:Aeronautical earth station
1346:. Ofcm.gov. Archived from
734:Atmospheric thermodynamics
574:Furthermore, according to
570:radiocommunication service
521:except perhaps locally in
517:of vertical wind profile.
140:
1973:
1904:
1730:Land mobile earth station
1668:
1596:Sergei Nikolaevich Vernov
1394:Retrieved 1 January 2023.
1382:Retrieved 1 January 2023.
1370:Retrieved 1 January 2023.
1315:Retrieved 1 January 2023.
1300:Retrieved 1 January 2023.
1084:. CRC Press. p. 42.
672:
110:). Radiosondes measuring
1898:Emergency locator beacon
1513:South China Morning Post
1472:10.5194/amt-13-3855-2020
1195:Retrieved on 2008-05-25.
724:Aerography (meteorology)
542:International regulation
435:National Weather Service
292:In 1985, as part of the
2048:Ice accretion indicator
1822:Radio astronomy station
770:Water-activated battery
193:LĂ©on Teisserenc de Bort
2088:Present weather sensor
1770:Aircraft earth station
1690:Survival craft station
1330:March 3, 2016, at the
1286:Upper-air observations
654:Allocation to services
608:
590:usually carried on an
495:thermodynamic diagrams
386:radio direction finder
257:Earth's magnetic field
174:
166:
158:
150:
64:atmospheric parameters
62:that measures various
47:
35:
2234:Measuring instruments
1662:ITU Radio Regulations
1191:June 7, 2007, at the
580:
564:ITU Radio Regulations
499:Skew-T log-P diagrams
469:in Northern Ireland;
172:
164:
156:
148:
100:geographical position
54:is a battery-powered
41:
33:
2269:Atmospheric sounding
2013:Dark adaptor goggles
1890:Multi-satellite link
1846:Radar beacon (racon)
1802:Radio beacon station
1774:Broadcasting station
1758:Aeronautical station
1706:Mobile earth station
1240:10.1029/2022JD036648
1078:Lide, David (2001).
643:frequency allocation
611:Frequency allocation
558:) is – according to
477:, (60.139, -1.183),
425:watches and warnings
334:Aeroflot Flight 1661
1738:Coast earth station
1726:Land mobile station
1678:Terrestrial station
1463:2020AMT....13.3855B
1422:2006JCli...19.3430M
1232:2022JGRD..12736648D
1174:on 8 February 2013.
1024:1989EOSTr..70.1571G
675:METEOROLOGICAL AIDS
418:weather forecasting
314:atmosphere of Venus
287:weather forecasting
217:William Henry Dines
2244:Russian inventions
2058:Lightning detector
1746:Ship earth station
1722:Base earth station
1714:Land earth station
1515:. 31 October 2021.
1431:10.1175/JCLI3804.1
1410:Journal of Climate
1249:20.500.11937/91903
566:(RR) – defined as
175:
167:
159:
151:
48:
36:
2254:Soviet inventions
2229:French inventions
2206:
2205:
2148:Thermo-hygrograph
2138:Sunshine recorder
2003:Ceiling projector
1932:
1931:
1882:Satellite network
1416:(14): 3430–3442.
1298:Weather Balloons!
1091:978-0-8493-1247-2
1032:10.1029/89EO00403
916:"Bureau (Robert)"
729:Atmospheric model
710:
709:
600:radio transmitter
584:radio transmitter
546:According to the
224:U.S. Signal Corps
195:organized at the
80:relative humidity
16:(Redirected from
2276:
2188:Whole sky camera
2133:Stevenson screen
2038:Heat flux sensor
1959:
1952:
1945:
1936:
1935:
1922:
1912:
1911:
1878:Satellite system
1766:Aircraft station
1673:
1655:
1645:
1638:
1631:
1622:
1621:
1552:
1547:
1541:
1535:
1529:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1474:
1457:(7): 3855–3872.
1442:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1401:
1395:
1389:
1383:
1377:
1371:
1365:
1359:
1358:
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1355:
1340:
1334:
1322:
1316:
1310:
1301:
1295:
1289:
1280:
1274:
1267:
1261:
1251:
1211:
1196:
1184:Dian J. Gaffen.
1182:
1176:
1175:
1170:. Archived from
1164:
1158:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1146:
1145:
1136:. Archived from
1126:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1116:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1075:
1066:
1065:
1045:
1036:
1035:
1007:
1001:
1000:
998:
996:
990:
981:
968:
967:, June 29, 1935.
961:
955:
948:
939:
938:
936:
935:
926:. Archived from
912:
906:
905:
903:
902:
893:. Archived from
879:
870:
869:
867:
865:
850:
844:
843:
838:. Archived from
820:
811:
810:
808:
807:
791:
739:CTD (instrument)
650:
649:
578:of the ITU RR:
319:Although modern
237:
189:Georges Besançon
21:
2284:
2283:
2279:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2274:
2273:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2202:
2168:Weather balloon
2163:Transmissometer
2128:Sounding rocket
2073:Pan evaporation
1998:Ceiling balloon
1969:
1963:
1933:
1928:
1900:
1866:Radio altimeter
1842:Secondary radar
1818:Amateur station
1671:
1669:
1664:
1649:
1561:
1556:
1555:
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1536:
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1337:
1332:Wayback Machine
1323:
1319:
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1292:
1281:
1277:
1212:
1199:
1193:Wayback Machine
1183:
1179:
1166:
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1161:
1156:
1152:
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1128:
1127:
1123:
1114:
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1099:
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1076:
1069:
1046:
1039:
1008:
1004:
994:
992:
988:
982:
971:
962:
958:
954:, No. 53, 2002.
949:
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914:
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822:
821:
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803:
792:
788:
783:
715:
695:
693:
691:
689:
677:
613:
544:
491:
405:
342:
252:Geiger counters
240:Pavel Molchanov
231:
185:Gustave Hermite
143:
119:radio frequency
60:weather balloon
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2282:
2272:
2271:
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2055:
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2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
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1995:
1990:
1985:
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1974:
1971:
1970:
1962:
1961:
1954:
1947:
1939:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1926:
1916:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1886:Satellite link
1884: |
1858:ILS glide path
1788: |
1702:Mobile station
1676:
1674:
1666:
1665:
1658:Radio stations
1648:
1647:
1640:
1633:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1572:
1567:
1560:
1559:External links
1557:
1554:
1553:
1542:
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1384:
1372:
1360:
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1121:
1097:
1090:
1067:
1056:(3): 217–238.
1037:
1002:
969:
956:
940:
907:
883:"Radiosondage"
871:
845:
842:on 2014-10-09.
812:
785:
784:
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648:
647:
645:
635:
634:
631:
628:
612:
609:
543:
540:
527:weather drones
511:thermodynamics
507:StĂĽve diagrams
490:
487:
422:severe weather
404:
401:
371:Clark Air Base
341:
338:
321:remote sensing
213:Richard AĂźmann
142:
139:
135:meteorological
92:wind direction
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2199:
2196:
2194:
2193:Wind profiler
2191:
2189:
2186:
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2181:
2179:
2178:Weather radar
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
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2149:
2146:
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2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
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2084:
2083:Pyrheliometer
2081:
2079:
2076:
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2056:
2054:
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2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
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2001:
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1994:
1991:
1989:
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1984:
1981:
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1968:
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1880: |
1879:
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1872: |
1871:
1868: |
1867:
1864: |
1863:
1862:Marker beacon
1860: |
1859:
1856: |
1855:
1854:ILS localizer
1852: |
1851:
1848: |
1847:
1844: |
1843:
1840: |
1839:
1838:Primary radar
1836: |
1835:
1832: |
1831:
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1827:
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1815:
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1791:
1787:
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1779:
1776: |
1775:
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1771:
1768: |
1767:
1764: |
1763:
1760: |
1759:
1756: |
1755:
1752: |
1751:
1748: |
1747:
1744: |
1743:
1740: |
1739:
1736: |
1735:
1734:Coast station
1732: |
1731:
1728: |
1727:
1724: |
1723:
1720: |
1719:
1716: |
1715:
1712: |
1711:
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1707:
1704: |
1703:
1700: |
1699:
1696: |
1695:
1694:Fixed station
1692: |
1691:
1688: |
1687:
1686:Space station
1684: |
1683:
1682:Earth station
1680: |
1679:
1675:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1654:
1646:
1641:
1639:
1634:
1632:
1627:
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1522:
1514:
1510:
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1456:
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1441:
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1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1400:
1393:
1388:
1381:
1376:
1369:
1364:
1350:on 2013-12-22
1349:
1345:
1339:
1333:
1329:
1326:
1321:
1314:
1309:
1307:
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1294:
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1210:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1194:
1190:
1187:
1181:
1173:
1169:
1163:
1154:
1140:on 2018-07-13
1139:
1135:
1131:
1125:
1111:
1107:
1101:
1093:
1087:
1083:
1082:
1074:
1072:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1044:
1042:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1006:
987:
980:
978:
976:
974:
966:
960:
953:
947:
945:
930:on 2007-10-29
929:
925:
922:(in French).
921:
917:
911:
897:on 2006-12-07
896:
892:
889:(in French).
888:
884:
878:
876:
859:
855:
849:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
819:
817:
801:
797:
790:
786:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
765:Vilho Väisälä
763:
761:
758:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
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725:
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720:
717:
716:
687:
686:
685:
684:
683:
682:
681:
680:
679:
678:
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671:
667:
664:
662:
659:
655:
646:
644:
640:
639:
638:
632:
629:
626:
625:
624:
620:
618:
607:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
579:
577:
576:article 1.109
573:
571:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
539:
536:
530:
528:
524:
518:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
486:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
443:
441:
436:
433:
432:United States
428:
426:
423:
419:
415:
409:
400:
398:
393:
391:
387:
383:
382:SCR-658 radar
379:
374:
372:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
337:
335:
331:
325:
322:
317:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
290:
288:
283:
279:
275:
273:
269:
268:Harry Diamond
265:
260:
258:
253:
247:
245:
241:
235:
230:
229:Robert Bureau
225:
220:
218:
214:
210:
206:
201:
200:
194:
190:
186:
182:
180:
171:
163:
155:
147:
138:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
115:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
45:
40:
32:
19:
2183:Weather vane
2173:Weather buoy
2092:
2063:Nephelometer
1965:Earth-based
1874:Space system
1869:
1754:Port station
1742:Ship station
1718:Base station
1710:Land station
1601:SCR-658 pics
1549:
1545:
1538:
1533:
1526:
1521:
1512:
1503:
1489:
1454:
1450:
1440:
1413:
1409:
1399:
1387:
1375:
1363:
1352:. Retrieved
1348:the original
1338:
1320:
1293:
1285:
1278:
1262:
1223:
1219:
1180:
1172:the original
1162:
1153:
1142:. Retrieved
1138:the original
1133:
1124:
1113:. Retrieved
1109:
1100:
1080:
1053:
1049:
1018:(52): 1571.
1015:
1011:
1005:
993:. Retrieved
964:
959:
951:
932:. Retrieved
928:the original
924:Météo-France
919:
910:
899:. Retrieved
895:the original
891:Météo-France
886:
862:. Retrieved
857:
854:"Rawinsonde"
848:
840:the original
827:
804:. Retrieved
799:
796:"Ozonesonde"
789:
775:Cricketsonde
674:
653:
636:
621:
616:
614:
603:
599:
596:free balloon
581:
575:
567:
560:Article 1.50
559:
555:
551:
545:
531:
519:
492:
459:Herstmonceux
444:
429:
410:
406:
394:
375:
343:
326:
318:
298:Vega program
294:Soviet Union
291:
284:
280:
276:
261:
248:
221:
209:stratosphere
196:
183:
176:
126:
116:
51:
49:
2153:Thermometer
2143:Tethersonde
2123:Solarimeter
2113:Snow pillow
2078:Pyranometer
2023:Disdrometer
1894:Feeder link
1313:Radiosondes
1134:ieeeusa.org
749:Rocketsonde
641:Example of
467:Lough Neagh
232: [
179:meteographs
76:temperature
2213:Categories
2158:Tide gauge
2103:Snow gauge
2098:Rain gauge
2093:Radiosonde
2068:Nephoscope
2043:Hygrometer
2033:Field mill
2008:Ceilometer
1978:Anemometer
1870:Radiosonde
1606:early pics
1539:radiosonde
1354:2013-09-15
1144:2018-07-13
1115:2018-07-13
934:2008-06-30
901:2008-06-30
806:2011-07-04
781:References
523:jet stream
515:kinematics
503:Tephigrams
397:dropsondes
378:theodolite
362:atmosphere
332:operating
330:Antonov 24
300:, the two
244:Morse code
205:tropopause
127:rawinsonde
96:cosmic ray
88:wind speed
52:radiosonde
18:Rawinsonde
2108:Snowboard
2028:Dropsonde
1993:Barometer
1988:Barograph
1983:Atmometer
1481:1867-1381
1270:CC BY 4.0
1258:251652497
668:Region 3
617:Article 5
505:, and or
471:Albemarle
449:launches
440:Caribbean
366:parachute
340:Operation
131:dropsonde
108:longitude
56:telemetry
2198:Windsock
1914:Category
1328:Archived
1272:license.
1189:Archived
995:July 13,
864:June 15,
800:noaa.gov
713:See also
665:Region 2
661:Region 1
592:aircraft
497:such as
483:Scotland
479:Shetland
455:Camborne
358:hydrogen
304:probes,
104:latitude
72:pressure
68:altitude
2018:Dewcell
1670:desig-
1459:Bibcode
1418:Bibcode
1228:Bibcode
1020:Bibcode
760:Vaisala
586:in the
562:of the
554:(also:
475:Lerwick
463:Watnall
451:Vaisala
199:Trappes
141:History
121:of 403
1924:Portal
1672:nation
1479:
1256:
1226:(17).
1088:
965:Nature
694:Fixed
354:helium
346:rubber
310:Vega 2
306:Vega 1
86:(both
2118:SODAR
2053:Lidar
1834:Radar
1254:S2CID
989:(PDF)
754:Totex
350:latex
302:Venus
236:]
112:ozone
1477:ISSN
1086:ISBN
997:2018
866:2014
719:6AK5
550:, a
445:The
430:The
308:and
215:and
207:and
187:and
90:and
84:wind
1467:doi
1426:doi
1244:hdl
1236:doi
1224:127
1058:doi
1054:232
1028:doi
568:"A
485:.
414:UTC
390:GPS
388:or
356:or
348:or
296:'s
123:MHz
94:),
44:GPS
2215::
1511:.
1475:.
1465:.
1455:13
1453:.
1449:.
1424:.
1414:19
1412:.
1408:.
1305:^
1252:.
1242:.
1234:.
1222:.
1218:.
1200:^
1132:.
1108:.
1070:^
1052:.
1040:^
1026:.
1016:70
1014:.
972:^
943:^
918:.
885:.
874:^
856:.
834:,
830:.
826:.
815:^
798:.
594:,
501:,
481:,
447:UK
420:,
399:.
344:A
259:.
234:fr
82:,
78:,
74:,
70:,
50:A
42:A
1958:e
1951:t
1944:v
1644:e
1637:t
1630:v
1497:.
1483:.
1469::
1461::
1434:.
1428::
1420::
1357:.
1260:.
1246::
1238::
1230::
1147:.
1118:.
1094:.
1064:.
1060::
1034:.
1030::
1022::
999:.
937:.
904:.
868:.
809:.
106:/
102:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
