193:
92:
201:
Maghrebi Jews welcomed them, paid their ransoms, and supplied them with food and clothing despite the cholera with which
Sephardi Jews came. Additionally, Fez provided a place for New Christians, who were previously Sephardi Jews that were forced to convert to Christianity in Spain, to reconvert to Judaism.
336:
Among surnames used by local Jews that were formed in North Africa are such names based on male given names as
Benhamou and Benishu, those derived from local place names as Dray, Gamrasni or Messalati. A few surnames in Algeria are based on local Berber idioms: Amrai, Attelan, Zemmour. Several dozens
210:
and the ritual slaughtering of animals. Although
Maghrebi Jews initially challenged Sephardi customs, with the struggle between the competing cultures lasting for over four centuries, the large influx of Sephardi Jews who settled in the Maghreb outnumbered the small number of Jews currently living in
312:
came from northern Spain to the territory of modern
Algeria. Among these families were those bearing such surnames as Astruc, Barsessat, Cohen Solal, Duran, Efrati, Gabbay, and S(a)tora. The second layer of original Sephardim came from Spain at the end of the 15th century. These migrants also carry
200:
Despite each group's initial recognition of one another as the outsiders, Maghrebi Jews aided
Sephardim who came to Morocco. The Berber King of Fez, Mulai Muhammed esh-Sheikh, agreed to let Sephardi Jews settle outside the city walls, attracting 20,000 refugees alone. As Sephardi Jews arrived, local
115:
They smote me, they wounded me, they took away my veil from me and threw me into a deep pit with snakes and scorpions in it. They presently sentenced me to be stoned to death, but promised that if I changed religion they would make me captain over them...But the G-d in whom I trust frustrated their
103:
in 1492, 100,000 Jews converted and 175,000 left in exile, as they were forced to either leave or convert under the
Spanish Inquisition. The expulsions from Spain and Portugal were echoed in Sicily and many Italian states during the sixteenth century. Sicily's Jews suffered expulsion in the summer
233:. However, the Sephardi label has been described as misleading by Christopher L. Campbell et al., who argue that although the expulsion from Spain and Portugal led to the conglomeration of Jewish groups, many Jewish communities were formed before Jews reached the Iberian Peninsula. Furthermore,
107:
Sephardi Jews faced great obstacles after their exile. France refused Jewish immigrants, and the nearest refuge in North Africa was barred to Jews, as the
Spanish occupied the ports of Algeria and Tunisia, and the Portuguese occupied northern Morocco. Furthermore, the independent Sheikhs of the
296:
Today, few people speak these languages, as the use for them is rapidly declining. However, they are still spoken among the more elderly members of the community, and some
Sephardi Jews in Morocco recently have made efforts to preserve Haketia and its cultural influence.
561:
to prevent the Jews from choosing the option of exile), are forced or coerced to convert to
Catholicism up until the late 15th century, at the expiration of the deadline for their expulsion, conversion, or execution as set out in the decrees. Became
1261:
129:
Apart from being Jewish and Arabic-speaking, Jews from the
Maghreb have varying origins and came to North Africa at different times for different reasons. For more information on various groups please refer to the following links:
1231:
337:
of surnames of Jewish surnames from Morocco are drawn or at least have prefixes taken from Berber dialects of that country: Aferiat, Assulin, Azencot, Azulay, Buganim, Timsit, Ohana, Ohayon, Ouaknin, Wizman.
942:
1249:
211:
this area. Thus, according to Schroeter, many Maghrebi Jews ultimately assimilated into the Sephardi community, which accounts for the popularity of Sephardic customs in this area today.
1266:
1226:
1708:
Campbell, Christopher L.; Palamara, Pier F.; Dubrovsky, Maya; Botigué, Laura R.; Fellous, Marc; Atzmon, Gil; Oddoux, Carole; Pearlman, Alexander; Hao, Li (2012).
710:
623:
1592:
Miller, Susan Gilson; Petruccioli, Attilio; Bertagnin, Mauro (2001). "Inscribing Minority Space in the Islamic City: The Jewish Quarter of Fez (1438-1912)".
1165:
548:
Those Jews fleeing from Iberia as Jews in the late 15th century at the issuance of Spain and Portugal's decrees of expulsion. Initially settled in the
1282:
1918:
1294:
655:
204:
Sephardi Jews also spread Sephardic culture and customs to the Maghreb. For example, Sephardim brought with them new methods of practicing the
789:
543:, they influenced the customs of local Maghrebi Jewish communities and today represent the majority of modern Sephardi Jews across the globe.
1321:
1254:
1065:
34:
111:
When Sephardim finally reached North Africa, many encountered harsh living conditions. As Judah Hayyat, a refugee intellectual, recalled:
539:
Those Jews fleeing from Iberia as Jews in the late 15th century at the issuance of Spain and Portugal's decrees of expulsion. Settled in
171:
When Sephardi Jews emigrated to the Maghreb following their expulsion from Spain in 1492, the Maghrebi Jews referred to Sephardi Jews as
1913:
1125:
845:
557:
Those Jews in Spain and Portugal who, in an effort to delay or avoid their expulsion (and in most cases in Portugal, in an effort by
937:
688:
984:
833:
1050:
693:
880:
648:
1568:
1476:
1438:
1400:
1361:
1200:
974:
1640:
947:
821:
1892:
BEIDER A. : A Dictionary of Jewish Surnames from Maghreb, Gibraltar, and Malta., Avotaynu Inc., New Haven, 2017
957:
901:
42:
1027:
979:
967:
962:
838:
794:
769:
60:. However, it is generally agreed today that North African Sephardic communities include a fraction of those of
1055:
1006:
923:
896:
799:
784:
641:
147:
141:
135:
69:
65:
1923:
1908:
1150:
875:
870:
860:
57:
37:, most North African Sephardim have relocated to either Israel, France, the US and other countries. Several
1216:
952:
906:
816:
698:
153:
73:
53:
931:
613:
1221:
1182:
1160:
855:
828:
1001:
329:). These names have since disappeared from the Iberian Peninsula when those that stayed behind as
116:
design....G-d stirred up the spirit of the Jews in Chechaouen, and they came thither to redeem me"
1883:
SEBAG P. : Les noms des juifs de Tunisie. Origine et significations ; L’Harmattan, 2002
1190:
989:
570:
in Iberia. As Christians, were under the jurisdiction of the Catholic Church and subject to the
281:. The language was taken to North Africa in the 15th century where it was heavily influenced by
1874:
LAREDO A. : Les noms des Juifs du Maroc. Essai d’onomastique judéo-marocaine. Madrid, 1978
1826:
1776:
1659:
1504:
1093:
290:
1629:"Identity and nation: Jewish migrations and inter-community relations in the colonial Maghreb"
1559:. Mazal Holocaust Collection., Rogers D. Spotswood Collection. New York: Free Press. pp.
1391:. Mazal Holocaust Collection., Rogers D. Spotswood Collection. New York: Free Press. pp.
1352:. Mazal Holocaust Collection., Rogers D. Spotswood Collection. New York: Free Press. pp.
333:
received at the moment of their conversion surnames used by Spanish or Portuguese Christians.
313:
surnames based either on various Iberian idioms, Arabic or Hebrew languages (such as Abensur,
1083:
1060:
1016:
618:
549:
26:, who descend from exiled Iberian Jewish families of the late 15th century and North African
1721:
558:
1627:
Schroeter, Daniel (2012-09-28), Abécassis, Frédéric; Aouad, Rita; Dirèche, Karima (eds.),
1560:
1554:
1392:
1386:
1353:
1347:
8:
804:
571:
1725:
345:
The relationship between Sephardi-descended communities is illustrated in the following
1857:
1807:
1752:
1739:
1710:"North African Jewish and non-Jewish populations form distinctive, orthogonal clusters"
1709:
1690:
1609:
1535:
318:
48:
There are many Jewish communities in North of Africa, including the communities of the
916:
1861:
1849:
1811:
1799:
1757:
1694:
1682:
1636:
1574:
1564:
1539:
1527:
1482:
1472:
1434:
1406:
1396:
1367:
1357:
1322:"Mapped: Where Sephardic Jews live after they were kicked out of Spain 500 years ago"
1287:
1172:
1098:
778:
588:
519:
262:
230:
41:
Jewish families also emigrated back to the Iberian Peninsula to form the core of the
38:
1841:
1791:
1747:
1729:
1674:
1633:
La bienvenue et l’adieu| 1: Migrants juifs et musulmans au Maghreb (XVe-XXe siècle)
1601:
1519:
1075:
309:
1155:
1088:
809:
703:
368:
286:
282:
1714:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1142:
1113:
1103:
1022:
673:
664:
567:
266:
192:
1902:
1853:
1803:
1686:
1531:
994:
911:
758:
751:
598:
246:
242:
238:
179:, Hebrew for "expelled." Similarly, the Sephardi referred to the Maghrebi as
165:
161:
123:
85:
61:
49:
27:
23:
1734:
1578:
1410:
1371:
1845:
1795:
1761:
1678:
1523:
1486:
1120:
593:
540:
76:
due to their historical ties with Spain and the greater Iberian peninsula.
865:
633:
603:
270:
100:
1743:
730:
628:
1628:
1130:
850:
744:
176:
159:
1613:
1469:
Jewish Society in Fez 1450-1700: Studies in Communal and Economic Life
305:
North African Sephardim have a blend of surnames that vary in origin.
723:
563:
314:
219:
The term Sephardi means "Spanish" or "Hispanic" and is derived from
1635:, Description du Maghreb, Centre Jacques-Berque, pp. 125–139,
1605:
716:
682:
226:
221:
185:
1108:
737:
346:
326:
278:
258:
241:, but, today, the notion of a Sephardic Jew has expanded, as the
206:
1707:
104:
and autumn of 1492. Naples, in turn, expelled its Jews in 1497.
1262:
Foundation for the Advancement of Sephardic Studies and Culture
608:
526:
274:
265:
also called "Ladino Occidental" (Western Ladino). Haketia is a
91:
1827:"Haketia in Morocco. Or, the story of the decline of an idiom"
1777:"Haketia in Morocco. Or, the story of the decline of an idiom"
1660:"Haketia in Morocco. Or, the story of the decline of an idiom"
1505:"Haketia in Morocco. Or, the story of the decline of an idiom"
308:
The first layer corresponds to Sephardim who after the Jewish
1032:
322:
1195:
1591:
340:
33:
Since the creation of the state of Israel in 1948 and the
108:
coastal regions refused to grant access to the interior.
1556:
The Jews of Spain: A History of the Sephardic Experience
1388:
The Jews of Spain: A History of the Sephardic Experience
1349:
The Jews of Spain: A History of the Sephardic Experience
257:
Sephardi Jews who first settled in North Africa spoke
449:
Conversion to Catholicism up to the late 15th century
1453:
Judah ibn Hayyat, Minhat Yehuda, quoted by Raphael,
225:, a Biblical location most commonly identified with
1834:International Journal of the Sociology of Language
1784:International Journal of the Sociology of Language
1667:International Journal of the Sociology of Language
1594:Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians
1512:International Journal of the Sociology of Language
1900:
79:
1428:
649:
1429:Elmaleh, Rapha'el; Ricketts, George (2012).
1319:
1066:Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries
35:Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries
245:expelled from Spain in 1492 mixed with the
663:
656:
642:
321:, Albaranes, Almosnino, Amigo, Bensussan,
285:. Maghrebi Jews, on the other hand, spoke
1751:
1733:
1626:
196:A Sephardi Jews from Morocco, circa 1919.
191:
90:
1919:Sephardi Jewish culture in North Africa
341:Relation to other Sephardic communities
214:
1901:
1552:
1466:
1384:
1345:
444:Iberian Exile in the late 15th century
95:Sephardi Jew from Algeria, circa 1890.
1824:
1774:
1657:
1653:
1651:
1502:
1498:
1496:
1051:History of the Jews under Muslim rule
637:
556:
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366:
364:
362:
360:
358:
356:
354:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1320:Sanchez Diez, Maria (16 June 2015).
1250:Caracas Center of Sephardic Studies
13:
1648:
1493:
1201:Sephardim and Oriental Communities
371:of 1492, Portuguese Decree of 1496
14:
1935:
1447:
1417:
1914:Jews and Judaism in North Africa
122:
84:
1886:
1877:
1868:
1818:
1768:
1701:
1620:
1267:Institute for Sephardic Studies
189:, Hebrew for "local community."
183:, Spanish for "foreigners," or
1585:
1546:
1460:
1378:
1339:
1313:
1056:Antisemitism in the Arab world
148:History of the Jews in Tunisia
142:History of the Jews in Algeria
136:History of the Jews in Morocco
43:Jewish community of Gilbraltar
1:
1306:
325:, Corcos, Gabbay, Nahon, and
80:History of North African Jews
1825:BĂĽrki, Yvette (2016-01-01).
1775:BĂĽrki, Yvette (2016-01-01).
1658:BĂĽrki, Yvette (2016-01-01).
1503:BĂĽrki, Yvette (2016-01-01).
1217:American Sephardi Federation
1210:Major communal organizations
175:, Arabic for "European," or
154:History of the Jews in Libya
22:are a distinct sub-group of
7:
932:Western Europe and overseas
582:
300:
252:
237:still refers to "Spain" in
10:
1940:
1433:. Gaon Books. p. 16.
1222:Sephardi Community Council
1431:Jews Under Moroccan Skies
1275:
1242:
1227:World Sephardi Federation
1209:
1181:
1141:
1074:
1043:
768:
672:
503:
501:
499:
489:
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481:
477:
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429:
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411:
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405:
399:
16:Jewish ethnic subdivision
1735:10.1073/pnas.1204840109
711:Expulsion from Portugal
514:North African Sephardim
20:North African Sephardim
1846:10.1515/ijsl-2016-0007
1796:10.1515/ijsl-2016-0007
1679:10.1515/ijsl-2016-0007
1524:10.1515/ijsl-2016-0007
291:Judeo-Arabic languages
197:
120:
96:
1553:Gerber, Jane (1992).
1467:Gerber, Jane (1980).
1385:Gerber, Jane (1992).
1346:Gerber, Jane (1992).
1061:Antisemitism in Islam
779:Eastern Mediterranean
624:Neo-Western Sephardim
619:Sephardic Bnei Anusim
550:Eastern Mediterranean
269:variety derived from
195:
160:Relationship between
113:
94:
1924:Sephardi Jews topics
1909:Jewish ethnic groups
1166:Sephardi chief rabbi
1143:Religion and culture
699:Expulsion from Spain
559:Manuel I of Portugal
215:Meaning of Sephardim
1726:2012PNAS..10913865C
198:
99:By the end of the
97:
1471:. Leiden: Brill.
1303:
1302:
1099:Judaeo-Portuguese
614:Western Sephardim
589:Eastern Sephardim
580:
579:
520:Eastern Sephardim
249:of North Africa.
231:Iberian Peninsula
1931:
1893:
1890:
1884:
1881:
1875:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1840:(239): 147–148.
1831:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1790:(239): 128–129.
1781:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1755:
1737:
1720:(34): 13865–70.
1705:
1699:
1698:
1673:(239): 122–123.
1664:
1655:
1646:
1645:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1550:
1544:
1543:
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1500:
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1464:
1458:
1451:
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1426:
1415:
1414:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1317:
1291:
1258:
1235:
1161:Rite and customs
1134:
1017:Crypto-Sephardim
658:
651:
644:
635:
634:
609:Sephardic Anusim
527:Sephardic Anusim
352:
351:
310:massacre of 1391
263:Romance language
1939:
1938:
1934:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1929:
1928:
1899:
1898:
1897:
1896:
1891:
1887:
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1878:
1873:
1869:
1829:
1823:
1819:
1779:
1773:
1769:
1706:
1702:
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1643:
1625:
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1590:
1586:
1571:
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1507:
1501:
1494:
1479:
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1461:
1452:
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1427:
1418:
1403:
1383:
1379:
1364:
1344:
1340:
1330:
1328:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1285:
1283:Philosephardism
1271:
1252:
1238:
1229:
1205:
1177:
1137:
1128:
1089:Sephardi Hebrew
1070:
1039:
764:
704:Alhambra Decree
668:
665:Sephardi Jewish
662:
585:
369:Alhambra Decree
343:
303:
287:Maghrebi Arabic
283:Maghrebi Arabic
255:
229:, that is, the
217:
169:
127:
89:
82:
28:Maghrebi Jewish
17:
12:
11:
5:
1937:
1927:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1895:
1894:
1885:
1876:
1867:
1817:
1767:
1700:
1647:
1641:
1619:
1606:10.2307/991758
1584:
1570:978-0029115732
1569:
1545:
1492:
1478:978-9004058200
1477:
1459:
1446:
1440:978-1935604242
1439:
1416:
1402:978-0029115732
1401:
1377:
1363:978-0029115732
1362:
1338:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1297:
1295:Sephardization
1292:
1279:
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1244:
1240:
1239:
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1219:
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1211:
1207:
1206:
1204:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1191:Black Panthers
1187:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1176:
1175:
1170:
1169:
1168:
1158:
1153:
1147:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1136:
1135:
1123:
1118:
1117:
1116:
1114:Tetuani Ladino
1111:
1104:Judaeo-Spanish
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1080:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1069:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1047:
1045:
1044:Modern history
1041:
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1038:
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621:
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611:
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591:
584:
581:
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568:New Christians
555:
553:
546:
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537:
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532:
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365:
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355:
342:
339:
302:
299:
267:Judaeo-Spanish
254:
251:
216:
213:
168:
158:
157:
156:
150:
144:
138:
126:
121:
88:
83:
81:
78:
58:Horn of Africa
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1936:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
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1889:
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1859:
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1828:
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1809:
1805:
1801:
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1759:
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1731:
1727:
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1719:
1715:
1711:
1704:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1661:
1654:
1652:
1644:
1642:9782811106065
1638:
1634:
1630:
1623:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
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239:modern Hebrew
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124:Maghrebi Jews
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93:
87:
86:Sephardi Jews
77:
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67:
63:
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30:communities.
29:
25:
24:Sephardi Jews
21:
1888:
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1329:. Retrieved
1325:
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1121:Judeo-Gascon
1094:Judeo-Arabic
1084:Judeo-Berber
1015:
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902:Gibraltarian
891:North Africa
890:
889:
881:Thessalonian
777:
757:
750:
743:
736:
729:
722:
715:
689:Roman Empire
681:
594:Mizrahi Jews
541:North Africa
344:
335:
330:
307:
304:
295:
256:
234:
220:
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184:
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47:
32:
19:
18:
1286: [
1253: [
1230: [
1129: [
851:Palestinian
604:Berber Jews
572:Inquisition
552:and beyond.
271:Old Spanish
101:Reconquista
1903:Categories
1600:(3): 313.
1455:Chronicles
1307:References
834:Macedonian
822:Alexandria
770:Dispersion
745:Megorashim
724:Degredados
694:Golden Age
181:forasteros
177:megorashim
56:, and the
1862:148268166
1854:0165-2516
1812:148268166
1804:0165-2516
1695:148268166
1687:0165-2516
1540:148268166
1532:0165-2516
1331:7 October
1076:Languages
1023:Amazonian
1007:Livornese
985:Hamburger
829:Hungarian
795:Bulgarian
717:Conversos
564:conversos
331:conversos
315:Abravanel
146:Tunisia:
140:Algeria:
134:Morocco:
1762:22869716
1744:41701022
1579:26503593
1457:, p.114.
1411:26503593
1372:26503593
1183:Politics
963:Suriname
938:American
924:Tunisian
912:Moroccan
897:Algerian
856:Romanian
839:Monastir
817:Egyptian
810:Splicani
800:Croatian
785:Albanian
738:Marranos
731:Lançados
683:Sepharad
629:Lançados
583:See also
367:Spanish
319:Abulafia
301:Surnames
253:Language
235:Sepharad
227:Hispania
222:Sepharad
186:toshavim
173:rumiyyin
1753:3427049
1722:Bibcode
1487:6263436
1243:Studies
1173:Haredim
1151:Cuisine
1126:Bagitto
1109:Haketia
1002:Italian
975:English
958:Curaçao
943:Antwerp
917:Tetuani
876:Rhodian
861:Serbian
846:Ottoman
805:Ragusan
790:Bosnian
674:Origins
347:diagram
327:Serfaty
279:Aramaic
273:, plus
259:Haketia
207:Ketouba
152:Libya:
70:Tunisia
66:Algeria
62:Morocco
50:Maghreb
39:Iberian
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1326:Quartz
1033:Xuetas
990:Indian
980:French
907:Libyan
866:Syrian
667:topics
275:Hebrew
72:, and
1858:S2CID
1830:(PDF)
1808:S2CID
1780:(PDF)
1740:JSTOR
1691:S2CID
1663:(PDF)
1610:JSTOR
1536:S2CID
1508:(PDF)
1290:]
1276:Other
1257:]
1234:]
1156:Music
1133:]
953:Aruba
948:Dutch
871:Greek
323:Biton
74:Libya
54:Egypt
1850:ISSN
1838:2016
1800:ISSN
1788:2016
1758:PMID
1683:ISSN
1671:2016
1637:ISBN
1575:OCLC
1565:ISBN
1528:ISSN
1516:2016
1483:OCLC
1473:ISBN
1435:ISBN
1407:OCLC
1397:ISBN
1368:OCLC
1358:ISBN
1333:2019
1196:Shas
289:and
277:and
261:, a
164:and
1842:doi
1792:doi
1748:PMC
1730:doi
1718:109
1675:doi
1602:doi
1561:149
1520:doi
1393:146
1354:140
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